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--- /dev/null
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--- /dev/null
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+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/javassist/javassist/3.4.GA/javassist-3.4.GA.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/javax/xml/bind/jaxb-api/2.1.6/jaxb-api-2.1.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/com/sun/xml/bind/jaxb-impl/2.1.6/jaxb-impl-2.1.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/com/sun/xml/bind/jaxb-xjc/2.1.6/jaxb-xjc-2.1.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/com/sun/xml/bind/jaxb1-impl/2.1.6/jaxb1-impl-2.1.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/jaxen/jaxen/1.1/jaxen-1.1.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/com/microsoft/sqlserver/jdbc/1.2/jdbc-1.2.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/jdom/jdom/1.0/jdom-1.0.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/javax/jms/jms/1.1/jms-1.1.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/com/sun/jmx/jmxri/1.2.1/jmxri-1.2.1.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/com/sun/jdmk/jmxtools/1.2.1/jmxtools-1.2.1.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/joda-time/joda-time/1.5/joda-time-1.5.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/joda-time/joda-time-hibernate/1.0/joda-time-hibernate-1.0.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/javax/xml/bind/jsr173_api/1.0/jsr173_api-1.0.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/javax/annotation/jsr250-api/1.0/jsr250-api-1.0.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/javax/transaction/jta/1.0.1B/jta-1.0.1B.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/net/sourceforge/jtds/jtds/1.2.2/jtds-1.2.2.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/hibernate/jtidy/r8-20060801/jtidy-r8-20060801.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/junit/junit/4.4/junit-4.4.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/jexcelapi/jxl/2.4.2/jxl-2.4.2.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/log4j/log4j/1.2.15/log4j-1.2.15.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/com/ibm/lsid/lsid-client/1.1.2/lsid-client-1.1.2.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/com/ibm/lsid/lsid-server/1.1.2/lsid-server-1.1.2.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/apache/lucene/lucene-core/2.4.0/lucene-core-2.4.0.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/apache/lucene/lucene-spellchecker/2.4.0/lucene-spellchecker-2.4.0.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/javax/mail/mail/1.4/mail-1.4.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/mysql/mysql-connector-java/5.0.5/mysql-connector-java-5.0.5.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/ognl/ognl/2.6.9/ognl-2.6.9.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/net/sf/opencsv/opencsv/1.8/opencsv-1.8.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/eclipse/osgi/3.2.1-R32x_v20060919/osgi-3.2.1-R32x_v20060919.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/javax/persistence/persistence-api/1.0/persistence-api-1.0.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/apache/poi/poi/3.1-FINAL/poi-3.1-FINAL.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/postgresql/postgresql/8.2-504.jdbc4/postgresql-8.2-504.jdbc4.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/apache/sanselan/sanselan/0.94-incubator/sanselan-0.94-incubator.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/slf4j/slf4j-api/1.5.2/slf4j-api-1.5.2.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/slf4j/slf4j-log4j12/1.5.2/slf4j-log4j12-1.5.2.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springframework/spring/2.5.6/spring-2.5.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springframework/spring-aop/2.5.6/spring-aop-2.5.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springframework/spring-aspects/2.5.6/spring-aspects-2.5.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springframework/spring-beans/2.5.6/spring-beans-2.5.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springframework/spring-context/2.5.6/spring-context-2.5.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springframework/spring-core/2.5.6/spring-core-2.5.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springframework/spring-jdbc/2.5.6/spring-jdbc-2.5.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springmodules/spring-modules-lucene/0.8a/spring-modules-lucene-0.8a.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springframework/spring-orm/2.5.6/spring-orm-2.5.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springframework/security/spring-security-core/2.0.4/spring-security-core-2.0.4.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springframework/spring-support/2.0.8/spring-support-2.0.8.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springframework/spring-test/2.5.6/spring-test-2.5.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/springframework/spring-tx/2.5.6/spring-tx-2.5.6.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/org/unitils/unitils/1.0/unitils-1.0.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/wsdl4j/wsdl4j/1.6.1/wsdl4j-1.6.1.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/xalan/xalan/2.6.0/xalan-2.6.0.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/xerces/xercesImpl/2.7.1/xercesImpl-2.7.1.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/xml-apis/xml-apis/2.0.2/xml-apis-2.0.2.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/xml-resolver/xml-resolver/1.2/xml-resolver-1.2.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/xerces/xmlParserAPIs/2.6.2/xmlParserAPIs-2.6.2.jar"/>\r
+ <pathelement location="${M2_REPO}/xom/xom/1.0/xom-1.0.jar"/>\r
+ </path>\r
+ \r
+ <target name="build"/>\r
+ \r
+ <target name="CichorieaeActivator">\r
+ <java classname="eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.cichorieae.CichorieaeActivator" failonerror="true" fork="yes">\r
+ <jvmarg line="-Xmx1512M"/>\r
+ <classpath refid="app-import.classpath"/>\r
+ </java>\r
+ </target>\r
+ <target name="CichorieaeDistributionActivator">\r
+ <java classname="eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.excelImport.distribution.CichorieaeDistributionActivator" failonerror="true" fork="yes">\r
+ <jvmarg line="-Xmx1512M"/>\r
+ <arg line="-Dlog4j.configuration=file:///src/main/resources/log4j.properties -Dlog4j.configuration=file:///<path to your personal>/log4j.properties -Dlog4j.configuration=file:///<path to your personal>/log4j.properties -Dlog4j.configuration=file:///<path to your personal>/log4j.properties"/>\r
+ <classpath refid="app-import.classpath"/>\r
+ </java>\r
+ </target>\r
+ <target name="CichorieaeImageActivator">\r
+ <java classname="eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.cichorieae.CichorieaeImageActivator" failonerror="true" fork="yes">\r
+ <jvmarg line="-Xmx1512M"/>\r
+ <classpath refid="app-import.classpath"/>\r
+ </java>\r
+ </target>\r
+ <target name="DipteraActivator">\r
+ <java classname="eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.diptera.DipteraActivator" failonerror="true" fork="yes">\r
+ <jvmarg line="-Xmx1512M ${agentlib-option}"/>\r
+ <classpath refid="app-import.classpath"/>\r
+ </java>\r
+ </target>\r
+ <target name="FaunaEuropaeaActivator">\r
+ <java classname="eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.faunaEuropaea.FaunaEuropaeaActivator" failonerror="true" fork="yes">\r
+ <!-- <jvmarg line="-Xmx10000M -XX:+PrintGC ${agentlib-option}"/> -->\r
+ <jvmarg line="-Xmx1000M ${agentlib-option}"/>\r
+ <classpath refid="app-import.classpath"/>\r
+ </java>\r
+ </target>\r
+ <target name="SalvadorActivator">\r
+ <java classname="eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport.SalvadorActivator" failonerror="true" fork="yes">\r
+ <jvmarg line="-Xmx1512M"/>\r
+ <classpath refid="app-import.classpath"/>\r
+ </java>\r
+ </target>\r
+ <target name="TaraxacumActivator">\r
+ <java classname="eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.cichorieae.TaraxacumActivator" failonerror="true" fork="yes">\r
+ <jvmarg line="-Xmx1512M"/>\r
+ <classpath refid="app-import.classpath"/>\r
+ </java>\r
+ </target>\r
+</project>\r
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\r
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" \r
+ xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+ <!-- \r
+ xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd"\r
+ -->\r
+ <parent>\r
+ <groupId>eu.etaxonomy</groupId>\r
+ <artifactId>cdmlib-parent</artifactId>\r
+ <version>2.5</version>\r
+ <relativePath>../cdmlib-parent/pom.xml</relativePath>\r
+ </parent>\r
+ \r
+ <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>\r
+ <artifactId>imports</artifactId>\r
+ <name>App Import</name>\r
+ <description>The import-export package for EDIT's cdmLibrary</description>\r
+ <scm>\r
+ <connection>scm:svn:http://dev.e-taxonomy.eu/svn/trunk/cdmlib/app-import/</connection>\r
+ <developerConnection>scm:svn:https://dev.e-taxonomy.eu/svn/trunk/cdmlib/app-import/</developerConnection>\r
+ <url>http://dev.e-taxonomy.eu/trac/browser/trunk/cdmlib/app-import/</url>\r
+ </scm>\r
+ \r
+ <dependencies>\r
+ <dependency>\r
+ <groupId>eu.etaxonomy</groupId>\r
+ <artifactId>cdmlib-io</artifactId>\r
+ </dependency>\r
+ <dependency>\r
+ <groupId>eu.etaxonomy</groupId>\r
+ <artifactId>cdmlib-ext</artifactId>\r
+ </dependency>\r
+ <dependency>\r
+ <groupId>aspectj</groupId>\r
+ <artifactId>aspectjrt</artifactId>\r
+ <version>1.6.3</version>\r
+ </dependency>\r
+ </dependencies></project>\r
--- /dev/null
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.
+ */
+
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.abcdImport;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.specimen.abcd206.in.Abcd206ImportConfigurator;
+
+public class SpecimenImport {
+@SuppressWarnings("unused")
+private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(SpecimenImport.class);
+
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE;
+// final static String xmlSource = "/home/patricia/Desktop/multiABCD.xml";
+ //final static String xmlSource = "D:\\_Tagungen\\2010-09 TDWG 2010\\Workshop\\data\\specimen\\Picris pauciflora\\B-W14632-000_B-W14632-010_B100097145_B100097146_B100326668_B180004364_B180017717_.xml";
+ final static String xmlSource = "D:\\_Tagungen\\2010-09 TDWG 2010\\Workshop\\data\\specimen\\Cichorium endivia 1\\B-W14812-000_B-W14812-010_B-W14812-020_B-W14812-030_B100066574_B100066583_.xml";
+
+
+
+
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.local_cdm_edit_cichorieae_b();
+ //check - import
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;
+
+ /**
+ * @param args
+ */
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ URI source;
+ try {
+ URI uri = new File(xmlSource).toURI();
+ source = new URI(uri.toString());
+ System.out.println(source.toString());
+ System.out.println("Start import from ABCD Specimen data("+ source.toString() + ") ...");
+
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;
+ Abcd206ImportConfigurator specimenImportConfigurator = Abcd206ImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);
+
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId("specimen");
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setDoAutomaticParsing(true);
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setReUseExistingMetadata(true);
+
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setDoMatchTaxa(true);
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setReUseTaxon(true);
+
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setDoCreateIndividualsAssociations(true);
+
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setSourceReference(null);
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setTaxonReference(null);
+
+ // invoke import
+ CdmDefaultImport<Abcd206ImportConfigurator> specimenImport = new CdmDefaultImport<Abcd206ImportConfigurator>();
+ //new Test().invoke(tcsImportConfigurator);
+ specimenImport.invoke(specimenImportConfigurator);
+ System.out.println("End import from SpecimenData ("+ source.toString() + ")...");
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+
+ }
+
+}
--- /dev/null
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.
+ */
+
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.abcdImport;
+
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.poi.hssf.usermodel.HSSFCell;
+import org.apache.poi.hssf.usermodel.HSSFRow;
+import org.apache.poi.hssf.usermodel.HSSFSheet;
+import org.apache.poi.hssf.usermodel.HSSFWorkbook;
+import org.apache.poi.poifs.filesystem.POIFSFileSystem;
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;
+
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.pager.Pager;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.AgentBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Institution;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Person;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Language;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.LanguageString;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.NamedArea;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.Point;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.WaterbodyOrCountry;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.Collection;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.DerivationEvent;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.DerivedUnitBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.DeterminationEvent;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.FieldObservation;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.GatheringEvent;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.LivingBeing;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.Observation;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.Specimen;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.strategy.parser.NonViralNameParserImpl;
+
+
+
+
+/**
+ * @author PK
+ * @created 19.09.2008
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class SynthesysCacheActivator {
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(SynthesysCacheActivator.class);
+
+ protected String fullScientificNameString = null;
+ protected String institutionCode = null;
+ protected String collectionCode = null;
+ protected String unitID = null;
+ protected String recordBasis = null;
+ protected String accessionNumber = null;
+ protected String collectorsNumber = null;
+ protected String fieldNumber = null;
+ protected Double longitude = null;
+ protected Double latitude = null;
+ protected String locality = null;
+ protected String country = null;
+ protected String isocountry = null;
+ protected ArrayList<String> gatheringAgentList = new ArrayList<String>();
+ protected ArrayList<String> identificationList = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;
+
+ protected HSSFWorkbook hssfworkbook = null;
+
+
+
+ private ArrayList<Hashtable<String, String>> parseXLS() {
+ String filename = "/home/patricia/Desktop/CDMtabular9c04a474e2_23_09_08.xls";
+// String filename = "/home/patricia/Desktop/synthesys.xls";
+ ArrayList<Hashtable<String, String>> units = new ArrayList<Hashtable<String,String>>();
+
+ try {
+ POIFSFileSystem fs = new POIFSFileSystem(new FileInputStream(filename));
+ HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook(fs);
+ HSSFSheet sheet = wb.getSheetAt(0);
+ HSSFRow row;
+ HSSFCell cell;
+
+ int rows; // No of rows
+ rows = sheet.getPhysicalNumberOfRows();
+
+ int cols = 0; // No of columns
+ int tmp = 0;
+
+ // This trick ensures that we get the data properly even if it doesn't start from first few rows
+ for(int i = 0; i < 10 || i < rows; i++) {
+ row = sheet.getRow(i);
+ if(row != null) {
+ tmp = sheet.getRow(i).getPhysicalNumberOfCells();
+ if(tmp > cols) cols = tmp;
+ }
+ }
+
+
+ Hashtable<String, String> headers = null;
+ ArrayList<String> columns = new ArrayList<String>();
+ row = sheet.getRow(0);
+ for (int c =0; c<cols; c++){
+ cell = row.getCell(c);
+ columns.add(cell.toString());
+ }
+ for(int r = 1; r < rows; r++) {
+ row = sheet.getRow(r);
+ headers = new Hashtable<String, String>();
+ if(row != null) {
+ for(int c = 0; c < cols; c++) {
+ cell = row.getCell((short)c);
+ if(cell != null) {
+ headers.put(columns.get(c),cell.toString());
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ units.add(headers);
+ }
+ System.out.println("units: "+units);
+
+
+
+
+ } catch(Exception ioe) {
+ ioe.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ return units;
+ }
+
+
+ public void saveUnit(Hashtable<String,String> unit){
+ String author = unit.get("author");
+ author=author.replaceAll("None","");
+ String taxonName = unit.get("taxonName");
+ taxonName = taxonName.replaceAll("None", "");
+
+ try {
+ this.institutionCode = unit.get("institution").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+
+ try {this.collectionCode = unit.get("collection").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.unitID = unit.get("unitID").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.recordBasis = unit.get("recordBasis").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.accessionNumber = null;
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.locality = unit.get("locality").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.longitude = Double.valueOf(unit.get("longitude"));
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.latitude = Double.valueOf(unit.get("latitude"));
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.country = unit.get("country").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.isocountry = unit.get("isoCountry").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.fieldNumber = unit.get("field number").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.collectorsNumber = unit.get("collector number").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {String coll =unit.get("collector");
+ coll=coll.replaceAll("None", null);
+ this.gatheringAgentList.add(coll);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.identificationList.add(taxonName+" "+author);
+ } catch (Exception e) {System.out.println(e);
+ }
+ }
+
+ @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+ public boolean invoke(){
+ boolean result = true;
+ boolean withCdm = true;
+ CdmApplicationController app = null;
+ TransactionStatus tx = null;
+
+
+ app = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(CdmDestinations.cdm_test_patricia(), hbm2dll);
+
+ tx = app.startTransaction();
+ try {
+ ReferenceFactory refFactory = ReferenceFactory.newInstance();
+ ReferenceBase sec = refFactory.newDatabase();
+ sec.setTitleCache("SYNTHESYS CACHE DATA", true);
+
+ /**
+ * SPECIMEN OR OBSERVATION OR LIVING
+ */
+ DerivedUnitBase derivedThing = null;
+ //create specimen
+ if (this.recordBasis != null){
+ if (this.recordBasis.toLowerCase().startsWith("s")) {//specimen
+ derivedThing = Specimen.NewInstance();
+ }
+ else if (this.recordBasis.toLowerCase().startsWith("o")) {//observation
+ derivedThing = Observation.NewInstance();
+ }
+ else if (this.recordBasis.toLowerCase().startsWith("l")) {//living -> fossil, herbarium sheet....???
+ derivedThing = LivingBeing.NewInstance();
+ }
+ }
+ if (derivedThing == null) derivedThing = Observation.NewInstance();
+
+ TaxonNameBase taxonName = null;
+ Taxon taxon = null;
+ DeterminationEvent determinationEvent = null;
+ List<TaxonNameBase> names = null;
+ NonViralNameParserImpl nvnpi = NonViralNameParserImpl.NewInstance();
+ String scientificName="";
+ boolean preferredFlag=false;
+ System.out.println(this.identificationList);
+ for (int i = 0; i < this.identificationList.size(); i++) {
+ this.fullScientificNameString = this.identificationList.get(i);
+ this.fullScientificNameString = this.fullScientificNameString.replaceAll(" et ", " & ");
+ if (this.fullScientificNameString.indexOf("_preferred_") != -1){
+ scientificName = this.fullScientificNameString.split("_preferred_")[0];
+ String pTmp = this.fullScientificNameString.split("_preferred_")[1];
+ if (pTmp == "1" || pTmp.toLowerCase().indexOf("true") != -1)
+ preferredFlag=true;
+ else
+ preferredFlag=false;
+ }
+ else scientificName = this.fullScientificNameString;
+
+// taxonName = nvnpi.parseFullName(this.fullScientificNameString,NomenclaturalCode.ICZN(),null);
+// if (taxonName.hasProblem()){
+// System.out.println("pb ICZN");
+// taxonName = nvnpi.parseFullName(this.fullScientificNameString,NomenclaturalCode.ICBN(),null);
+// if (taxonName.hasProblem()){
+// System.out.println("pb ICBN");
+// taxonName = nvnpi.parseFullName(this.fullScientificNameString,NomenclaturalCode.ICNB(), null);
+// if (taxonName.hasProblem()){
+// System.out.println("pb ICNB");
+// taxonName = nvnpi.parseFullName(this.fullScientificNameString,NomenclaturalCode.ICNCP(), null);
+// if (taxonName.hasProblem()){
+// System.out.println("pb ICNCP");
+// }
+// }
+// }
+// }
+ taxonName = nvnpi.parseFullName(scientificName);
+ if (withCdm){
+ names = app.getNameService().getNamesByName(scientificName);
+ if (names.size() == 0){
+ System.out.println("Name not found: " + scientificName);
+ }else{
+ if (names.size() > 1){
+ System.out.println("More then 1 name found: " + scientificName);
+ }
+ System.out.println("Name found");
+ taxonName = names.get(0);
+ }
+ }
+
+
+// tx = app.startTransaction();
+ app.getNameService().saveOrUpdate(taxonName);
+ taxon = Taxon.NewInstance(taxonName, sec); //TODO use real reference for sec
+// app.commitTransaction(tx);
+
+
+ determinationEvent = DeterminationEvent.NewInstance();
+ determinationEvent.setTaxon(taxon);
+ determinationEvent.setPreferredFlag(preferredFlag);
+ derivedThing.addDetermination(determinationEvent);
+ }
+
+
+ //set catalogue number (unitID)
+ derivedThing.setCatalogNumber(this.unitID);
+ derivedThing.setAccessionNumber(this.accessionNumber);
+ derivedThing.setCollectorsNumber(this.collectorsNumber);
+
+
+ /**
+ * INSTITUTION & COLLECTION
+ */
+ //manage institution
+ Institution institution;
+ List<Institution> institutions;
+ try{
+ System.out.println(this.institutionCode);
+ institutions= app.getAgentService().searchInstitutionByCode(this.institutionCode);
+ }catch(Exception e){
+ System.out.println("BLI "+e);
+ institutions=new ArrayList<Institution>();
+ }
+ if (institutions.size() ==0){
+ System.out.println("Institution (agent) unknown");
+ //create institution
+ institution = Institution.NewInstance();
+ institution.setCode(this.institutionCode);
+ }
+ else{
+ System.out.println("Institution (agent) already in the db");
+ institution = institutions.get(0);
+ }
+
+ //manage collection
+ Collection collection = Collection.NewInstance();
+ List<Collection> collections;
+ try{
+ collections = app.getCollectionService().searchByCode(this.collectionCode);
+ }catch(Exception e){
+ System.out.println("BLA"+e);
+ collections=new ArrayList<Collection>();
+ }
+ if (collections.size() ==0){
+ System.out.println("Collection not found "+this.collectionCode);
+ //create new collection
+ collection.setCode(this.collectionCode);
+ collection.setCodeStandard("GBIF");
+ collection.setInstitute(institution);
+ }
+ else{
+ boolean collectionFound=false;
+ for (int i=0; i<collections.size(); i++){
+ collection = collections.get(i);
+ try {
+ if (collection.getInstitute().getCode().equalsIgnoreCase(institution.getCode())){
+ //found a collection with the same code and the same institution
+ collectionFound=true;
+ }
+ } catch (NullPointerException e) {}
+ }
+ System.out.println("a trouvé la collection avec la meme institution? "+collectionFound);
+ if (!collectionFound){ //need to add a new collection with the pre-configured institution
+ collection.setCode(this.collectionCode);
+ collection.setCodeStandard("GBIF");
+ collection.setInstitute(institution);
+ }
+
+ }
+ System.out.println("collection inserted");
+ //link specimen & collection
+ derivedThing.setCollection(collection);
+
+ /**
+ * GATHERING EVENT
+ */
+ //create gathering event
+ GatheringEvent gatheringEvent = GatheringEvent.NewInstance();
+ //add locality
+ Language language = Language.DEFAULT();
+ LanguageString loc = LanguageString.NewInstance(this.locality,language);
+ gatheringEvent.setLocality(loc);
+
+ //create coordinates point
+ Point coordinates = Point.NewInstance();
+ //add coordinates
+ coordinates.setLatitude(this.latitude);
+ coordinates.setLongitude(this.longitude);
+ gatheringEvent.setExactLocation(coordinates);
+
+ NamedArea area = NamedArea.NewInstance();
+
+
+ WaterbodyOrCountry country = null;
+// System.out.println("isocountry "+this.isocountry);
+ if (this.isocountry != null)
+ country = app.getOccurrenceService().getCountryByIso(this.isocountry);
+
+// System.out.println(country.getLabel());
+// Set<Continent> cont = country.getContinents();
+//
+// System.out.println(cont.size());
+// Iterator<Continent> iter = cont.iterator();
+// while (iter.hasNext())
+// System.out.println(iter.next().toString());
+
+ if (country != null){
+ area.addWaterbodyOrCountry(country);
+ System.out.println("country not null!");
+ }
+// else{
+// if (this.country != null){
+// List<WaterbodyOrCountry>countries = app.getOccurrenceService().getWaterbodyOrCountryByName(this.country);
+// if (countries.size() >0)
+// area.addWaterbodyOrCountry(countries.get(0));
+// else
+// System.out.println("NO COUNTRY");//TODO need to add a new country!
+// }
+// }
+// app.getTermService().saveTerm(area);
+ gatheringEvent.addCollectingArea(area);
+
+ //create collector
+ AgentBase collector;
+ ListIterator<String> collectors = this.gatheringAgentList.listIterator();
+ //add the collectors
+ String collName;
+ while (collectors.hasNext()){
+ collName = collectors.next();
+ /*check if the collector does already exist*/
+ try{
+ Pager<AgentBase> col = app.getAgentService().findByTitle(null, collName, null, null, null, null, null, null);
+ collector=col.getRecords().get(0);
+ System.out.println("a trouve l'agent");
+ }catch (Exception e) {
+ collector = Person.NewInstance();
+ collector.setTitleCache(collName, true);
+ }
+ gatheringEvent.setCollector(collector);
+ }
+
+ //create field/observation
+ FieldObservation fieldObservation = FieldObservation.NewInstance();
+ //add fieldNumber
+ fieldObservation.setFieldNumber(this.fieldNumber);
+
+ //join gatheringEvent to fieldObservation
+ fieldObservation.setGatheringEvent(gatheringEvent);
+
+
+// //link fieldObservation and specimen
+ DerivationEvent derivationEvent = DerivationEvent.NewInstance();
+ derivationEvent.addOriginal(fieldObservation);
+ derivedThing.addDerivationEvent(derivationEvent);
+// derivationEvent.addDerivative(derivedThing);
+
+ /**
+ * SAVE AND STORE DATA
+ */
+ //save the specimen data
+ // app.getOccurrenceService().saveSpecimenOrObservationBase(fieldObservation);
+ try {
+// tx = app.startTransaction();
+ app.getTermService().saveOrUpdate(area);//save it sooner
+ app.getOccurrenceService().saveOrUpdate(derivedThing);
+// app.commitTransaction(tx);
+// app.close();
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+ System.out.println("PATATE "+e);
+ }
+
+
+ logger.info("saved new specimen ...");
+
+
+
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ logger.warn("Error when reading record!!");
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ result = false;
+ }
+//
+ app.commitTransaction(tx);
+ System.out.println("commit done");
+ app.close();
+
+ return result;
+ }
+
+
+
+ private DeterminationEvent getDetermination(Taxon taxon, String actor){
+ logger.info("Create determination event");
+ DeterminationEvent determinationEvent = DeterminationEvent.NewInstance();
+ determinationEvent.setTaxon(taxon);
+ Person person = Person.NewTitledInstance(actor);
+ determinationEvent.setActor(person);
+ return determinationEvent;
+ }
+
+
+
+ /**
+ * @param args
+ */
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ logger.info("main method");
+ SynthesysCacheActivator abcdAct = new SynthesysCacheActivator();
+ ArrayList<Hashtable<String,String>> units = abcdAct.parseXLS();
+ Hashtable<String,String> unit=null;
+ for (int i=0; i<units.size();i++){
+ unit = units.get(i);
+ System.out.println(unit);
+ abcdAct.saveUnit(unit);//and then invoke
+ abcdAct.invoke();
+
+ }
+ }
+
+
+
+}
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * TODO add the following to a wiki page:\r
+ * HINT: If you are about to import into a mysql data base running under windows and if you wish to dump and restore the resulting data bas under another operation systen \r
+ * you must set the mysql system variable lower_case_table_names = 0 in order to create data base with table compatible names.\r
+ * \r
+ * \r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class AlgaTerraActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(AlgaTerraActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final Source berlinModelSource = BerlinModelSources.AlgaTerra();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+ static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("d03ef02a-f226-4cb1-bdb4-f6c154f08a34");\r
+ static final int sourceSecId = 7331;\r
+ \r
+ static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("ae9615b8-bc60-4ed0-ad96-897f9226d568");\r
+ static final Object[] featureKeyList = new Integer[]{7,201,202,203,204,205,206,207}; \r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+\r
+\r
+ //NomeclaturalCode\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICBN;\r
+\r
+// ****************** ALL *****************************************\r
+ \r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameStatus = true;\r
+ static final boolean doTypes = false; \r
+ static final boolean doNameFacts = false; \r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doFacts = true;\r
+ static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+ static final boolean doCommonNames = false;\r
+\r
+// ************************ NONE **************************************** //\r
+ \r
+// //authors\r
+// static final boolean doAuthors = false;\r
+// //references\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.NONE;\r
+// //names\r
+// static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+// static final boolean doRelNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameStatus = false;\r
+// static final boolean doTypes = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameFacts = false;\r
+// \r
+// //taxa\r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doFacts = true;\r
+// static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from BerlinModel("+ berlinModelSource.getDatabase() + ") ...");\r
+ logger.debug("Start");\r
+ //make BerlinModel Source\r
+ Source source = berlinModelSource;\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ BerlinModelImportConfigurator bmImportConfigurator = BerlinModelImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAuthors);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameStatus(doNameStatus);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTypes(doTypes);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameFacts(doNameFacts);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoFacts(doFacts);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doOccurences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoCommonNames(doCommonNames);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator> bmImport = new CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator>();\r
+ bmImport.invoke(bmImportConfigurator);\r
+\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End import from BerlinModel ("+ source.getDatabase() + ")...");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.AccountStore;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+\r
+\r
+public class BerlinModelDestinations {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(BerlinModelDestinations.class);\r
+ \r
+ public static Source El_Salvador_Andreas(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - El_Salvador\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2005;\r
+ String strServer = "LENOVO-T61";\r
+ String strDB = "Salvador_export";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "salvadorExport";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Initializes the source.\r
+ * @param dbms\r
+ * @param strServer\r
+ * @param strDB\r
+ * @param port\r
+ * @param userName\r
+ * @param pwd\r
+ * @return the source\r
+ */\r
+ private static Source makeSource(String dbms, String strServer, String strDB, int port, String userName, String pwd ){\r
+ //establish connection\r
+ Source source = null;\r
+ source = new Source(dbms, strServer, strDB);\r
+ source.setPort(port);\r
+ \r
+ pwd = AccountStore.readOrStorePassword(dbms, strServer, userName, pwd);\r
+ source.setUserAndPwd(userName, pwd);\r
+ // write pwd to account store\r
+ return source;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.AccountStore;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+\r
+\r
+public class BerlinModelSources {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(BerlinModelSources.class);\r
+ \r
+ public static Source euroMed(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - Euro+Med\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2005;\r
+ String strServer = "BGBM111";\r
+ String strDB = "EuroPlusMed_00_Edit";\r
+ int port = 1247;\r
+ String userName = "webUser";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static Source Campanulaceae(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - Campanulaceae\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2005;\r
+ String strServer = "BGBM111";\r
+ String strDB = "Campanulaceae";\r
+ int port = 1247;\r
+ String userName = "webUser";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static Source EDIT_CICHORIEAE(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - EditWP6\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2005;\r
+ String strServer = "BGBM111";\r
+ String strDB = "EditWP6";\r
+ int port = 1247;\r
+ String userName = "webUser";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static Source EDIT_Taraxacum(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - EditWP6\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2005;\r
+ String strServer = "BGBM111";\r
+ String strDB = "Edit_Taraxacum";\r
+ int port = 1247;\r
+ String userName = "webUser";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public static Source EDIT_Diptera(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - EDIT_Diptera\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2005;\r
+ String strServer = "BGBM111";\r
+ String strDB = "EDIT_Diptera";\r
+ int port = 1247;\r
+ String userName = "webUser";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static Source EDIT_Palmae(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - EDIT_Palmae\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2005;\r
+ String strServer = "BGBM111";\r
+ String strDB = "EDIT_Palmae";\r
+ int port = 1247;\r
+ String userName = "webUser";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public static Source El_Salvador(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - El_Salvador\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2005;\r
+ String strServer = "SQL2000Intern";\r
+ String strDB = "Salvador";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "WebUser";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static Source El_Salvador_Local(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - El_Salvador\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2005;\r
+ String strServer = "LENOVO-T61";\r
+ String strDB = "Salvador";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "salvadorExport";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ public static Source AlgaTerra(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - AlgaTerra\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2005;\r
+ String strServer = "BGBM17";\r
+ String strDB = "Algaterra";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "WebUser";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static Source PESI_ERMS(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - Pesi-ERMS\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2005;\r
+ String strServer = "SQL2000Intern\\SQL2005";\r
+ String strDB = "BM_ERMS";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "WebUser";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Initializes the source.\r
+ * @param dbms\r
+ * @param strServer\r
+ * @param strDB\r
+ * @param port\r
+ * @param userName\r
+ * @param pwd\r
+ * @return the source\r
+ */\r
+ private static Source makeSource(String dbms, String strServer, String strDB, int port, String userName, String pwd ){\r
+ //establish connection\r
+ Source source = null;\r
+ source = new Source(dbms, strServer, strDB);\r
+ source.setPort(port);\r
+ \r
+ pwd = AccountStore.readOrStorePassword(dbms, strServer, userName, pwd);\r
+ source.setUserAndPwd(userName, pwd);\r
+ // write pwd to account store\r
+ return source;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport.BerlinModelSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport.TreeCreator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.ImageImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.CichorieaeImageImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.EDITOR;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.ISourceable;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.ZoologicalName;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * TODO add the following to a wiki page:\r
+ * HINT: If you are about to import into a mysql data base running under windows and if you wish to dump and restore the resulting data bas under another operation systen \r
+ * you must set the mysql system variable lower_case_table_names = 0 in order to create data base with table compatible names.\r
+ * \r
+ * \r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class CampanulaceaeActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CampanulaceaeActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final Source berlinModelSource = BerlinModelSources.Campanulaceae();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_campanulaceae_production();\r
+\r
+ static final UUID secUuid = UUID.fromString("ed7dd0ea-fcdd-405d-9fe1-52652aa06119");\r
+ static final UUID taxonomicTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("e305ddac-7200-4293-aa5d-d3426133ed9f");\r
+ static final int sourceSecId = 100000;\r
+ \r
+ static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("231809ce-ad9e-4a50-8a48-668bd336cb7e");\r
+ static final Object[] featureKeyList = new Integer[]{}; \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ // set to zero for unlimited nameFacts\r
+ static final int maximumNumberOfNameFacts = 0;\r
+ static final int recordsPerTransaction = 2000;\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+\r
+ //editor - import\r
+ static final EDITOR editor = EDITOR.EDITOR_AS_EDITOR;\r
+ \r
+ //NomeclaturalCode\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICBN;\r
+\r
+ //ignore null\r
+ static final boolean ignoreNull = true;\r
+ \r
+ static boolean useTaxonomicTree = true;\r
+\r
+\r
+// **************** ALL ********************* \r
+\r
+ static final boolean doUser = true;\r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameStatus = true;\r
+ static final boolean doTypes = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameFacts = true;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doFacts = false; //no facts exist campanulaceae\r
+ static final boolean doOccurences = true;\r
+ static final boolean doCommonNames = false; //no common names exist in campanulaceae\r
+\r
+ //etc.\r
+ static final boolean doMarker = true;\r
+\r
+ \r
+// **************** SELECTED *********************\r
+//\r
+// static final boolean doUser = false;\r
+// //authors\r
+// static final boolean doAuthors = false;\r
+// //references\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.NONE;\r
+// //names\r
+// static final boolean doTaxonNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameStatus = false;\r
+// static final boolean doTypes = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameFacts = false;\r
+// \r
+// //taxa \r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doCommonNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doFacts = false;\r
+// static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+// \r
+// //etc.\r
+// static final boolean doMarker = false;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private boolean doInvoke(ICdmDataSource destination){\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ Source source = berlinModelSource;\r
+ \r
+ BerlinModelImportConfigurator bmImportConfigurator = BerlinModelImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(taxonomicTreeUuid);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setIgnoreNull(ignoreNull);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAuthors);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameStatus(doNameStatus);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTypes(doTypes);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameFacts(doNameFacts);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setUseTaxonomicTree(useTaxonomicTree);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoFacts(doFacts);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doOccurences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoCommonNames(doCommonNames);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoMarker(doMarker);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoUser(doUser);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setEditor(editor);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setRecordsPerTransaction(recordsPerTransaction);\r
+ \r
+\r
+ // maximum number of name facts to import\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setMaximumNumberOfNameFacts(maximumNumberOfNameFacts);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setEditor(editor);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator> bmImport = new CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator>();\r
+ success &= bmImport.invoke(bmImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ if (doFacts && (bmImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT) || bmImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK) ) ){\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = bmImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ \r
+ //make feature tree\r
+ FeatureTree tree = TreeCreator.flatTree(featureTreeUuid, bmImportConfigurator.getFeatureMap(), featureKeyList);\r
+ FeatureNode distributionNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DISTRIBUTION());\r
+ tree.getRoot().addChild(distributionNode, 1); \r
+ app.getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End import from BerlinModel ("+ source.getDatabase() + ")...");\r
+\r
+\r
+ logger.warn("!!!! NOTE: RefDetail notes and RelPTaxon notes are not imported automatically. Please check for these notes and import them manually.");\r
+ \r
+ return success;\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("Start import from BerlinModel("+ berlinModelSource.getDatabase() + ") to " + destination.getDatabase() + " ...");\r
+ CampanulaceaeActivator me = new CampanulaceaeActivator();\r
+ me.doInvoke(destination);\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport;\r
+\r
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NonViralName;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * TODO add the following to a wiki page:\r
+ * HINT: If you are about to import into a mysql data base running under windows and if you wish to dump and restore the resulting data bas under another operation systen \r
+ * you must set the mysql system variable lower_case_table_names = 0 in order to create data base with table compatible names.\r
+ * \r
+ * \r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class SalvadorActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(SalvadorActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final Source berlinModelSource = BerlinModelSources.El_Salvador();\r
+// static final Source berlinModelSource = BerlinModelDestinations.El_Salvador_Andreas();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Salvador();\r
+ static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("b010c84d-6049-45f4-9f13-c065101eaa26");\r
+ static final UUID secUuid = UUID.fromString("d03ef02a-f226-4cb1-bdb4-f6c154f08a34");\r
+ static final int sourceSecId = 7331;\r
+ \r
+ static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("ae9615b8-bc60-4ed0-ad96-897f9226d568");\r
+ static final Object[] featureKeyList = new Integer[]{302, 303, 306, 307, 309, 310, 311, 312, 350, 1500, 1800, 1900, 1950, 1980, 2000, 10299}; \r
+ static boolean isIgnore0AuthorTeam = true; //special case for Salvador. \r
+ static boolean doExport = false;\r
+ static boolean useTaxonomicTree = true;\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+ static final IImportConfigurator.EDITOR editor = IImportConfigurator.EDITOR.EDITOR_AS_EDITOR;\r
+\r
+ //NomeclaturalCode\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICBN;\r
+ \r
+ //ignore null\r
+ static final boolean ignoreNull = true;\r
+\r
+// ****************** ALL *****************************************\r
+ \r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameStatus = true;\r
+ static final boolean doTypes = false; //Types do not exist in El_Salvador DB\r
+ static final boolean doNameFacts = false; //Name Facts do not exist in El_Salvador DB\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doFacts = true;\r
+ static final boolean doOccurences = false; //Occurrences do not exist in El_Salvador DB\r
+ static final boolean doCommonNames = false; //CommonNames do not exist in Salvador DB\r
+ \r
+ //etc.\r
+ static final boolean doMarker = true;\r
+ static final boolean doUser = true;\r
+ \r
+\r
+// ************************ NONE **************************************** //\r
+ \r
+// //authors\r
+// static final boolean doAuthors = false;\r
+// //references\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.CONCEPT_REFERENCES;\r
+// //names\r
+// static final boolean doTaxonNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameStatus = false;\r
+// static final boolean doTypes = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameFacts = false;\r
+// \r
+// //taxa\r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+// static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+// static final boolean doFacts = false;\r
+// static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+// \r
+// //etc.\r
+// static final boolean doMarker = false;\r
+// static final boolean doUser = false; \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public boolean doImport(ICdmDataSource destination){\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from BerlinModel("+ berlinModelSource.getDatabase() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ //make BerlinModel Source\r
+ Source source = berlinModelSource;\r
+ \r
+ BerlinModelImportConfigurator config = BerlinModelImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ config.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ config.setSecUuid(secUuid);\r
+ config.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ config.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+ config.setIgnoreNull(ignoreNull);\r
+ \r
+ config.setDoAuthors(doAuthors);\r
+ config.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ config.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ config.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ config.setDoNameStatus(doNameStatus);\r
+ config.setDoTypes(doTypes);\r
+ config.setDoNameFacts(doNameFacts);\r
+ \r
+ config.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ config.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ config.setDoFacts(doFacts);\r
+ config.setDoOccurrence(doOccurences);\r
+ config.setDoCommonNames(doCommonNames);\r
+ \r
+ config.setDoMarker(doMarker);\r
+ config.setDoUser(doUser);\r
+ \r
+ config.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+\r
+ config.setCheck(check);\r
+ config.setEditor(editor);\r
+ config.setIgnore0AuthorTeam(isIgnore0AuthorTeam);\r
+ config.setUseTaxonomicTree(useTaxonomicTree);\r
+ \r
+ config.setNamerelationshipTypeMethod(getHandleNameRelationshipTypeMethod());\r
+ config.setUserTransformationMethod(getTransformUsernameMethod());\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator> bmImport = new CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator>();\r
+ boolean result = bmImport.invoke(config);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from BerlinModel ("+ source.getDatabase() + ")...");\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ SalvadorActivator activator = new SalvadorActivator();\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+\r
+ activator.doImport(destination);\r
+ if (doExport == true){\r
+ SalvadorExport export = new SalvadorExport();\r
+ export.doExport(destination);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private Method getHandleNameRelationshipTypeMethod(){\r
+ String methodName = "handleNameRelationshipType";\r
+ try {\r
+ Method method = this.getClass().getDeclaredMethod(methodName, Integer.class, NonViralName.class, NonViralName.class);\r
+ method.setAccessible(true);\r
+ return method;\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.error("Problem creating Method: " + methodName);\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ //used by BerlinModelImportConfigurator\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static boolean handleNameRelationshipType(Integer relQualifierFk, NonViralName nameTo, NonViralName nameFrom){\r
+ if (relQualifierFk == 72){\r
+ nameTo.getHomotypicalGroup().merge(nameFrom.getHomotypicalGroup());\r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private Method getTransformUsernameMethod(){\r
+ String methodName = "transformUsername";\r
+ try {\r
+ Method method = this.getClass().getDeclaredMethod(methodName, String.class);\r
+ method.setAccessible(true);\r
+ return method;\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.error("Problem creating Method: " + methodName);\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //used by BerlinModelImportConfigurator\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static String transformUsername(String nameToBeTransformed){\r
+ if (nameToBeTransformed == null){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }else if ("W.G.Berendsohn".equals(nameToBeTransformed)){\r
+ return "wgb";\r
+ }else if(nameToBeTransformed.startsWith("fs") || nameToBeTransformed.equals("BGBM\\fs")){\r
+ return "Frank Specht";\r
+ }\r
+ return nameToBeTransformed;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.out.BerlinModelExportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultExport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IExportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ *\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class SalvadorExport {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(SalvadorExport.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static final Source berlinModelDestination = BerlinModelDestinations.El_Salvador_Andreas();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmSource = CdmDestinations.localH2Salvador();\r
+ static final UUID secUuid = UUID.fromString("d03ef02a-f226-4cb1-bdb4-f6c154f08a34");\r
+ static final int sourceSecId = 7331;\r
+ static final int isHomotypicId = 72;\r
+ static boolean useTaxonomicTree = true;\r
+ \r
+// static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("ae9615b8-bc60-4ed0-ad96-897f9226d568");\r
+// static final Object[] featureKeyList = new Integer[]{302, 303, 306, 307, 309, 310, 311, 312, 350, 1500, 1800, 1900, 1950, 1980, 2000, 10299}; \r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.EXPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+\r
+ //NomeclaturalCode\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICBN;\r
+\r
+// ****************** ALL *****************************************\r
+ \r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameStatus = true;\r
+ static final boolean doTypes = false; //Types do not exist in El_Salvador DB\r
+ static final boolean doNameFacts = false; //Name Facts do not exist in El_Salvador DB\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doFacts = true;\r
+ static final boolean doOccurences = false; //occurrences do not exist in Salvador\r
+\r
+// ************************ NONE **************************************** //\r
+ \r
+// //authors\r
+// static final boolean doAuthors = false;\r
+// static final boolean doAuthorTeams = false;\r
+// //references\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+// //names\r
+// static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+// static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+// static final boolean doNameStatus = false;\r
+// static final boolean doTypes = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameFacts = false;\r
+// \r
+// //taxa\r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doFacts = false;\r
+// static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+// \r
+ \r
+ public boolean doExport(ICdmDataSource source){\r
+ System.out.println("Start export to Berlin Model ("+ berlinModelDestination.getDatabase() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ //make BerlinModel Source\r
+ Source destination = berlinModelDestination;\r
+ \r
+ BerlinModelExportConfigurator bmExportConfigurator = BerlinModelExportConfigurator.NewInstance(destination, source);\r
+ \r
+// bmExportConfigurator.setSecUuid(secUuid);\r
+// bmExportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+// bmExportConfigurator.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAuthors);\r
+// bmExportConfigurator.setDoAuthorTeams(doAuthors);\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setDoNameStatus(doNameStatus);\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setDoTypes(doTypes);\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setDoNameFacts(doNameFacts);\r
+ \r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setDoFacts(doFacts);\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doOccurences);\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setIsHomotypicId(isHomotypicId);\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ bmExportConfigurator.setUseTaxonomicTree(useTaxonomicTree);\r
+\r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultExport<BerlinModelExportConfigurator> bmExport = new CdmDefaultExport<BerlinModelExportConfigurator>();\r
+ boolean result = bmExport.invoke(bmExportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End export to BerlinModel ("+ destination.getDatabase() + ")..." + (result? "(successful)":"(with errors)"));\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ SalvadorExport ex = new SalvadorExport();\r
+ ICdmDataSource source = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmSource;\r
+\r
+ ex.doExport(source);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport;\r
+\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.MapWrapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 03.07.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class TreeCreator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(TreeCreator.class);\r
+\r
+ public static FeatureTree flatTree(UUID featureTreeUuid, Map<Integer, Feature> featureMap, Object[] featureKeyList){\r
+ FeatureTree result = FeatureTree.NewInstance(featureTreeUuid);\r
+ FeatureNode root = result.getRoot();\r
+ \r
+ for (Object featureKey : featureKeyList){\r
+ Feature feature = featureMap.get(featureKey);\r
+ if (feature != null){\r
+ FeatureNode child = FeatureNode.NewInstance(feature);\r
+ root.addChild(child); \r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ Map<Integer, Feature> map = new HashMap<Integer, Feature>(null);\r
+ map.put(1, Feature.DISTRIBUTION());\r
+ map.put(2, Feature.ECOLOGY());\r
+\r
+ Object[] strFeatureList = new Integer[]{1,2}; \r
+\r
+ FeatureTree tree = TreeCreator.flatTree(UUID.randomUUID(), map, strFeatureList);\r
+ System.out.println(tree.getRootChildren());\r
+ }\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu
+*
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.
+*/
+
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.AccountStore;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.CdmDataSource;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DatabaseTypeEnum;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;
+
+public class CdmDestinations {
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CdmDestinations.class);
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_1_1(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_1_1"; // values: "cdm_1_1" "cdm_build"
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_build(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_build"; // values: "cdm_1_1" "cdm_build"
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Intended to be used for imports
+ */
+ public static ICdmDataSource import_a(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "localhost";
+ String cdmDB = "import_a";
+ String cdmUserName = "root";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_import(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_import";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test"; // values: "cdm_1_1" "cdm_build"
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_jaxb(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_jaxb";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_jaxb2(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_jaxb2";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_andreas_palmae(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_andreas_palmae";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_andreas_cichorieae(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_andreas_cichorieae";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_andreasM(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_andreasM";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_andreasM2(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_andreasM2";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_andreasM3(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_andreasM3";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_editor2(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_editor_test2";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_portal(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_portal";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_portal_test(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_portal_test";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_patricia(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_patricia";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_eunmok(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_eunmok";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_eunmok_erms(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_eunmok_erms";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_niels1(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_niels1";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_niels2(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_niels2";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ //
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_andreasK1(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_andreasK1";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_test_andreasK2(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_test_andreasK2";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_pesi_erms(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_pesi_erms";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_campanulaceae(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_campanulaceae";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_campanulaceae_production(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "160.45.63.151";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_production_campanulaceae";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_flora_malesiana_preview(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "160.45.63.201";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_flora_malesiana_a";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_flora_malesiana_production(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "160.45.63.151";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_production_flora_malesiana";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_flora_central_africa_preview(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "160.45.63.201";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_flora_central_africa";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_flora_central_africa_production(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "160.45.63.151";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_production_flora_central_africa";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_pesi_euroMed(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_pesi_euroMed";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_pesi_all(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_pesi_all";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_portal_test_localhost(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_portal_test";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_portal_test_localhost2(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_portal_test2";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_local_cichorieae(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_cichorieae";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_local_dipera(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_diptera";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_local_palmae(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_palmae";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_local_globis(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_globis";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_local_cichorieae_d(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_cichorieae_d";
+ String cdmUserName = "root";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_local_postgres_CdmTest(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.PostgreSQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "CdmTest";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_local_tdwg2010(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_tdwg2010";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource NULL(){
+ return null;
+ }
+
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("cdm", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2(String database, String username, String filePath){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance(database, "sa", "", filePath, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2Salvador(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("salvador", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2Diptera(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("diptera", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2Cichorieae(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("cichorieae", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2Palmae(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("palmae", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2EuroMed(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("euroMed", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2Erms(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("erms", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2_viola(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("testViola", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2_LIAS(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("testLIAS", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2_Erythroneura(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("testErythroneura", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2_Cicad(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("testCicad", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2_ValRosandraFRIDAKey(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("testValRosandraFRIDAKey", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource localH2_FreshwaterAquaticInsects(){
+ return CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance("testFreshwaterAquaticInsects", "sa", "");
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_portal_test_pollux(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.11";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_portal_test";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_edit_cichorieae_PG(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.PostgreSQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_cichorieae_a";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ int port = 15432;
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, port, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_edit_cichorieae_a(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_cichorieae_a";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_cichorieae_a_preview(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "160.45.63.201";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_cichorieae_a";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_production_cichorieae(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "160.45.63.151";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_production_cichorieae";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_production_palmae(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "160.45.63.151";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_production_palmae";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource local_cdm_edit_cichorieae_a(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_cichorieae_a";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource local_cdm_edit_cichorieae_b(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_cichorieae_b";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_edit_cichorieae_b(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_cichorieae_b";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_edit_diptera_a(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_diptera_a";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_edit_diptera_b(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_diptera_b";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_edit_palmae_a(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_palmae_a";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_edit_palmae_b(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_palmae_b";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_edit_diptera_preview_B(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_diptera_b";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ int port = 13306;
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, port, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_edit_cichorieae_preview_B(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_cichorieae_b";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ int port = 13306;
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, port, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_edit_palmae_preview_A(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_palmae_a";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ int port = 13306;
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, port, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_edit_palmae_preview_B(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "127.0.0.1";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_palmae_b";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ int port = 13306;
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, port, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_v1_palmae(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_v1_palmae";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_edit_salvador(){
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_edit_salvador";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_import_cichorieae() {
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_import_cichorieae";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_import_diptera() {
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_import_diptera";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_import_palmae() {
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_import_palmae";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_import_salvador() {
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "cdm_import_salvador";
+ String cdmUserName = "edit";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+ public static ICdmDataSource cdm_salvador_production() {
+ DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL;
+ String cdmServer = "192.168.2.10";
+ String cdmDB = "salvador_cdm";
+ String cdmUserName = "salvador";
+ return makeDestination(dbType, cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+ }
+
+
+// public static ICdmDataSource LAPTOP_HP(){
+// DatabaseTypeEnum dbType = DatabaseTypeEnum.SqlServer2005;
+// String cdmServer = "LAPTOPHP";
+// String cdmDB = "cdmTest";
+// String cdmUserName = "edit";
+// return makeDestination(cdmServer, cdmDB, -1, cdmUserName, null);
+// }
+
+
+
+
+ /**
+ * initializes source
+ * TODO only supports MySQL and PostgreSQL
+ *
+ * @param dbType
+ * @param cdmServer
+ * @param cdmDB
+ * @param port
+ * @param cdmUserName
+ * @param pwd
+ * @return
+ */
+ private static ICdmDataSource makeDestination(DatabaseTypeEnum dbType, String cdmServer, String cdmDB, int port, String cdmUserName, String pwd ){
+ //establish connection
+ pwd = AccountStore.readOrStorePassword(cdmServer, cdmDB, cdmUserName, pwd);
+ ICdmDataSource destination;
+ if(dbType.equals(DatabaseTypeEnum.MySQL)){
+ destination = CdmDataSource.NewMySqlInstance(cdmServer, cdmDB, port, cdmUserName, pwd, null);
+ } else if(dbType.equals(DatabaseTypeEnum.PostgreSQL)){
+ destination = CdmDataSource.NewPostgreSQLInstance(cdmServer, cdmDB, port, cdmUserName, pwd, null);
+ } else {
+ //TODO others
+ throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported DatabaseType");
+ }
+ return destination;
+
+ }
+
+
+ /**
+ * Accepts a string array and tries to find a method returning an ICdmDataSource with
+ * the name of the given first string in the array
+ *
+ * @param args
+ * @return
+ */
+ public static ICdmDataSource chooseDestination(String[] args) {
+ if(args == null)
+ return null;
+
+ if(args.length != 1)
+ return null;
+
+ String possibleDestination = args[0];
+
+ Method[] methods = CdmDestinations.class.getMethods();
+
+ for (Method method : methods){
+ if(method.getName().equals(possibleDestination)){
+ try {
+ return (ICdmDataSource) method.invoke(null, null);
+ } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+ // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+ // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+ // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ return null;
+ }
+
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2009 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URL;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd.SDDSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.AccountStore;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @date 21.04.2010\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class CdmImportSources {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CdmImportSources.class);\r
+ \r
+\r
+ public static Source AFRICA_CHECKLIST_ACCESS(){\r
+ // \r
+ String dbms = Source.ACCESS;\r
+ String strServer = null;\r
+ //String strDB = "fernsTest";\r
+ String strDB = "C:\\localCopy\\Data\\eflora\\africa\\checklist_flore_afrique_centrale_corr.mdb";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ public static Source AFRICA_FERNS_ACCESS(){\r
+ // \r
+ String dbms = Source.ACCESS;\r
+ String strServer = null;\r
+ //String strDB = "fernsTest";\r
+ String strDB = "C:\\localCopy\\Data\\eflora\\africa\\Mail_2010_05_05\\test.mdb";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static Source GLOBIS(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - Pesi-ERMS\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2005;\r
+ String strServer = "LENOVO-T61";\r
+ String strDB = "globis";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "adam";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public static Source GLOBIS_ODBC(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - Pesi-ERMS\r
+ String dbms = Source.ODDBC;\r
+ String strServer = "LENOVO-T61";\r
+ String strDB = "globis";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "sa";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Initializes the source.\r
+ * @param dbms\r
+ * @param strServer\r
+ * @param strDB\r
+ * @param port\r
+ * @param userName\r
+ * @param pwd\r
+ * @return the source\r
+ */\r
+ private static Source makeSource(String dbms, String strServer, String strDB, int port, String userName, String pwd ){\r
+ //establish connection\r
+ Source source = null;\r
+ source = new Source(dbms, strServer, strDB);\r
+ source.setPort(port);\r
+ \r
+ pwd = AccountStore.readOrStorePassword(dbms, strServer, userName, pwd);\r
+ source.setUserAndPwd(userName, pwd);\r
+ // write pwd to account store\r
+ return source;\r
+ }\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.AccountStore;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.babadshanjan\r
+ * @created 12.05.2009\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class ImportUtils {\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Initializes the source.\r
+ * @param dbms\r
+ * @param strServer\r
+ * @param strDB\r
+ * @param port\r
+ * @param userName\r
+ * @param pwd\r
+ * @return the source\r
+ */\r
+ public static Source makeSource(String dbms, String strServer, String strDB, int port, String userName, String pwd ){\r
+ //establish connection\r
+ Source source = null;\r
+ source = new Source(dbms, strServer, strDB);\r
+ source.setPort(port);\r
+ \r
+ pwd = AccountStore.readOrStorePassword(dbms, strServer, userName, pwd);\r
+ source.setUserAndPwd(userName, pwd);\r
+ // write pwd to account store\r
+ return source;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common;\r
+\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.config.ITaxonServiceConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.config.impl.TaxonServiceConfiguratorImpl;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.pager.Pager;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.IdentifiableEntity;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.NamedArea;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.TdwgArea;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.persistence.query.MatchMode;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.babadshanjan\r
+ * @created 12.05.2009\r
+ */\r
+public class TestActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(TestActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //static final Source faunaEuropaeaSource = FaunaEuropaeaSources.faunEu();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_edit_cichorieae_a();\r
+ \r
+ static final int limitSave = 2000;\r
+\r
+// static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation dbSchemaValidation = DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE;\r
+// static DbSchemaValidation dbSchemaValidation = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;\r
+// static DbSchemaValidation dbSchemaValidation = DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE;\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICZN;\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ \r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ CdmApplicationController app;\r
+ app = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(destination, dbSchemaValidation);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ app.changeDataSource(destination);\r
+ ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_edit_cichorieae_a();\r
+ app.changeDataSource(cdmDestination);\r
+ ITaxonServiceConfigurator conf = TaxonServiceConfiguratorImpl.NewInstance();\r
+ conf.setDoSynonyms(true);\r
+ conf.setDoTaxa(true);\r
+ conf.setMatchMode(MatchMode.BEGINNING);\r
+ conf.setSearchString("L*");\r
+ conf.setPageNumber(0);\r
+ conf.setPageSize(50);\r
+ Set<NamedArea> areas = new HashSet<NamedArea>();\r
+ areas.add(TdwgArea.getAreaByTdwgAbbreviation("GER"));\r
+ //conf.setNamedAreas(areas);\r
+ \r
+ Pager<IdentifiableEntity> taxaAndSyn = app.getTaxonService().findTaxaAndNames(conf);\r
+ List<IdentifiableEntity> taxList = taxaAndSyn.getRecords();\r
+ \r
+ for (IdentifiableEntity ent: taxList){\r
+ \r
+ System.err.println(ent.getTitleCache());\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End importing Fauna Europaea data");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.eflora;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmImportSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist.CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.06.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CentralAfricaChecklistActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaChecklistActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final Source mySource = CdmImportSources.AFRICA_CHECKLIST_ACCESS();\r
+ \r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_andreasM3();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_flora_central_africa_preview();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_flora_central_africa_production();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+\r
+ int recordsPerTransaction = 1000;\r
+ \r
+ //feature tree uuid\r
+ public static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("ebe558b5-d04d-41d5-83d9-b61c56e6e34a");\r
+ \r
+ public static final String sourceReference = "Flora of Central Africa - Checklist";\r
+ \r
+ private UUID uuidGenevaReference = UUID.fromString("cf3fd13d-6cad-430c-ab70-7ea841b7159f");\r
+ \r
+ private String genevaReferenceTitle = "Geneva Database";\r
+ \r
+ //classification\r
+ public static final UUID classificationUuid = UUID.fromString("ce1d035a-79a9-4a3a-95bf-26641ecb4fbe");\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+\r
+ private void doImport(ICdmDataSource cdmDestination){\r
+ \r
+ //make Source\r
+ Source source = mySource;\r
+ \r
+ CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator config= CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, cdmDestination);\r
+ config.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(classificationUuid);\r
+ config.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ config.setCheck(check);\r
+ config.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ config.setRecordsPerTransaction(recordsPerTransaction);\r
+ config.setGenevaReferenceTitle(genevaReferenceTitle);\r
+ config.setUuidGenevaReference(uuidGenevaReference);\r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultImport<CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator> myImport = new CdmDefaultImport<CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator>();\r
+\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from ("+ source.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ config.setSourceReference(getSourceReference(sourceReference));\r
+ myImport.invoke(config);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ \r
+\r
+ \r
+// FeatureTree tree = makeFeatureNode(myImport.getCdmAppController().getTermService());\r
+// myImport.getCdmAppController().getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private ReferenceBase getSourceReference(String string) {\r
+ ReferenceBase result = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ result.setTitleCache(string);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+// private FeatureTree makeFeatureNode(ITermService service){\r
+// FloraMalesianaTransformer transformer = new FloraMalesianaTransformer();\r
+// \r
+// FeatureTree result = FeatureTree.NewInstance(featureTreeUuid);\r
+// result.setTitleCache("Flora Malesiana Presentation Feature Tree");\r
+// FeatureNode root = result.getRoot();\r
+// FeatureNode newNode;\r
+// \r
+// newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.CITATION());\r
+// root.addChild(newNode);\r
+// \r
+// newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DESCRIPTION());\r
+// root.addChild(newNode);\r
+// \r
+// return result;\r
+// }\r
+ \r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ CentralAfricaChecklistActivator me = new CentralAfricaChecklistActivator();\r
+ me.doImport(cdmDestination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.eflora;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.ITermService;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IInputTransformer;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.UndefinedTransformerMethodException;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ericaceae.CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ericaceae.CentralAfricaEricaceaeTransformer;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Person;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Team;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Language;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.PolytomousKey;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.06.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CentralAfricaEricaceaeActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaEricaceaeActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final URI source = EfloraSources.ericacea_local();\r
+\r
+ \r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_andreasM();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_flora_central_africa_preview();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_flora_central_africa_production();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_local_postgres_CdmTest();\r
+ \r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_local_postgres_CdmTest(); \r
+\r
+ //feature tree uuid\r
+ public static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("051d35ee-22f1-42d8-be07-9e9bfec5bcf7");\r
+ \r
+ public static UUID defaultLanguageUuid = Language.uuidEnglish;\r
+ \r
+ //classification\r
+ static final UUID classificationUuid = UUID.fromString("10e5efcc-6e13-4abc-ad42-e0b46e50cbe7");\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+ \r
+ static boolean doPrintKeys = false;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doDeduplicate = false;\r
+\r
+ private boolean includeEricaceae = true;\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private void doImport(ICdmDataSource cdmDestination){\r
+ \r
+ //make Source\r
+ CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator config= CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, cdmDestination);\r
+ config.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(classificationUuid);\r
+ config.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ config.setCheck(check);\r
+ config.setDefaultLanguageUuid(defaultLanguageUuid);\r
+ config.setDoPrintKeys(doPrintKeys);\r
+ config.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultImport<EfloraImportConfigurator> myImport = new CdmDefaultImport<EfloraImportConfigurator>();\r
+\r
+ \r
+ //Ericaceae\r
+ if (includeEricaceae){\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from ("+ source.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ config.setSourceReference(getSourceReference(config.getSourceReferenceTitle()));\r
+ myImport.invoke(config);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ FeatureTree tree = makeFeatureNode(myImport.getCdmAppController().getTermService());\r
+ myImport.getCdmAppController().getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ \r
+ //check keys\r
+ if (doPrintKeys){\r
+ TransactionStatus tx = myImport.getCdmAppController().startTransaction();\r
+ List<FeatureTree> keys = myImport.getCdmAppController().getFeatureTreeService().list(PolytomousKey.class, null, null, null, null);\r
+ for(FeatureTree key : keys){\r
+ ((PolytomousKey)key).print(System.out);\r
+ System.out.println();\r
+ }\r
+ myImport.getCdmAppController().commitTransaction(tx);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //deduplicate\r
+ if (doDeduplicate){\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = myImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ int count = app.getAgentService().deduplicate(Person.class, null, null);\r
+ logger.warn("Deduplicated " + count + " persons.");\r
+ count = app.getAgentService().deduplicate(Team.class, null, null);\r
+ logger.warn("Deduplicated " + count + " teams.");\r
+ count = app.getReferenceService().deduplicate(ReferenceBase.class, null, null);\r
+ logger.warn("Deduplicated " + count + " references.");\r
+ } \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private ReferenceBase getSourceReference(String string) {\r
+ ReferenceBase result = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ result.setTitleCache(string);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private FeatureTree makeFeatureNode(ITermService service){\r
+ CentralAfricaEricaceaeTransformer transformer = new CentralAfricaEricaceaeTransformer();\r
+ \r
+ FeatureTree result = FeatureTree.NewInstance(featureTreeUuid);\r
+ result.setTitleCache("Central Africa Ericaceae Feature Tree");\r
+ FeatureNode root = result.getRoot();\r
+ FeatureNode newNode;\r
+ \r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DESCRIPTION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ \r
+ addFeataureNodesByStringList(descriptionFeatureList, newNode, transformer, service);\r
+\r
+ addFeataureNodesByStringList(generellDescriptionsList, root, transformer, service);\r
+\r
+ \r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DISTRIBUTION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.ECOLOGY());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ addFeataureNodesByStringList(habitatEcologyList, root, transformer, service);\r
+ \r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.USES());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ \r
+ addFeataureNodesByStringList(chomosomesList, root, transformer, service);\r
+\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.COMMON_NAME());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ \r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.CITATION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ \r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private static String [] chomosomesList = new String[]{\r
+ "Chromosomes", \r
+ };\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private static String [] habitatEcologyList = new String[]{\r
+ "Habitat",\r
+ "Habitat & Ecology"\r
+ };\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private static String [] generellDescriptionsList = new String[]{\r
+ "Fossils",\r
+ "Morphology and anatomy",\r
+ "Morphology", \r
+ "Vegetative morphology and anatomy",\r
+ "Flower morphology",\r
+ "Palynology", \r
+ "Pollination", \r
+ "Pollen morphology",\r
+ "Life cycle",\r
+ "Fruits and embryology",\r
+ "Dispersal",\r
+ "Wood anatomy", \r
+ "Leaf anatomy", \r
+ "Chromosome numbers", \r
+ "Phytochemistry and Chemotaxonomy",\r
+ "Phytochemistry",\r
+ "Taxonomy", \r
+ };\r
+\r
+ private static String [] descriptionFeatureList = new String[]{\r
+ "lifeform", \r
+ "Bark", \r
+ "Indumentum", \r
+ "endophytic body", \r
+ "flowering buds", \r
+ "Branchlets", \r
+ "Branches", \r
+ "Branch", \r
+ "Flowering branchlets",\r
+ "Trees", \r
+ "Twigs", \r
+ "stem", \r
+ "Stems", \r
+ "stem leaves", \r
+ "Leaves",\r
+ "flower-bearing stems", \r
+ "Petiole", \r
+ "Petiolules", \r
+ "Leaflets", \r
+ "Thyrsus", \r
+ "Thyrses", \r
+ "Inflorescences", \r
+ "Inflorescence",\r
+ "Young inflorescences", \r
+ "Bracts", \r
+ "Pedicels", \r
+ "flowering buds", \r
+ "scales", \r
+ "Buds", \r
+ "Flowers", \r
+ "Flower", \r
+ "Flowering",\r
+ "Stigma", \r
+ "perianth", \r
+ "Sepals", \r
+ "Sepal", \r
+ "Outer Sepals", \r
+ "Axillary", \r
+ "cymes", \r
+ "Calyx", \r
+ "Petal", \r
+ "Petals", \r
+ "perigone tube",\r
+ "Disc", \r
+ "corolla", \r
+ "Stamens", \r
+ "Staminodes", \r
+ "Ovary", \r
+ "Anthers",\r
+ "anther", \r
+ "Pistil", \r
+ "Pistillode", \r
+ "Ovules", \r
+ "androecium", \r
+ "gynoecium", \r
+ "Filaments", \r
+ "Style", \r
+ "annulus", \r
+ "female flowers", \r
+ "Male flowers", \r
+ "Female", \r
+ "Infructescences", //order not consistent (sometimes before "Flowers") \r
+ "Fruit", \r
+ "Fruits", \r
+ "fruiting axes", \r
+ "drupes", \r
+ "Arillode", \r
+ "seed", \r
+ "Seeds", \r
+ "Seedling", \r
+ "flower tube", \r
+ "nutlets", \r
+ "pollen", \r
+ "secondary xylem", \r
+ "chromosome number", \r
+ \r
+ "figure", \r
+ "fig", \r
+ "figs", \r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ };\r
+ \r
+ public void addFeataureNodesByStringList(String[] featureStringList, FeatureNode root, IInputTransformer transformer, ITermService termService){\r
+ try {\r
+ for (String featureString : featureStringList){\r
+ UUID featureUuid;\r
+ featureUuid = transformer.getFeatureUuid(featureString);\r
+ Feature feature = (Feature)termService.find(featureUuid);\r
+ if (feature != null){\r
+ FeatureNode child = FeatureNode.NewInstance(feature);\r
+ root.addChild(child); \r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ } catch (UndefinedTransformerMethodException e) {\r
+ logger.error("getFeatureUuid is not implemented in transformer. Features could not be added");\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ CentralAfricaEricaceaeActivator me = new CentralAfricaEricaceaeActivator();\r
+ me.doImport(cdmDestination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.eflora;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.ITermService;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmImportSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns.CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.floraMalesiana.FloraMalesianaTransformer;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.06.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CentralAfricaFernsActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaFernsActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final Source mySource = CdmImportSources.AFRICA_FERNS_ACCESS();\r
+ \r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_andreasM2();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_flora_central_africa_preview();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_flora_central_africa_production();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+\r
+ //feature tree uuid\r
+ public static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("62d930cb-aabb-461c-ad16-0fdbd2bae592");\r
+ \r
+ public static final String sourceReference = "Flora of Central Africa";\r
+\r
+ public static final String taxonomicTreeName = "Flora of Central Africa - Ferns"; \r
+ \r
+ //classification\r
+ static final UUID classificationUuid = UUID.fromString("a90fa160-8f33-4a19-9c5a-ab05a1553017");\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+ \r
+// static boolean doPrintKeys = false;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+\r
+// private boolean includeSapindaceae1 = true;\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private void doImport(ICdmDataSource cdmDestination){\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //make Source\r
+ Source source = mySource;\r
+ \r
+// mySource.getResultSet("SELECT * FROM tmp");\r
+ CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator config= CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, cdmDestination);\r
+ config.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(classificationUuid);\r
+ config.setTaxonomicTreeName(taxonomicTreeName);\r
+ config.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ config.setCheck(check);\r
+// configsetDoPrintKeys(doPrintKeys);\r
+ config.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultImport<CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator> myImport = new CdmDefaultImport<CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator>();\r
+\r
+ \r
+// if (includeSapindaceae1){\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from ("+ source.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ config.setSourceReference(getSourceReference(sourceReference));\r
+ myImport.invoke(config);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+// }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ \r
+ FeatureTree tree = makeFeatureNode(myImport.getCdmAppController().getTermService());\r
+ myImport.getCdmAppController().getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ \r
+ //check keys\r
+// if (doPrintKeys){\r
+// TransactionStatus tx = myImport.getCdmAppController().startTransaction();\r
+// List<FeatureTree> keys = myImport.getCdmAppController().getFeatureTreeService().list(PolytomousKey.class, null, null, null, null);\r
+// for(FeatureTree key : keys){\r
+// ((PolytomousKey)key).print(System.out);\r
+// System.out.println();\r
+// }\r
+// myImport.getCdmAppController().commitTransaction(tx);\r
+// }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private ReferenceBase getSourceReference(String string) {\r
+ ReferenceBase result = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ result.setTitleCache(string);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private FeatureTree makeFeatureNode(ITermService service){\r
+ FloraMalesianaTransformer transformer = new FloraMalesianaTransformer();\r
+ \r
+ FeatureTree result = FeatureTree.NewInstance(featureTreeUuid);\r
+ result.setTitleCache("Flora Malesiana Presentation Feature Tree");\r
+ FeatureNode root = result.getRoot();\r
+ FeatureNode newNode;\r
+ \r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.CITATION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ \r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DESCRIPTION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ \r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ CentralAfricaFernsActivator me = new CentralAfricaFernsActivator();\r
+ me.doImport(cdmDestination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2009 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.eflora;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @date 09.06.2010\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class EfloraSources {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EfloraSources.class);\r
+\r
+ //Ericaceae\r
+ public static URI ericacea_local() {\r
+ URI sourceUrl;\r
+ try {\r
+ sourceUrl = new URI("file:C:/localCopy/Data/eflora/africa/ericaceae_v2.xml");\r
+ return sourceUrl;\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //Sapindaceae\r
+ public static URI fm_sapindaceae_local(){\r
+ String sourceUrl = "file:C:/localCopy/Data/eflora/floraMalesiana/sapindaceae-01v25.xml";\r
+ try {\r
+ URI uri = new URI(sourceUrl);\r
+ return uri;\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //Sapindaceae2\r
+ public static URI fm_sapindaceae2_local(){\r
+ String sourceUrl = "file:C:/localCopy/Data/eflora/floraMalesiana/sapindaceae-02final2.xml";\r
+ URI uri;\r
+ try {\r
+ uri = new URI(sourceUrl);\r
+ return uri;\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //Flora Malesiana Vol 13-1\r
+ public static URI fm_13_1_local(){\r
+ URI sourceUrl;\r
+ try {\r
+ sourceUrl = new URI("file:C:/localCopy/Data/eflora/floraMalesiana/fm13_1_v8 final.xml");\r
+ return sourceUrl;\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ //Flora Malesiana Vol 13-2\r
+ public static URI fm_13_2_local(){\r
+ URI sourceUrl;\r
+ try {\r
+ sourceUrl = new URI("file:C:/localCopy/Data/eflora/floraMalesiana/fm13_2_v8 final.xml");\r
+ return sourceUrl;\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.eflora;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.ITermService;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IInputTransformer;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.UndefinedTransformerMethodException;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.floraMalesiana.FloraMalesianaTransformer;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.PolytomousKey;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.06.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class FloraMalesianaActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(FloraMalesianaActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final URI fmSource1 = EfloraSources.fm_sapindaceae_local();\r
+ static final URI fmSource2 = EfloraSources.fm_sapindaceae2_local();\r
+ static final URI fmSource13_1 = EfloraSources.fm_13_1_local();\r
+ static final URI fmSource13_2 = EfloraSources.fm_13_2_local();\r
+ \r
+ \r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_andreasM3();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_flora_malesiana_preview();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_flora_malesiana_production();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+\r
+ //feature tree uuid\r
+ public static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("168df0c6-6429-484c-b26f-ded1f7e44bd9");\r
+ \r
+ //classification\r
+ static final UUID classificationUuid = UUID.fromString("ca4e4bcb-a1d1-4124-a358-a3d3c41dd450");\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+ \r
+ static boolean doPrintKeys = false;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+\r
+ private boolean includeSapindaceae1 = true;\r
+ private boolean includeSapindaceae2 = true;\r
+ private boolean includeVol13_1 = false;\r
+ private boolean includeVol13_2 = false;\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private void doImport(ICdmDataSource cdmDestination){\r
+ \r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source = fmSource1;\r
+ EfloraImportConfigurator floraMalesianaConfig= EfloraImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, cdmDestination);\r
+ floraMalesianaConfig.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(classificationUuid);\r
+ floraMalesianaConfig.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ floraMalesianaConfig.setCheck(check);\r
+ floraMalesianaConfig.setDoPrintKeys(doPrintKeys);\r
+ floraMalesianaConfig.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultImport<EfloraImportConfigurator> myImport = new CdmDefaultImport<EfloraImportConfigurator>();\r
+\r
+ \r
+ //Sapindaceae1\r
+ if (includeSapindaceae1){\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from ("+ fmSource1.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ floraMalesianaConfig.setSourceReference(getSourceReference("Flora Malesiana - Sapindaceae I"));\r
+ myImport.invoke(floraMalesianaConfig);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from ("+ fmSource1.toString() + ")...");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //Sapindaceae2\r
+ if (includeSapindaceae2){\r
+ System.out.println("\nStart import from ("+ fmSource2.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ source = fmSource2;\r
+ floraMalesianaConfig.setSource(source);\r
+ floraMalesianaConfig.setSourceReference(getSourceReference("Flora Malesiana - Sapindaceae II"));\r
+ myImport.invoke(floraMalesianaConfig);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from ("+ fmSource2.toString() + ")...");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ floraMalesianaConfig.setSourceReference(getSourceReference("Flora Malesiana - Vol. 13"));\r
+ //Vol13_1\r
+ if (includeVol13_1){\r
+ System.out.println("\nStart import from ("+ fmSource13_1.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ source = fmSource13_1;\r
+ floraMalesianaConfig.setSource(source);\r
+ myImport.invoke(floraMalesianaConfig);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from ("+ fmSource13_1.toString() + ")...");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ //Vol13_2\r
+ if (includeVol13_2){\r
+ System.out.println("\nStart import from ("+ fmSource13_2.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ source = fmSource13_2;\r
+ floraMalesianaConfig.setSource(source);\r
+ myImport.invoke(floraMalesianaConfig);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from ("+ fmSource13_2.toString() + ")...");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ FeatureTree tree = makeFeatureNode(myImport.getCdmAppController().getTermService());\r
+ myImport.getCdmAppController().getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ \r
+ //check keys\r
+ if (doPrintKeys){\r
+ TransactionStatus tx = myImport.getCdmAppController().startTransaction();\r
+ List<FeatureTree> keys = myImport.getCdmAppController().getFeatureTreeService().list(PolytomousKey.class, null, null, null, null);\r
+ for(FeatureTree key : keys){\r
+ ((PolytomousKey)key).print(System.out);\r
+ System.out.println();\r
+ }\r
+ myImport.getCdmAppController().commitTransaction(tx);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private ReferenceBase getSourceReference(String string) {\r
+ ReferenceBase result = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ result.setTitleCache(string);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private FeatureTree makeFeatureNode(ITermService service){\r
+ FloraMalesianaTransformer transformer = new FloraMalesianaTransformer();\r
+ \r
+ FeatureTree result = FeatureTree.NewInstance(featureTreeUuid);\r
+ result.setTitleCache("Flora Malesiana Presentation Feature Tree");\r
+ FeatureNode root = result.getRoot();\r
+ FeatureNode newNode;\r
+ \r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DESCRIPTION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ \r
+ addFeataureNodesByStringList(descriptionFeatureList, newNode, transformer, service);\r
+\r
+ addFeataureNodesByStringList(generellDescriptionsList, root, transformer, service);\r
+\r
+ \r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DISTRIBUTION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.ECOLOGY());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ addFeataureNodesByStringList(habitatEcologyList, root, transformer, service);\r
+ \r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.USES());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ \r
+ addFeataureNodesByStringList(chomosomesList, root, transformer, service);\r
+\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.CITATION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ \r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private static String [] chomosomesList = new String[]{\r
+ "Chromosomes", \r
+ };\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private static String [] habitatEcologyList = new String[]{\r
+ "Habitat",\r
+ "Habitat & Ecology"\r
+ };\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private static String [] generellDescriptionsList = new String[]{\r
+ "Fossils",\r
+ "Morphology and anatomy",\r
+ "Morphology", \r
+ "Vegetative morphology and anatomy",\r
+ "Flower morphology",\r
+ "Palynology", \r
+ "Pollination", \r
+ "Pollen morphology",\r
+ "Life cycle",\r
+ "Fruits and embryology",\r
+ "Dispersal",\r
+ "Wood anatomy", \r
+ "Leaf anatomy", \r
+ "Chromosome numbers", \r
+ "Phytochemistry and Chemotaxonomy",\r
+ "Phytochemistry",\r
+ "Taxonomy", \r
+ };\r
+\r
+ private static String [] descriptionFeatureList = new String[]{\r
+ "lifeform", \r
+ "Bark", \r
+ "Indumentum", \r
+ "endophytic body", \r
+ "flowering buds", \r
+ "Branchlets", \r
+ "Branches", \r
+ "Branch", \r
+ "Flowering branchlets",\r
+ "Trees", \r
+ "Twigs", \r
+ "stem", \r
+ "Stems", \r
+ "stem leaves", \r
+ "Leaves",\r
+ "flower-bearing stems", \r
+ "Petiole", \r
+ "Petiolules", \r
+ "Leaflets", \r
+ "Thyrsus", \r
+ "Thyrses", \r
+ "Inflorescences", \r
+ "Inflorescence",\r
+ "Young inflorescences", \r
+ "Bracts", \r
+ "Pedicels", \r
+ "flowering buds", \r
+ "scales", \r
+ "Buds", \r
+ "Flowers", \r
+ "Flower", \r
+ "Flowering",\r
+ "Stigma", \r
+ "perianth", \r
+ "Sepals", \r
+ "Sepal", \r
+ "Outer Sepals", \r
+ "Axillary", \r
+ "cymes", \r
+ "Calyx", \r
+ "Petal", \r
+ "Petals", \r
+ "perigone tube",\r
+ "Disc", \r
+ "corolla", \r
+ "Stamens", \r
+ "Staminodes", \r
+ "Ovary", \r
+ "Anthers",\r
+ "anther", \r
+ "Pistil", \r
+ "Pistillode", \r
+ "Ovules", \r
+ "androecium", \r
+ "gynoecium", \r
+ "Filaments", \r
+ "Style", \r
+ "annulus", \r
+ "female flowers", \r
+ "Male flowers", \r
+ "Female", \r
+ "Infructescences", //order not consistent (sometimes before "Flowers") \r
+ "Fruit", \r
+ "Fruits", \r
+ "fruiting axes", \r
+ "drupes", \r
+ "Arillode", \r
+ "seed", \r
+ "Seeds", \r
+ "Seedling", \r
+ "flower tube", \r
+ "nutlets", \r
+ "pollen", \r
+ "secondary xylem", \r
+ "chromosome number", \r
+ \r
+ "figure", \r
+ "fig", \r
+ "figs", \r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ };\r
+ \r
+ public void addFeataureNodesByStringList(String[] featureStringList, FeatureNode root, IInputTransformer transformer, ITermService termService){\r
+ try {\r
+ for (String featureString : featureStringList){\r
+ UUID featureUuid;\r
+ featureUuid = transformer.getFeatureUuid(featureString);\r
+ Feature feature = (Feature)termService.find(featureUuid);\r
+ if (feature != null){\r
+ FeatureNode child = FeatureNode.NewInstance(feature);\r
+ root.addChild(child); \r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ } catch (UndefinedTransformerMethodException e) {\r
+ logger.error("getFeatureUuid is not implemented in transformer. Features could not be added");\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ FloraMalesianaActivator me = new FloraMalesianaActivator();\r
+ me.doImport(cdmDestination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.excelImport.distribution;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.util.TestDatabase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.excel.distribution.DistributionImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.babadshanjan\r
+ * @created 31.10.2008\r
+ */\r
+public class CichorieaeDistributionActivator {\r
+ \r
+ private static final String dbName = "cdm_test_anahit";\r
+ private static String fileName = \r
+ new String( System.getProperty("user.home") + "\\workspace\\cdmlibNew\\app-import\\src\\main\\resources\\distribution\\distribution_cich.xls");\r
+// private static String fileName = new String( System.getProperty("user.home") + File.separator + "Africa plus x.xls");\r
+ \r
+ private static final ICdmDataSource destinationDb = TestDatabase.CDM_DB(dbName);\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CichorieaeDistributionActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+\r
+ DistributionImportConfigurator distributionImportConfigurator;\r
+ try {\r
+ distributionImportConfigurator = DistributionImportConfigurator.NewInstance(new URI(fileName), destinationDb);\r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultImport<DistributionImportConfigurator> distributionImport = \r
+ new CdmDefaultImport<DistributionImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ logger.debug("Invoking Cichorieae distribution import");\r
+ distributionImport.invoke(distributionImportConfigurator);\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.excelImport.taxa;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.excel.taxa.NormalExplicitImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.babadshanjan\r
+ * @created 06.01.2009\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class NormalExplicitActivator {\r
+\r
+ private static final String dbName = "cdm_test_jaxb";\r
+ private static String fileName = \r
+ new String("D:\\_Tagungen\\2010-09 TDWG 2010\\Workshop\\data\\NormalExplicit.xls");\r
+ \r
+ private static final ICdmDataSource destinationDb = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_jaxb();\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(NormalExplicitActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+\r
+ NomenclaturalCode code = NomenclaturalCode.ICBN;\r
+ URI uri;\r
+ try {\r
+ uri = new URI(fileName);\r
+ NormalExplicitImportConfigurator normalExplicitImportConfigurator = \r
+ NormalExplicitImportConfigurator.NewInstance(uri, destinationDb, code);\r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultImport<NormalExplicitImportConfigurator> normalExplicitImport = \r
+ new CdmDefaultImport<NormalExplicitImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ logger.debug("Invoking Normal Explicit Excel import");\r
+ normalExplicitImport.invoke(normalExplicitImportConfigurator);\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.exel;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.tcs.TcsSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.excel.taxa.NormalExplicitImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.06.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class NormalExplicitTestActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(NormalExplicitTestActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+// static final String mySources = TcsSources.taxonX_local();\r
+ static final URI mySource = TcsSources.normalExplicit();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_local_tdwg2010();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_local_postgres_CdmTest();\r
+\r
+ static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("00505000-0c97-48ac-8d33-6099ed68c625");\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "TestTCS";\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+ \r
+ static final boolean doMatchTaxa = true;\r
+ \r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+\r
+ \r
+ public void doImport(ICdmDataSource destination, DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll){\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from Tcs("+ mySource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ NormalExplicitImportConfigurator config = NormalExplicitImportConfigurator.NewInstance(mySource, destination, NomenclaturalCode.ICBN);\r
+ \r
+ config.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ config.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ config.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ config.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ config.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ \r
+ config.setDoMatchTaxa(doMatchTaxa);\r
+ config.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ config.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ \r
+ config.setCheck(check);\r
+ config.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+\r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<NormalExplicitImportConfigurator> myImport = new CdmDefaultImport<NormalExplicitImportConfigurator>();\r
+ //new Test().invoke(tcsImportConfigurator);\r
+ myImport.invoke(config);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ logger.info("End");\r
+ System.out.println("End import from Normal Explicit ("+ mySource.toString() + ")...");\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ NormalExplicitTestActivator me = new NormalExplicitTestActivator();\r
+ me.doImport(cdmDestination, hbm2dll);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.globis;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmImportSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis.GlobisImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.ISourceable;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.ZoologicalName;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 14.04.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class GlobisActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(GlobisActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final Source globisSource = CdmImportSources.GLOBIS();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+ static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("8bd27d84-fd4f-4bfa-bde0-3e6b7311b334");\r
+ static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("33cbf7a8-0c47-4d47-bd11-b7d77a38d0f6");\r
+ //static final Object[] featureKeyList = new Integer[]{1,4,5,10,11,12,13,14, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253}; \r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ static final int partitionSize = 2000;\r
+\r
+\r
+ //NomeclaturalCode\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICZN;\r
+\r
+ //ignore null\r
+ static final boolean ignoreNull = true;\r
+ \r
+// ***************** ALL ************************************************//\r
+ \r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doLinks = true;\r
+ static final boolean doOccurences = true;\r
+ static final boolean doImages = true;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+//******************** NONE ***************************************//\r
+ \r
+\r
+// //references\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.NONE;\r
+// \r
+// //taxa\r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doLinks = false;\r
+// static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+// \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from ("+ globisSource.getDatabase() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ //make ERMS Source\r
+ Source source = globisSource;\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ GlobisImportConfigurator config = GlobisImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ config.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ config.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+\r
+ config.setIgnoreNull(ignoreNull);\r
+ config.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ \r
+ config.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ config.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ config.setDoLinks(doLinks);\r
+ config.setDoOccurrence(doOccurences);\r
+ config.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+\r
+ config.setCheck(check);\r
+ config.setRecordsPerTransaction(partitionSize);\r
+\r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<GlobisImportConfigurator> globisImport = new CdmDefaultImport<GlobisImportConfigurator>();\r
+ globisImport.invoke(config);\r
+ \r
+ if (config.getCheck().equals(CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT) || config.getCheck().equals(CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK) ){\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = globisImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ ISourceable obj = app.getCommonService().getSourcedObjectByIdInSource(ZoologicalName.class, "1000027", null);\r
+ logger.info(obj);\r
+ \r
+// //make feature tree\r
+// FeatureTree tree = TreeCreator.flatTree(featureTreeUuid, ermsImportConfigurator.getFeatureMap(), featureKeyList);\r
+// app = ermsImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+// app.getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ }\r
+ System.out.println("End import from ("+ source.getDatabase() + ")...");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu
+*
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.
+*/
+
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;
+
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.IAgentService;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.ICommonService;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.IDescriptionService;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.IReferenceService;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.ITaxonService;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.ITaxonTreeService;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ICdmIO;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author n.hoffmann
+ * @created 11.11.2008
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractImageImporter extends CdmIoBase<ImageImportState> implements ICdmIO<ImageImportState> {
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(AbstractImageImporter.class);
+
+ protected CdmApplicationController appCtr;
+
+ protected CdmApplicationController cdmApp;
+ protected ITaxonService taxonService;
+ protected ITaxonTreeService taxonTreeService;
+ //TODO:
+ protected IAgentService agentService;
+ protected IDescriptionService descriptionService;
+ protected IReferenceService referenceService;
+ protected ICommonService commonService;
+
+ /* (non-Javadoc)
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#doInvoke(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator, java.util.Map)
+ */
+ @Override
+ public boolean doInvoke(ImageImportState state) {
+ //cdmApp = config.getCdmAppController();
+ //if (config instanceof ImageImportConfigurator){
+
+ TransactionStatus status = startTransaction();
+
+ taxonService = getTaxonService();
+ agentService = getAgentService();
+ referenceService = getReferenceService();
+ commonService = getCommonService();
+ taxonTreeService = getTaxonTreeService();
+
+ boolean result = invokeImageImport(state.getConfig());
+
+ commitTransaction(status);
+
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * This method defines the image import.
+ * It should take care of where to get the images from and what object they get attached to.
+ *
+ * @param config
+ */
+ protected abstract boolean invokeImageImport(ImageImportConfigurator config);
+
+
+ /* (non-Javadoc)
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#doCheck(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)
+ */
+ @Override
+ protected boolean doCheck(ImageImportState state) {
+ boolean result = true;
+ logger.warn("No check implemented for abstract image import");
+ return result;
+ }
+
+
+ /* (non-Javadoc)
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#isIgnore(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)
+ */
+ @Override
+ protected boolean isIgnore(ImageImportState state) {
+ return false;
+ }
+
+
+
+}
--- /dev/null
+/**
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu
+*
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.
+*/
+
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.net.URI;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportConfiguratorBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IInputTransformer;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;
+
+/**
+ * @author n.hoffmann
+ * @created 11.11.2008
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class ImageImportConfigurator extends ImportConfiguratorBase<ImageImportState, URI> implements IImportConfigurator {
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ImageImportConfigurator.class);
+
+
+ public static ImageImportConfigurator NewInstance(URI source, ICdmDataSource destination, String mediaUrlString, Class<? extends AbstractImageImporter> importerClass){
+ return new ImageImportConfigurator(source, destination, mediaUrlString, importerClass);
+ }
+
+
+ //TODO
+ private static IInputTransformer defaultTransformer = null;
+
+
+ /**
+ * @param source
+ * @param destination
+ * @param importerClass
+ * @return
+ */
+
+ public static ImageImportConfigurator NewInstance(URI source, ICdmDataSource destination, Class<? extends AbstractImageImporter> importerClass){
+ return new ImageImportConfigurator(source, destination, null, importerClass);
+ }
+
+ private ImageImportConfigurator(URI source, ICdmDataSource destination, String mediaUrlString, Class<? extends AbstractImageImporter> importerClass){
+ super(defaultTransformer);
+ FileNotFoundException e;
+ setSource(source);
+ setDestination(destination);
+ setMediaUrlString(mediaUrlString);
+ ioClassList = new Class[] {importerClass};
+ }
+
+ private String mediaUrlString = null;
+
+
+
+ /* (non-Javadoc)
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportConfiguratorBase#getSourceReference()
+ */
+// @Override
+ public ReferenceBase getSourceReference() {
+ //TODO
+ if (this.sourceReference == null){
+ logger.warn("getSource Reference not yet fully implemented");
+ ReferenceFactory refFactory = ReferenceFactory.newInstance();
+ sourceReference = refFactory.newDatabase();
+ sourceReference.setTitleCache("XXX", true);
+ }
+ return sourceReference;
+ }
+
+ /* (non-Javadoc)
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportConfiguratorBase#makeIoClassList()
+ */
+ @Override
+ //NOT used, component class is injected via constructor
+ protected void makeIoClassList() {
+ ioClassList = new Class[] {
+ AbstractImageImporter.class
+ };
+ }
+
+
+ /**
+ * @return the mediaUrlString
+ */
+ public String getMediaUrlString() {
+ if(mediaUrlString == null){
+ throw new NullPointerException("mediaUrlString has not been set");
+ }
+ return mediaUrlString;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @param mediaUrlString the mediaUrlString to set
+ */
+ public void setMediaUrlString(String mediaUrlString) {
+ this.mediaUrlString = mediaUrlString;
+ }
+
+
+ /* (non-Javadoc)
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator#getSourceNameString()
+ */
+ public String getSourceNameString() {
+ return "Image file " + getSource();
+ }
+
+ /* (non-Javadoc)
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator#getNewState()
+ */
+ public ImageImportState getNewState() {
+ return new ImageImportState(this);
+ }
+}
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmImportBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportStateBase;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 11.05.2009\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class ImageImportState extends ImportStateBase<ImageImportConfigurator, CdmImportBase>{\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ImageImportState.class);\r
+\r
+ \r
+ public ImageImportState(ImageImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ super(config);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2008 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.jaxb;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.babadshanjan\r
+ * @created 19.09.2008\r
+ */\r
+public class CdmDiffActivator {\r
+\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CdmDiffActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmSourceOne = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_jaxb();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmSourceTwo = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_jaxb2();\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.jaxb;\r
+\r
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;\r
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.util.TestDatabase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultExport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.jaxb.JaxbExportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.jaxb.JaxbImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.babadshanjan\r
+ * @created 25.09.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class JaxbExportActivator {\r
+\r
+ /* SerializeFrom DB **/\r
+ private static final ICdmDataSource cdmSource = CdmDestinations.localH2Diptera();\r
+ \r
+ // Export:\r
+ private static String exportFileName = \r
+ "C:\\export_test_app_import.xml";\r
+\r
+ /** NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE = 0 is the default case to retrieve all rows.\r
+ * For testing purposes: If NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE >0 then retrieve \r
+ * as many rows as specified for agents, references, etc. \r
+ * Only root taxa and no synonyms and relationships are retrieved. */\r
+ private static final int NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE = 0;\r
+\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(JaxbImportActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ private void invokeExport(ICdmDataSource sourceParam, String exportFile) {\r
+ JaxbExportConfigurator jaxbExportConfigurator;\r
+ if (exportFile !=null && sourceParam != null){\r
+ jaxbExportConfigurator = JaxbExportConfigurator.NewInstance(sourceParam, exportFile);\r
+ }else if (sourceParam != null){ \r
+ jaxbExportConfigurator = JaxbExportConfigurator.NewInstance(sourceParam, exportFileName);\r
+ } else if (exportFile !=null ){\r
+ jaxbExportConfigurator = JaxbExportConfigurator.NewInstance(cdmSource, exportFile);\r
+ } else{\r
+ jaxbExportConfigurator = JaxbExportConfigurator.NewInstance(cdmSource, exportFileName);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultExport<JaxbExportConfigurator> jaxbExport = \r
+ new CdmDefaultExport<JaxbExportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+\r
+ // invoke export\r
+ logger.debug("Invoking Jaxb export");\r
+ jaxbExport.invoke(jaxbExportConfigurator);\r
+\r
+ }\r
+ public static String chooseFile(String[] args) {\r
+ if(args == null)\r
+ return null;\r
+ for (String dest: args){\r
+ if (dest.endsWith(".xml")){\r
+ return args[0];\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+\r
+ \r
+ private CdmApplicationController initDb(ICdmDataSource db) {\r
+\r
+ // Init source DB\r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtrInit = null;\r
+\r
+ appCtrInit = TestDatabase.initDb(db, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE, false);\r
+\r
+ return appCtrInit;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ // Load test data to DB\r
+ private void loadTestData(CdmApplicationController appCtrInit) {\r
+\r
+ TestDatabase.loadTestData("", appCtrInit);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+\r
+ JaxbExportActivator sc = new JaxbExportActivator();\r
+ ICdmDataSource source = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmSource;\r
+ String file = chooseFile(args);\r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtr = null;\r
+ appCtr = sc.initDb(source);\r
+ \r
+ sc.invokeExport(source, file);\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.jaxb;\r
+\r
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;\r
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.util.TestDatabase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultExport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.jaxb.JaxbExportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.jaxb.JaxbImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.babadshanjan\r
+ * @created 25.09.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class JaxbImportActivator {\r
+\r
+ /* SerializeFrom DB **/\r
+ //private static final ICdmDataSource cdmSource = CdmDestinations.localH2Diptera();\r
+ private static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_jaxb();\r
+ \r
+ // Import:\r
+ private static String importFileNameString = \r
+ //"C:\\workspace\\cdmlib_2.2\\cdmlib-io\\src\\test\\resources\\eu\\etaxonomy\\cdm\\io\\jaxb\\export_test_app_import.xml";\r
+ "file:/C:/export_test_app_import.xml";\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /** NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE = 0 is the default case to retrieve all rows.\r
+ * For testing purposes: If NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE >0 then retrieve \r
+ * as many rows as specified for agents, references, etc. \r
+ * Only root taxa and no synonyms and relationships are retrieved. */\r
+ private static final int NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE = 0;\r
+\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(JaxbImportActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ \r
+ public static String chooseFile(String[] args) {\r
+ if(args == null)\r
+ return null;\r
+ for (String dest: args){\r
+ if (dest.endsWith(".xml")){\r
+ return args[0];\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private void invokeImport(String importFileParamString, ICdmDataSource destination) {\r
+ try {\r
+ JaxbImportConfigurator jaxbImportConfigurator;\r
+ if (importFileParamString !=null && destination != null){\r
+ URI importFileParam;\r
+ importFileParam = new URI(importFileParamString);\r
+ jaxbImportConfigurator = JaxbImportConfigurator.NewInstance(importFileParam, destination);\r
+ }else if (destination != null){ \r
+ URI importFileName = new URI(importFileNameString);\r
+ jaxbImportConfigurator = JaxbImportConfigurator.NewInstance(importFileName, destination);\r
+ } else if (importFileParamString !=null ){\r
+ URI importFileParam = new URI(importFileParamString);\r
+ jaxbImportConfigurator = JaxbImportConfigurator.NewInstance(importFileParam, cdmDestination);\r
+ } else{\r
+ URI importFileName = new URI(importFileNameString);\r
+ jaxbImportConfigurator = JaxbImportConfigurator.NewInstance(importFileName, cdmDestination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultImport<JaxbImportConfigurator> jaxbImport = \r
+ new CdmDefaultImport<JaxbImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ logger.debug("Invoking Jaxb import");\r
+ \r
+ jaxbImport.invoke(jaxbImportConfigurator, destination, true);\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private CdmApplicationController initDb(ICdmDataSource db) {\r
+\r
+ // Init source DB\r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtrInit = null;\r
+\r
+ appCtrInit = TestDatabase.initDb(db, DbSchemaValidation.CREATE, false);\r
+\r
+ return appCtrInit;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ // Load test data to DB\r
+ private void loadTestData(CdmApplicationController appCtrInit) {\r
+\r
+ TestDatabase.loadTestData("", appCtrInit);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+\r
+ JaxbImportActivator sc = new JaxbImportActivator();\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+ String file = chooseFile(args)!= null ? chooseFile(args) : importFileNameString;\r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtr = null;\r
+ appCtr = sc.initDb(destination);\r
+ \r
+ sc.invokeImport(file, destination);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.pesi;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport.BerlinModelSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.ISourceable;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.ZoologicalName;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * TODO add the following to a wiki page:\r
+ * HINT: If you are about to import into a mysql data base running under windows and if you wish to dump and restore the resulting data base under another operation systen \r
+ * you must set the mysql system variable lower_case_table_names = 0 in order to create data base with table compatible names.\r
+ * \r
+ * \r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class ErmsActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ErmsActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final Source berlinModelSource = FaunaEuropaeaSources.PESI_ERMS();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_pesi_erms();\r
+ static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("8bd27d84-fd4f-4bfa-bde0-3e6b7311b334");\r
+ static final int sourceSecId = 500000;\r
+ static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("33cbf7a8-0c47-4d47-bd11-b7d77a38d0f6");\r
+ static final Object[] featureKeyList = new Integer[]{1,4,5,10,11,12,13,14, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253}; \r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+\r
+\r
+ //NomeclaturalCode\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICZN;\r
+\r
+ //ignore null\r
+ static final boolean ignoreNull = true;\r
+ \r
+// ***************** ALL ************************************************//\r
+ \r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.CONCEPT_REFERENCES;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = false;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameStatus = true;\r
+ static final boolean doTypes = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameFacts = true;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doFacts = true;\r
+ static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+//******************** NONE ***************************************//\r
+ \r
+// //authors\r
+// static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+// //references\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.NONE;\r
+// //names\r
+// static final boolean doTaxonNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameStatus = false;\r
+// static final boolean doTypes = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameFacts = false;\r
+// \r
+// //taxa\r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+// static final boolean doRelTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doFacts = false;\r
+// static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+// \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from BerlinModel("+ berlinModelSource.getDatabase() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ //make BerlinModel Source\r
+ Source source = berlinModelSource;\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ BerlinModelImportConfigurator bmImportConfigurator = BerlinModelImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setIgnoreNull(ignoreNull);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAuthors);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameStatus(doNameStatus);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTypes(doTypes);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameFacts(doNameFacts);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoFacts(doFacts);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doOccurences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator> bmImport = new CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator>();\r
+ bmImport.invoke(bmImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ if (bmImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT) || bmImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK) ){\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = bmImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ ISourceable obj = app.getCommonService().getSourcedObjectByIdInSource(ZoologicalName.class, "1000027", null);\r
+ logger.info(obj);\r
+ \r
+// //make feature tree\r
+// FeatureTree tree = TreeCreator.flatTree(featureTreeUuid, bmImportConfigurator.getFeatureMap(), featureKeyList);\r
+// app = bmImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+// app.getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ }\r
+ System.out.println("End import from BerlinModel ("+ source.getDatabase() + ")...");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.pesi;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport.BerlinModelSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport.TreeCreator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.EDITOR;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * TODO add the following to a wiki page:\r
+ * HINT: If you are about to import into a mysql data base running under windows and if you wish to dump and restore the resulting data bas under another operation systen \r
+ * you must set the mysql system variable lower_case_table_names = 0 in order to create data base with table compatible names.\r
+ * \r
+ * \r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class EuroMedActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EuroMedActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+// static final Source berlinModelSource = BerlinModelSources.euroMed();\r
+ static final Source berlinModelSource = BerlinModelSources.EDIT_CICHORIEAE();\r
+// static final Source berlinModelSource = BerlinModelSources.EDIT_Diptera();\r
+ \r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_andreasM();\r
+ static final int sourceSecId = 7000000; //500000\r
+ \r
+ static final UUID taxonomicTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("314a68f9-8449-495a-91c2-92fde8bcf344");\r
+ \r
+ static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("6a5e1c2b-ec0d-46c8-9c7d-a2059267ffb7");\r
+ static final Object[] featureKeyList = new Integer[]{1, 31, 4, 98, 41}; \r
+ \r
+ // set to zero for unlimited nameFacts\r
+ static final int maximumNumberOfNameFacts = 0;\r
+ \r
+ static final int partitionSize = 2000;\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+\r
+ //editor - import\r
+ static final EDITOR editor = EDITOR.EDITOR_AS_EDITOR;\r
+ \r
+ //NomeclaturalCode\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICBN;\r
+\r
+ //ignore null\r
+ static final boolean ignoreNull = true;\r
+ \r
+ static boolean useTaxonomicTree = true;\r
+\r
+\r
+// **************** ALL ********************* \r
+//\r
+ static final boolean doUser = true;\r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameStatus = true;\r
+ static final boolean doTypes = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameFacts = true;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doFacts = true;\r
+ static final boolean doOccurences = true;\r
+ static final boolean doCommonNames = true;\r
+\r
+ //etc.\r
+ static final boolean doMarker = true;\r
+\r
+ \r
+// **************** SELECTED *********************\r
+\r
+// static final boolean doUser = true;\r
+// //authors\r
+// static final boolean doAuthors = false;\r
+// //references\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.NONE;\r
+// //names\r
+// static final boolean doTaxonNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameStatus = false;\r
+// static final boolean doTypes = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameFacts = false;\r
+// \r
+// //taxa \r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doFacts = false;\r
+// static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+// \r
+// //etc.\r
+// static final boolean doMarker = false;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from BerlinModel("+ berlinModelSource.getDatabase() + ") to " + cdmDestination.getDatabase() + " ...");\r
+ \r
+ //make BerlinModel Source\r
+ Source source = berlinModelSource;\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ BerlinModelImportConfigurator bmImportConfigurator = BerlinModelImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(taxonomicTreeUuid);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setIgnoreNull(ignoreNull);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAuthors);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameStatus(doNameStatus);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTypes(doTypes);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameFacts(doNameFacts);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setUseTaxonomicTree(useTaxonomicTree);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoFacts(doFacts);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doOccurences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoCommonNames(doCommonNames);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoMarker(doMarker);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoUser(doUser);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setEditor(editor);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // maximum number of name facts to import\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setMaximumNumberOfNameFacts(maximumNumberOfNameFacts);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setEditor(editor);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setRecordsPerTransaction(partitionSize);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator> bmImport = new CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator>();\r
+ bmImport.invoke(bmImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ if (doFacts && bmImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT) || bmImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK) ){\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = bmImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ \r
+ //make feature tree\r
+ FeatureTree tree = TreeCreator.flatTree(featureTreeUuid, bmImportConfigurator.getFeatureMap(), featureKeyList);\r
+ FeatureNode imageNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.IMAGE());\r
+ tree.getRoot().addChild(imageNode);\r
+ FeatureNode distributionNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DISTRIBUTION());\r
+ tree.getRoot().addChild(distributionNode, 2); \r
+ app.getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End import from BerlinModel ("+ source.getDatabase() + ")...");\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.pesi;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.faunaEuropaea.FaunaEuropaeaImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.babadshanjan\r
+ * @created 12.05.2009\r
+ */\r
+public class FaunaEuropaeaActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(FaunaEuropaeaActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ static final Source faunaEuropaeaSource = FaunaEuropaeaSources.faunaEu_1_3();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_eunmok();\r
+ \r
+ static final int limitSave = 2000;\r
+\r
+// static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation dbSchemaValidation = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+// static DbSchemaValidation dbSchemaValidation = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;\r
+// static DbSchemaValidation dbSchemaValidation = DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE;\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICZN;\r
+\r
+// ****************** ALL *****************************************\r
+ \r
+ // Fauna Europaea to CDM import\r
+ static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doBasionyms = true;\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonomicallyIncluded = true;\r
+ static final boolean doMisappliedNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doHeterotypicSynonyms = true;\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ static final boolean doDistributions = true;\r
+ static final boolean makeFeatureTree = true;\r
+ // CDM to CDM import\r
+ static final boolean doHeterotypicSynonymsForBasionyms = true;\r
+ \r
+// ************************ NONE **************************************** //\r
+ \r
+ // Fauna Europaea to CDM import\r
+// static final boolean doAuthors = false;\r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doBasionyms = false;\r
+// static final boolean doTaxonomicallyIncluded = false;\r
+// static final boolean doMisappliedNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doHeterotypicSynonyms = false;\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.NONE;\r
+// static final boolean doDistributions = false;\r
+// static final boolean makeFeatureTree = false;\r
+// // CDM to CDM import\r
+// static final boolean doHeterotypicSynonymsForBasionyms = false;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ \r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ System.out.println("Starting import from Fauna Europaea (" + faunaEuropaeaSource.getDatabase() + ") to CDM (" + destination.getDatabase() + ")...");\r
+\r
+ // invoke Fauna Europaea to CDM import\r
+ \r
+ FaunaEuropaeaImportConfigurator fauEuImportConfigurator = \r
+ FaunaEuropaeaImportConfigurator.NewInstance(faunaEuropaeaSource, destination);\r
+ \r
+ fauEuImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(dbSchemaValidation);\r
+ fauEuImportConfigurator.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+ fauEuImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+\r
+ fauEuImportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAuthors);\r
+ fauEuImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ fauEuImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ fauEuImportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doDistributions);\r
+ fauEuImportConfigurator.setDoTaxonomicallyIncluded(doTaxonomicallyIncluded);\r
+ fauEuImportConfigurator.setDoBasionyms(doBasionyms);\r
+ fauEuImportConfigurator.setDoMisappliedNames(doMisappliedNames);\r
+ fauEuImportConfigurator.setDoHeterotypicSynonyms(doHeterotypicSynonyms);\r
+ fauEuImportConfigurator.setDoHeterotypicSynonymsForBasionyms(doHeterotypicSynonymsForBasionyms);\r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultImport<FaunaEuropaeaImportConfigurator> fauEuImport = \r
+ new CdmDefaultImport<FaunaEuropaeaImportConfigurator>();\r
+ try {\r
+ fauEuImport.invoke(fauEuImportConfigurator);\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ System.out.println("ERROR in Fauna Europaea to CDM import");\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ // invoke CDM to CDM import\r
+ \r
+// System.out.println("Starting import from CDM to CDM (" + destination.getDatabase() + ")...");\r
+// \r
+// CdmImportConfigurator cdmImportConfigurator = \r
+// CdmImportConfigurator.NewInstance(destination, destination);\r
+// \r
+// cdmImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE);\r
+// cdmImportConfigurator.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+// cdmImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+//\r
+// cdmImportConfigurator.setDoHeterotypicSynonymsForBasionyms(doHeterotypicSynonymsForBasionyms);\r
+// cdmImportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(false);\r
+// cdmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(false);\r
+// cdmImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(DO_REFERENCES.NONE);\r
+// cdmImportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(false);\r
+// cdmImportConfigurator.setLimitSave(limitSave);\r
+//\r
+// CdmDefaultImport<CdmImportConfigurator> cdmImport = \r
+// new CdmDefaultImport<CdmImportConfigurator>();\r
+// try {\r
+// cdmImport.invoke(cdmImportConfigurator);\r
+// } catch (Exception e) {\r
+// System.out.println("ERROR in CDM to CDM import");\r
+// e.printStackTrace();\r
+// }\r
+ \r
+ //make feature tree\r
+ \r
+ if (makeFeatureTree == true) {\r
+ FeatureTree featureTree = FeatureTree.NewInstance(UUID.fromString("ff59b9ad-1fb8-4aa4-a8ba-79d62123d0fb"));\r
+ FeatureNode root = featureTree.getRoot();\r
+\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = fauEuImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ Feature citationFeature = (Feature)app.getTermService().find(UUID.fromString("99b2842f-9aa7-42fa-bd5f-7285311e0101"));\r
+ FeatureNode citationNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(citationFeature);\r
+ root.addChild(citationNode);\r
+ Feature distributionFeature = (Feature)app.getTermService().find(UUID.fromString("9fc9d10c-ba50-49ee-b174-ce83fc3f80c6"));\r
+ FeatureNode distributionNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(distributionFeature);\r
+ root.addChild(distributionNode);\r
+\r
+ app.getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(featureTree);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End importing Fauna Europaea data");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.pesi;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.ImportUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.AccountStore;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.babadshanjan\r
+ * @created 12.05.2009\r
+ */\r
+public class FaunaEuropaeaSources {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(FaunaEuropaeaSources.class);\r
+ \r
+ public static Source faunEu(){\r
+ // Fauna Europaea\r
+ \r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2008;\r
+ \r
+ String strServer = "BGBM42"; // "192.168.1.36";\r
+ \r
+ String strDB = "FaunEu";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "WebUser";\r
+ return ImportUtils.makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static Source faunaEu_1_3(){\r
+ // Fauna Europaea\r
+ \r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2008;\r
+ \r
+ String strServer = "BGBM42"; // "192.168.1.36";\r
+ \r
+ String strDB = "FaunaEu_1_3";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "WebUser";\r
+ return ImportUtils.makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public static Source PESI_ERMS(){\r
+ // BerlinModel - Pesi-ERMS\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2008;\r
+ String strServer = "BGBM42";\r
+ String strDB = "ERMS";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "WebUser";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Initializes the source.\r
+ * @param dbms\r
+ * @param strServer\r
+ * @param strDB\r
+ * @param port\r
+ * @param userName\r
+ * @param pwd\r
+ * @return the source\r
+ */\r
+ private static Source makeSource(String dbms, String strServer, String strDB, int port, String userName, String pwd ){\r
+ //establish connection\r
+ Source source = null;\r
+ source = new Source(dbms, strServer, strDB);\r
+ source.setPort(port);\r
+ \r
+ pwd = AccountStore.readOrStorePassword(dbms, strServer, userName, pwd);\r
+ source.setUserAndPwd(userName, pwd);\r
+ // write pwd to account store\r
+ return source;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2009 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.pesi;\r
+\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.AccountStore;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author e.-m.lee\r
+ * @date 16.02.2010\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class PesiDestinations {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(PesiDestinations.class);\r
+ \r
+ public static Source pesi_test_local_PESI_V10(){\r
+ // CDM - PESI\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2008;\r
+ String strServer = "C206\\MSSQLSERVER2";\r
+ String strDB = "PESI_V10";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "sa";\r
+ String pwd = "bewell";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, pwd);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static Source pesi_test_local_CDM_DWH_FaEu(){\r
+ // CDM - PESI\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2008;\r
+ String strServer = "C206\\MSSQLSERVER2";\r
+ String strDB = "CDM_DWH_FaEu";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "sa";\r
+ String pwd = "bewell";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, pwd);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static Source pesi_test_local_PESI_V11(){\r
+ // CDM - PESI\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2008;\r
+ String strServer = "C206\\MSSQLSERVER2";\r
+ String strDB = "PESI_V11_LOCAL";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "sa";\r
+ String pwd = "bewell";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, pwd);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static Source pesi_test_bgbm42_CDM_DWH_FaEu(){\r
+ // CDM - PESI\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2008;\r
+ String strServer = "BGBM42";\r
+ String strDB = "CDM_DWH_FaEu";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "WebUser";\r
+ String pwd = "";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, pwd);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static Source pesi_test_bgbm42_PESI_V11(){\r
+ // CDM - PESI\r
+ String dbms = Source.SQL_SERVER_2008;\r
+ String strServer = "BGBM42";\r
+ String strDB = "PESI_v11";\r
+ int port = 1433;\r
+ String userName = "WebUser";\r
+ String pwd = "";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, port, userName, pwd);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Initializes the source.\r
+ * @param dbms\r
+ * @param strServer\r
+ * @param strDB\r
+ * @param port\r
+ * @param userName\r
+ * @param pwd\r
+ * @return the source\r
+ */\r
+ private static Source makeSource(String dbms, String strServer, String strDB, int port, String userName, String pwd ){\r
+ //establish connection\r
+ Source source = null;\r
+ source = new Source(dbms, strServer, strDB);\r
+ source.setPort(port);\r
+ \r
+ pwd = AccountStore.readOrStorePassword(dbms, strServer, userName, pwd);\r
+ source.setUserAndPwd(userName, pwd);\r
+ // write pwd to account store\r
+ return source;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2009 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.pesi;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultExport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IExportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.pesi.out.PesiExportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @author e.-m.lee\r
+ * @date 16.02.2010\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class PesiExportActivator {\r
+\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(PesiExportActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static final Source pesiDestination = PesiDestinations.pesi_test_local_CDM_DWH_FaEu();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmSource = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_jaxb();\r
+ static final UUID secUuid = UUID.fromString("d03ef02a-f226-4cb1-bdb4-f6c154f08a34");\r
+ static final int sourceSecId = 7331;\r
+ static final int isHomotypicId = 72;\r
+ static boolean useTaxonomicTree = true;\r
+ \r
+ //check - export\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.EXPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ //NomeclaturalCode\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICBN;\r
+\r
+// ****************** ALL *****************************************\r
+ \r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameStatus = true;\r
+ static final boolean doTypes = false;\r
+ static final boolean doNameFacts = false;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doFacts = true;\r
+ static final boolean doOccurences = true;\r
+\r
+// ************************ NONE **************************************** //\r
+ \r
+// //authors\r
+// static final boolean doAuthors = false;\r
+// static final boolean doAuthorTeams = false;\r
+// //references\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+// //names\r
+// static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+// static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+// static final boolean doNameStatus = false;\r
+// static final boolean doTypes = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameFacts = false;\r
+// \r
+// //taxa\r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doFacts = false;\r
+// static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+// \r
+ \r
+ public boolean doExport(ICdmDataSource source){\r
+ System.out.println("Start export to PESI ("+ pesiDestination.getDatabase() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ //make PESI Source\r
+ Source destination = pesiDestination;\r
+ \r
+ PesiExportConfigurator pesiExportConfigurator = PesiExportConfigurator.NewInstance(destination, source);\r
+ \r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAuthors);\r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setDoNameStatus(doNameStatus);\r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setDoTypes(doTypes);\r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setDoNameFacts(doNameFacts);\r
+ \r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setDoFacts(doFacts);\r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doOccurences);\r
+// pesiExportConfigurator.setIsHomotypicId(isHomotypicId);\r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ pesiExportConfigurator.setUseTaxonomicTree(useTaxonomicTree);\r
+\r
+ // invoke export\r
+ CdmDefaultExport<PesiExportConfigurator> pesiExport = new CdmDefaultExport<PesiExportConfigurator>();\r
+ boolean result = pesiExport.invoke(pesiExportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End export to PESI ("+ destination.getDatabase() + ")..." + (result? "(successful)":"(with errors)"));\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ PesiExportActivator ex = new PesiExportActivator();\r
+ ICdmDataSource source = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmSource;\r
+\r
+ ex.doExport(source);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.pesi.erms;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.pesi.FaunaEuropaeaSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.ISourceable;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.ZoologicalName;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * TODO add the following to a wiki page:\r
+ * HINT: If you are about to import into a mysql data base running under windows and if you wish to dump and restore the resulting data base under another operation systen \r
+ * you must set the mysql system variable lower_case_table_names = 0 in order to create data base with table compatible names.\r
+ * \r
+ * \r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class ErmsActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ErmsActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final Source ermsSource = FaunaEuropaeaSources.PESI_ERMS();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Erms();\r
+ static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("8bd27d84-fd4f-4bfa-bde0-3e6b7311b334");\r
+ static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("33cbf7a8-0c47-4d47-bd11-b7d77a38d0f6");\r
+ //static final Object[] featureKeyList = new Integer[]{1,4,5,10,11,12,13,14, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253}; \r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+\r
+ static final int partitionSize = 2000;\r
+\r
+\r
+ //NomeclaturalCode\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICZN;\r
+\r
+ //ignore null\r
+ static final boolean ignoreNull = true;\r
+ \r
+// ***************** ALL ************************************************//\r
+ \r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doLinks = true;\r
+ static final boolean doOccurences = true;\r
+ static final boolean doImages = true;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+//******************** NONE ***************************************//\r
+ \r
+\r
+// //references\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.NONE;\r
+// \r
+// //taxa\r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doLinks = false;\r
+// static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+// \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from ("+ ermsSource.getDatabase() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ //make ERMS Source\r
+ Source source = ermsSource;\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ ErmsImportConfigurator ermsImportConfigurator = ErmsImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ ermsImportConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ ermsImportConfigurator.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+\r
+ ermsImportConfigurator.setIgnoreNull(ignoreNull);\r
+ ermsImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ \r
+ ermsImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ ermsImportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ ermsImportConfigurator.setDoLinks(doLinks);\r
+ ermsImportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doOccurences);\r
+ ermsImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+\r
+ ermsImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ ermsImportConfigurator.setRecordsPerTransaction(partitionSize);\r
+\r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<ErmsImportConfigurator> ermsImport = new CdmDefaultImport<ErmsImportConfigurator>();\r
+ ermsImport.invoke(ermsImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ if (ermsImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT) || ermsImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK) ){\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = ermsImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ ISourceable obj = app.getCommonService().getSourcedObjectByIdInSource(ZoologicalName.class, "1000027", null);\r
+ logger.info(obj);\r
+ \r
+// //make feature tree\r
+// FeatureTree tree = TreeCreator.flatTree(featureTreeUuid, ermsImportConfigurator.getFeatureMap(), featureKeyList);\r
+// app = ermsImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+// app.getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ }\r
+ System.out.println("End import from ("+ source.getDatabase() + ")...");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.pesi.merging;\r
+\r
+import java.io.FileWriter;\r
+import java.io.IOException;\r
+import java.util.ArrayList;\r
+import java.util.Collections;\r
+import java.util.Iterator;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.TreeSet;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.pesi.FaunaEuropaeaSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.util.TestDatabase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.hibernate.HibernateProxyHelper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.faunaEuropaea.FaunaEuropaeaImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.pesi.merging.FaunaEuErmsMerging;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.IdentifiableSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.OriginalSourceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.HybridRelationship;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalStatus;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NonViralName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.Rank;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameComparator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.ZoologicalName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonComparator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.persistence.dao.hibernate.HibernateProxyHelperExtended;\r
+\r
+public class FaunaEuErmsFindIdenticalNamesActivator {\r
+\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource faunaEuropaeaSource = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_jaxb2();\r
+ //static final ICdmDataSource ermsSource = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_andreasM();\r
+ \r
+ //TODO hole aus beiden DB alle TaxonNameBases\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private CdmApplicationController initDb(ICdmDataSource db) {\r
+\r
+ // Init source DB\r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtrInit = null;\r
+\r
+ appCtrInit = TestDatabase.initDb(db, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE, false);\r
+\r
+ return appCtrInit;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ \r
+ FaunaEuErmsFindIdenticalNamesActivator sc = new FaunaEuErmsFindIdenticalNamesActivator();\r
+ \r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtrFaunaEu = sc.initDb(faunaEuropaeaSource);\r
+ String sFileName = "c:\\test";\r
+ //CdmApplicationController appCtrErms = sc.initDb(ermsSource);\r
+ List<String> propertyPaths = new ArrayList<String>();\r
+ propertyPaths.add("sources.*");\r
+ propertyPaths.add("sources.idInSource");\r
+ propertyPaths.add("sources.idNamespace");\r
+ propertyPaths.add("taxonBases.*");\r
+ propertyPaths.add("taxonBases.relationsFromThisTaxon");\r
+ propertyPaths.add("taxonBases.taxonNodes.*");\r
+ propertyPaths.add("taxonBases.taxonNodes.parent.*");\r
+ propertyPaths.add("taxonBases.taxonNodes.parent.taxon.name.*");\r
+ System.err.println("Start getIdenticalNames...");\r
+ List<TaxonNameBase> namesOfIdenticalTaxa = appCtrFaunaEu.getTaxonService().findIdenticalTaxonNameIds(propertyPaths);\r
+ //List<UUID> namesOfIdenticalTaxa = appCtrFaunaEu.getTaxonService().findIdenticalTaxonNameIds(propertyPaths);\r
+ \r
+ System.err.println("first name: " + namesOfIdenticalTaxa.get(0) + " " + namesOfIdenticalTaxa.size());\r
+ TaxonNameBase zooName = (TaxonNameBase)namesOfIdenticalTaxa.get(0);\r
+ System.err.println(zooName + " nr of taxa " + namesOfIdenticalTaxa.size());\r
+ //TaxonNameComparator taxComp = new TaxonNameComparator();\r
+ \r
+ //Collections.sort(namesOfIdenticalTaxa,taxComp);\r
+ System.err.println(namesOfIdenticalTaxa.get(0) + " - " + namesOfIdenticalTaxa.get(1) + " - " + namesOfIdenticalTaxa.get(2));\r
+ List<FaunaEuErmsMerging> mergingObjects = new ArrayList<FaunaEuErmsMerging>();\r
+ FaunaEuErmsMerging mergeObject;\r
+ TaxonNameBase faunaEuTaxName;\r
+ TaxonNameBase ermsTaxName;\r
+ \r
+ mergingObjects= sc.createMergeObjects(namesOfIdenticalTaxa, appCtrFaunaEu);\r
+ \r
+ sc.writeSameNamesdifferentAuthorToCsv(mergingObjects, sFileName + "_authors.csv");\r
+ sc.writeSameNamesdifferentStatusToCsv(mergingObjects, sFileName + "_status.csv");\r
+ sc.writeSameNamesToCsVFile(mergingObjects, sFileName + "_names.csv");\r
+ sc.writeSameNamesdifferentPhylumToCsv(mergingObjects, sFileName + "_phylum.csv");\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End merging Fauna Europaea and Erms");\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private boolean writeSameNamesToCsVFile(\r
+ List<FaunaEuErmsMerging> mergingObjects, String string) {\r
+ try{\r
+ FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(string);\r
+ \r
+ //create Header\r
+ String firstLine = "same names";\r
+ createHeader(writer, firstLine);\r
+ for (FaunaEuErmsMerging merging : mergingObjects){\r
+ writeCsvLine(writer, merging) ;\r
+ }\r
+ writer.flush();\r
+ writer.close();\r
+ }\r
+ catch(IOException e)\r
+ {\r
+ return false;\r
+ } \r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ private boolean writeSameNamesdifferentPhylumToCsv(List<FaunaEuErmsMerging> mergingObjects, String sfileName){\r
+ try\r
+ {\r
+ FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(sfileName);\r
+ \r
+ //create Header\r
+ String firstLine = "same names but different phylum";\r
+ createHeader(writer, firstLine);\r
+ \r
+ //write data\r
+ for (FaunaEuErmsMerging merging : mergingObjects){\r
+ //TODO\r
+ if ((merging.getPhylumInErms()== null )^ (merging.getPhylumInFaunaEu()== null)){\r
+ writeCsvLine(writer, merging) ;\r
+ }else if(!((merging.getPhylumInErms()==null) && (merging.getPhylumInFaunaEu()==null))){ \r
+ if(!merging.getPhylumInErms().equals(merging.getPhylumInFaunaEu())){\r
+ writeCsvLine(writer, merging) ;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ writer.flush();\r
+ writer.close();\r
+ }\r
+ catch(IOException e)\r
+ {\r
+ return false;\r
+ } \r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private boolean writeSameNamesdifferentRankToCsv(List<FaunaEuErmsMerging> mergingObjects, String sfileName){\r
+ try\r
+ {\r
+ FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(sfileName);\r
+ String firstLine = "same names but different rank";\r
+ //create Header\r
+ createHeader(writer, firstLine);\r
+ \r
+ //write data\r
+ for (FaunaEuErmsMerging merging : mergingObjects){\r
+ \r
+ if (!merging.getRankInErms().equals(merging.getRankInFaunaEu())){\r
+ writeCsvLine(writer, merging);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ writer.flush();\r
+ writer.close();\r
+ }\r
+ catch(IOException e)\r
+ {\r
+ return false;\r
+ } \r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private void createHeader(FileWriter writer, String firstLine) throws IOException{\r
+ writer.append(firstLine);\r
+ writer.append('\n');\r
+ writer.append("uuid in Fauna Europaea");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("id in Fauna Europaea");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("name");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("author");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("rank");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("state");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("phylum");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("parent");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("parent rank");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ \r
+ writer.append("uuid in Erms");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("id in Erms");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("name");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("author");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("rank");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("state");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("phylum");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("parent");\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append("parent rank");\r
+ writer.append('\n');\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private boolean writeSameNamesdifferentStatusToCsv(List<FaunaEuErmsMerging> mergingObjects, String sfileName){\r
+ try\r
+ {\r
+ FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(sfileName);\r
+ \r
+ //create Header\r
+ String firstLine = "same names but different status";\r
+ createHeader(writer, firstLine);\r
+ \r
+ //write data\r
+ for (FaunaEuErmsMerging merging : mergingObjects){\r
+ \r
+ if (merging.isStatInErms()^merging.isStatInFaunaEu()){\r
+ writeCsvLine(writer, merging);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ writer.flush();\r
+ writer.close();\r
+ }\r
+ catch(IOException e)\r
+ {\r
+ return false;\r
+ } \r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private boolean writeSameNamesdifferentAuthorToCsv(List<FaunaEuErmsMerging> mergingObjects, String sfileName){\r
+ try\r
+ {\r
+ FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(sfileName);\r
+ \r
+ //create Header\r
+ String firstLine = "same names but different authors";\r
+ createHeader(writer, firstLine);\r
+ \r
+ //write data\r
+ for (FaunaEuErmsMerging merging : mergingObjects){\r
+ \r
+ if (!merging.getAuthorInErms().equals(merging.getAuthorInFaunaEu())){\r
+ writeCsvLine(writer, merging);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ writer.flush();\r
+ writer.close();\r
+ }\r
+ catch(IOException e)\r
+ {\r
+ return false;\r
+ } \r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private void writeCsvLine(FileWriter writer, FaunaEuErmsMerging merging) throws IOException{\r
+ \r
+ writer.append(merging.getUuidFaunaEu());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getIdInFaunaEu());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getNameCacheInFaunaEu());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getAuthorInFaunaEu());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getRankInFaunaEu());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ if (merging.isStatInFaunaEu()){\r
+ writer.append("accepted");\r
+ }else{\r
+ writer.append("synonym");\r
+ }\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getPhylumInFaunaEu());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getParentStringInFaunaEu());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getParentRankStringInFaunaEu());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ \r
+ writer.append(merging.getUuidErms());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getIdInErms());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getNameCacheInErms());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getAuthorInErms());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getRankInErms());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ if (merging.isStatInErms()){\r
+ writer.append("accepted");\r
+ }else{\r
+ writer.append("synonym");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getPhylumInErms());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getParentStringInErms());\r
+ writer.append(';');\r
+ writer.append(merging.getParentRankStringInErms());\r
+ writer.append('\n');\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private List<FaunaEuErmsMerging> createMergeObjects(List<TaxonNameBase> names, CdmApplicationController appCtr){\r
+ \r
+ List<FaunaEuErmsMerging> merge = new ArrayList<FaunaEuErmsMerging>();\r
+ ZoologicalName zooName, zooName2;\r
+ FaunaEuErmsMerging mergeObject;\r
+ String idInSource1;\r
+ for (int i = 0; i<names.size()-1; i=i+2){\r
+ zooName = (ZoologicalName)names.get(i);\r
+ zooName2 = (ZoologicalName)names.get(i+1);\r
+ mergeObject = new FaunaEuErmsMerging();\r
+ //TODO:überprüfen, ob die beiden Namen identisch sind und aus unterschiedlichen DB kommen\r
+ \r
+ //getPhylum\r
+ String phylum1 = null;\r
+ if (!zooName.getRank().isHigher(Rank.PHYLUM())){\r
+ phylum1 =appCtr.getTaxonService().getPhylumName(zooName);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ String phylum2 = null;\r
+ if (!zooName2.getRank().isHigher(Rank.PHYLUM())){\r
+ phylum2 = appCtr.getTaxonService().getPhylumName(zooName2);\r
+ }\r
+ mergeObject.setPhylumInErms(phylum1);\r
+ mergeObject.setPhylumInFaunaEu(phylum2);\r
+ \r
+ //getUuids\r
+ mergeObject.setUuidErms(zooName.getUuid().toString());\r
+ mergeObject.setUuidFaunaEu(zooName.getUuid().toString());\r
+ \r
+ Iterator sources = zooName.getSources().iterator();\r
+ if (sources.hasNext()){\r
+ IdentifiableSource source = (IdentifiableSource)sources.next();\r
+ idInSource1 = source.getIdInSource();\r
+ mergeObject.setIdInErms(idInSource1);\r
+ }\r
+ sources = zooName2.getSources().iterator();\r
+ if (sources.hasNext()){\r
+ IdentifiableSource source = (IdentifiableSource)sources.next();\r
+ idInSource1 = source.getIdInSource();\r
+ mergeObject.setIdInFaunaEu(idInSource1);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ mergeObject.setNameCacheInErms(zooName.getNameCache());\r
+ mergeObject.setNameCacheInFaunaEu(zooName2.getNameCache());\r
+ \r
+ mergeObject.setAuthorInErms(zooName.getAuthorshipCache());\r
+ mergeObject.setAuthorInFaunaEu(zooName2.getAuthorshipCache());\r
+ Set<Taxon> taxa = zooName.getTaxa();\r
+ if (!taxa.isEmpty()){\r
+ mergeObject.setStatInErms(true);\r
+ Iterator taxaIterator = taxa.iterator();\r
+ Taxon taxon = null;\r
+ while (taxaIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ taxon = (Taxon) taxaIterator.next();\r
+ if (!taxon.isMisapplication()){\r
+ break;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ Set<TaxonNode> nodes = taxon.getTaxonNodes();\r
+ Iterator taxonNodeIterator = nodes.iterator();\r
+ TaxonNode node, parentNode = null;\r
+ while (taxonNodeIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ node = (TaxonNode)taxonNodeIterator.next();\r
+ if (!node.isTopmostNode()){\r
+ parentNode = node.getParent();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ //TODO: ändern mit erweitertem Initializer..\r
+ if (parentNode != null){\r
+ ZoologicalName parentName = HibernateProxyHelper.deproxy(parentNode.getTaxon().getName(), ZoologicalName.class);\r
+ String parentNameCache = parentName.getNameCache();\r
+ mergeObject.setParentStringInErms(parentNameCache);\r
+ mergeObject.setParentRankStringInErms(parentName.getRank().getLabel());\r
+ //System.err.println("parentName: " + parentNameCache);\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ mergeObject.setStatInErms(false);\r
+ }\r
+ taxa = zooName2.getTaxa();\r
+ if (!taxa.isEmpty()){\r
+ mergeObject.setStatInFaunaEu(true);\r
+ Iterator taxaIterator = taxa.iterator();\r
+ Taxon taxon = null;\r
+ while (taxaIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ taxon = (Taxon) taxaIterator.next();\r
+ if (!taxon.isMisapplication()){\r
+ break;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ Set<TaxonNode> nodes = taxon.getTaxonNodes();\r
+ Iterator taxonNodeIterator = nodes.iterator();\r
+ TaxonNode node, parentNode = null;\r
+ while (taxonNodeIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ node = (TaxonNode)taxonNodeIterator.next();\r
+ if (!node.isTopmostNode()){\r
+ parentNode = node.getParent();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ //TODO: ändern mit erweitertem Initializer..\r
+ if (parentNode != null){\r
+ if (parentNode.getTaxon().getName() instanceof ZoologicalName){\r
+ \r
+ ZoologicalName parentName = HibernateProxyHelper.deproxy(parentNode.getTaxon().getName(), ZoologicalName.class);\r
+ String parentNameCache = parentName.getNameCache();\r
+ mergeObject.setParentStringInFaunaEu(parentNameCache);\r
+ mergeObject.setParentRankStringInFaunaEu(parentName.getRank().getLabel());\r
+ System.err.println("parentName: " + parentNameCache);\r
+ }else{\r
+ System.err.println("no zoologicalName: " + parentNode.getTaxon().getName().getTitleCache() +" . "+parentNode.getTaxon().getName().getUuid());\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ mergeObject.setStatInErms(false);\r
+ }\r
+ taxa = zooName2.getTaxa();\r
+ if (!taxa.isEmpty()){\r
+ mergeObject.setStatInFaunaEu(true);\r
+ }else{\r
+ mergeObject.setStatInFaunaEu(false);\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ mergeObject.setRankInErms(zooName.getRank().getLabel());\r
+ mergeObject.setRankInFaunaEu(zooName2.getRank().getLabel());\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //set parent informations\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /*\r
+ Set<HybridRelationship> parentRelations = zooName.getParentRelationships();\r
+ Iterator parentIterator = parentRelations.iterator();\r
+ HybridRelationship parentRel;\r
+ ZoologicalName parentName;\r
+ while (parentIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ parentRel = (HybridRelationship)parentIterator.next();\r
+ parentName = (ZoologicalName)parentRel.getParentName();\r
+ mergeObject.setParentRankStringInErms(parentName.getRank().getLabel());\r
+ mergeObject.setParentStringInErms(parentName.getNameCache());\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ parentRelations = zooName2.getParentRelationships();\r
+ parentIterator = parentRelations.iterator();\r
+ \r
+ while (parentIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ parentRel = (HybridRelationship)parentIterator.next();\r
+ parentName = (ZoologicalName)parentRel.getParentName();\r
+ mergeObject.setParentRankStringInFaunaEu(parentName.getRank().getLabel());\r
+ mergeObject.setParentStringInFaunaEu(parentName.getNameCache());\r
+ }*/\r
+ merge.add(mergeObject);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ return merge;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.pesi.merging;\r
+\r
+import java.io.BufferedReader;\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;\r
+import java.io.FileReader;\r
+import java.io.IOException;\r
+import java.util.ArrayList;\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.Iterator;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import common.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.pager.Pager;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.util.TestDatabase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.hibernate.HibernateProxyHelper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Annotation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Credit;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Extension;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.IdentifiableSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Marker;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.RelationshipBase.Direction;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.DescriptionBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.DescriptionElementBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Distribution;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonDescription;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NameRelationship;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.Rank;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.ZoologicalName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Synonym;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.SynonymRelationship;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonRelationship;\r
+\r
+public class FaunaEuErmsMergeActivator {\r
+ \r
+ static final ICdmDataSource faunaEuropaeaSource = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_patricia();\r
+ \r
+ static final int faunaEuUuid = 0;\r
+ static final int ermsUuid = 9;\r
+ static final int rankFaunaEu = 4;\r
+ static final int rankErms = 13;\r
+ \r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtrInit;\r
+ \r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(FaunaEuErmsMergeActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ //csv files starting with...\r
+ static String sFileName = "c:\\test";\r
+ \r
+ private void initDb(ICdmDataSource db) {\r
+\r
+ // Init source DB\r
+ appCtrInit = TestDatabase.initDb(db, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE, false);\r
+\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ \r
+ FaunaEuErmsMergeActivator sc = new FaunaEuErmsMergeActivator();\r
+ \r
+ sc.initDb(faunaEuropaeaSource);\r
+ \r
+ sc.mergeAuthors();\r
+ \r
+ //set the ranks of Agnatha and Gnathostomata to 50 instead of 45\r
+ List<TaxonBase> taxaToChangeRank = new ArrayList<TaxonBase>();\r
+ Pager<TaxonBase> agnatha = sc.appCtrInit.getTaxonService().findTaxaByName(TaxonBase.class, "Agnatha", null, null, null, Rank.INFRAPHYLUM(), 10, 0);\r
+ List<TaxonBase> agnathaList = agnatha.getRecords();\r
+ taxaToChangeRank.addAll(agnathaList);\r
+ Pager<TaxonBase> gnathostomata = sc.appCtrInit.getTaxonService().findTaxaByName(TaxonBase.class, "Gnathostomata", null, null, null, Rank.INFRAPHYLUM(), 10, 0);\r
+ List<TaxonBase> gnathostomataList = gnathostomata.getRecords();\r
+ taxaToChangeRank.addAll(gnathostomataList);\r
+ \r
+ sc.setSpecificRank(taxaToChangeRank,Rank.SUPERCLASS());\r
+ \r
+ //ermsTaxon is accepted, fauna eu taxon is synonym\r
+ //ermsTaxon is synonym, faunaEu is accepted\r
+ \r
+ sc.mergeDiffStatus();\r
+ \r
+ //erms is synonym, faunaEu as well\r
+ \r
+ // erms is accepted, faunaEu as well\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private static List readCsvFile(String fileName){\r
+ \r
+ List<List<String>> result = new ArrayList<List<String>>();\r
+ File file = new File(fileName);\r
+ BufferedReader bufRdr;\r
+ try {\r
+ bufRdr = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));\r
+ String line = null;\r
+ //read each line of text file\r
+ while((line = bufRdr.readLine()) != null){\r
+ StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(line,",");\r
+ List<String> rowList = new ArrayList<String>();\r
+ while (st.hasMoreTokens()){\r
+ //get next token and store it in the array\r
+ rowList.add(st.nextToken());\r
+ }\r
+ result.add(rowList);\r
+ }\r
+ //close the file\r
+ bufRdr.close();\r
+ } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\r
+ // TODO Auto-generated catch block\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ } catch (IOException e) {\r
+ // TODO Auto-generated catch block\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private void mergeAuthors(){\r
+ List<List<String>> authors = readCsvFile(sFileName + "_authors.csv");\r
+ //authors: get firstAuthor if isFauEu = 1 otherwise get secondAuthor\r
+ \r
+ Iterator<List<String>> authorIterator = authors.iterator();\r
+ List<String> row;\r
+ TaxonBase taxonFaunaEu;\r
+ TaxonBase taxonErms;\r
+ List<TaxonBase> taxaToSave = new ArrayList<TaxonBase>();\r
+ while (authorIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ row = authorIterator.next();\r
+ UUID uuidFaunaEu = UUID.fromString(row.get(faunaEuUuid));\r
+ UUID uuidErms = UUID.fromString(row.get(ermsUuid));\r
+ taxonFaunaEu = appCtrInit.getTaxonService().find(uuidFaunaEu);\r
+ taxonErms = appCtrInit.getTaxonService().find(uuidFaunaEu);\r
+ \r
+ if (Integer.parseInt(row.get(18)) == 1){\r
+ //isFaunaEu = 1 -> copy the author of Fauna Europaea to Erms\r
+ if (((ZoologicalName)taxonFaunaEu.getName()).getBasionymAuthorTeam()!= null){\r
+ ((ZoologicalName)taxonErms.getName()).setBasionymAuthorTeam(((ZoologicalName)taxonFaunaEu.getName()).getBasionymAuthorTeam());\r
+ } \r
+ if (((ZoologicalName)taxonFaunaEu.getName()).getCombinationAuthorTeam()!= null){\r
+ ((ZoologicalName)taxonErms.getName()).setCombinationAuthorTeam(((ZoologicalName)taxonFaunaEu.getName()).getCombinationAuthorTeam());\r
+ }\r
+ ((ZoologicalName)taxonErms.getName()).generateAuthorship();\r
+ taxaToSave.add(taxonErms);\r
+ }else{\r
+ if (((ZoologicalName)taxonErms.getName()).getBasionymAuthorTeam()!= null){\r
+ ((ZoologicalName)taxonFaunaEu.getName()).setBasionymAuthorTeam(((ZoologicalName)taxonErms.getName()).getBasionymAuthorTeam());\r
+ } \r
+ if (((ZoologicalName)taxonErms.getName()).getCombinationAuthorTeam()!= null){\r
+ ((ZoologicalName)taxonFaunaEu.getName()).setCombinationAuthorTeam(((ZoologicalName)taxonErms.getName()).getCombinationAuthorTeam());\r
+ }\r
+ ((ZoologicalName)taxonFaunaEu.getName()).generateAuthorship();\r
+ taxaToSave.add(taxonFaunaEu);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public void setSpecificRank(List<TaxonBase> taxa, Rank rank){\r
+ \r
+ for (TaxonBase taxon: taxa){\r
+ taxon.getName().setRank(rank);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private void mergeDiffStatus(){\r
+ List<List<String>> diffStatus = readCsvFile(sFileName + "_status.csv");\r
+ \r
+ //find all taxa accepted in erms, but synonyms in FauEu and the same rank\r
+ List<List<String>> accErmsSynFaunaEu = new ArrayList<List<String>>();\r
+ for (List<String> rowList: diffStatus){\r
+ if ((rowList.get(5).equals("synonym")) && (rowList.get(rankFaunaEu).equals(rowList.get(rankErms)))){\r
+ //both conditions are true\r
+ accErmsSynFaunaEu.add(rowList);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ mergeErmsAccFaunaEuSyn(accErmsSynFaunaEu);\r
+ \r
+ //find all taxa accepted in faunaEu, but synonyms in Erms and the same rank\r
+ List<List<String>> synErmsAccFaunaEu = new ArrayList<List<String>>();\r
+ for (List<String> rowList: diffStatus){\r
+ if ((rowList.get(5).equals("accepted")) && (rowList.get(rankFaunaEu).equals(rowList.get(rankErms)))){\r
+ //both conditions are true\r
+ synErmsAccFaunaEu.add(rowList);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ mergeErmsSynFaunaEuAcc(synErmsAccFaunaEu);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private void mergeSameStatus(){\r
+ List<List<String>> sameStatus = readCsvFile(sFileName + "_names.csv");\r
+ \r
+ TaxonBase taxonFaunaEu;\r
+ TaxonBase taxonErms;\r
+ \r
+ for (List<String> row: sameStatus){\r
+ taxonFaunaEu = appCtrInit.getTaxonService().find(UUID.fromString(row.get(faunaEuUuid)));\r
+ taxonErms = appCtrInit.getTaxonService().find(UUID.fromString(row.get(ermsUuid)));\r
+ moveAllInformationsFromFaunaEuToErms(taxonFaunaEu, taxonErms);\r
+ if (taxonErms instanceof Taxon){\r
+ moveFaunaEuSynonymsToErmsTaxon((Taxon)taxonFaunaEu, (Taxon)taxonErms);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ private void mergeErmsAccFaunaEuSyn(List<List<String>> ermsAccFaEuSyn){\r
+ \r
+ // update nameRelationships -> if the nameRelationship does not exist, then create a new one with ermsAcc as relatedTo TaxonName\r
+ updateNameRelationships(ermsAccFaEuSyn);\r
+ \r
+ //delete all synonymRelationships of FaunaEu Syn\r
+ for (List<String> rowList: ermsAccFaEuSyn){\r
+ UUID faunaUUID = UUID.fromString(rowList.get(faunaEuUuid));\r
+ //UUID ermsUUID = UUID.fromString(rowList.get(ermsUuid));\r
+ Synonym syn = (Synonym)appCtrInit.getTaxonService().find(faunaUUID);\r
+ appCtrInit.getTaxonService().deleteSynonymRelationships(syn);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //merge the infos of \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private void mergeErmsSynFaunaEuAcc (List<List<String>> ermsAccFaEuSyn){\r
+ //occurence: verknüpfe statt dem Fauna Europaea Taxon das akzeptierte Taxon, des Synonyms mit der Occurence (CDM -> distribution)\r
+ //suche distribution (über das Taxon der TaxonDescription), dessen Taxon, das entsprechende Fauna Eu Taxon ist und verknüpfe es mit dem akzeptieren Taxon des Erms Syn\r
+ Taxon taxonFaunaEu = null;\r
+ Taxon taxonErms = null;\r
+ Synonym synErms = null;\r
+ for (List<String> row: ermsAccFaEuSyn){\r
+ taxonFaunaEu = (Taxon)appCtrInit.getTaxonService().find(UUID.fromString(row.get(faunaEuUuid)));\r
+ synErms = (Synonym)appCtrInit.getTaxonService().find(UUID.fromString(row.get(ermsUuid)));\r
+ synErms = HibernateProxyHelper.deproxy(synErms, Synonym.class);\r
+ Set<SynonymRelationship> synRel=synErms.getSynonymRelations();\r
+ \r
+ if (synRel.size()>1){\r
+ //TODO: which Relationship??\r
+ Iterator<SynonymRelationship> iterator = synRel.iterator();\r
+ taxonErms = iterator.next().getAcceptedTaxon();\r
+ }else if (synRel.size() == 1){\r
+ Iterator<SynonymRelationship> iterator = synRel.iterator();\r
+ taxonErms = iterator.next().getAcceptedTaxon();\r
+ } else {\r
+ taxonErms = null;\r
+ logger.debug("There is no SynonymRelationship for the synonym" + synErms.getTitleCache());\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ Set<Feature> features = new HashSet<Feature>();\r
+ features.add(Feature.DISTRIBUTION());\r
+ List<String> propertyPaths = new ArrayList<String>();\r
+ propertyPaths.add("inDescription.Taxon.*");\r
+ List<DescriptionElementBase> distributions = appCtrInit.getDescriptionService().getDescriptionElementsForTaxon(taxonFaunaEu, features, Distribution.class, 10, 0, null);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ for(DescriptionElementBase distribution: distributions){\r
+ TaxonDescription description = (TaxonDescription)distribution.getInDescription();\r
+ TaxonDescription newDescription = TaxonDescription.NewInstance(taxonErms);\r
+ newDescription.addElement(distribution);\r
+ appCtrInit.getDescriptionService().delete(description);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //Child-Parent Relationship aktualisieren -> dem Child des Fauna Europaea Taxons als parent das akzeptierte Taxon von synErms\r
+ Set<TaxonNode> nodesErms = taxonErms.getTaxonNodes();\r
+ Set<TaxonNode> nodesFaunaEu =taxonFaunaEu.getTaxonNodes();\r
+ if (nodesFaunaEu.size()>1 || nodesFaunaEu.isEmpty()){\r
+ \r
+ }else{\r
+ Iterator<TaxonNode> iteratorNodesErms = nodesErms.iterator();\r
+ \r
+ Iterator<TaxonNode> iteratorNodesFaunaEu = nodesFaunaEu.iterator();\r
+ TaxonNode node = iteratorNodesFaunaEu.next();\r
+ Set<TaxonNode> children = node.getChildNodes();\r
+ Iterator<TaxonNode> childrenIterator = children.iterator();\r
+ TaxonNode childNode;\r
+ if (iteratorNodesErms.hasNext()){\r
+ TaxonNode ermsNode = iteratorNodesErms.next();\r
+ while (childrenIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ childNode = childrenIterator.next();\r
+ ermsNode.addChildNode(childNode, childNode.getReference(), childNode.getMicroReference(), null);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ moveFaunaEuSynonymsToErmsTaxon(taxonFaunaEu, taxonErms);\r
+ moveAllInformationsFromFaunaEuToErms(taxonFaunaEu, taxonErms);\r
+ moveOriginalDbToErmsTaxon(taxonFaunaEu, taxonErms);\r
+ //neue sec Referenz an das ErmsTaxon oder an das Synonym und Taxon oder nur Synonym??\r
+ deleteFaunaEuTaxon(taxonFaunaEu);\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private void updateNameRelationships(List<List<String>> ermsAccFaEuSyn){\r
+ //suche alle NameRelationships aus FaunaEu und Erms, wo (faunaEu)relatedFrom.name.titleCache = (erms)relatedFrom.name.titleCache und ersetze in der faunaEu Relationship den relatedTo.name durch den relatedTo.name der erms-relationship\r
+ //wenn es diese relationship noch nicht gibt und der typ der gleiche ist!!\r
+ //wenn der relatedTo Name zu einem Erms Taxon und einem FaunaEu Synonym gehört\r
+ \r
+ Synonym synFaunaEu;\r
+ Taxon taxonErms;\r
+ for (List<String> row: ermsAccFaEuSyn){\r
+ synFaunaEu = (Synonym)appCtrInit.getTaxonService().find(UUID.fromString(row.get(faunaEuUuid)));\r
+ taxonErms = (Taxon)appCtrInit.getTaxonService().find(UUID.fromString(row.get(ermsUuid)));\r
+ List<NameRelationship> relSynFaunaEu = appCtrInit.getNameService().listToNameRelationships(synFaunaEu.getName(), null, 100, 0, null, null);\r
+ List<NameRelationship> relTaxonErms = appCtrInit.getNameService().listToNameRelationships(taxonErms.getName(), null, 100, 0, null, null);\r
+ \r
+ List<NameRelationship> deleteRel = new ArrayList<NameRelationship>();\r
+ for (NameRelationship relFauEu: relSynFaunaEu){\r
+ boolean createNewRelationship = true;\r
+ for (NameRelationship relErms: relTaxonErms){\r
+ if ((relErms.getFromName().getTitleCache().equals(relFauEu.getFromName().getTitleCache())) && (relErms.getToName().getTitleCache().equals(relFauEu.getFromName().getTitleCache()))){\r
+ //delete the faunaEu relationship because there exist an analogous relationship in erms\r
+ deleteRel.add(relFauEu);\r
+ createNewRelationship = false;\r
+ break;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ if (createNewRelationship){\r
+ //if relationship does not exist, create a new one with erms synonym\r
+ taxonErms.getName().addRelationshipFromName(relFauEu.getFromName(), relFauEu.getType(), relFauEu.getRuleConsidered());\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private void updateSynonymRelationships(List<List<String>> ermsSynFaEuAcc){\r
+// -- Update queries for RelTaxon (synonym relationships - move relationships to ERMS accepted taxon if not already existent or delete if already existent)\r
+// UPDATE RelTaxon_1 SET RelTaxon_1.TaxonFk2 = RT.TaxonFk2\r
+// FROM Taxon AS ERMSSyn INNER JOIN\r
+// Taxon AS FaEuAcc ON ERMSSyn.RankFk = FaEuAcc.RankFk AND ERMSSyn.FullName = FaEuAcc.FullName AND\r
+// ERMSSyn.TaxonStatusFk <> ISNULL(FaEuAcc.TaxonStatusFk, 0) INNER JOIN\r
+// RelTaxon AS RT ON ERMSSyn.TaxonId = RT.TaxonFk1 INNER JOIN\r
+// RelTaxon AS RelTaxon_1 ON FaEuAcc.TaxonId = RelTaxon_1.TaxonFk2 INNER JOIN\r
+// Taxon AS FaEuSyn ON RelTaxon_1.TaxonFk1 = FaEuSyn.TaxonId LEFT OUTER JOIN\r
+// Taxon AS ERMSAllSyn ON RT.TaxonFk1 = ERMSAllSyn.TaxonId AND FaEuSyn.FullName <> ERMSAllSyn.FullName --(!!)\r
+// WHERE (ERMSSyn.OriginalDB = N'ERMS') AND (RT.RelTaxonQualifierFk > 100) AND (ERMSSyn.TaxonStatusFk <> 1) AND (ERMSSyn.KingdomFk = 2) AND\r
+// (FaEuAcc.OriginalDB = N'FaEu') AND (RelTaxon_1.RelTaxonQualifierFk > 100)\r
+ Taxon taxonFaunaEu;\r
+ Synonym synErms;\r
+ Taxon taxonErms;\r
+ Set<Taxon> acceptedTaxa = new HashSet<Taxon>();\r
+ for (List<String> row: ermsSynFaEuAcc){\r
+ taxonFaunaEu = (Taxon)appCtrInit.getTaxonService().find(UUID.fromString(row.get(faunaEuUuid)));\r
+ synErms = (Synonym)appCtrInit.getTaxonService().find(UUID.fromString(row.get(ermsUuid)));\r
+ acceptedTaxa.clear();\r
+ acceptedTaxa.addAll( synErms.getAcceptedTaxa());\r
+ if (!acceptedTaxa.isEmpty()){\r
+ taxonErms = acceptedTaxa.iterator().next();\r
+ if (acceptedTaxa.size() > 1){\r
+ logger.debug("There are more than one accepted taxon for synonym " + synErms.getTitleCache());\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ taxonErms = null;\r
+ logger.debug("There is no accepted taxon for synonym " + synErms.getTitleCache());\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ if (taxonErms != null){\r
+ List<SynonymRelationship> relTaxonFaunaEu = appCtrInit.getTaxonService().listSynonymRelationships(taxonFaunaEu, null, 100, 0, null, null, Direction.relatedTo);\r
+ List<SynonymRelationship> relTaxonErms = appCtrInit.getTaxonService().listSynonymRelationships(taxonErms, null, 100, 0, null, null, Direction.relatedTo);\r
+ \r
+ List<SynonymRelationship> deleteRel = new ArrayList<SynonymRelationship>();\r
+ for (SynonymRelationship relFauEu: relTaxonFaunaEu){\r
+ //TODO: wenn es noch keine SynonymRelationship gibt zu einem Synonym mit gleichem Namen, dann erzeuge die SynonymRelationship vom FaunaEuSyn (des FaunaEu Taxons, dass identischen Namen hat) zum akzeptierten Taxon des Erms Syn\r
+ boolean createNewRelationship = true;\r
+ for (SynonymRelationship relErms: relTaxonErms){\r
+ if (relErms.getSynonym().getTitleCache().equals(relFauEu.getSynonym().getTitleCache())){\r
+ //es gibt schon eine Relationship zu einem Synonym mit dem gleichen Namen wie das FaunaEu Synonym, also Relationship löschen.\r
+ createNewRelationship = false;\r
+ break;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ if (createNewRelationship){\r
+ taxonErms.addSynonym(relFauEu.getSynonym(), relFauEu.getType());\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ deleteRel.add(relFauEu);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private void deleteFaunaEuTaxon(Taxon taxonFaunaEu) {\r
+ appCtrInit.getTaxonService().delete(taxonFaunaEu);\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ //wenn Name und Rang identisch sind und auch der Status gleich, dann alle Informationen vom Fauna Europaea Taxon/Synonym zum Erms Taxon/Synonym\r
+ \r
+ private void moveAllInformationsFromFaunaEuToErms(TaxonBase faunaEu, TaxonBase erms){\r
+ Set<Annotation> annotations = faunaEu.getAnnotations();\r
+ Set<Extension> extensions = faunaEu.getExtensions();\r
+ Set<Marker> markers = faunaEu.getMarkers();\r
+ List<Credit> credits = faunaEu.getCredits();\r
+ if (faunaEu instanceof Taxon){\r
+ Set<TaxonDescription> descriptions = ((Taxon)faunaEu).getDescriptions();\r
+ Set<Taxon> misappliedNames = ((Taxon)faunaEu).getMisappliedNames();\r
+ \r
+ if (erms instanceof Taxon){\r
+ Iterator<TaxonDescription> descriptionsIterator = descriptions.iterator();\r
+ TaxonDescription description;\r
+ while (descriptionsIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ description = descriptionsIterator.next();\r
+ ((Taxon) erms).addDescription(description);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ Iterator<Taxon> misappliedNamesIterator = misappliedNames.iterator();\r
+ Taxon misappliedName;\r
+ while (misappliedNamesIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ misappliedName = misappliedNamesIterator.next();\r
+ ((Taxon) erms).addMisappliedName(misappliedName, null, null);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //move all these informations to the erms taxon\r
+ Iterator<Annotation> annotationsIterator = annotations.iterator();\r
+ Annotation annotation;\r
+ while (annotationsIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ annotation = annotationsIterator.next();\r
+ erms.addAnnotation(annotation);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ Iterator<Extension> extensionIterator = extensions.iterator();\r
+ Extension extension;\r
+ while (extensionIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ extension = extensionIterator.next();\r
+ erms.addExtension(extension);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ Iterator<Marker> markerIterator = markers.iterator();\r
+ Marker marker;\r
+ while (markerIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ marker = markerIterator.next();\r
+ erms.addMarker(marker);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ for (Credit credit: credits){\r
+ erms.addCredit(credit);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //if name, rank, and status (accepted) are the same, then move the synonyms of faunaEu taxon to the erms taxon\r
+ \r
+ private void moveFaunaEuSynonymsToErmsTaxon(Taxon faunaEu, Taxon erms){\r
+ Set<SynonymRelationship> synRel =faunaEu.getSynonymRelations();\r
+ Iterator<SynonymRelationship> synRelIterator = synRel.iterator();\r
+ SynonymRelationship rel;\r
+ while (synRelIterator.hasNext()){\r
+ rel = synRelIterator.next();\r
+ faunaEu.removeSynonym(rel.getSynonym());\r
+ erms.addSynonym(rel.getSynonym(), rel.getType());\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //after merging faunaEu taxon and erms taxon, the originalSource of the faunaEu taxon has to be moved to the erms taxon\r
+ private void moveOriginalDbToErmsTaxon(TaxonBase faunaEu, TaxonBase erms){\r
+ Set<IdentifiableSource> sourcesFaunaEu = faunaEu.getSources();\r
+ IdentifiableSource sourceFaunaEu = sourcesFaunaEu.iterator().next();\r
+ erms.addSource(sourceFaunaEu);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //merged taxon should have a new sec reference\r
+ private void addNewSecForMergedTaxon(Taxon taxon, ReferenceBase sec){\r
+ taxon.setSec(sec);\r
+ taxon.setUuid(UUID.randomUUID());\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ // ----------- methods for merging Erms synonyms and Fauna Europaea Taxon\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.pilotOutputHtml;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd.ViolaExportActivator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.CdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultExport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.pilotOutputHtml.PilotOutputExportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin (from a.babadshanjan eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.jaxb.CdmExportImportActivator)\r
+ * @created 09.12.2008\r
+ */\r
+public class SimpleDescriptionOutput {\r
+\r
+ /* SerializeFrom DB **/\r
+ private static final String sourceDbName = "cdm";\r
+ private static final String destinationFileName = "ViolaFromCDMhtml.xml";\r
+ private static final String destinationFolder = "C:/Documents and Settings/lis/Mes documents/EDIT/CDM/exports SDD";\r
+ //private static final String destinationFolder = "C:/tmp/viola/exports_SDD";\r
+\r
+ /** NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE = 0 is the default case to retrieve all rows.\r
+ * For testing purposes: If NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE >0 then retrieve \r
+ * as many rows as specified for agents, references, etc. \r
+ * Only root taxa and no synonyms and relationships are retrieved. */\r
+ private static final int NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE = 0;\r
+\r
+ private static final String server = "134.157.190.207";\r
+ private static final String username = "sa";\r
+\r
+ public static ICdmDataSource CDM_DB(String dbname) {\r
+\r
+ logger.info("Setting DB " + dbname);\r
+ ICdmDataSource datasource = CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance(dbname, username, "");\r
+ return datasource;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ViolaExportActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ private static boolean doAgents = true;\r
+ private static boolean doAgentData = true;\r
+ private static boolean doLanguageData = true;\r
+ private static boolean doFeatureData = true;\r
+ private static boolean doDescriptions = true;\r
+ private static boolean doMedia = true;\r
+ private static boolean doOccurrences = true;\r
+ //private static boolean doReferences = true;\r
+ private static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ private static boolean doReferencedEntities = true;\r
+ private static boolean doRelationships = true;\r
+ private static boolean doSynonyms = true;\r
+ private static boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ private static boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ private static boolean doTerms = true;\r
+ private static boolean doTermVocabularies = true;\r
+ private static boolean doHomotypicalGroups = true;\r
+\r
+ // 3 arguments: name of the CDM database, name of the destination file, path for the destination file\r
+ private void invokeExport(String[] args) {\r
+ \r
+// PilotOutputExportConfigurator htmlExportConfigurator = \r
+// PilotOutputExportConfigurator.NewInstance(sourceDb, destinationFileName, destinationFolder);\r
+ ICdmDataSource sourceDb = ViolaExportActivator.CDM_DB(args[0]);\r
+ PilotOutputExportConfigurator htmlExportConfigurator = \r
+ PilotOutputExportConfigurator.NewInstance(sourceDb, args[1], args[2]);\r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultExport<PilotOutputExportConfigurator> htmlExport = \r
+ new CdmDefaultExport<PilotOutputExportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setSource(sourceDb);\r
+ File destinationFile = new File(args[2] + File.separator + args[1]);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDestination(destinationFile);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE);\r
+\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setMaxRows(NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE);\r
+\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAgents);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoAgentData(doAgentData);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoLanguageData(doLanguageData);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoFeatureData(doFeatureData);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoDescriptions(doDescriptions);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoMedia(doMedia);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doOccurrences);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoReferencedEntities(doReferencedEntities);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelationships);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoSynonyms(doSynonyms);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoTerms(doTerms);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoTermVocabularies(doTermVocabularies);\r
+ htmlExportConfigurator.setDoHomotypicalGroups(doHomotypicalGroups);\r
+\r
+ // invoke export\r
+ logger.debug("Invoking SimpleDescriptionOutput export");\r
+ htmlExport.invoke(htmlExportConfigurator);\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+\r
+ SimpleDescriptionOutput sdo = new SimpleDescriptionOutput();\r
+\r
+// CdmApplicationController appCtr = null;\r
+// appCtr = sc.initDb(sourceDb);\r
+// sc.loadTestData(appCtr);\r
+ \r
+ sdo.invokeExport(args);\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.references;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.util.TestDatabase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.reference.endnote.in.EndnoteImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+public class EndNoteImportActivator {\r
+ /* SerializeFrom DB **/\r
+ //private static final ICdmDataSource cdmSource = CdmDestinations.localH2Diptera();\r
+ private static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Diptera();\r
+ \r
+ // Import:\r
+ private static String importFileNameString = "file:/C:/EndNoteTest.xml";\r
+ \r
+\r
+ \r
+\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EndNoteImportActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ \r
+ public static String chooseFile(String[] args) {\r
+ if(args == null)\r
+ return null;\r
+ for (String dest: args){\r
+ if (dest.endsWith(".xml")){\r
+ return args[0];\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private void invokeImport(String importFileParamString, ICdmDataSource destination) {\r
+ URI importFileName;\r
+ try {\r
+ importFileName = new URI(importFileNameString);\r
+ EndnoteImportConfigurator endNoteImportConfigurator;\r
+ if (importFileParamString !=null && destination != null){\r
+ URI importFileParam = new URI(importFileParamString);\r
+ endNoteImportConfigurator = EndnoteImportConfigurator.NewInstance(importFileParam, destination);\r
+ }else if (destination != null){ \r
+ endNoteImportConfigurator = EndnoteImportConfigurator.NewInstance(importFileName, destination);\r
+ } else if (importFileParamString !=null ){\r
+ URI importFileParam = new URI(importFileParamString);\r
+ endNoteImportConfigurator = EndnoteImportConfigurator.NewInstance(importFileParam, cdmDestination);\r
+ } else{\r
+ endNoteImportConfigurator = EndnoteImportConfigurator.NewInstance(importFileName, cdmDestination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultImport<EndnoteImportConfigurator> endNoteImport = \r
+ new CdmDefaultImport<EndnoteImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ logger.debug("Invoking Jaxb import");\r
+ \r
+ endNoteImport.invoke(endNoteImportConfigurator, destination, true);\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ return;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private CdmApplicationController initDb(ICdmDataSource db) {\r
+\r
+ // Init source DB\r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtrInit = null;\r
+\r
+ appCtrInit = TestDatabase.initDb(db, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE, true);\r
+\r
+ return appCtrInit;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ // Load test data to DB\r
+ private void loadTestData(CdmApplicationController appCtrInit) {\r
+\r
+ TestDatabase.loadTestData("", appCtrInit);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+\r
+ EndNoteImportActivator sc = new EndNoteImportActivator();\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+ String file = chooseFile(args)!= null ? chooseFile(args) : importFileNameString;\r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtr = null;\r
+ appCtr = sc.initDb(destination);\r
+ //sc.loadTestData(appCtr);\r
+ \r
+ sc.invokeImport(file, destination);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class AnthuriumActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ViolaActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final URI sddSource = SDDSources.tdwg_expert();\r
+ //static final String sddSource = SDDSources.viola_local_andreas();\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_andreasM2();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final UUID secUuid = UUID.fromString("fc98e890-e487-4664-ac9b-8a60fda6244c");\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "viola_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = sddSource;\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSecUuid(secUuid);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CicadActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CicadActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.Cicad_local();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2_Cicad();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "Cicad_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CicadUpdateActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CicadUpdateActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.Cicad_local();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "Cicad_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make BerlinModel Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CichorieaeActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CichorieaeActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;\r
+ \r
+ /********************************************************************************\r
+ * IMPORTANT:\r
+ * \r
+ * execute the following sql statements before runniung the import\r
+ * \r
+ * ALTER TABLE `statedata_definedtermbase` DROP INDEX `modifiers_id`;\r
+ * ALTER TABLE `statisticalmeasurementvalue_definedtermbase` DROP INDEX `modifiers_id`;\r
+ * \r
+ ********************************************************************************/\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.local_cdm_edit_cichorieae_b();\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.Cichorieae_DA_export_sdd();\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "cichorieae-crepis-sdd-import";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+\r
+ static final boolean doMatchTaxa = true;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+\r
+ logger.info("Start import from SDD ("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+\r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDoMatchTaxa(doMatchTaxa);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ logger.info("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ // TODO Auto-generated catch block\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class ErythroneuraActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ErythroneuraActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.Erythroneura_local();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2_Erythroneura();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "Erythroneura_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+ \r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class ErythroneuraUpdateActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ErythroneuraUpdateActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.Erythroneura_local();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "Erythroneura_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+ \r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class FreshwaterAquaticInsectsActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(FreshwaterAquaticInsectsActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.FreshwaterAquaticInsects_local();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2_FreshwaterAquaticInsects();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "ValRosandraFRIDAKey_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+ \r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class FreshwaterAquaticInsectsUpdateActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(FreshwaterAquaticInsectsUpdateActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.FreshwaterAquaticInsects_local();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "ValRosandraFRIDAKey_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+\r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class LIASActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(LIASActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.LIAS_local();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2_LIAS();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "LIAS_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+ \r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class LIASUpdateActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(LIASUpdateActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.LIAS_local();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "LIAS_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+ \r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class SDDImportActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(SDDImportActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ //static final String sddSource = SDDSources.viola_local_andreas();\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_andreasM2();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "viola_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ String sddSource = SDDSources.SDDImport_local(args[0]+args[1]);\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+ \r
+ // ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.localH2("cdm","sa","C:/Documents and Settings/lis/Mes documents/CDMtest/");\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.localH2(args[3],"sa",args[2]);\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu
+*
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.
+*/
+
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * @author h.fradin
+ * @created 24.10.2008
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class SDDSources {
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(SDDSources.class);
+
+
+ public static URI tdwg_expert(){
+
+ // SDD XML example from the SDD v1.1 package
+// URL url = null;
+// try {
+// url = new File("C:\\localCopy\\tdwg2010\\data\\descriptions\\sdd\\Xper-Cichorium_spinosum.sdd.xml").toURL();
+// } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+// // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+// e.printStackTrace();
+// }
+//
+// URL url = new SDDSources().getClass().getResource("/sdd/SDD-Test-Simple.xml");
+ String sourceUrl = "C:\\localCopy\\tdwg2010\\data\\descriptions\\sdd\\Xper-Cichorium_spinosum.sdd.xml";
+// String sourceUrl = url.toString();
+ URI uri = new File(sourceUrl).toURI();
+ return uri;
+
+ }
+
+
+ public static String viola_local(){
+ // SDD XML example from the SDD v1.1 package
+ URL url = new SDDSources().getClass().getResource("/sdd/SDD-Test-Simple.xml");
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();
+ return sourceUrl;
+
+ }
+
+ public static String SDDImport_local(String filePath){
+ // any SDD XML file
+ String sourceUrl = "file:" + filePath;
+ return sourceUrl;
+
+ }
+
+ public static String LIAS_local(){
+ // SDD XML example from http://wiki.tdwg.org/twiki/bin/view/SDD/RealWorldExamples_SDD1dot1
+ //String sourceUrl = "file:C:/Documents and Settings/lis/Mes documents/SDD/SDD bis/SDD1.1/SDD1.1/examples/LIAS_Main.sdd11/LIAS_Main.sdd11.xml";
+ URL url = new SDDSources().getClass().getResource("/sdd/LIAS_Main.sdd11.xml");
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();
+ return sourceUrl;
+
+ }
+
+ public static String Erythroneura_local(){
+ // SDD XML example from http://wiki.tdwg.org/twiki/bin/view/SDD/RealWorldExamples_SDD1dot1
+ //String sourceUrl = "file:C:/Documents and Settings/lis/Mes documents/SDD/SDD bis/SDD1.1/SDD1.1/examples/Erythroneura.sdd11/Erythroneura.sdd11.xml";
+ URL url = new SDDSources().getClass().getResource("/sdd/Erythroneura.sdd11.xml");
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();
+ return sourceUrl;
+
+ }
+
+ public static String Cicad_local(){
+ // SDD XML example from http://wiki.tdwg.org/twiki/bin/view/SDD/RealWorldExamples_SDD1dot1
+ //String sourceUrl = "file:C:/Documents and Settings/lis/Mes documents/SDD/SDD bis/SDD1.1/SDD1.1/examples/Cicad.sdd11/Cicad.sdd11.xml";
+ URL url = new SDDSources().getClass().getResource("/sdd/Cicad.sdd11.xml");
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();
+ return sourceUrl;
+
+ }
+
+ public static String ValRosandraFRIDAKey_local(){
+ // SDD XML example from http://wiki.tdwg.org/twiki/bin/view/SDD/RealWorldExamples_SDD1dot1
+ //String sourceUrl = "file:C:/Documents and Settings/lis/Mes documents/SDD/SDD bis/SDD1.1/SDD1.1/examples/Val-Rosandra-FRIDA-Key.sdd11/Val-Rosandra-FRIDA-Key.sdd11.xml";
+ URL url = new SDDSources().getClass().getResource("/sdd/Val-Rosandra-FRIDA-Key.sdd11.xml");
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();
+ return sourceUrl;
+
+ }
+
+ public static String FreshwaterAquaticInsects_local(){
+ // SDD export from an Xper2 application
+ String sourceUrl = "file:C:/Documents and Settings/lis/Mes documents/SDD/SDD bis/SDD1.1/SDD1.1/examples/Freshwater aquatic insects/test v2.sdd.xml";
+ return sourceUrl;
+ }
+
+ public static String cichorieae_Xper2_local(){
+ URL url = new SDDSources().getClass().getResource("/sdd/cichorieae-Xper2.xml");
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();
+ return sourceUrl;
+ }
+
+ public static String Cichorieae_DA_export_sdd(){
+ String locationString = "/sdd/Xper2-import-export.sdd.xml";
+ //String locationString = "/sdd/Cichorieae-DA-export-sdd.xml";
+
+ URL url = new SDDSources().getClass().getResource(locationString);
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();
+ return sourceUrl;
+ }
+
+}
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class ValRosandraFRIDAKeyActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ValRosandraFRIDAKeyActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.ValRosandraFRIDAKey_local();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "ValRosandraFRIDAKey_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+ \r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class ValRosandraFRIDAKeyUpdateActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ValRosandraFRIDAKeyUpdateActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.ValRosandraFRIDAKey_local();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2_ValRosandraFRIDAKey();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "ValRosandraFRIDAKey_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class ViolaActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ViolaActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ //static final String sddSource = SDDSources.viola_local();\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_andreasM2();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.SDDImport_local("/Developer/cdmlib0610/app-import/target/classes/sdd/test4.sdd");\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "viola_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.CdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultExport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.out.SDDExportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin (from a.babadshanjan eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.jaxb.CdmExportImportActivator)\r
+ * @created 09.12.2008\r
+ */\r
+public class ViolaExportActivator {\r
+\r
+ /* SerializeFrom DB **/\r
+ private static final String sourceDbName = "cdm";\r
+ private static final String destinationFileName = "ViolaFromCDM.xml";\r
+ private static final String destinationFolder = "/Developer/exports SDD";\r
+ //private static final String destinationFolder = "C:/tmp/viola/exports_SDD";\r
+\r
+ /** NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE = 0 is the default case to retrieve all rows.\r
+ * For testing purposes: If NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE >0 then retrieve \r
+ * as many rows as specified for agents, references, etc. \r
+ * Only root taxa and no synonyms and relationships are retrieved. */\r
+ private static final int NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE = 0;\r
+\r
+ private static final String server = "134.157.190.207";\r
+ private static final String username = "sa";\r
+\r
+ public static ICdmDataSource CDM_DB(String dbname) {\r
+\r
+ logger.info("Setting DB " + dbname);\r
+ ICdmDataSource datasource = CdmDataSource.NewH2EmbeddedInstance(dbname, username, "");\r
+ return datasource;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ViolaExportActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ private static final ICdmDataSource sourceDb = ViolaExportActivator.CDM_DB(sourceDbName);\r
+ private static final File destinationFile = new File(destinationFolder + File.separator + destinationFileName);\r
+\r
+ private static boolean doAgents = true;\r
+ private static boolean doAgentData = true;\r
+ private static boolean doLanguageData = true;\r
+ private static boolean doFeatureData = true;\r
+ private static boolean doDescriptions = true;\r
+ private static boolean doMedia = true;\r
+ private static boolean doOccurrences = true;\r
+ //private static boolean doReferences = true;\r
+ private static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ private static boolean doReferencedEntities = true;\r
+ private static boolean doRelationships = true;\r
+ private static boolean doSynonyms = true;\r
+ private static boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ private static boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ private static boolean doTerms = true;\r
+ private static boolean doTermVocabularies = true;\r
+ private static boolean doHomotypicalGroups = true;\r
+\r
+ private void invokeExport() {\r
+ \r
+ SDDExportConfigurator sddExportConfigurator = \r
+ SDDExportConfigurator.NewInstance(sourceDb, destinationFileName, destinationFolder);\r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultExport<SDDExportConfigurator> sddExport = \r
+ new CdmDefaultExport<SDDExportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setSource(sourceDb);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDestination(destinationFile);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE);\r
+\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setMaxRows(NUMBER_ROWS_TO_RETRIEVE);\r
+\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAgents);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoAgentData(doAgentData);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoLanguageData(doLanguageData);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoFeatureData(doFeatureData);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoDescriptions(doDescriptions);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoMedia(doMedia);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doOccurrences);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoReferencedEntities(doReferencedEntities);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelationships);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoSynonyms(doSynonyms);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoTerms(doTerms);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoTermVocabularies(doTermVocabularies);\r
+ sddExportConfigurator.setDoHomotypicalGroups(doHomotypicalGroups);\r
+\r
+ // invoke export\r
+ logger.debug("Invoking SDD export");\r
+ sddExport.invoke(sddExportConfigurator);\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+\r
+ ViolaExportActivator vea = new ViolaExportActivator();\r
+\r
+// CdmApplicationController appCtr = null;\r
+// appCtr = sc.initDb(sourceDb);\r
+// sc.loadTestData(appCtr);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ vea.invokeExport();\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd.in.SDDImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author h.fradin\r
+ * @created 24.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class ViolaUpdateActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ViolaUpdateActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;\r
+ static final String sddSource = SDDSources.viola_local();\r
+ //static final String sddSource = SDDSources.viola_local_andreas();\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_andreasM2();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+\r
+ // static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_portal_test_localhost();\r
+\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "viola_pub_ed_999999";\r
+\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from SDD("+ sddSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+\r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(sddSource);\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ SDDImportConfigurator sddImportConfigurator = SDDImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ sddImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator> sddImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SDDImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ sddImport.invoke(sddImportConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from SDD ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\r
+<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"\r
+ xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"\r
+ xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"\r
+ xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
+ http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
+ http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
+ http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd">
+\r
+ <import resource="classpath:/eu/etaxonomy/cdm/persistence.xml"/> \r
+
+ <bean id="dataSource" lazy-init="true" class="eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.LocalH2" init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy">\r
+ <property name="driverClassName" value="org.h2.Driver"/>\r
+ <property name="username" value="sa"/>\r
+ <property name="password" value=""/>\r
+ <property name="startServer" value="true"/>\r
+ </bean>\r
+ \r
+ <bean id="hibernateProperties"\r
+ class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertiesFactoryBean">\r
+ <property name="properties">\r
+ <props>\r
+ <prop key="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.H2Dialect</prop>\r
+ <prop key="hibernate.cache.provider_class">org.hibernate.cache.NoCacheProvider</prop>\r
+ <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">false</prop>\r
+ <prop key="hibernate.format_sql">false</prop>\r
+ <prop key="hibernate.search.default.directory_provider">org.hibernate.search.store.FSDirectoryProvider</prop>\r
+ <prop key="hibernate.search.default.indexBase">./</prop>\r
+ </props>\r
+ </property>\r
+ </bean>\r
+ \r
+ <bean id="taxonSpellingDirectory" class="org.springmodules.lucene.index.support.FSDirectoryFactoryBean">\r
+ <property name="location" value="file:./target/test-classes/eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase_spelling"/>\r
+ <property name="create" value="true"/>\r
+ </bean>\r
+\r
+ <bean id="taxonSpellingIndex" class="org.springmodules.lucene.index.support.SimpleIndexFactoryBean">\r
+ <property name="directory" ref="taxonSpellingDirectory"/>\r
+ <property name="create" value="true"/>\r
+ <property name="analyzer">\r
+ <bean class="org.apache.lucene.analysis.SimpleAnalyzer"/>\r
+ </property>\r
+ </bean>\r
+ \r
+ <bean id="authenticationManager" class="org.springframework.security.providers.ProviderManager">\r
+ <property name="providers">\r
+ <list>\r
+ <bean class="org.springframework.security.providers.TestingAuthenticationProvider"/>\r
+ </list>\r
+ </property>\r
+ </bean>\r
+ \r
+ <bean id="passwordEncoder" class="org.springframework.security.providers.encoding.Md5PasswordEncoder"/>\r
+ \r
+ <bean id="saltSource" class="org.springframework.security.providers.dao.salt.ReflectionSaltSource">\r
+ <property name="userPropertyToUse" value="getUsername"/>\r
+ </bean>
+
+</beans>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+ * \r
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+ */\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.synthesysImport;\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.specimen.excel.in.SpecimenExcelImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+public class SpecimenImport {\r
+private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(SpecimenImport.class);\r
+ \r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ final static String excelSource = "/home/patricia/Desktop/CDMtabular6493890c4d_18_11_08.xls";\r
+// final static String xmlSource = "C:\\localCopy\\eclipse\\cdmlib\\app-import\\src\\main\\resources\\specimenABCD\\CDMtabular9c04a474e2_23_09_08.xls"; \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_patricia();\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(excelSource);\r
+ System.out.println(source);\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from Synthesys Specimen data("+ source.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ SpecimenExcelImportConfigurator specimenImportConfigurator = SpecimenExcelImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId("specimen");\r
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setDoAutomaticParsing(true);\r
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setReUseExistingMetadata(true);\r
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setReUseTaxon(true);\r
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setSourceReference(null);\r
+ specimenImportConfigurator.setTaxonReference(null);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<SpecimenExcelImportConfigurator> specimenImport = new CdmDefaultImport<SpecimenExcelImportConfigurator>();\r
+ //new Test().invoke(tcsImportConfigurator);\r
+ specimenImport.invoke(specimenImportConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from SpecimenData ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT
+ * European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
+ * http://www.e-taxonomy.eu
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1
+ * See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.
+ */
+
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.synthesysImport;
+
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.poi.hssf.usermodel.HSSFWorkbook;
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;
+
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.pager.Pager;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.ExcelUtils;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.AgentBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Institution;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Person;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Language;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.LanguageString;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.NamedArea;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.Point;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.WaterbodyOrCountry;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.Collection;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.DerivationEvent;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.DerivedUnitBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.DeterminationEvent;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.FieldObservation;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.GatheringEvent;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.LivingBeing;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.Observation;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.Specimen;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.strategy.parser.NonViralNameParserImpl;
+
+/**
+ * @author PK
+ * @created 19.09.2008
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class SynthesysCacheActivator {
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(SynthesysCacheActivator.class);
+
+ protected String fullScientificNameString = null;
+ protected String institutionCode = null;
+ protected String collectionCode = null;
+ protected String unitID = null;
+ protected String recordBasis = null;
+ protected String accessionNumber = null;
+ protected String collectorsNumber = null;
+ protected String fieldNumber = null;
+ protected Double longitude = null;
+ protected Double latitude = null;
+ protected String locality = null;
+ protected String country = null;
+ protected String isocountry = null;
+ protected ArrayList<String> gatheringAgentList = new ArrayList<String>();
+ protected ArrayList<String> identificationList = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;
+
+ protected HSSFWorkbook hssfworkbook = null;
+
+
+ public void saveUnit(HashMap<String,String> unit){
+ String author = unit.get("author");
+ author=author.replaceAll("None","");
+ String taxonName = unit.get("taxonName");
+ taxonName = taxonName.replaceAll("None", "");
+
+ try {
+ this.institutionCode = unit.get("institution").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+
+ try {this.collectionCode = unit.get("collection").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.unitID = unit.get("unitID").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.recordBasis = unit.get("recordBasis").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.accessionNumber = null;
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.locality = unit.get("locality").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.longitude = Double.valueOf(unit.get("longitude"));
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.latitude = Double.valueOf(unit.get("latitude"));
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.country = unit.get("country").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.isocountry = unit.get("isoCountry").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.fieldNumber = unit.get("field number").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.collectorsNumber = unit.get("collector number").replaceAll("None", null);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {String coll =unit.get("collector");
+ coll=coll.replaceAll("None", null);
+ this.gatheringAgentList.add(coll);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ }
+ try {this.identificationList.add(taxonName+" "+author);
+ } catch (Exception e) {System.out.println(e);
+ }
+ }
+
+ public boolean invoke(){
+ boolean result = true;
+ boolean withCdm = true;
+ CdmApplicationController app = null;
+ TransactionStatus tx = null;
+
+ app = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(CdmDestinations.cdm_test_patricia(), hbm2dll);
+
+ tx = app.startTransaction();
+ try {
+ ReferenceFactory refFactory = ReferenceFactory.newInstance();
+ ReferenceBase sec = refFactory.newDatabase();
+ sec.setTitleCache("SYNTHESYS CACHE DATA", true);
+
+ /**
+ * SPECIMEN OR OBSERVATION OR LIVING
+ */
+ DerivedUnitBase derivedThing = null;
+ //create specimen
+ if (this.recordBasis != null){
+ if (this.recordBasis.toLowerCase().startsWith("s")) {//specimen
+ derivedThing = Specimen.NewInstance();
+ }
+ else if (this.recordBasis.toLowerCase().startsWith("o")) {//observation
+ derivedThing = Observation.NewInstance();
+ }
+ else if (this.recordBasis.toLowerCase().startsWith("l")) {//living -> fossil, herbarium sheet....???
+ derivedThing = LivingBeing.NewInstance();
+ }
+ }
+ if (derivedThing == null) derivedThing = Observation.NewInstance();
+
+ TaxonNameBase taxonName = null;
+ Taxon taxon = null;
+ DeterminationEvent determinationEvent = null;
+ List<TaxonNameBase> names = null;
+ NonViralNameParserImpl nvnpi = NonViralNameParserImpl.NewInstance();
+ String scientificName="";
+ boolean preferredFlag=false;
+ System.out.println(this.identificationList);
+ for (int i = 0; i < this.identificationList.size(); i++) {
+ this.fullScientificNameString = this.identificationList.get(i);
+ this.fullScientificNameString = this.fullScientificNameString.replaceAll(" et ", " & ");
+ if (this.fullScientificNameString.indexOf("_preferred_") != -1){
+ scientificName = this.fullScientificNameString.split("_preferred_")[0];
+ String pTmp = this.fullScientificNameString.split("_preferred_")[1];
+ if (pTmp == "1" || pTmp.toLowerCase().indexOf("true") != -1)
+ preferredFlag=true;
+ else
+ preferredFlag=false;
+ }
+ else scientificName = this.fullScientificNameString;
+
+// taxonName = nvnpi.parseFullName(this.fullScientificNameString,NomenclaturalCode.ICZN(),null);
+// if (taxonName.hasProblem()){
+// System.out.println("pb ICZN");
+// taxonName = nvnpi.parseFullName(this.fullScientificNameString,NomenclaturalCode.ICBN(),null);
+// if (taxonName.hasProblem()){
+// System.out.println("pb ICBN");
+// taxonName = nvnpi.parseFullName(this.fullScientificNameString,NomenclaturalCode.ICNB(), null);
+// if (taxonName.hasProblem()){
+// System.out.println("pb ICNB");
+// taxonName = nvnpi.parseFullName(this.fullScientificNameString,NomenclaturalCode.ICNCP(), null);
+// if (taxonName.hasProblem()){
+// System.out.println("pb ICNCP");
+// }
+// }
+// }
+// }
+ taxonName = nvnpi.parseFullName(scientificName);
+ if (withCdm){
+ names = app.getNameService().getNamesByName(scientificName);
+ if (names.size() == 0){
+ System.out.println("Name not found: " + scientificName);
+ }else{
+ if (names.size() > 1){
+ System.out.println("More then 1 name found: " + scientificName);
+ }
+ System.out.println("Name found");
+ taxonName = names.get(0);
+ }
+ }
+
+
+// tx = app.startTransaction();
+ app.getNameService().saveOrUpdate(taxonName);
+ taxon = Taxon.NewInstance(taxonName, sec); //TODO use real reference for sec
+// app.commitTransaction(tx);
+
+
+ determinationEvent = DeterminationEvent.NewInstance();
+ determinationEvent.setTaxon(taxon);
+ determinationEvent.setPreferredFlag(preferredFlag);
+ derivedThing.addDetermination(determinationEvent);
+ }
+
+
+ //set catalogue number (unitID)
+ derivedThing.setCatalogNumber(this.unitID);
+ derivedThing.setAccessionNumber(this.accessionNumber);
+ derivedThing.setCollectorsNumber(this.collectorsNumber);
+
+
+ /**
+ * INSTITUTION & COLLECTION
+ */
+ //manage institution
+ Institution institution;
+ List<Institution> institutions;
+ try{
+ System.out.println(this.institutionCode);
+ institutions= app.getAgentService().searchInstitutionByCode(this.institutionCode);
+ }catch(Exception e){
+ System.out.println("BLI "+e);
+ institutions=new ArrayList<Institution>();
+ }
+ if (institutions.size() ==0){
+ System.out.println("Institution (agent) unknown");
+ //create institution
+ institution = Institution.NewInstance();
+ institution.setCode(this.institutionCode);
+ }
+ else{
+ System.out.println("Institution (agent) already in the db");
+ institution = institutions.get(0);
+ }
+
+ //manage collection
+ Collection collection = Collection.NewInstance();
+ List<Collection> collections;
+ try{
+ collections = app.getCollectionService().searchByCode(this.collectionCode);
+ //.searchCollectionByCode(this.collectionCode);
+ }catch(Exception e){
+ System.out.println("BLA"+e);
+ collections=new ArrayList<Collection>();
+ }
+ if (collections.size() ==0){
+ System.out.println("Collection not found "+this.collectionCode);
+ //create new collection
+ collection.setCode(this.collectionCode);
+ collection.setCodeStandard("GBIF");
+ collection.setInstitute(institution);
+ }
+ else{
+ boolean collectionFound=false;
+ for (int i=0; i<collections.size(); i++){
+ collection = collections.get(i);
+ try {
+ if (collection.getInstitute().getCode().equalsIgnoreCase(institution.getCode())){
+ //found a collection with the same code and the same institution
+ collectionFound=true;
+ }
+ } catch (NullPointerException e) {}
+ }
+ System.out.println("a trouvé la collection avec la meme institution? "+collectionFound);
+ if (!collectionFound){ //need to add a new collection with the pre-configured institution
+ collection.setCode(this.collectionCode);
+ collection.setCodeStandard("GBIF");
+ collection.setInstitute(institution);
+ }
+
+ }
+ System.out.println("collection inserted");
+ //link specimen & collection
+ derivedThing.setCollection(collection);
+
+ /**
+ * GATHERING EVENT
+ */
+ //create gathering event
+ GatheringEvent gatheringEvent = GatheringEvent.NewInstance();
+ //add locality
+ Language language = Language.DEFAULT();
+ LanguageString loc = LanguageString.NewInstance(this.locality,language);
+ gatheringEvent.setLocality(loc);
+
+ //create coordinates point
+ Point coordinates = Point.NewInstance();
+ //add coordinates
+ coordinates.setLatitude(this.latitude);
+ coordinates.setLongitude(this.longitude);
+ gatheringEvent.setExactLocation(coordinates);
+
+ NamedArea area = NamedArea.NewInstance();
+
+
+ WaterbodyOrCountry country = null;
+// System.out.println("isocountry "+this.isocountry);
+ if (this.isocountry != null)
+ country = app.getOccurrenceService().getCountryByIso(this.isocountry);
+
+// System.out.println(country.getLabel());
+// Set<Continent> cont = country.getContinents();
+//
+// System.out.println(cont.size());
+// Iterator<Continent> iter = cont.iterator();
+// while (iter.hasNext())
+// System.out.println(iter.next().toString());
+
+ if (country != null){
+ area.addWaterbodyOrCountry(country);
+ System.out.println("country not null!");
+ }
+// else{
+// if (this.country != null){
+// List<WaterbodyOrCountry>countries = app.getOccurrenceService().getWaterbodyOrCountryByName(this.country);
+// if (countries.size() >0)
+// area.addWaterbodyOrCountry(countries.get(0));
+// else
+// System.out.println("NO COUNTRY");//TODO need to add a new country!
+// }
+// }
+// app.getTermService().saveTerm(area);
+ gatheringEvent.addCollectingArea(area);
+
+ //create collector
+ AgentBase collector;
+ ListIterator<String> collectors = this.gatheringAgentList.listIterator();
+ //add the collectors
+ String collName;
+ while (collectors.hasNext()){
+ collName = collectors.next();
+ /*check if the collector does already exist*/
+ try{
+ Pager<AgentBase> col = app.getAgentService().findByTitle(null, collName, null, null, null, null, null, null);
+ collector=col.getRecords().get(0);
+ System.out.println("a trouve l'agent");
+ }catch (Exception e) {
+ collector = Person.NewInstance();
+ collector.setTitleCache(collName, true);
+ }
+ gatheringEvent.setCollector(collector);
+ }
+
+ //create field/observation
+ FieldObservation fieldObservation = FieldObservation.NewInstance();
+ //add fieldNumber
+ fieldObservation.setFieldNumber(this.fieldNumber);
+
+ //join gatheringEvent to fieldObservation
+ fieldObservation.setGatheringEvent(gatheringEvent);
+
+
+// //link fieldObservation and specimen
+ DerivationEvent derivationEvent = DerivationEvent.NewInstance();
+ derivationEvent.addOriginal(fieldObservation);
+ derivedThing.addDerivationEvent(derivationEvent);
+// derivationEvent.addDerivative(derivedThing);
+
+ /**
+ * SAVE AND STORE DATA
+ */
+ //save the specimen data
+ // app.getOccurrenceService().saveSpecimenOrObservationBase(fieldObservation);
+ try {
+// tx = app.startTransaction();
+ app.getTermService().saveOrUpdate(area);//save it sooner
+ app.getOccurrenceService().saveOrUpdate(derivedThing);
+// app.commitTransaction(tx);
+// app.close();
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+ System.out.println("PATATE "+e);
+ }
+
+
+ logger.info("saved new specimen ...");
+
+
+
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ logger.warn("Error when reading record!!");
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ result = false;
+ }
+//
+ app.commitTransaction(tx);
+ System.out.println("commit done");
+ app.close();
+
+ return result;
+ }
+
+
+
+ private DeterminationEvent getDetermination(Taxon taxon, String actor){
+ logger.info("Create determination event");
+ DeterminationEvent determinationEvent = DeterminationEvent.NewInstance();
+ determinationEvent.setTaxon(taxon);
+ Person person = Person.NewTitledInstance(actor);
+ determinationEvent.setActor(person);
+ return determinationEvent;
+ }
+
+
+
+ /**
+ * @param args
+ * @throws URISyntaxException
+ */
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws URISyntaxException {
+ URI uri = new URI("file:///home/patricia/Desktop/CDMtabular9c04a474e2_23_09_08.xls");
+
+ logger.info("main method");
+ SynthesysCacheActivator abcdAct = new SynthesysCacheActivator();
+ ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> units;
+ try {
+ units = ExcelUtils.parseXLS(uri);
+ } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+ logger.error("FileNotFound: " + uri);
+ return;
+ }
+ HashMap<String,String> unit=null;
+ for (int i=0; i<units.size();i++){
+ unit = units.get(i);
+ logger.info(unit);
+ abcdAct.saveUnit(unit);//and then invoke
+ abcdAct.invoke();
+
+ }
+ }
+
+
+
+}
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.tcs;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.IReferenceService;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.tcsrdf.TcsRdfImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.TimePeriod;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.IBook;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.06.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class TcsRdfTestActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(TcsRdfTestActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final String tcsSource = TcsSources.tcsRdf_globis();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+\r
+ static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("00000000-0c97-48ac-8d33-6099ed68345");\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "XXX";\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+ \r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doMetaData = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private void doImport(){\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from Tcs("+ tcsSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ //make BerlinModel Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(tcsSource);\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ TcsRdfImportConfigurator tcsImportConfigurator = TcsRdfImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ \r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ \r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<TcsRdfImportConfigurator> tcsImport = new CdmDefaultImport<TcsRdfImportConfigurator>();\r
+ tcsImport.invoke(tcsImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ IReferenceService refService = tcsImport.getCdmAppController().getReferenceService();\r
+ ReferenceFactory refFactory = ReferenceFactory.newInstance();\r
+ IBook book = refFactory.newBook();\r
+ //book.setDatePublished(TimePeriod.NewInstance(1945));\r
+ book.setDatePublished(TimePeriod.NewInstance(1945).setEndDay(12).setEndMonth(4));\r
+ refService.saveOrUpdate((ReferenceBase)book);\r
+ tcsImport.getCdmAppController().close();\r
+ logger.info("End");\r
+ System.out.println("End import from TCS ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ TcsRdfTestActivator me = new TcsRdfTestActivator();\r
+ me.doImport();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.tcs;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+import java.net.URL;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.sdd.SDDSources;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.06.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class TcsSources {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(TcsSources.class);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")\r
+ public static URI normalExplicit(){\r
+ try {\r
+// URL url = new File(("C:\\localCopy\\eclipse\\cdmlib\\trunk\\app-import\\src\\main\\resources\\excel\\NormalExplicit.xls")).toURL();\r
+ \r
+ // FIXME what is this????\r
+ URL url = new File("D:\\NormalExplicit.xls").toURI().toURL();\r
+\r
+ \r
+// URL url = new TcsSources().getClass().getResource("excel/NormalExplicit.xls");\r
+ boolean exists = new File(url.getFile()).exists();\r
+ if (! exists) throw new RuntimeException("File not found: " + url);\r
+ URI uri = url.toURI();\r
+ return uri;\r
+ } catch (MalformedURLException e1) {\r
+ // TODO Auto-generated catch block\r
+ e1.printStackTrace();\r
+ throw new RuntimeException(e1);\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ throw new RuntimeException(e);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static String arecaceae(){\r
+ // Monocots rdf\r
+ String sourceUrl = "http://dev.e-taxonomy.eu/trac/attachment/wiki/SampleDataConversion/Monocotyledonae/arecaceae.rdf?format=raw";\r
+ logger.debug("TcsSource " + sourceUrl);\r
+ return sourceUrl;\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static String taxonX_local(){\r
+ // Monocots rdf\r
+ //String sourceUrl = "file:C:/localCopy/eclipse/cdmlib/app-import/src/main/resources/palm_tn_29336.xml";\r
+ URL url = new SDDSources().getClass().getResource("/taxonX/palm_tn_29336.xml");\r
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();\r
+ return sourceUrl;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public static File taxonX_localDir(){\r
+ // Monocots rdf\r
+ File sourceDir = new File("target/classes/taxonX/"); //palm_tc_14495.xml\r
+ return sourceDir;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static String arecaceae_local(){\r
+ // Monocots rdf\r
+ //String sourceUrl = "file:C:/localCopy/eclipse/cdmlib/app-import/src/main/resources/arecaceae.rdf";\r
+ URL url = new SDDSources().getClass().getResource("/arecaceae.rdf");\r
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();\r
+ return sourceUrl;\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ public static String arecaceae_short(){\r
+ // Monocots rdf\r
+ URL url = new SDDSources().getClass().getResource("/arecaceae_short.rdf");\r
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();\r
+ return sourceUrl;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public static String tcsXmlTest_local(){\r
+ // tcsXmlTest.xml\r
+ URL url = new TcsSources().getClass().getResource("/tcs/tcsXmlTest.xml");\r
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();\r
+ return sourceUrl;\r
+ \r
+ } \r
+\r
+ public static String tcsXml_cichorium(){\r
+ // tcsXmlTest.xml\r
+ URL url = new TcsSources().getClass().getResource("/tcs/Cichorium_tcs.xml");\r
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();\r
+ return sourceUrl; \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static String tcsXml_localPath(){\r
+ File file = new File("C:\\localCopy\\Data\\tdwg\\Cichorium_tcs.xml");\r
+ String sourceUrl;\r
+ try{\r
+ sourceUrl = file.toURI().toURL().toString();\r
+ } catch (MalformedURLException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ throw new RuntimeException(e);\r
+ }\r
+ return sourceUrl;\r
+ \r
+ } \r
+ \r
+ public static String tcsXmlTest_local2(){\r
+ // tcsXmlTest.xml\r
+ URL url = new TcsSources().getClass().getResource("/TcsXmlImportConfiguratorTest-input.xml");\r
+ String sourceUrl = url.toString();\r
+ return sourceUrl; \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static String tcsRdf_globis(){\r
+ // globis.rdf.xml\r
+ //String sourceUrl = "file:C:/Dokumente und Einstellungen/a.kohlbecker.BGBM/Desktop/globis.rdf.xml";\r
+ String sourceUrl = "/globis_valid.rdf.xml";\r
+ URL resourceUrl = new TcsSources().getClass().getResource(sourceUrl);\r
+ logger.debug("TcsRdfSource " + resourceUrl.toString());\r
+ return resourceUrl.toString();\r
+ \r
+ } \r
+ \r
+\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.tcs;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.exel.NormalExplicitTestActivator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.tcsxml.in.TcsXmlImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.06.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class TcsXmlTestActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(TcsXmlTestActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final String tcsSource = TcsSources.tcsXml_cichorium();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_andreasM();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_local_postgres_CdmTest();\r
+\r
+ static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("00000000-0c97-48ac-8d33-6099ed68c625");\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "TestTCS";\r
+ \r
+ static final boolean includeNormalExplicit = true; \r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+ \r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doMetaData = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private void doImport(){\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from Tcs("+ tcsSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(tcsSource);\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ TcsXmlImportConfigurator tcsImportConfigurator = TcsXmlImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoMetaData(doMetaData);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ \r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ \r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<TcsXmlImportConfigurator> tcsImport = new CdmDefaultImport<TcsXmlImportConfigurator>();\r
+ //new Test().invoke(tcsImportConfigurator);\r
+ tcsImport.invoke(tcsImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+// IReferenceService refService = tcsImport.getCdmAppController().getReferenceService();\r
+// IBook book = ReferenceFactory.newBook();\r
+// book.setDatePublished(TimePeriod.NewInstance(1945).setEndDay(12).setEndMonth(4));\r
+// refService.saveOrUpdate((ReferenceBase)book);\r
+// tcsImport.getCdmAppController().close();\r
+ \r
+ NormalExplicitTestActivator normExActivator = new NormalExplicitTestActivator();\r
+ normExActivator.doImport(destination, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE);\r
+ \r
+ logger.info("End");\r
+ System.out.println("End import from TCS ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ TcsXmlTestActivator me = new TcsXmlTestActivator();\r
+ me.doImport();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.testUpdate;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.eflora.EfloraSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.DefaultProgressMonitor;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.update.CdmUpdater;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ericaceae.CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Language;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.06.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class EricaceaeTestUpdateActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EricaceaeTestUpdateActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE;\r
+ static final URI source = EfloraSources.ericacea_local();\r
+\r
+ \r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_test_andreasM2();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_flora_central_africa_preview();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_flora_central_africa_production();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2();\r
+// static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_local_postgres_CdmTest();\r
+ \r
+\r
+ //feature tree uuid\r
+ public static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("051d35ee-22f1-42d8-be07-9e9bfec5bcf7");\r
+ \r
+ public static UUID defaultLanguageUuid = Language.uuidEnglish;\r
+ \r
+ //classification\r
+ static final UUID classificationUuid = UUID.fromString("10e5efcc-6e13-4abc-ad42-e0b46e50cbe7");\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+ \r
+ static boolean doPrintKeys = false;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = false;\r
+\r
+ private boolean includeEricaceae = true;\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private void doImport(ICdmDataSource cdmDestination){\r
+ \r
+ CdmUpdater updater = new CdmUpdater();\r
+ updater.updateToCurrentVersion(cdmDestination, DefaultProgressMonitor.NewInstance());\r
+ \r
+ //make Source\r
+ CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator config= CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, cdmDestination);\r
+ config.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(classificationUuid);\r
+ config.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ config.setCheck(check);\r
+ config.setDefaultLanguageUuid(defaultLanguageUuid);\r
+ config.setDoPrintKeys(doPrintKeys);\r
+ config.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultImport<EfloraImportConfigurator> myImport = new CdmDefaultImport<EfloraImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ CdmApplicationController app = myImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //\r
+ if (includeEricaceae){\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from ("+ source.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ config.setSourceReference(getSourceReference(config.getSourceReferenceTitle()));\r
+ myImport.invoke(config);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ app = myImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ \r
+ TransactionStatus tx = app.startTransaction();\r
+ List<FeatureTree> featureTrees = app.getFeatureTreeService().list(null, null, null, null, null);\r
+ for (FeatureTree tree :featureTrees){\r
+ if (tree.getClass().getSimpleName().equalsIgnoreCase("FeatureTree")){\r
+ moveChild(app, tree);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ app.commitTransaction(tx);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param app\r
+ * @param tree\r
+ */\r
+ private void moveChild(CdmApplicationController app, FeatureTree tree) {\r
+ FeatureNode root = tree.getRoot();\r
+ int count = root.getChildCount();\r
+ FeatureNode lastChild = root.getChildAt(count - 1);\r
+ root.removeChild(lastChild);\r
+ root.addChild(lastChild, 1);\r
+ app.getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private ReferenceBase getSourceReference(String string) {\r
+ ReferenceBase result = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ result.setTitleCache(string);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ EricaceaeTestUpdateActivator me = new EricaceaeTestUpdateActivator();\r
+ me.doImport(cdmDestination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2008 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.util;\r
+\r
+import java.util.ArrayList;\r
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.AccountStore;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.CdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.jaxb.DataSet;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.AgentBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Institution;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.InstitutionalMembership;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Person;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.AnnotatableEntity;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.DefinedTermBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.TimePeriod;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.VersionableEntity;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.IndividualsAssociation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.QuantitativeData;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.StatisticalMeasure;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.StatisticalMeasurementValue;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonDescription;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonInteraction;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonNameDescription;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.NamedAreaType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.WaterbodyOrCountry;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.BotanicalName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.Rank;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.Specimen;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.SpecimenOrObservationBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Synonym;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.SynonymRelationshipType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonomicTree;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.babadshanjan\r
+ * @created 28.10.2008\r
+ */\r
+public class TestDatabase {\r
+\r
+ private static final String server = "192.168.2.10";\r
+ private static final String username = "edit";\r
+\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(TestDatabase.class);\r
+\r
+ public static ICdmDataSource CDM_DB(String dbname) {\r
+ \r
+ logger.info("Setting DB " + dbname);\r
+ String password = AccountStore.readOrStorePassword(dbname, server, username, null);\r
+ ICdmDataSource datasource = CdmDataSource.NewMySqlInstance(server, dbname, username, password, NomenclaturalCode.ICBN);\r
+ return datasource;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static CdmApplicationController \r
+ initDb(ICdmDataSource db, DbSchemaValidation dbSchemaValidation, boolean omitTermLoading) {\r
+ \r
+ logger.info("Initializing database '" + db.getName() + "'");\r
+ \r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtrInit = null;\r
+ appCtrInit = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(db, dbSchemaValidation, omitTermLoading);\r
+ \r
+ return appCtrInit;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static void loadTestData(String dbname, CdmApplicationController appCtr) {\r
+ \r
+ logger.info("Loading test data into " + dbname);\r
+ \r
+ TransactionStatus txStatus = appCtr.startTransaction();\r
+ DataSet dataSet = buildDataSet();\r
+ \r
+ appCtr.getTermService().save(dataSet.getTerms());\r
+ appCtr.getTaxonService().save(dataSet.getTaxonBases());\r
+\r
+ appCtr.commitTransaction(txStatus);\r
+ appCtr.close();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * This method constructs a small sample taxonomic tree to test JAXB marshaling.\r
+ * The sample tree contains four taxa. The root taxon has two children taxa, and\r
+ * there is one "free" taxon without a parent and children.\r
+ */\r
+ private static DataSet buildDataSet() {\r
+\r
+ List<AgentBase> agents = new ArrayList<AgentBase>();\r
+ List<VersionableEntity> agentData = new ArrayList<VersionableEntity>();\r
+ //List<Agent> agentData = new ArrayList<Agent>();\r
+ \r
+ //List<TermBase> terms = new ArrayList<TermBase>();\r
+ List<DefinedTermBase> terms = new ArrayList<DefinedTermBase>();\r
+ List<ReferenceBase> references = new ArrayList<ReferenceBase>();\r
+ List<TaxonNameBase> taxonomicNames = new ArrayList<TaxonNameBase>();\r
+ List<TaxonBase> taxonBases = new ArrayList<TaxonBase>();\r
+ \r
+ List<Feature> features = new ArrayList<Feature>();\r
+ \r
+ Feature feature1 = Feature.BIOLOGY_ECOLOGY();\r
+ \r
+ TaxonNameDescription taxNameDescription = TaxonNameDescription.NewInstance();\r
+ taxNameDescription.addFeature(feature1);\r
+ QuantitativeData element = QuantitativeData.NewInstance();\r
+ StatisticalMeasurementValue statisticalValue = StatisticalMeasurementValue.NewInstance();\r
+ statisticalValue.setType(StatisticalMeasure.MAX());\r
+ statisticalValue.setValue((float) 2.1);\r
+ element.addStatisticalValue(statisticalValue);\r
+ taxNameDescription.addElement(element);\r
+ \r
+ SpecimenOrObservationBase specimen = Specimen.NewInstance();\r
+ \r
+ specimen.setIndividualCount(12);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ Feature featureIndAss = Feature.INDIVIDUALS_ASSOCIATION();\r
+ TaxonNameDescription newTaxNameDesc = TaxonNameDescription.NewInstance();\r
+ newTaxNameDesc.addFeature(featureIndAss);\r
+ IndividualsAssociation indAss = IndividualsAssociation.NewInstance();\r
+ indAss.setAssociatedSpecimenOrObservation(specimen);\r
+ \r
+ newTaxNameDesc.addElement(indAss);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+// List<Synonym> synonyms = new ArrayList<Synonym>();\r
+ List<AnnotatableEntity> homotypicalGroups;\r
+\r
+ ReferenceBase citRef, sec;\r
+ BotanicalName name1, name2, name21, nameRoot1, nameFree, synName11, synName12, synName2, synNameFree;\r
+ BotanicalName nameRoot2, nameR2_1, nameR2_2;\r
+ Taxon child1, child2, child21, root1T, root2T, freeT;\r
+ Taxon childR2_1, childR2_2;\r
+ TaxonNode child1Node, child2Node, child21Node, root1TNode, root2TNode, freeTNode;\r
+ TaxonNode childR2_1Node, childR2_2Node;\r
+ TaxonomicTree taxTree, taxTree2;\r
+ Synonym syn11, syn12, syn2, synFree;\r
+ Rank rankSpecies, rankSubspecies, rankGenus;\r
+\r
+ // agents \r
+ // - persons, institutions \r
+\r
+ Person linne = new Person("Carl", "Linne", "L.");\r
+ linne.setTitleCache("Linne & Karl", true);\r
+ GregorianCalendar birth = new GregorianCalendar(1707, 4, 23);\r
+ GregorianCalendar death = new GregorianCalendar(1778, 0, 10);\r
+ TimePeriod period = TimePeriod.NewInstance(birth, death);\r
+ linne.setLifespan(period);\r
+\r
+// Keyword keyword = Keyword.NewInstance("plantarum", "lat", "");\r
+// linne.addKeyword(keyword);\r
+\r
+ Institution institute = Institution.NewInstance();\r
+\r
+ agents.add(linne);\r
+ agents.add(institute);\r
+\r
+ // agent data\r
+ // - contacts, addresses, memberships\r
+\r
+ //Contact contact1 = new Contact();\r
+ //contact1.setEmail("someone@somewhere.org");\r
+ InstitutionalMembership membership \r
+ = new InstitutionalMembership(institute, linne, period, "Biodiversity", "Head");\r
+ //agentData.add(contact1);\r
+\r
+ agentData.add(membership);\r
+\r
+ // terms\r
+ // - ranks, keywords\r
+\r
+ rankSpecies = Rank.SPECIES();\r
+ rankSubspecies = Rank.SUBSPECIES();\r
+ rankGenus = Rank.GENUS();\r
+ \r
+// terms.add(keyword);\r
+ \r
+ // taxonomic names\r
+ \r
+ nameRoot1 = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankGenus,"Calendula",null,null,null,linne,null,"p.100", null);\r
+ nameRoot1.addDescription(taxNameDescription);\r
+ nameRoot1.addDescription(newTaxNameDesc);\r
+ name1 = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies,"Calendula",null,"arvensis",null,linne,null,"p.1", null);\r
+ synName11 = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies,"Caltha",null,"arvensis",null,linne,null,"p.11", null);\r
+ synName12 = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies,"Calendula",null,"sancta",null,linne,null,"p.12", null);\r
+ \r
+ name2 = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies,"Calendula",null,"lanzae",null,linne,null,"p.2", null);\r
+ synName2 = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies,"Calendula",null,"echinata",null,linne,null,"p.2", null);\r
+ \r
+ name21 = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSubspecies,"Calendula",null,"lanzea","something",linne,null,"p.1", null);\r
+ //name211 = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies,"Calendula",null,"lanzea",null,linne,null,"p.1", null);\r
+ //name212 = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies,"Calendula",null,"lanzea",null,linne,null,"p.1", null);\r
+ \r
+ nameRoot2 = \r
+ BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankGenus,"Sonchus",null,null,null,linne,null,"p.200", null);\r
+ nameR2_1 = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies,"Sonchus",null,"child1",null,linne,null,"p.1", null);\r
+ nameR2_2 = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies,"Sonchus",null,"child2",null,linne,null,"p.2", null);\r
+ \r
+ nameFree = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies,"Cichorium",null,"intybus",null,linne,null,"p.200", null);\r
+ synNameFree = BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies,"Cichorium",null,"balearicum",null,linne,null,"p.2", null);\r
+\r
+ taxonomicNames.add(nameRoot1);\r
+ taxonomicNames.add(name1);\r
+ taxonomicNames.add(synName11);\r
+ taxonomicNames.add(synName12);\r
+ taxonomicNames.add(name2);\r
+ taxonomicNames.add(name21);\r
+ taxonomicNames.add(synName2);\r
+ taxonomicNames.add(nameFree);\r
+ taxonomicNames.add(synNameFree);\r
+ taxonomicNames.add(nameRoot2);\r
+ \r
+ // references\r
+ ReferenceFactory refFactory = ReferenceFactory.newInstance();\r
+ sec = refFactory.newBook();\r
+ sec.setAuthorTeam(linne);\r
+ sec.setTitleCache("Plant Specification & Taxonomy", true);\r
+ references.add(sec);\r
+ \r
+ citRef = refFactory.newDatabase();\r
+ citRef.setAuthorTeam(linne);\r
+ citRef.setTitleCache("BioCASE", true);\r
+ references.add(citRef);\r
+\r
+ // taxa\r
+ \r
+ root1T = Taxon.NewInstance(nameRoot1, sec);\r
+ root2T = Taxon.NewInstance(nameRoot2, sec);\r
+ freeT = Taxon.NewInstance(nameFree, sec);\r
+ child1 = Taxon.NewInstance(name1, sec);\r
+ child2 = Taxon.NewInstance(name2, sec);\r
+ child21 = Taxon.NewInstance(name21, sec);\r
+ childR2_1 = Taxon.NewInstance(nameR2_1, sec);\r
+ childR2_2 = Taxon.NewInstance(nameR2_2, sec);\r
+ \r
+ //TaxonInteractions\r
+ \r
+ TaxonInteraction descBase = TaxonInteraction.NewInstance();\r
+ descBase.setTaxon2(root1T);\r
+ Feature hostplant = Feature.HOSTPLANT();\r
+ \r
+ descBase.setFeature(hostplant);\r
+ TaxonDescription taxDesc = TaxonDescription.NewInstance();\r
+ taxDesc.addElement(descBase);\r
+ root2T.addDescription(taxDesc);\r
+ \r
+ //locations\r
+ \r
+ taxDesc = TaxonDescription.NewInstance();\r
+ Feature locationFeature = Feature.DISTRIBUTION();\r
+\r
+ \r
+ //locationFeature.\r
+ WaterbodyOrCountry area = WaterbodyOrCountry.NewInstance("", "locationTest", null);\r
+ area.setType(NamedAreaType.NATURAL_AREA());\r
+ \r
+ //WaterbodyOrCountry woC= WaterbodyOrCountry.NewInstance();\r
+ area.addWaterbodyOrCountry(WaterbodyOrCountry.AFGHANISTAN());\r
+ taxDesc.addGeoScope(area);\r
+ taxDesc.addFeature(locationFeature);\r
+ root1T.addDescription(taxDesc);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ // synonyms\r
+ \r
+ synFree = Synonym.NewInstance(synNameFree, sec);\r
+ syn11 = Synonym.NewInstance(synName11, sec);\r
+ syn12 = Synonym.NewInstance(synName12, sec);\r
+ syn2 = Synonym.NewInstance(synName2, sec);\r
+ \r
+ child1.addSynonym(syn11, SynonymRelationshipType.HOMOTYPIC_SYNONYM_OF());\r
+ child1.addSynonym(syn12, SynonymRelationshipType.HETEROTYPIC_SYNONYM_OF());\r
+ child2.addSynonym(syn2, SynonymRelationshipType.HETEROTYPIC_SYNONYM_OF());\r
+ freeT.addSynonym(synFree, SynonymRelationshipType.HETEROTYPIC_SYNONYM_OF());\r
+\r
+ taxonBases.add(synFree);\r
+ taxonBases.add(syn11);\r
+ taxonBases.add(syn12);\r
+ taxonBases.add(syn2);\r
+ \r
+ // taxonomic children\r
+ \r
+ //TODO: Adapt to taxonomic tree\r
+ taxTree = TaxonomicTree.NewInstance("TestTree");\r
+ \r
+ root1TNode = taxTree.addChildTaxon(root1T, sec, null, null);\r
+ child1Node = root1TNode.addChildTaxon(child1, null, null, null);\r
+ child2Node = root1TNode.addChildTaxon(child2, null, null, null);\r
+ child21Node = child2Node.addChildTaxon(child21, null, null, null);\r
+ \r
+ taxTree2 = TaxonomicTree.NewInstance("TestTree2");\r
+ \r
+ root2TNode = taxTree2.addChildTaxon(root2T, sec, null, null);\r
+ root2TNode.addChildTaxon(child1, sec, "p.1010", syn11);\r
+ root2TNode.addChildTaxon(child2, null, null, null);\r
+ \r
+ /*\r
+ root1T.addTaxonomicChild(child1, sec, "p.1010");\r
+ root1T.addTaxonomicChild(child2, sec, "p.1020");\r
+ child2.addTaxonomicChild(child21, sec, "p.2000");\r
+ \r
+ root2T.addTaxonomicChild(child1, sec, "p.1010");\r
+ root2T.addTaxonomicChild(child2, sec, "p.1020");\r
+ */\r
+ //\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ taxonBases.add(root1T);\r
+ taxonBases.add(root2T);\r
+ taxonBases.add(freeT);\r
+ taxonBases.add(child1);\r
+ taxonBases.add(child2);\r
+ taxonBases.add(child21);\r
+ taxonBases.add(childR2_1);\r
+ taxonBases.add(childR2_2);\r
+ \r
+ DataSet dataSet = new DataSet();\r
+ \r
+ logger.warn("WARNING: TestDatabase has been commented in parts. Mainly, must be adapted to taxonomic tree.");\r
+ \r
+ dataSet.setTerms(terms);\r
+ dataSet.setAgents(agents);\r
+// dataSet.setAgentData(agentData); //TODO\r
+ dataSet.setReferences(references);\r
+ dataSet.setTaxonomicNames(taxonomicNames);\r
+ dataSet.setTaxonBases(taxonBases);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ return dataSet;\r
+\r
+ }\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2008 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.util;\r
+\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.AgentBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.TeamOrPersonBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.BotanicalName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.Rank;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.babadshanjan\r
+ * @created 27.10.2008\r
+ */\r
+public class TestTransaction {\r
+ \r
+ private static final String dbName = "cdm_test_jaxb";\r
+ private static final int MAX_ENTRIES = 20;\r
+ \r
+ private static final ICdmDataSource db = TestDatabase.CDM_DB(dbName);\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(TestTransaction.class);\r
+\r
+ \r
+ /** Modifies disjunct objects within two transactions of one application context.\r
+ * Flow:\r
+ * Start transaction #1. Modify and save taxon #1.\r
+ * Start transaction #2. Modify taxon #2.\r
+ * Commit transaction #1.\r
+ * Save taxon #2.\r
+ * Commit transaction #2.\r
+ * \r
+ * It is possible to commit transaction #2 before committing transaction #1\r
+ * but it is not possible to modify data after transaction #2 has been committed\r
+ * (LazyInitializationException). However, it is possible to save data after \r
+ * transaction #2 has been committed.\r
+ */ \r
+ private void modifyDisjunctObjects() {\r
+ \r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtr = null;\r
+ logger.info("Test modifying disjunct objects");\r
+\r
+ try {\r
+ appCtr = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(db, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE, true);\r
+\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.error("Error creating application controller");\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ System.exit(1);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ BotanicalName name1, name2;\r
+ Rank rankSpecies = Rank.SPECIES();\r
+ Taxon taxon1, taxon2, child1, child2;\r
+ \r
+ try {\r
+ /* ************** Start Transaction #1 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ TransactionStatus txStatOne = appCtr.startTransaction();\r
+ \r
+ List<? extends AgentBase> agents = appCtr.getAgentService().list(null, MAX_ENTRIES, 0, null, null);\r
+ //List<TeamOrPersonBase> agents = appCtr.getAgentService().getAllAgents(MAX_ENTRIES, 0);\r
+ TeamOrPersonBase author = (TeamOrPersonBase) agents.get(0);\r
+ List<ReferenceBase> references = appCtr.getReferenceService().list(null, MAX_ENTRIES, 0, null, null);\r
+ ReferenceBase sec = references.get(0);\r
+ List<Taxon> taxa = appCtr.getTaxonService().getAllTaxa(MAX_ENTRIES, 0);\r
+\r
+ name1 = \r
+ BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies, "Hyoseris", null, "lucida", null, author, null, "1", null);\r
+ // Calendula L.\r
+ taxon1 = taxa.get(0);\r
+ child1 = Taxon.NewInstance(name1, sec);\r
+ taxon1.addTaxonomicChild(child1, sec, "D#t1-c1");\r
+ appCtr.getTaxonService().saveOrUpdate(taxon1);\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* ************** Start Transaction #2 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ TransactionStatus txStatTwo = appCtr.startTransaction();\r
+\r
+ name2 = \r
+ BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies, "Hyoseris", null, "scabra", null, author, null, "2", null);\r
+ // Sonchus L.\r
+ taxon2 = taxa.get(1);\r
+ child2 = Taxon.NewInstance(name2, sec);\r
+ taxon2.addTaxonomicChild(child2, sec, "D#t2-c2");\r
+ \r
+ /* ************** Commit Transaction #1 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ appCtr.commitTransaction(txStatOne);\r
+ \r
+ UUID t2uuid = appCtr.getTaxonService().saveOrUpdate(taxon2);\r
+ \r
+ /* ************** Commit Transaction #2 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ appCtr.commitTransaction(txStatTwo);\r
+ \r
+ appCtr.close();\r
+ logger.info("End test modifying disjunct objects"); \r
+ \r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.error("Error");\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /** Modifies shared objects within two transactions of one application context.\r
+ * Flow:\r
+ * Start transaction #1. Modify and save taxon #1.\r
+ * Start transaction #2. Modify taxon #1.\r
+ * Commit transaction #1.\r
+ * Save taxon #1.\r
+ * Commit transaction #2.\r
+ */ \r
+ private void modifySharedObjects() {\r
+ \r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtr = null;\r
+ logger.info("Test modifying shared objects");\r
+\r
+ try {\r
+ appCtr = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(db, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE, true);\r
+\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.error("Error creating application controller");\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ System.exit(1);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ BotanicalName name1, name2;\r
+ Rank rankSpecies = Rank.SPECIES();\r
+ Taxon taxon1, taxon2, child1, child2;\r
+ \r
+ try {\r
+ /* ************** Start Transaction #1 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ TransactionStatus txStatOne = appCtr.startTransaction();\r
+ \r
+ List<? extends AgentBase> agents = appCtr.getAgentService().list(null, MAX_ENTRIES, 0, null, null);\r
+ //List<TeamOrPersonBase> agents = appCtr.getAgentService().getAllAgents(MAX_ENTRIES, 0);\r
+ TeamOrPersonBase author = (TeamOrPersonBase) agents.get(0);\r
+ List<ReferenceBase> references = appCtr.getReferenceService().list(null, MAX_ENTRIES, 0, null, null);\r
+ ReferenceBase sec = references.get(0);\r
+ List<Taxon> taxa = appCtr.getTaxonService().getAllTaxa(MAX_ENTRIES, 0);\r
+\r
+ name1 = \r
+ BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies, "Launaea", null, "child1", null, author, null, "1", null);\r
+ // Cichorium intybus L.\r
+ taxon1 = taxa.get(5);\r
+ child1 = Taxon.NewInstance(name1, sec);\r
+ taxon1.addTaxonomicChild(child1, sec, "S#t1-c1");\r
+ appCtr.getTaxonService().saveOrUpdate(taxon1);\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* ************** Start Transaction #2 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ TransactionStatus txStatTwo = appCtr.startTransaction();\r
+\r
+ name2 = \r
+ BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies, "Reichardia", null, "child2", null, author, null, "2", null);\r
+ // Cichorium intybus L.\r
+ taxon2 = taxa.get(5);\r
+ child2 = Taxon.NewInstance(name2, sec);\r
+ taxon2.addTaxonomicChild(child2, sec, "S#t1-c2");\r
+ \r
+ /* ************** Commit Transaction #1 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ appCtr.commitTransaction(txStatOne);\r
+ \r
+ UUID t2uuid = appCtr.getTaxonService().saveOrUpdate(taxon2);\r
+ \r
+ /* ************** Commit Transaction #2 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ appCtr.commitTransaction(txStatTwo);\r
+ \r
+ appCtr.close();\r
+ logger.info("End test modifying shared objects"); \r
+ \r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.error("Error");\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ private void checkTransactionFacets() {\r
+ \r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtr = null;\r
+ logger.info("Test checking transaction facets");\r
+ \r
+ try {\r
+ appCtr = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(db, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE, true);\r
+\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.error("Error creating application controller");\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ System.exit(1);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ try {\r
+ /* ************** Start Transaction #1 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ TransactionStatus txStatOne = appCtr.startTransaction();\r
+ appCtr.commitTransaction(txStatOne);\r
+ // set CdmApplicationController = debug in log4j.properties to see the transaction properties\r
+ appCtr.close();\r
+ logger.info("End test ask session for objects"); \r
+ \r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.error("Error");\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private void askSessionForObjects() {\r
+ \r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtr = null;\r
+ logger.info("Test asking session for objects");\r
+\r
+ try {\r
+ appCtr = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(db, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE, true);\r
+\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.error("Error creating application controller");\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ System.exit(1);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ BotanicalName name1, name1_;\r
+ Rank rankSpecies = Rank.SPECIES();\r
+ Taxon taxon1;\r
+ TaxonBase taxon1_;\r
+ UUID t1uuid;\r
+ \r
+ try {\r
+ /* ************** Start Transaction #1 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ TransactionStatus txStatOne = appCtr.startTransaction();\r
+ \r
+ List<? extends AgentBase> agents = appCtr.getAgentService().list(null, MAX_ENTRIES, 0, null, null);\r
+ //List<TeamOrPersonBase> agents = appCtr.getAgentService().getAllAgents(MAX_ENTRIES, 0);\r
+ //Agent author = agents.get(0);\r
+ TeamOrPersonBase author = (TeamOrPersonBase) agents.get(0);\r
+ List<ReferenceBase> references = appCtr.getReferenceService().list(null, MAX_ENTRIES, 0, null, null);\r
+ ReferenceBase sec = references.get(0);\r
+\r
+ name1 = \r
+ BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies, "NewTaxon1", null, "taxon1", null, author, null, "1", null);\r
+ taxon1 = Taxon.NewInstance(name1, sec);\r
+ t1uuid = appCtr.getTaxonService().saveOrUpdate(taxon1);\r
+ //t1uuid = appCtr.getTaxonService().saveTaxon(taxon1, txStatOne);\r
+\r
+ /* ************** Start Transaction #2 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ TransactionStatus txStatTwo = appCtr.startTransaction();\r
+\r
+ // ask whether object taxon1 is known\r
+ //getSession().\r
+ \r
+ name1_ = \r
+ BotanicalName.NewInstance(rankSpecies, "NewTaxon1_", null, "taxon1_", null, author, null, "1_", null);\r
+ taxon1_ = appCtr.getTaxonService().find(t1uuid);\r
+ \r
+ /* ************** Commit Transaction #1 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ appCtr.commitTransaction(txStatOne);\r
+ \r
+ //UUID t2uuid = appCtr.getTaxonService().saveTaxon(taxon2);\r
+ \r
+ /* ************** Commit Transaction #2 ******************************** */\r
+ \r
+ appCtr.commitTransaction(txStatTwo);\r
+ \r
+ appCtr.close();\r
+ logger.info("End test ask session for objects"); \r
+ \r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.error("Error");\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ private void test() { \r
+ \r
+ /* Init DB */\r
+ // initDb(ICdmDataSource db, DbSchemaValidation dbSchemaValidation, boolean omitTermLoading)\r
+ CdmApplicationController appCtrInit = TestDatabase.initDb(db, DbSchemaValidation.CREATE, false);\r
+\r
+ /* Load test data into DB */\r
+// TestDatabase.loadTestData(dbName, appCtrInit);\r
+\r
+// checkTransactionFacets();\r
+// modifyDisjunctObjects();\r
+// modifySharedObjects();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ TestTransaction ta = new TestTransaction();\r
+ ta.test();\r
+ }\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.viennaImport;\r
+\r
+import java.sql.ResultSet;\r
+import java.sql.SQLException;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.AccountStore;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Person;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Annotation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.IdentifiableSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.ImageFile;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.Media;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.BotanicalName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.DeterminationEvent;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.Specimen;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.IDatabase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.strategy.parser.NonViralNameParserImpl;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author AM\r
+ * @created 08.05.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class ViennaActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ViennaActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ static final Source berlinModelSource = ViennaActivator.VIENNA();\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public static Source VIENNA(){\r
+ // Vienna Asteraceae\r
+ String dbms = "ODBC";\r
+ String strServer = "AsteraceaeViennaAccess";\r
+ String strDB = "AsteraceaeViennaAccess";\r
+ String userName = "webUser";\r
+ return makeSource(dbms, strServer, strDB, -1, userName, null);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public boolean invoke(){\r
+ boolean result = true;\r
+ boolean withCdm = false;\r
+ berlinModelSource.setQuery("SELECT * FROM vienna"); // WHERE ID1 <> 1\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = null;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ try {\r
+ if (withCdm){\r
+ app = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(CdmDestinations.cdm_test_patricia());\r
+ }else{\r
+ //app = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE);\r
+ }\r
+ } catch (Exception e1) {\r
+ e1.printStackTrace();\r
+ result = false;\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ ResultSet rs = berlinModelSource.getResultSet();\r
+ try {\r
+ while (rs.next()){\r
+ String uriPath = "http://131.130.131.9/database/img/imgBrowser.php?ID=";\r
+ int id = rs.getInt("ID");\r
+ String strId = String.valueOf(id);\r
+ String catalogNumber = rs.getString("catalogueNumber");\r
+ String strTaxonName = rs.getString("TaxonName");\r
+ String annotation = rs.getString("Annotation");\r
+ String typeInformation = rs.getString("TypeInformation");\r
+ String typifiedBy = rs.getString("TypifiedBy");\r
+ String family = rs.getString("Family");\r
+ String strActor = rs.getString("Actor");\r
+ String timePeriod = rs.getString("TimePeriod");\r
+ String collectingArea = rs.getString("CollectingArea");\r
+ String locality = rs.getString("Locality");\r
+ String assigned = rs.getString("assigned");\r
+ String history = rs.getString("history");\r
+ \r
+ if (! family.equals("Asteraceae")){\r
+ logger.warn("Family not Asteracea: ID= " + strId);\r
+ }\r
+ ReferenceFactory refFactory = ReferenceFactory.newInstance();\r
+ ReferenceBase sec = refFactory.newDatabase();\r
+ sec.setTitleCache("Vienna Asteraceae Images", true);\r
+ \r
+ TaxonNameBase taxonName = (BotanicalName)NonViralNameParserImpl.NewInstance().parseFullName(strTaxonName);\r
+ if (withCdm){\r
+ List<TaxonNameBase> names = app.getNameService().getNamesByName(strTaxonName);\r
+ if (names.size() == 0){\r
+ logger.warn("Name not found: " + strTaxonName);\r
+ }else{\r
+ if (names.size() > 1){\r
+ logger.warn("More then 1 name found: " + strTaxonName);\r
+ }\r
+ taxonName = names.get(0);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ Taxon taxon = Taxon.NewInstance(taxonName, sec);\r
+ \r
+ logger.info("Create new specimen ...");\r
+ Specimen specimen = Specimen.NewInstance();\r
+ specimen.setCatalogNumber(catalogNumber);\r
+ specimen.setStoredUnder(taxonName); //??\r
+ //TODO\r
+ //specimen.setCollection(collection);\r
+ specimen.addAnnotation(Annotation.NewDefaultLanguageInstance(annotation));\r
+ specimen.addDetermination(getDetermination(taxon, strActor));\r
+ specimen.addMedia(getMedia(uriPath, strId));\r
+ \r
+ //Original ID\r
+ specimen.addSource(IdentifiableSource.NewInstance(strId));\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ logger.warn("Error when reading record!!");\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ result = false;\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private Media getMedia(String uriPath, String id){\r
+ //"http://131.130.131.9/database/img/imgBrowser.php?ID=50599";\r
+ String uri = uriPath + id;\r
+ if (CdmUtils.urlExists(uri, false)){\r
+ String suffix = "jpg";\r
+ String mimeType = "image/jpg";\r
+ Media media = ImageFile.NewMediaInstance(null, null, uri, mimeType, suffix, null, null, null);\r
+ return media;\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("URI does not exist: " + uri);\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private DeterminationEvent getDetermination(Taxon taxon, String actor){\r
+ logger.info("Create determination event");\r
+ DeterminationEvent determinationEvent = DeterminationEvent.NewInstance();\r
+ determinationEvent.setTaxon(taxon);\r
+ Person person = Person.NewTitledInstance(actor);\r
+ determinationEvent.setActor(person);\r
+ return determinationEvent;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ ViennaActivator viennaAct = new ViennaActivator();\r
+ viennaAct.invoke();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Initialises source\r
+ * @return true, if connection established\r
+ */\r
+ private static Source makeSource(String dbms, String strServer, String strDB, int port, String userName, String pwd ){\r
+ //establish connection\r
+ pwd = AccountStore.readOrStorePassword(dbms, strServer, userName, pwd);\r
+ Source source = new Source(dbms, strServer, strDB);\r
+ source.setPort(port);\r
+ source.setUserAndPwd(userName, pwd);\r
+ return source;\r
+ }\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.cichorieae;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport.BerlinModelSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport.TreeCreator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.ImageImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.CichorieaeImageImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.EDITOR;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.ISourceable;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.ZoologicalName;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * TODO add the following to a wiki page:\r
+ * HINT: If you are about to import into a mysql data base running under windows and if you wish to dump and restore the resulting data bas under another operation systen \r
+ * you must set the mysql system variable lower_case_table_names = 0 in order to create data base with table compatible names.\r
+ * \r
+ * \r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class CichorieaeActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CichorieaeActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final Source berlinModelSource = BerlinModelSources.EDIT_CICHORIEAE();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Cichorieae();\r
+\r
+ static final UUID secUuid = UUID.fromString("6924c75d-e0d0-4a6d-afb7-3dd8c71195ca");\r
+ static final UUID taxonomicTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("534e190f-3339-49ba-95d9-fa27d5493e3e");\r
+// static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("00db28a7-50e1-4abc-86ec-b2a8ce870de9");\r
+ static final int sourceSecId = 7800000;\r
+ \r
+ static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("ae9615b8-bc60-4ed0-ad96-897f9226d568");\r
+ static final Object[] featureKeyList = new Integer[]{1, 43, 31, 4, 12, 98, 41}; \r
+ \r
+ /* --------- MEDIA recources ------------ */\r
+ static final boolean stopOnMediaErrors = true;\r
+ static final String protologueUrlString = "http://wp5.e-taxonomy.eu/dataportal/cichorieae/media/protolog/";\r
+ //Mac\r
+ //static final File protologuePath = new File("/Volumes/protolog/protolog/");\r
+ //Windows\r
+ public static final String imageFolderString = "//media/editwp6/photos";\r
+ static final File protologuePath = new File("//media/editwp6/protolog");\r
+// public static final File imageFolder = new File("/media/photos");\r
+// static final File protologuePath = new File("/media/protolog");\r
+ /* -------------------------------------- */\r
+ \r
+ // set to zero for unlimited nameFacts\r
+ static final int maximumNumberOfNameFacts = 0;\r
+ static final int recordsPerTransaction = 2000;\r
+ \r
+ //should the other imports run as well?\r
+ static final boolean includeTaraxacum = true; \r
+ static final boolean includeImages = true;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+\r
+ //editor - import\r
+ static final EDITOR editor = EDITOR.EDITOR_AS_EDITOR;\r
+ \r
+ //NomeclaturalCode\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICBN;\r
+\r
+ //ignore null\r
+ static final boolean ignoreNull = true;\r
+ \r
+ static boolean useTaxonomicTree = true;\r
+\r
+\r
+// **************** ALL ********************* \r
+\r
+ static final boolean doUser = true;\r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameStatus = true;\r
+ static final boolean doTypes = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameFacts = true;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doFacts = true;\r
+ static final boolean doOccurences = true;\r
+ static final boolean doCommonNames = true;\r
+\r
+ //etc.\r
+ static final boolean doMarker = true;\r
+\r
+ \r
+// **************** SELECTED *********************\r
+//\r
+// static final boolean doUser = false;\r
+// //authors\r
+// static final boolean doAuthors = false;\r
+// //references\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.NONE;\r
+// //names\r
+// static final boolean doTaxonNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameStatus = false;\r
+// static final boolean doTypes = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameFacts = false;\r
+// \r
+// //taxa \r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doCommonNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doFacts = false;\r
+// static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+// \r
+// //etc.\r
+// static final boolean doMarker = false;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private boolean doInvoke(ICdmDataSource destination){\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ Source source = berlinModelSource;\r
+ \r
+ BerlinModelImportConfigurator bmImportConfigurator = BerlinModelImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(taxonomicTreeUuid);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setIgnoreNull(ignoreNull);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAuthors);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameStatus(doNameStatus);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTypes(doTypes);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameFacts(doNameFacts);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setUseTaxonomicTree(useTaxonomicTree);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoFacts(doFacts);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doOccurences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoCommonNames(doCommonNames);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoMarker(doMarker);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoUser(doUser);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setEditor(editor);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setRecordsPerTransaction(recordsPerTransaction);\r
+ \r
+\r
+ // protologueResourceLocations\r
+ if ( protologuePath.exists() && protologuePath.isDirectory()){\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setMediaUrl(protologueUrlString);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setMediaPath(protologuePath);\r
+ }else{\r
+ if(stopOnMediaErrors){\r
+ logger.error("Could not configure protologue ResourceLocations -> will quit.");\r
+ System.exit(-1);\r
+ }\r
+ logger.error("Could not configure protologue ResourceLocations");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ File imageFolder = new File(imageFolderString);\r
+ // also check the image source folder\r
+ if ( !imageFolder.exists() || !imageFolder.isDirectory()){\r
+ if(stopOnMediaErrors){\r
+ logger.error("Could not configure imageFolder -> will quit.");\r
+ System.exit(-1);\r
+ }\r
+ logger.error("Could not configure imageFolder");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ // maximum number of name facts to import\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setMaximumNumberOfNameFacts(maximumNumberOfNameFacts);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setEditor(editor);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator> bmImport = new CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator>();\r
+ success &= bmImport.invoke(bmImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ if (doFacts && (bmImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT) || bmImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK) ) ){\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = bmImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ ISourceable obj = app.getCommonService().getSourcedObjectByIdInSource(ZoologicalName.class, "1000027", null);\r
+ logger.info(obj);\r
+ \r
+ //make feature tree\r
+ FeatureTree tree = TreeCreator.flatTree(featureTreeUuid, bmImportConfigurator.getFeatureMap(), featureKeyList);\r
+ FeatureNode imageNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.IMAGE());\r
+ tree.getRoot().addChild(imageNode);\r
+ FeatureNode distributionNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DISTRIBUTION());\r
+ tree.getRoot().addChild(distributionNode, 2); \r
+ app.getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End import from BerlinModel ("+ source.getDatabase() + ")...");\r
+\r
+\r
+ try {\r
+ if (includeTaraxacum) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start Taraxacum import from BerlinModel ...");\r
+ TaraxacumActivator taraxacumActivator = new TaraxacumActivator();\r
+ success &= taraxacumActivator.doImport(destination, DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE);\r
+ logger.warn("Taraxacum import still needs to be tested");\r
+ System.out.println("End Taraxacum import from BerlinModel ...");\r
+ }\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ success = false;\r
+ logger.error("Exception occurred during Taraxacum import.");\r
+ e.printStackTrace(); \r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ if (includeImages) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start importing images ...");\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator> imageImporter = new CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator>();\r
+ URI imageFolderCichorieae;\r
+ try {\r
+ imageFolderCichorieae = new URI(CichorieaeActivator.imageFolderString);\r
+ ImageImportConfigurator imageConfigurator = ImageImportConfigurator.NewInstance(\r
+ imageFolderCichorieae, destination, CichorieaeImageImport.class);\r
+ imageConfigurator.setSecUuid(secUuid);\r
+ imageConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(taxonomicTreeUuid);\r
+ success &= imageImporter.invoke(imageConfigurator);\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ System.out.println("End importing images ...");\r
+ }\r
+ logger.warn("!!!! NOTE: RefDetail notes and RelPTaxon notes are not imported automatically. Please check for these notes and import them manually.");\r
+ \r
+ return success;\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("Start import from BerlinModel("+ berlinModelSource.getDatabase() + ") to " + destination.getDatabase() + " ...");\r
+ CichorieaeActivator me = new CichorieaeActivator();\r
+ me.doInvoke(destination);\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.cichorieae;\r
+\r
+import java.util.Arrays;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CacheUpdaterConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * TODO add the following to a wiki page:\r
+ * HINT: If you are about to import into a mysql data base running under windows and if you wish to dump and restore the resulting data bas under another operation systen \r
+ * you must set the mysql system variable lower_case_table_names = 0 in order to create data base with table compatible names.\r
+ * \r
+ * \r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class CichorieaeCacheUpdater {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CichorieaeCacheUpdater.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE;\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_production_cichorieae();\r
+\r
+ static final List<String> classListStrings = Arrays.asList(new String[]{\r
+ //IdentifiableEntity.class.getName(),\r
+// IdentifiableEntity.class.getName(),\r
+ TaxonNameBase.class.getName(),\r
+ TaxonBase.class.getName()\r
+ });\r
+ //new ArrayList<Class<? extends IdentifiableEntity>>();\r
+\r
+// **************** ALL ********************* \r
+\r
+// //DescriptionBase\r
+// static final boolean doTaxonDescription = true;\r
+// static final boolean doSpecimenDescription = true;\r
+// static final boolean doNameDescription = true;\r
+// \r
+// //AgentBase\r
+// static final boolean doPerson = true;\r
+// static final boolean doTeam = true;\r
+// static final boolean doInstitution = true;\r
+// \r
+// //MediaEntities\r
+// static final boolean doCollection = true;\r
+// static final boolean doReferenceBase = true;\r
+// \r
+// //SpecimenOrObservationBase\r
+// static final boolean doFieldObservation = true;\r
+// static final boolean doDeriveUnit = true;\r
+// static final boolean doLivingBeing = true;\r
+// static final boolean doObservation = true;\r
+// static final boolean doSpecimen = true;\r
+// \r
+// //Media\r
+// static final boolean doMedia = true;\r
+// static final boolean doMediaKey = true;\r
+// static final boolean doFigure = true;\r
+// static final boolean doPhylogenticTree = true;\r
+// \r
+// \r
+// //TaxonBase\r
+// static final boolean doTaxon = true;\r
+// static final boolean doSynonym = true;\r
+// \r
+// static final boolean doSequence = true;\r
+// \r
+// //Names\r
+// static final boolean doViralName = true;\r
+// static final boolean doNonViralName = true;\r
+// static final boolean doBotanicalName = true;\r
+// static final boolean doZoologicalName = true;\r
+// static final boolean doCultivarPlantName = true;\r
+// \r
+// static final boolean doTaxonomicTree = true;\r
+// \r
+// //TermBase\r
+// static final boolean doFeatureTree = true;\r
+// static final boolean doPolytomousKey = true;\r
+// \r
+// static final boolean doTermVocabulary = true;\r
+// static final boolean doDefinedTermBase = true;\r
+// \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private boolean doInvoke(ICdmDataSource destination){\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+\r
+ CacheUpdaterConfigurator config;\r
+ try {\r
+ config = CacheUpdaterConfigurator.NewInstance(destination, classListStrings);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<CacheUpdaterConfigurator> myImport = new CdmDefaultImport<CacheUpdaterConfigurator>();\r
+ success &= myImport.invoke(config);\r
+ String successString = success ? "successful" : " with errors ";\r
+ System.out.println("End updating caches for "+ destination.getDatabase() + "..." + successString);\r
+ return success;\r
+ } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {\r
+ logger.error(e);\r
+ return false;\r
+ } \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("Start updating caches for "+ destination.getDatabase() + "...");\r
+ CichorieaeCacheUpdater me = new CichorieaeCacheUpdater();\r
+ me.doInvoke(destination);\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu
+*
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.
+*/
+
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.cichorieae;
+
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.ImageImportConfigurator;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.CichorieaeImageImport;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;
+
+/**
+ * @author n.hoffmann
+ * @created 18.11.2008
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class CichorieaeImageActivator {
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CichorieaeImageActivator.class);
+
+ // private static final File sourceFile = new File("src/main/resources/images/images_cich.xls");
+ private static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Cichorieae();
+// private static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_import_cichorieae();
+
+ static final UUID secUuid = UUID.fromString("6924c75d-e0d0-4a6d-afb7-3dd8c71195ca");
+// static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("00db28a7-50e1-4abc-86ec-b2a8ce870de9");
+ static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("534e190f-3339-49ba-95d9-fa27d5493e3e");
+
+ public static void main (String[] cowabunga){
+
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(cowabunga) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(cowabunga) : cdmDestination;
+
+ URI imageFolderCichorieae;
+ try {
+ imageFolderCichorieae = new URI (CichorieaeActivator.imageFolderString);
+ ImageImportConfigurator imageConfigurator = ImageImportConfigurator.NewInstance(
+ imageFolderCichorieae, destination, CichorieaeImageImport.class);
+ imageConfigurator.setSecUuid(secUuid);
+ imageConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(treeUuid);
+
+ CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator> importer = new CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator>();
+ importer.invoke(imageConfigurator);
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+}
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.cichorieae;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport.BerlinModelSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonomicTree;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * TODO add the following to a wiki page:\r
+ * HINT: If you are about to import into a mysql data base running under windows and if you wish to dump and restore the resulting data bas under another operation systen \r
+ * you must set the mysql system variable lower_case_table_names = 0 in order to create data base with table compatible names.\r
+ * \r
+ * \r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class TaraxacumActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(TaraxacumActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;\r
+ static final Source berlinModelSource = BerlinModelSources.EDIT_Taraxacum();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Cichorieae();\r
+\r
+ static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("019c4b4d-736b-4d2e-883c-e3244167080a");\r
+// static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("00db28a7-50e1-4abc-86ec-b2a8ce870de9");\r
+// static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("534e190f-3339-49ba-95d9-fa27d5493e3e");\r
+ static final int sourceSecId = 7800000;\r
+ \r
+ static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("ab007336-d853-4f2f-a490-7c8232eafe7b");\r
+ static final Object[] featureKeyList = new Integer[]{1, 31, 4, 98, 41}; \r
+ \r
+ //TODO update for Taraxacum\r
+ static final String mediaUrlString = "http://wp5.e-taxonomy.eu/dataportal/cichorieae/media/protolog/";\r
+ //Mac\r
+ //static final File mediaPath = new File("/Volumes/protolog/protolog/");\r
+ //Windows\r
+ //static final File mediaPath = new File("\\\\media\\editwp6\\protolog");\r
+ // set to zero for unlimited nameFacts\r
+ static final int maximumNumberOfNameFacts = 0;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ //static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_ONLY;\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+\r
+ //NomeclaturalCode\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICBN;\r
+\r
+ //ignore null\r
+ static final boolean ignoreNull = true;\r
+\r
+\r
+// **************** ALL ********************* \r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameStatus = true;\r
+ static final boolean doTypes = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameFacts = true;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doFacts = true;\r
+ static final boolean doOccurences = true;\r
+ static final boolean doCommonNames = true;\r
+\r
+ \r
+// **************** SELECTED *********************\r
+//\r
+// //authors\r
+// static final boolean doAuthors = false;\r
+// //references\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.NONE;\r
+// //names\r
+// static final boolean doTaxonNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameStatus = false;\r
+// static final boolean doTypes = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameFacts = false;\r
+// \r
+// //taxa \r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doFacts = false;\r
+// static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean doImport(ICdmDataSource destination, DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll) {\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ logger.info("Start import from BerlinModel("+ berlinModelSource.getDatabase() + ") to " + cdmDestination.getDatabase() + " ...");\r
+ \r
+ //make BerlinModel Source\r
+ Source source = berlinModelSource;\r
+ \r
+ BerlinModelImportConfigurator bmImportConfigurator = BerlinModelImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(treeUuid);\r
+// bmImportConfigurator.setSecUuid(secUuid);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setIgnoreNull(ignoreNull);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAuthors);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameStatus(doNameStatus);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTypes(doTypes);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameFacts(doNameFacts);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoFacts(doFacts);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doOccurences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoCommonNames(doCommonNames);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+\r
+ \r
+ // mediaResourceLocations\r
+ File mediaPath = CichorieaeActivator.protologuePath;\r
+ if ( mediaPath.exists() && mediaPath.isDirectory()){\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setMediaUrl(mediaUrlString);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setMediaPath(mediaPath);\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Could not configure mediaResourceLocations");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ // maximum number of name facts to import\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setMaximumNumberOfNameFacts(maximumNumberOfNameFacts);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator> bmImport = new CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator>();\r
+ success &= bmImport.invoke(bmImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ if (bmImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT) || bmImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK) ){\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = bmImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ TransactionStatus tx = app.startTransaction();\r
+ //make feature tree\r
+// FeatureTree tree = TreeCreator.flatTree(featureTreeUuid, bmImportConfigurator.getFeatureMap(), featureKeyList);\r
+// FeatureNode imageNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.IMAGE());\r
+// tree.getRoot().addChild(imageNode);\r
+// FeatureNode distributionNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DISTRIBUTION());\r
+// FeatureNode featureNode = tree.getRoot();\r
+// tree.getRoot().addChild(distributionNode, featureNode.getChildCount() + 1);\r
+// app.getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ mergeIntoCichorieae(app);\r
+ app.commitTransaction(tx);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ logger.info("End import from BerlinModel ("+ source.getDatabase() + ")...");\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public boolean mergeIntoCichorieae(CdmApplicationController app){\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ // String taraxTaraxacumUuidStr = "9a7bced0-fa1a-432e-9cca-57b62219cde6";\r
+ String taraxTaraxacumUuidStr = "b86f1156-091c-494d-a9c9-c84d71058f98";\r
+ UUID taraxTaraxacumUUID = UUID.fromString(taraxTaraxacumUuidStr);\r
+\r
+ String cichTaraxacumUuidStr = "c946ac62-b6c6-493b-8ed9-278fa38b931a";\r
+ UUID cichTaraxacumUUID = UUID.fromString(cichTaraxacumUuidStr);\r
+ \r
+ Taxon taraxacumInCichTaxon = (Taxon)app.getTaxonService().find(cichTaraxacumUUID);\r
+ if (taraxacumInCichTaxon != null) {\r
+ logger.info("Merge Taraxacum");\r
+ Set<TaxonNode> taxonNodesInCich = taraxacumInCichTaxon.getTaxonNodes();\r
+ TaxonNode taxonNodeInCich = null;\r
+ TaxonNode parentNodeInCich = null;\r
+ Taxon parentInCich = null;\r
+ TaxonNode taxonNodeInTarax = null;\r
+ \r
+ if (taxonNodesInCich == null || taxonNodesInCich.isEmpty()) {\r
+ logger.error("No taxon nodes found for Taraxacum in cichorieae database");\r
+ success = false;\r
+ } else {\r
+ logger.info(taxonNodesInCich.size()+ " taxon node(s) found for Taraxacum in Cich DB");\r
+ taxonNodeInCich = taxonNodesInCich.iterator().next();\r
+ parentNodeInCich = (TaxonNode) taxonNodeInCich.getParent();\r
+ parentInCich = parentNodeInCich.getTaxon();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ Taxon taraxacumInTaraxTaxon = (Taxon)app.getTaxonService().find(taraxTaraxacumUUID);\r
+ \r
+ Set<TaxonNode> taxonNodesInTarax = taraxacumInTaraxTaxon.getTaxonNodes();\r
+ \r
+ TaxonomicTree treeInTaraxacum = null;\r
+ if (taxonNodesInTarax == null || taxonNodesInTarax.isEmpty()) {\r
+ logger.warn("No taxon nodes found for Taraxacum in taraxacum database");\r
+ success = false;\r
+ }else{\r
+ taxonNodeInTarax = taxonNodesInTarax.iterator().next();\r
+ treeInTaraxacum = taxonNodeInTarax.getTaxonomicTree();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //TODO reference\r
+ ReferenceBase citation = null;\r
+ String microcitation = null;\r
+ \r
+ taxonNodeInTarax = parentNodeInCich.addChildNode(taxonNodeInTarax, citation, microcitation, null);\r
+ //parentNodeInCich.getTaxonomicTree().addParentChild(parentInCich, taraxacumInTaraxTaxon, null, null);\r
+ \r
+ parentNodeInCich.deleteChildNode(taxonNodeInCich);\r
+ \r
+ app.getTaxonService().save(parentInCich);\r
+ app.getTaxonService().delete(taraxacumInCichTaxon);\r
+ try {\r
+// app.getTaxonTreeService().delete(treeInTaraxacum); //throws exception\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Taraxacum in cichorieae not found");\r
+ success = false;\r
+ }\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ TaraxacumActivator ta = new TaraxacumActivator();\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ ta.doImport(destination, hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.diptera;\r
+\r
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport.BerlinModelSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.berlinModelImport.TreeCreator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelTaxonImport.PublishMarkerChooser;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.EDITOR;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NameTypeDesignationStatus;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * TODO add the following to a wiki page:\r
+ * HINT: If you are about to import into a mysql data base running under windows and if you wish to dump and restore the resulting data bas under another operation systen \r
+ * you must set the mysql system variable lower_case_table_names = 0 in order to create data base with table compatible names.\r
+ * \r
+ * \r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class DipteraActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(DipteraActivator.class);\r
+\r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final Source berlinModelSource = BerlinModelSources.EDIT_Diptera();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Diptera();\r
+\r
+ static final UUID secUuid = UUID.fromString("06fd671f-1226-4e3b-beca-1959b3b32e20");\r
+ static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("1e3093f6-c761-4e96-8065-2c1334ddd0c1");\r
+ static final int sourceSecId = 1000000;\r
+ static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("ae9615b8-bc60-4ed0-ad96-897f9226d568");\r
+ static final Object[] featureKeyList = new Integer[]{1, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 99};\r
+ \r
+ static boolean useTaxonomicTree = true;\r
+ //editor - import\r
+ static final EDITOR editor = EDITOR.EDITOR_AS_EDITOR;\r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+ //taxon publish marker\r
+ static final PublishMarkerChooser taxonPublish = PublishMarkerChooser.NO_MARKER;\r
+\r
+ static final boolean doDistributionParser = true; //also run DipteraDistributionParser\r
+\r
+ //NomeclaturalCode\r
+ static final NomenclaturalCode nomenclaturalCode = NomenclaturalCode.ICZN;\r
+\r
+// //ignore null\r
+ static final boolean ignoreNull = true;\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ //update citations ?\r
+ static final boolean updateCitations = true;\r
+ \r
+ //include collections and add to specimen\r
+ static final boolean updateCollections = true;\r
+ \r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameStatus = true;\r
+ static final boolean doTypes = true;\r
+ static final boolean doNameFacts = true; \r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doFacts = true;\r
+ static final boolean doOccurences = false; //There are no occurrence data in diptera\r
+ static final boolean doCommonNames = false; //no common names in diptera\r
+ \r
+ //etc.\r
+ static final boolean doMarker = true;\r
+ static final boolean doUser = true;\r
+\r
+// **************** SELECTED *********************\r
+ \r
+// //authors\r
+// static final boolean doAuthors = false;\r
+// //references\r
+// static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.NONE;\r
+// //names\r
+// static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+// static final boolean doRelNames = false;\r
+// static final boolean doNameStatus = false;\r
+// static final boolean doTypes = true;\r
+// static final boolean doNameFacts = false;\r
+// \r
+// //taxa\r
+// static final boolean doTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doRelTaxa = false;\r
+// static final boolean doFacts = false;\r
+// static final boolean doOccurences = false;\r
+// \r
+// //etc.\r
+// static final boolean doMarker = false;\r
+// static final boolean doUser = true; \r
+\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param destination \r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean doImport(ICdmDataSource destination) {\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from BerlinModel("+ berlinModelSource.getDatabase() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ //make BerlinModel Source\r
+ Source source = berlinModelSource;\r
+\r
+ \r
+ BerlinModelImportConfigurator bmImportConfigurator = BerlinModelImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setNomenclaturalCode(nomenclaturalCode);\r
+\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setIgnoreNull(ignoreNull);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAuthors);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameStatus(doNameStatus);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTypes(doTypes);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoNameFacts(doNameFacts);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setUseTaxonomicTree(useTaxonomicTree);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoFacts(doFacts);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoOccurrence(doOccurences);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoCommonNames(doCommonNames);\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoMarker(doMarker);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDoUser(doUser);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setEditor(editor);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setTaxonPublishMarker(taxonPublish);\r
+ try {\r
+ Method nameTypeDesignationStatusMethod = DipteraActivator.class.getDeclaredMethod("nameTypeDesignationStatueMethod", String.class);\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setNameTypeDesignationStatusMethod(nameTypeDesignationStatusMethod);\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+\r
+ bmImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator> bmImport = new CdmDefaultImport<BerlinModelImportConfigurator>();\r
+ success &= bmImport.invoke(bmImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ if (bmImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT) || bmImportConfigurator.getCheck().equals(CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK) ){\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = bmImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ \r
+ //parse distributions\r
+ if (doDistributionParser){\r
+ DipteraDistributionParser dipDist = new DipteraDistributionParser();\r
+ dipDist.doDistribution(app);\r
+ }\r
+ //make feature tree\r
+ app = bmImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ FeatureTree tree = TreeCreator.flatTree(featureTreeUuid, bmImportConfigurator.getFeatureMap(), featureKeyList);\r
+ // add image\r
+ FeatureNode imageNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.IMAGE());\r
+ tree.getRoot().addChild(imageNode);\r
+ // add distribution\r
+ FeatureNode distributionNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DISTRIBUTION());\r
+ tree.getRoot().addChild(distributionNode);\r
+ app.getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ }\r
+ System.out.println("End import from BerlinModel ("+ source.getDatabase() + ")...");\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ logger.debug("start");\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination; \r
+ DipteraActivator me = new DipteraActivator();\r
+ success &= me.doImport(destination);\r
+ \r
+ DipteraPostImportUpdater updater = new DipteraPostImportUpdater();\r
+ if (updateCitations){\r
+ success &= updater.updateCitations(destination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ if (updateCollections){\r
+ success &= updater.updateCollections(destination);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ private static NameTypeDesignationStatus nameTypeDesignationStatueMethod(String note){\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(note)){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ note = note.trim();\r
+ if (note.equalsIgnoreCase("aut.") || note.equalsIgnoreCase("automatic")){\r
+ return NameTypeDesignationStatus.AUTOMATIC();\r
+ }else if (note.equalsIgnoreCase("subs. mon.") ){\r
+ return NameTypeDesignationStatus.SUBSEQUENT_MONOTYPY();\r
+ }else if (note.startsWith("mon.") ){\r
+ return NameTypeDesignationStatus.MONOTYPY();\r
+ }else if (note.startsWith("orig. des") ){\r
+ return NameTypeDesignationStatus.ORIGINAL_DESIGNATION();\r
+ }else if (note.startsWith("des") ){\r
+ return NameTypeDesignationStatus.SUBSEQUENT_DESIGNATION();\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("NameTypeDesignationStatus could not be defined for: " + note);\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.diptera;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+import java.io.FileInputStream;\r
+import java.io.InputStream;\r
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;\r
+import java.util.ArrayList;\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import au.com.bytecode.opencsv.CSVReader;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Institution;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.Collection;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.Specimen;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.occurrence.SpecimenOrObservationBase;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @date 07.04.2010\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class DipteraCollectionImport {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(DipteraCollectionImport.class);\r
+\r
+ public static final File acronymsFile = new File("src/main/resources/collections/Acronyms.tab");\r
+ //datasource for use from local main()\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_edit_diptera_a();\r
+ \r
+\r
+ public boolean invoke(ICdmDataSource dataSource) {\r
+ CdmApplicationController cdmApp = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(dataSource, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE);\r
+ \r
+ //create collections\r
+ TransactionStatus tx = cdmApp.startTransaction();\r
+ Map<String, Collection> colletionMap = createCollections(cdmApp);\r
+ \r
+ //add collections to specimen\r
+ addCollectionsToSpecimen(cdmApp, colletionMap);\r
+ cdmApp.commitTransaction(tx);\r
+ \r
+ return true;\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param cdmApp\r
+ * @param colletionMap \r
+ */\r
+ private void addCollectionsToSpecimen(CdmApplicationController cdmApp, Map<String, Collection> colletionMap) {\r
+ List<SpecimenOrObservationBase> specimens = (cdmApp.getOccurrenceService().list(Specimen.class, null, null, null, null));\r
+ for (SpecimenOrObservationBase specOrObservBase : specimens){\r
+ if (specOrObservBase instanceof Specimen){\r
+ handleSingleSpecimen((Specimen)specOrObservBase, colletionMap);\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("There are specimenOrObservationBase objects which are not of class Specimen. This is probably an error.");\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ cdmApp.getOccurrenceService().save(specimens);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param specimen \r
+ * @param colletionMap\r
+ */\r
+ private void handleSingleSpecimen(Specimen specimen, Map<String, Collection> collectionMap) {\r
+ String titleCache = specimen.getTitleCache();\r
+ String collectionCode = getCollectionCode(titleCache);\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(collectionCode)){\r
+ logger.warn("Collection code is empty for: " + titleCache);\r
+ }else{\r
+ Collection collection = collectionMap.get(collectionCode);\r
+ if (collection != null){\r
+ specimen.setCollection(collection);\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Collection not found for code: " + collectionCode + "; titleCache: " + titleCache);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param titleCache\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ private String getCollectionCode(String titleCache) {\r
+ String result = titleCache.trim();\r
+ result = replaceBracket(result);\r
+ result = replaceLastFullStop(result);\r
+ result = replaceLastQuestionMark(result);\r
+ result = parseLastUpperCase(result);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param result\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ private String parseLastUpperCase(String string) {\r
+ String result = "";\r
+ String tmpString = string;\r
+ int pos = tmpString.lastIndexOf(" ");\r
+ if (pos>-1){\r
+ tmpString = tmpString.substring(pos+1);\r
+ }\r
+ while (tmpString.length() > 0){\r
+ int len = tmpString.length();\r
+ char lastChar = tmpString.charAt(len-1);\r
+ if (Character.isUpperCase( lastChar)){\r
+ result = lastChar + result;\r
+ }else{\r
+ if (result.length() > 0){\r
+ logger.warn("Collection code is not space separated: " + string);\r
+ }\r
+ break;\r
+ }\r
+ //remove last character\r
+ tmpString = tmpString.substring(0, tmpString.length()-1);\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param result\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ private String replaceLastQuestionMark(String string) {\r
+ if (string.endsWith("?")){\r
+ string = string.substring(0,string.length()-1).trim();\r
+ }\r
+ return string;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param result\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ private String replaceLastFullStop(String string) {\r
+ if (string.endsWith(".")){\r
+ string = string.substring(0,string.length()-1).trim();\r
+ }\r
+ return string;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param result\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ private String replaceBracket(String string) {\r
+ if (string.endsWith("]")){\r
+ int pos = string.indexOf("[");\r
+ if (pos >0){\r
+ string = string.substring(0, pos).trim();\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Closing bracket has no opening bracket in: " + string);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return string;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param cdmApp\r
+ */\r
+ private Map<String, Collection> createCollections(CdmApplicationController cdmApp) {\r
+ Map<String, Collection> collectionMap = new HashMap<String, Collection>(); \r
+ List<String[]> lines = getLines();\r
+ for (String[] line:lines){\r
+ Collection collection = makeLine(line);\r
+ collectionMap.put(collection.getCode(), collection);\r
+ }\r
+ cdmApp.getCollectionService().save(collectionMap.values());\r
+// for (Collection collection: collectionMap.values()){\r
+// System.out.println(collection.getTitleCache());\r
+// }\r
+ return collectionMap;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ private Collection makeLine(String[] line) {\r
+ String code = line[0];\r
+ String instituteName = line[1];\r
+ String lowerInstitutionName = line[2];\r
+ String higherInstitutionName = line[3];\r
+ String location = line[4];\r
+ String country = line[5];\r
+ //create objects\r
+ Collection collection = Collection.NewInstance();\r
+ collection.setCode(code);\r
+ Institution institution = Institution.NewInstance();\r
+ institution.setCode(code);\r
+ \r
+ institution.setName(instituteName);\r
+ \r
+ if (CdmUtils.isNotEmpty(lowerInstitutionName)){\r
+ Institution lowerInstitution = Institution.NewInstance();\r
+ lowerInstitution.setName(lowerInstitutionName);\r
+ lowerInstitution.setIsPartOf(institution);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ if (CdmUtils.isNotEmpty(higherInstitutionName)){\r
+ Institution higherInstitution = Institution.NewInstance();\r
+ higherInstitution.setName(higherInstitutionName);\r
+ institution.setIsPartOf(higherInstitution);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ collection.setInstitute(institution);\r
+ String locationAndCountry = CdmUtils.concat("/", location, country);\r
+ collection.setTownOrLocation(locationAndCountry);\r
+ \r
+ String titleCache = CdmUtils.concat(", ", new String[]{instituteName, lowerInstitutionName, higherInstitutionName, location, country});\r
+ collection.setTitleCache(titleCache, true);\r
+ \r
+ return collection;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private List<String[]> getLines() {\r
+ List<String[]> result = new ArrayList<String[]>();\r
+ \r
+ try {\r
+ InputStream inStream = new FileInputStream(acronymsFile);\r
+ InputStreamReader inputStreamReader = new InputStreamReader(inStream, "UTF8");\r
+ CSVReader reader = new CSVReader(inputStreamReader, '\t');\r
+ String [] nextLine = reader.readNext();\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ while ((nextLine = reader.readNext()) != null) {\r
+ if (nextLine.length == 0){\r
+ continue;\r
+ }\r
+ result.add(nextLine);\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.error(e + " " + e.getCause() + " " + e.getMessage());\r
+ for(StackTraceElement ste : e.getStackTrace()) {\r
+ logger.error(ste);\r
+ }\r
+ throw new RuntimeException(e);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ try {\r
+ DipteraCollectionImport collectionImport = new DipteraCollectionImport();\r
+ collectionImport.invoke(cdmDestination);\r
+// String titleCache = "Peru. Mouth of Rio Pachitea. ST 2R SMT. [fig. of male abdomen]";\r
+// String collectionCode = collectionImport.getCollectionCode(titleCache);\r
+// System.out.println(collectionCode);\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ System.exit(-1);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.diptera;\r
+\r
+import java.util.ArrayList;\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Language;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.DescriptionBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.DescriptionElementBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Distribution;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.PresenceAbsenceTermBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.PresenceTerm;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonDescription;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TextData;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.NamedArea;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.TdwgArea;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 17.10.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class DipteraDistributionParser {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(DipteraDistributionParser.class);\r
+ \r
+ private static ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.cdm_edit_diptera_a();\r
+\r
+ final static String epiSplitter = "(\\s+|\\[|\\]|\\(|\\))"; //( ' '+| '(' | ')'| '[' | ']' )\r
+ static Pattern pattern = null;\r
+ \r
+ protected void doDistribution(CdmApplicationController app){\r
+ pattern = Pattern.compile(epiSplitter); \r
+ TransactionStatus txStatus = app.startTransaction();\r
+ List<TaxonBase> taxa = app.getTaxonService().list(null, null, null, null, null);\r
+ for (TaxonBase taxon: taxa ){\r
+ if (taxon instanceof Taxon){\r
+ // unlazyDescription(app, (Taxon)taxon);\r
+ Set<TaxonDescription> descriptions = ((Taxon) taxon).getDescriptions();\r
+ for (DescriptionBase description: descriptions){\r
+ Set<DescriptionElementBase> descElements = new HashSet<DescriptionElementBase>();\r
+ descElements.addAll(description.getElements());\r
+ \r
+ for (DescriptionElementBase descEl: descElements){\r
+ if (descEl.getFeature().equals(Feature.OCCURRENCE())){\r
+ if (descEl instanceof TextData){\r
+ String occString = ((TextData)descEl).getText(Language.ENGLISH());\r
+ parseOccurenceString(occString, description);\r
+ //app.getTaxonService().saveTaxon(taxon);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ System.out.println("Unknowns: ");\r
+ for (String unknown: unrekognizedStrings){\r
+ System.out.println(unknown);\r
+ }\r
+ System.out.println("Distributions not recognized: " + countNot);\r
+ System.out.println("Distributions created: " + countYes);\r
+ app.commitTransaction(txStatus);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ static Set<String> unrekognizedStrings = new HashSet<String>();\r
+ static int countNot = 0;\r
+ static int countYes = 0;\r
+ \r
+ private void parseOccurenceString(String occString, DescriptionBase desc){\r
+ System.out.println(occString);\r
+ if (occString != null){\r
+ String[] words = pattern.split(occString);\r
+ int i = 0;\r
+ int countSkip = 0;\r
+ for (String word: words){\r
+ if (word.contains("U.S.A")){\r
+ logger.warn("U.S.A.");\r
+ }\r
+ boolean isDoubtful = false;\r
+ if (countSkip > 0){\r
+ countSkip--;\r
+ }else if(word.trim().length() == 0){\r
+ //skip\r
+ }else{\r
+ if (word.endsWith(":") && word.length()<=4){\r
+ //Higher area\r
+ //TODO\r
+ }else{\r
+ word = word.trim();\r
+ if (word.contains("?")){\r
+ isDoubtful = true;\r
+ word = word.replace("?", "");\r
+ }\r
+ word = adaptWordsToTdwg(word);\r
+ \r
+ if (! "".equals(word) && ! TdwgArea.isTdwgAreaLabel(word) && ! TdwgArea.isTdwgAreaAbbreviation(word) && ! isDoubleArea(word)){\r
+ for (countSkip = 1; countSkip <= 6; countSkip++){\r
+ word = word.trim();\r
+ if (! TdwgArea.isTdwgAreaLabel(word) && ! TdwgArea.isTdwgAreaAbbreviation(word) && ! isDoubleArea(word)){\r
+ if (words.length > i + countSkip){\r
+ word = word + " " + words[i + countSkip];\r
+ }\r
+ if (word.contains("?")){\r
+ isDoubtful = true;\r
+ word = word.replace("?", "");\r
+ }\r
+ word = adaptWordsToTdwg(word);\r
+ if ("".equals(word)){\r
+ break;\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ break;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ if ("".equals(word)){\r
+ //countSkip = countSkip;\r
+ }else if (! TdwgArea.isTdwgAreaLabel(word) && ! TdwgArea.isTdwgAreaAbbreviation(word) && ! isDoubleArea(word) ){\r
+ if (word.contains("?")){\r
+ logger.warn("XXX");\r
+ }\r
+ countNot++;\r
+ System.out.println(" False:" + countNot + ": " + word);\r
+ unrekognizedStrings.add(word);\r
+ countSkip = 0;\r
+ }else{\r
+ if (word.equals("Netherlands")){\r
+ if ( countSkip < 0 && words[i + 1].startsWith("Antilles")){\r
+ word = "Netherlands Antilles";\r
+ countSkip=2;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ PresenceAbsenceTermBase<?> term = PresenceTerm.PRESENT();\r
+ if (isDoubleArea(word)){\r
+ NamedArea[] doubleArea = getDoubleArea(word);\r
+ for (NamedArea area : doubleArea){\r
+ Distribution distr = Distribution.NewInstance(area, term);\r
+ desc.addElement(distr);\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ NamedArea area;\r
+ if (TdwgArea.isTdwgAreaLabel(word)){\r
+ area = TdwgArea.getAreaByTdwgLabel(word);\r
+ }else{\r
+ area = TdwgArea.getAreaByTdwgAbbreviation(word);\r
+ }\r
+ if (isDoubtful){\r
+ term = PresenceTerm.INTRODUCED_PRESENCE_QUESTIONABLE();\r
+ }\r
+ Distribution distr = Distribution.NewInstance(area, term);\r
+ desc.addElement(distr);\r
+ }\r
+ countYes++;\r
+ System.out.println(" True:" + countYes + ": " + word);\r
+ countSkip--;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ i++;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private boolean isDoubleArea(String word){\r
+ if ("Canary and Madeira Is.".equalsIgnoreCase(word) || \r
+ "southern Europe".equalsIgnoreCase(word) ||\r
+ "former USSR: North and Central European territory".equalsIgnoreCase(word)\r
+ ){\r
+ return true;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private NamedArea[] getDoubleArea(String word){\r
+ NamedArea[] result = new NamedArea[2];\r
+ if ("Canary and Madeira Is.".equalsIgnoreCase(word)){\r
+ result[0] = TdwgArea.getAreaByTdwgAbbreviation("CNY");\r
+ result[1] = TdwgArea.getAreaByTdwgAbbreviation("MDR");\r
+ }else if ("southern Europe".equalsIgnoreCase(word)){\r
+ result[0] = TdwgArea.getAreaByTdwgAbbreviation("12");\r
+ result[1] = TdwgArea.getAreaByTdwgAbbreviation("13");\r
+ }else if ("former USSR: North and Central European territory".equalsIgnoreCase(word)){\r
+ result[0] = TdwgArea.getAreaByTdwgAbbreviation("RUN-OO");\r
+ result[1] = TdwgArea.getAreaByTdwgAbbreviation("RUC-OO");\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Double area not recognized");\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ static List<String> stopWords = new ArrayList<String>();\r
+ static List<String> unknownAreas = new ArrayList<String>();\r
+ static List<String> higherAreas = new ArrayList<String>();\r
+ \r
+ private String adaptWordsToTdwg(String word){\r
+ word = word.replace(",", "").replace(";", "");\r
+ if (! word.contains("U.S.A")){\r
+ word = word.replace(",", "").replace(".", "").replace(";", "");\r
+ }else{\r
+ word = word.replace(",", "").replace(";", "");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ word = word.trim();\r
+ if (word.endsWith("Is")){\r
+ word = word + ".";\r
+ }\r
+ if (stopWords.size() == 0){\r
+ initStopWords();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ word = word.replace("Russia [North European territory]", "North European Russia");\r
+ word = word.replace("Russia North European territory", "North European Russia");\r
+ word = word.replace("Russia: North European territory", "North European Russia");\r
+ word = word.replace("Russia: North European territory", "North European Russia");\r
+ \r
+ word = word.replace("Amber", "amber");\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ word = word.replace("Prince Edward Is.", "Marion-Prince Edward Is.");\r
+ //or word = word.replace("Prince Edward Is.", "Prince Edward I.");\r
+ word = word.replace("Bahama Is.", "Bahamas");\r
+ word = word.replace("Comores Is.", "Comoros");\r
+ word = word.replace("former Yugoslavia", "Yugoslavia");\r
+ word = word.replace("former Czechoslovakia", "Czechoslovakia");\r
+ word = word.replace("Rhodesia", "Zimbabwe");\r
+ word = word.replace("The Gambia", "Gambia, The");\r
+\r
+ if (!word.contains("El Salvador")){\r
+ word = word.replace("Salvador", "El Salvador"); \r
+ }\r
+ word = word.replace("Vera Cruz", "Veracruz");\r
+ word = word.replace("Turkmenia", "Turkmenistan");\r
+ word = word.replace("Qu\u00E9beck", "Qu\u00E9bec");\r
+ word = word.replace("Quebeck", "Qu\u00E9bec");\r
+ word = word.replace("Quebec", "Qu\u00E9bec");\r
+ \r
+ if (!word.contains("Gambia, The")){\r
+ word = word.replace("Gambia", "Gambia, The");\r
+ }\r
+ word = word.replace("Mariana Is.", "Marianas");\r
+ word = word.replace("Kenia", "Kenya");\r
+ word = word.replace("Central Africa", "Central African Republic");\r
+ word = word.replace("Canal Zone", "");\r
+ //word = word.replace("Panama", "Panamá");\r
+ word = word.replace("Panama", "Panam\u00E1");\r
+ if (! word.contains("New South Wales")){\r
+ word = word.replace("Wales", "Great Britain");\r
+ }\r
+ word = word.replace("Java", "Jawa");\r
+ word = word.replace("former USSR: North European territory", "North European Russia");\r
+ word = word.replace("former USSR: South European territory", "South European Russia");\r
+ word = word.replace("former USSR: Soviet Middle Asia", "Middle Asia");\r
+ \r
+ word = word.replace("St Kitts-Nevis", "St.Kitts-Nevis");\r
+ \r
+ word = word.replace("oceanian islands", "Pacific");\r
+ word = word.replace("Ussuri region", "Primorye");\r
+ word = word.replace("Galapagos Is.", "Gal\u00E1pagos");\r
+ word = word.replace("Tarapac\u00E1", "Tarapaca");\r
+ word = word.replace("Reunion", "R\u00E9union");\r
+ if (! word.contains("Is.")){\r
+ word = word.replace("Galapagos", "Gal\u00E1pagos");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //word = word.replace("Galapagos Is.", "Galápagos");\r
+ if (! word.contains("Peninsular")){\r
+ word = word.replace("Malaysia", "Peninsular Malaysia");\r
+ }\r
+ word = word.replace("Polynesic Is.", "South Solomons");\r
+ \r
+ word = word.replace("Usbek SSR", "Uzbekistan");\r
+ word = word.replace("Mexican amber", "Mexico");\r
+ word = word.replace("Marocco", "Morocco");\r
+ if (! word.contains("Tobago")){\r
+ word = word.replace("Trinidad", "Trinidad-Tobago");\r
+ }\r
+ if (! word.contains("Trinidad")){\r
+ word = word.replace("Tobago", "Trinidad-Tobago");\r
+ }\r
+ word = word.replace("Haiti", "Haiti"); \r
+ word = word.replace("Moluccas", "Maluku");\r
+ word = word.replace("Belau", "Palau");\r
+ word = word.replace("Dominican amber", "Dominican Republic");\r
+ if (! word.contains("Russian")){\r
+ word = word.replace("Far East", "Russian Far East");\r
+ }\r
+ word = word.replace("Tahiti", "Society Is.");\r
+ word = word.replace("Iraque", "Iraq");\r
+ word = word.replace("Wake Island", "Wake I.");\r
+ if (! word.contains("I.")){\r
+ word = word.replace("Johnston I", "Johnston I.");\r
+ word = word.replace("Wake I", "Wake I.");\r
+ word = word.replace("Clipperton I", "Clipperton I.");\r
+ }\r
+ if (! word.contains("Provinces")){\r
+ word = word.replace("Cape Province", "Cape Provinces");\r
+ }\r
+ word = word.replace("Eastern Cape Provinces", "Eastern Cape Province");\r
+ word = word.replace("Western Cape Provinces", "Western Cape Province");\r
+ if (! word.contains("Barbuda")){\r
+ word = word.replace("Antigua", "Antigua-Barbuda");\r
+ }\r
+ if (! word.contains("St.")){\r
+ word = word.replace("St Vincent", "St.Vincent");\r
+ word = word.replace("St Lucia", "St.Lucia");\r
+ word = word.replace("St Helena", "St.Helena");\r
+ }\r
+ word = word.replace("Asia-tropical", "Asia-Tropical");\r
+ word = word.replace("Society Islands", "Society Is.");\r
+ word = word.replace("Virgin Islands", "Virgin Is.");\r
+ word = word.replace("Canary Islands", "Canary Is.");\r
+ word = word.replace("Rhode Island", "Rhode I.");\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ word = word.replace("Rodriguez", "Rodrigues");\r
+ word = word.replace("British Colombia", "British Columbia");\r
+ word = word.replace("Bermudas", "Bermuda");\r
+ word = word.replace("Tunesia", "Tunisia");\r
+ word = word.replace("Santos S\u00E3o Paulo", "S\u00E3o Paulo");\r
+ word = word.replace("Transvaal", "Northern Provinces");\r
+ word = word.replace("Tucum\u00E1n", "Tucuman");\r
+// if (!word.contains("Netherlands")){\r
+// \r
+// }\r
+ \r
+// unknownAreas.add("Baltic amber"); \r
+// unknownAreas.add("Arabia"); \r
+ \r
+ for (String stopWord : stopWords){\r
+ if (stopWord.equals(word)){\r
+ System.out.println(" STOP: " + word);\r
+ return "";\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ for (String unknownArea : unknownAreas){\r
+ if (unknownArea.equals(word)){\r
+ System.out.println(" UNKNOWN: " + word);\r
+ return "";\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ for (String higherArea : higherAreas){\r
+ if (higherArea.equals(word)){\r
+ return "";\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //higher regions\r
+ \r
+ return word;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private void initStopWords(){\r
+ stopWords.add("and");\r
+ stopWords.add("Is");\r
+ stopWords.add("Is.");\r
+ stopWords.add("Islands");\r
+ stopWords.add("Island");\r
+ \r
+ stopWords.add("of");\r
+ stopWords.add("areas");\r
+ stopWords.add("USA");\r
+ stopWords.add("Australia"); //except for Australia only\r
+ stopWords.add("Argentina"); \r
+\r
+ //unknownAreas.add("Panama");\r
+ unknownAreas.add("South Africa");\r
+ unknownAreas.add("Chile");\r
+\r
+ unknownAreas.add("Baltic amber"); \r
+ unknownAreas.add("Arabia"); \r
+\r
+ \r
+ higherAreas.add("AF");\r
+ higherAreas.add("OR");\r
+ higherAreas.add("PA");\r
+ higherAreas.add("AU");\r
+ higherAreas.add("NE");\r
+ \r
+ higherAreas.add("NT");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = null;\r
+ DbSchemaValidation val = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;\r
+ app = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(cdmDestination, val);\r
+ \r
+ DipteraDistributionParser dipDist = new DipteraDistributionParser();\r
+ if (app != null){\r
+ dipDist.doDistribution(app);\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("No Application Context");\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.diptera;\r
+\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.INameService;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.pager.Pager;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.DescriptionElementSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Language;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.DescriptionBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.DescriptionElementBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonDescription;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TextData;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NonViralName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 01.10.2009\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class DipteraPostImportUpdater {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(DipteraPostImportUpdater.class);\r
+\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Palmae();\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * This method updateds the citation text by deleting <code>OriginalName</code> tags and \r
+ * adding the original name to the source either as a link to an existing taxon name\r
+ * or as a string. The later becomes true if there is not exactly one matching name\r
+ * @param dataSource\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean updateCitations(ICdmDataSource dataSource) {\r
+ try{\r
+ logger.warn("start updating citations");\r
+ boolean result = true;\r
+ CdmApplicationController cdmApp = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(dataSource, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE);\r
+ Set<DescriptionElementBase> citationsToSave = new HashSet<DescriptionElementBase>();\r
+ TransactionStatus tx = cdmApp.startTransaction();\r
+\r
+ logger.warn("start updating citations ... application context started");\r
+ int modCount = 100;\r
+ int page = 0;\r
+ int count = cdmApp.getTaxonService().count(Taxon.class);\r
+ List<TaxonBase> taxonList = cdmApp.getTaxonService().list(Taxon.class, 100000, page, null, null);\r
+ List<TaxonNameBase> nameList = cdmApp.getNameService().list(null, 100000, page, null, null);\r
+ Map<String, TaxonNameBase> nameMap = new HashMap<String, TaxonNameBase>();\r
+ Map<String, TaxonNameBase> nameDuplicateMap = new HashMap<String, TaxonNameBase>();\r
+ fillNameMaps(nameList, nameMap, nameDuplicateMap);\r
+ \r
+ int i = 0;\r
+ \r
+ Taxon taxon;\r
+ for (TaxonBase taxonBase : taxonList){\r
+ if ((i++ % modCount) == 0){ logger.warn("taxa handled: " + (i-1));}\r
+ \r
+ if (taxonBase.isInstanceOf(Taxon.class)){\r
+ taxon = CdmBase.deproxy(taxonBase, Taxon.class);\r
+ Set<TextData> citations = getCitations(taxon);\r
+ for (TextData citation : citations){\r
+ Language language = Language.DEFAULT();\r
+ String text = citation.getText(language);\r
+ String originalNameString = parseOriginalNameString(text);\r
+ String newText = parseNewText(text);\r
+ citation.removeText(language);\r
+ citation.putText(newText, language);\r
+ TaxonNameBase scientificName = getScientificName(originalNameString, nameMap, nameDuplicateMap);\r
+ \r
+ Set<DescriptionElementSource> sources = citation.getSources();\r
+ if (sources.size() > 1){\r
+ logger.warn("There are more then 1 sources for a description");\r
+ }else if (sources.size() == 0){\r
+ DescriptionElementSource source = DescriptionElementSource.NewInstance();\r
+ citation.addSource(source);\r
+ sources = citation.getSources();\r
+ }\r
+ for (DescriptionElementSource source : sources){\r
+ if (scientificName != null){\r
+ source.setNameUsedInSource(scientificName);\r
+ }else{\r
+ source.setOriginalNameString(originalNameString);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ citationsToSave.add(citation);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ cdmApp.getDescriptionService().saveDescriptionElement(citationsToSave);\r
+ //commit\r
+ cdmApp.commitTransaction(tx);\r
+ logger.warn("Citations updated!");\r
+ return result;\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ logger.error("ERROR in citation update");\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public boolean updateCollections(ICdmDataSource dataSource){\r
+ DipteraCollectionImport collectionImport = new DipteraCollectionImport();\r
+ return collectionImport.invoke(dataSource);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ private void fillNameMaps(List<TaxonNameBase> nameList, Map<String, TaxonNameBase> nameMap, Map<String, TaxonNameBase> duplicateMap) {\r
+ for (TaxonNameBase name : nameList){\r
+ NonViralName nvn = name.deproxy(name, NonViralName.class);\r
+ String nameCache = nvn.getNameCache();\r
+ if (nameMap.containsKey(nameCache)){\r
+ duplicateMap.put(nameCache, nvn);\r
+ }else{\r
+ nameMap.put(nameCache, nvn);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private TaxonNameBase getScientificName(String originalNameString, Map<String, TaxonNameBase> nameMap, Map<String, TaxonNameBase> nameDuplicateMap) {\r
+ originalNameString = originalNameString.trim();\r
+ TaxonNameBase result = nameMap.get(originalNameString);\r
+ if (nameDuplicateMap.containsKey(originalNameString)){\r
+ result = null;\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private TaxonNameBase getScientificName(String originalNameString, INameService nameService) {\r
+ Pager<TaxonNameBase> names = nameService.findByName(null, originalNameString, null, null, null, null, null, null);\r
+ if (names.getCount() != 1){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return names.getRecords().get(0);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private String parseOriginalNameString(String text) {\r
+ String originalName = "<OriginalName>";\r
+ int start = text.indexOf(originalName);\r
+ int end = text.indexOf("</OriginalName>");\r
+ if (start >-1 ){\r
+ text = text.substring(start + originalName.length(), end);\r
+ }\r
+ text = text.trim();\r
+ return text;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private String parseNewText(String text) {\r
+ int start = text.indexOf("</OriginalName>");\r
+ text = text.substring(start + "</OriginalName>".length());\r
+ text = text.trim();\r
+ if (text.startsWith(":")){\r
+ text = text.substring(1);\r
+ }\r
+ text = text.trim();\r
+ return text;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private Set<TextData> getCitations(Taxon taxon) {\r
+ Set<TextData> result = new HashSet<TextData>();\r
+ Set<TaxonDescription> descriptions = taxon.getDescriptions();\r
+ for (DescriptionBase description : descriptions){\r
+ Set<DescriptionElementBase> elements = description.getElements();\r
+ for (DescriptionElementBase element : elements){\r
+ Feature feature = element.getFeature();\r
+ if (feature.equals(Feature.CITATION())){\r
+ if (! element.isInstanceOf(TextData.class)){\r
+ logger.warn("Citation is not of class TextData but " + element.getClass().getSimpleName());\r
+ }else{\r
+ TextData textData = element.deproxy(element, TextData.class);\r
+ result.add(textData);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ DipteraPostImportUpdater updater = new DipteraPostImportUpdater();\r
+ try {\r
+ updater.updateCitations(cdmDestination);\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ logger.error("ERROR in feature tree update");\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.palmae;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.ImageImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.tcs.TcsSources;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.palmae.config.PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.PalmaeImageImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.PalmaeProtologueImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.tcsrdf.TcsRdfImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.06.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class PalmaeActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(PalmaeActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.CREATE;\r
+ static final String tcsSource = TcsSources.arecaceae_local();\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Palmae();\r
+ \r
+ // set the webserver path to the images\r
+ private static final String imageUrlString = "http://wp5.e-taxonomy.eu/media/palmae/photos/";\r
+ // set the webserver path to the protologues\r
+ public static final String protologueUrlString = "http://wp5.e-taxonomy.eu/media/palmae/protologe/";\r
+\r
+ public static final UUID featureTreeUuid = UUID.fromString("72ccce05-7cc8-4dab-8e47-bf3f5fd848a0");\r
+ \r
+ static final UUID treeUuid = UUID.fromString("1adb71d4-cce6-45e1-b578-e668778d9ec6");\r
+ static final UUID secUuid = UUID.fromString("5f32b8af-0c97-48ac-8d33-6099ed68c625");\r
+ static final String sourceSecId = "palm_pub_ed_999999";\r
+ static final boolean pubishReferencesInBibliography = false;\r
+ \r
+ //should the other imports run as well?\r
+ static final boolean includeTaxonX = true;\r
+ static final boolean includeImages = true;\r
+ static final boolean includeExcelProtologue = true;\r
+ static final boolean includeMediaProtologue = true;\r
+ static final boolean updateFeatureTree = true;\r
+ static final boolean updateNameUsage = true;\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static final CHECK check = CHECK.CHECK_AND_IMPORT;\r
+ \r
+ static boolean useTaxonomicTree = true;\r
+ \r
+ //authors\r
+ static final boolean doAuthors = true;\r
+ //references\r
+ static final DO_REFERENCES doReferences = DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ //names\r
+ static final boolean doTaxonNames = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelNames = true;\r
+ \r
+ //taxa\r
+ static final boolean doTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doRelTaxa = true;\r
+ static final boolean doFacts = true;\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private boolean doImport(ICdmDataSource destination){\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from Tcs("+ tcsSource.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ //make Source\r
+ URI source;\r
+ try {\r
+ source = new URI(tcsSource);\r
+ \r
+ TcsRdfImportConfigurator tcsImportConfigurator = TcsRdfImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination);\r
+ \r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setTaxonomicTreeUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setSecUuid(secUuid);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setSourceSecId(sourceSecId);\r
+ \r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoAuthors(doAuthors);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoReferences(doReferences);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoTaxonNames(doTaxonNames);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoRelNames(doRelNames);\r
+ \r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoTaxa(doTaxa);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoRelTaxa(doRelTaxa);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDoFacts(doFacts);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setUseTaxonomicTree(useTaxonomicTree);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setPublishReferences(pubishReferencesInBibliography);\r
+ \r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ tcsImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<TcsRdfImportConfigurator> tcsImport = new CdmDefaultImport<TcsRdfImportConfigurator>();\r
+ success &= tcsImport.invoke(tcsImportConfigurator);\r
+ \r
+ //make feature tree\r
+ logger.info("Make feature tree");\r
+ CdmApplicationController app = tcsImport.getCdmAppController();\r
+ \r
+ FeatureTree tree = getFeatureTree();\r
+ app.getFeatureTreeService().saveOrUpdate(tree);\r
+ System.out.println("End import from TCS ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ \r
+ return success;\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private FeatureTree getFeatureTree(){\r
+ \r
+ FeatureTree result = FeatureTree.NewInstance(featureTreeUuid);\r
+ FeatureNode root = result.getRoot();\r
+ \r
+ FeatureNode newNode;\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.INTRODUCTION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DISTRIBUTION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.BIOLOGY_ECOLOGY());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.CONSERVATION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.COMMON_NAME());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.ETYMOLOGY());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.USES());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.CULTIVATION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DISCUSSION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DIAGNOSIS());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.DESCRIPTION());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.MATERIALS_EXAMINED());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance(Feature.ANATOMY());\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+\r
+ return result;\r
+ \r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ \r
+ logger.debug("start");\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) != null ? CdmDestinations.chooseDestination(args) : cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ PalmaeActivator me = new PalmaeActivator();\r
+ me.doImport(destination);\r
+ \r
+ if (includeImages){\r
+ System.out.println("Start importing images ...");\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator> imageImporter = new CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator>();\r
+ URI folderUri;\r
+ try {\r
+ folderUri = new URI(PalmaeImageActivator.sourceFolderString);\r
+ ImageImportConfigurator imageConfigurator = ImageImportConfigurator.NewInstance(\r
+ folderUri, destination, imageUrlString, PalmaeImageImport.class);\r
+ imageConfigurator.setSecUuid(secUuid);\r
+ success &= imageImporter.invoke(imageConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End importing images ...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ if (includeExcelProtologue){\r
+ System.out.println("Start importing protologues ...");\r
+ URI fileUri;\r
+ try {\r
+ fileUri = new URI(PalmaeExcelProtologueActivator.sourceFileString);\r
+ ImageImportConfigurator imageConfigurator = ImageImportConfigurator.NewInstance(\r
+ fileUri, destination, protologueUrlString, PalmaeProtologueImport.class);\r
+ imageConfigurator.setSecUuid(secUuid);\r
+ \r
+ CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator> imageImporter = new CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator>();\r
+ imageImporter.invoke(imageConfigurator);\r
+ System.out.println("End importing protologues ...");\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ if (includeMediaProtologue){\r
+ System.out.println("Start importing protologues from \\\\media...");\r
+ String protologueSource = PalmaeProtologueImportActivator.protologueSource;\r
+ String urlString = protologueUrlString;\r
+ \r
+ File source = new File (protologueSource);\r
+ PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator protologConfig = PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination, urlString);\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator> cdmImport = new CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ //protologConfig.setDoFacts(doDescriptions);\r
+ protologConfig.setCheck(check);\r
+ protologConfig.setDbSchemaValidation(DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE);\r
+\r
+ success &= cdmImport.invoke(protologConfig);\r
+\r
+ System.out.println("End importing protologues ...");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ if (includeTaxonX){\r
+ System.out.println("Start importing taxonX ...");\r
+ PalmaeTaxonXImportActivator taxonXimporter = new PalmaeTaxonXImportActivator();\r
+ PalmaeTaxonXImportActivator.cdmDestination = destination;\r
+ success &= taxonXimporter.runImport();\r
+ System.out.println("End importing taxonX ...");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ PalmaePostImportUpdater updater = new PalmaePostImportUpdater();\r
+ if (updateFeatureTree){\r
+ updater.updateMissingFeatures(destination);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ if (updateNameUsage){\r
+ updater.updateNameUsage(destination);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ String strSuccess = "";\r
+ if (success == false){\r
+ strSuccess = "not ";\r
+ }\r
+ System.out.println("Import " + strSuccess + "successful");\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu
+*
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.
+*/
+
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.palmae;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.ImageImportConfigurator;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.PalmaeProtologueImport;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;
+
+/**
+ * @author n.hoffmann
+ * @created 19.11.2008
+ * @version 2.0 (18.02.2009)
+ */
+public class PalmaeExcelProtologueActivator {
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(PalmaeExcelProtologueActivator.class);
+
+ public static final String sourceFileString = "src/main/resources/images/protologue_links_palmae.xls";
+ private static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Palmae();
+
+ static final UUID secUuid = UUID.fromString("5f32b8af-0c97-48ac-8d33-6099ed68c625");
+
+ // set the webserver path to the protologues
+ private static final String urlString = "http://wp5.e-taxonomy.eu/media/palmae/protologe/";
+
+ public static void main (String[] whatever){
+ URI uri;
+ try {
+ uri = new URI(sourceFileString);
+ ImageImportConfigurator imageConfigurator = ImageImportConfigurator.NewInstance(uri, cdmDestination, urlString, PalmaeProtologueImport.class);
+ imageConfigurator.setSecUuid(secUuid);
+
+ CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator> importer = new CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator>();
+ importer.invoke(imageConfigurator);
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+
+ }
+
+}
--- /dev/null
+/**
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu
+*
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.
+*/
+
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.palmae;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.ImageImportConfigurator;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.PalmaeImageImport;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;
+
+/**
+ * TODO not working at the moment
+ *
+ * @author n.hoffmann
+ * @created 18.11.2008
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class PalmaeImageActivator {
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(PalmaeImageActivator.class);
+
+ public static final String sourceFolderString = "\\\\Media\\EditWP6\\palmae\\photos\\new";
+ private static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Palmae();
+
+
+ // set the webserver path to the images
+ private static final String urlString = "http://wp5.e-taxonomy.eu/media/palmae/photos/";
+
+ static final UUID secUuid = UUID.fromString("5f32b8af-0c97-48ac-8d33-6099ed68c625");
+
+ public static void main (String[] cowabunga){
+ URI uri;
+ try {
+ uri = new URI(sourceFolderString);
+ ImageImportConfigurator imageConfigurator = ImageImportConfigurator.NewInstance(uri, cdmDestination, urlString, PalmaeImageImport.class);
+ imageConfigurator.setSecUuid(secUuid);
+
+ CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator> importer = new CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator>();
+ //AbstractImageImporter imageImporter = new PalmaeImageActivator();
+ importer.invoke(imageConfigurator);
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+
+ }
+
+}
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.palmae;\r
+\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.application.CdmApplicationController;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.DefinedTermBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.FeatureTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonDescription;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TextData;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.IReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Synonym;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 01.10.2009\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class PalmaePostImportUpdater {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(PalmaePostImportUpdater.class);\r
+\r
+ static final ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Palmae();\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private String relationships = "relationships";\r
+ private String taxonomicAccounts = "taxonomic accounts";\r
+ private String fossilRecord = "fossil record";\r
+ \r
+ public boolean updateMissingFeatures(ICdmDataSource dataSource) {\r
+ try{\r
+ int count = 0;\r
+ UUID featureTreeUuid = PalmaeActivator.featureTreeUuid;\r
+ CdmApplicationController cdmApp = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(dataSource, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE);\r
+ \r
+ TransactionStatus tx = cdmApp.startTransaction();\r
+ \r
+ FeatureTree tree = cdmApp.getFeatureTreeService().find(featureTreeUuid);\r
+ FeatureNode root = tree.getRoot();\r
+ \r
+ List<DefinedTermBase> featureList = cdmApp.getTermService().list(Feature.class, null, null, null, null);\r
+ for (DefinedTermBase feature : featureList){\r
+ String label = feature.getLabel();\r
+ if (relationships.equals(label)){\r
+ FeatureNode newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance((Feature)feature);\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ count++;\r
+ }else if(taxonomicAccounts.equals(label)){\r
+ FeatureNode newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance((Feature)feature);\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ count++;\r
+ }else if(fossilRecord.equals(label)){\r
+ FeatureNode newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance((Feature)feature);\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ count++;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ cdmApp.commitTransaction(tx);\r
+ if (count != 3){\r
+ logger.warn("Did not find 3 additional features but " + count);\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ logger.info("Feature tree updated!");\r
+ return true;\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ logger.error("ERROR in feature tree update");\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public boolean updateNameUsage(ICdmDataSource dataSource) {\r
+ try{\r
+ boolean result = true;\r
+ CdmApplicationController cdmApp = CdmApplicationController.NewInstance(dataSource, DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE);\r
+\r
+ TransactionStatus tx = cdmApp.startTransaction();\r
+\r
+ int page = 0;\r
+ int count = cdmApp.getTaxonService().count(Taxon.class);\r
+ List<TaxonBase> taxonList = cdmApp.getTaxonService().list(TaxonBase.class, 100000, page, null, null);\r
+ int i = 0;\r
+ \r
+ IReferenceBase treatmentReference = (IReferenceBase) cdmApp.getCommonService().getSourcedObjectByIdInSource(ReferenceBase.class, "palm_pub_ed_999999", "PublicationCitation");\r
+ if (treatmentReference == null){\r
+ logger.error("Treatment reference could not be found");\r
+ result = false;\r
+ }else{\r
+ for (TaxonBase nameUsage : taxonList){\r
+ if ((i++ % 100) == 0){System.out.println(i);};\r
+ \r
+ try {\r
+ //if not in treatment\r
+ if (! isInTreatment(nameUsage, treatmentReference, false)){\r
+ //if connected treatment taxon can be found\r
+ Taxon acceptedTaxon = getAcceptedTreatmentTaxon(nameUsage, treatmentReference);\r
+ if (acceptedTaxon != null){\r
+ //add as citation and delete\r
+ addNameUsage(acceptedTaxon, nameUsage);\r
+ cdmApp.getTaxonService().delete(nameUsage);\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Non treatment taxon has no accepted taxon in treatment: " + nameUsage + " (" + nameUsage.getId() +")" );\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ result = false;\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ //add citation feature to feature tree\r
+ UUID featureTreeUuid = PalmaeActivator.featureTreeUuid;\r
+ FeatureTree tree = cdmApp.getFeatureTreeService().find(featureTreeUuid);\r
+ FeatureNode root = tree.getRoot();\r
+ List<DefinedTermBase> featureList = cdmApp.getTermService().list(Feature.class, null, null, null, null);\r
+ count = 0;\r
+ for (DefinedTermBase feature : featureList){\r
+ if (feature.equals(Feature.CITATION())){\r
+ FeatureNode newNode = FeatureNode.NewInstance((Feature)feature);\r
+ root.addChild(newNode);\r
+ count++;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ if (count != 1){\r
+ logger.warn("Did not add exactly 1 features to the feature tree but " + count);\r
+ result = false;\r
+ }\r
+ //commit\r
+ cdmApp.commitTransaction(tx);\r
+ logger.info("NameUsage updated!");\r
+ return result;\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ logger.error("ERROR in name usage update");\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param nameUsage \r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ private Taxon getAcceptedTreatmentTaxon(TaxonBase nameUsage, IReferenceBase treatmentReference) {\r
+ boolean hasSynonymInTreatment = false;\r
+ TaxonNameBase name = nameUsage.getName();\r
+ Set<TaxonBase> candidateList = name.getTaxonBases();\r
+ for (TaxonBase candidate : candidateList){\r
+ if (candidate instanceof Taxon){\r
+ if (isInTreatment(candidate, treatmentReference, false)){\r
+ return (Taxon)candidate;\r
+ }\r
+ }else if (candidate instanceof Synonym){\r
+ Synonym synonym = (Synonym)candidate;\r
+ Set<Taxon> accTaxa = synonym.getAcceptedTaxa();\r
+ if (isInTreatment(synonym, treatmentReference, true)){\r
+ hasSynonymInTreatment = true;\r
+ }\r
+ for (Taxon accTaxon : accTaxa){\r
+ if (isInTreatment(accTaxon, treatmentReference, false)){\r
+ return accTaxon;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ throw new IllegalStateException("TaxonBase should be either a Taxon or a Synonym but was " + nameUsage.getClass().getName());\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ if (hasSynonymInTreatment){\r
+ logger.warn("Non treatment taxon has synonym in treatment but no accepted taxon: " + nameUsage + " (" + nameUsage.getId() +")" );\r
+ }\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param taxonBase\r
+ * @param treatmentReference \r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ private boolean isInTreatment(TaxonBase taxonBase, IReferenceBase treatmentReference, boolean silent) {\r
+ if (taxonBase.getSec().equals(treatmentReference)){\r
+ //treatment taxa\r
+ if (! silent){\r
+ if (taxonBase instanceof Taxon){\r
+ if (((Taxon)taxonBase).getTaxonNodes().size()< 1){\r
+ logger.warn("Taxon has treatment sec but is not in tree: " + taxonBase + " (" + taxonBase.getId() +")" );\r
+ }\r
+ }else if (taxonBase instanceof Synonym){\r
+ Synonym synonym = (Synonym)taxonBase;\r
+ boolean hasAccTaxonInTreatment = false;\r
+ for (Taxon accTaxon : synonym.getAcceptedTaxa()){\r
+ hasAccTaxonInTreatment |= isInTreatment(accTaxon, treatmentReference, false);\r
+ }\r
+ if (hasAccTaxonInTreatment == false){\r
+ logger.warn("Synonym has treatment reference but has no accepted taxon in tree: " + taxonBase + " (" + taxonBase.getId() +")" );\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ throw new IllegalStateException("TaxonBase should be either Taxon or Synonym");\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return true;\r
+ }else{\r
+ //taxon not in treatment\r
+ if (! silent){\r
+ if (taxonBase instanceof Taxon){\r
+ if (((Taxon)taxonBase).getTaxonNodes().size()> 0){\r
+ logger.warn("Taxon has no treatment sec but is in tree: " + taxonBase + " (" + taxonBase.getId() +")" );\r
+ }\r
+ }else if (taxonBase instanceof Synonym){\r
+ Synonym synonym = (Synonym)taxonBase;\r
+ boolean hasAccTaxonInTreatment = false;\r
+ for (Taxon accTaxon : synonym.getAcceptedTaxa()){\r
+ hasAccTaxonInTreatment |= isInTreatment(accTaxon, treatmentReference, false);\r
+ }\r
+ if (hasAccTaxonInTreatment == true){\r
+ logger.warn("Synonym has no treatment reference but has accepted taxon in treatment: " + taxonBase + " (" + taxonBase.getId() +")" );\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ throw new IllegalStateException("TaxonBase should be either Taxon or Synonym but was ");\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param taxonCandidate\r
+ * @param taxon\r
+ */\r
+ private boolean addNameUsage(Taxon taxon, TaxonBase nameUsageTaxon) {\r
+ TaxonDescription myDescription = null;\r
+ for (TaxonDescription desc : taxon.getDescriptions()){\r
+ if (! desc.isImageGallery()){\r
+ myDescription = desc;\r
+ break;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ if (myDescription == null){\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ TextData textData = TextData.NewInstance(Feature.CITATION());\r
+ //creates text (name: reference)\r
+ //textData.putText(nameUsageTaxon.getName().getTitleCache()+": " + nameUsageTaxon.getSec().getTitleCache(), Language.DEFAULT());\r
+ textData.addSource(null, null, nameUsageTaxon.getSec(), null, nameUsageTaxon.getName(), nameUsageTaxon.getName().getTitleCache());\r
+ myDescription.addElement(textData);\r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ PalmaePostImportUpdater updater = new PalmaePostImportUpdater();\r
+ try {\r
+ updater.updateMissingFeatures(cdmDestination);\r
+ updater.updateNameUsage(cdmDestination);\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ logger.error("ERROR in feature tree update");\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.palmae;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.palmae.config.PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.06.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class PalmaeProtologueImportActivator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(PalmaeProtologueImportActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.VALIDATE;\r
+ \r
+ static final String protologueSource = "\\\\Media\\EditWP6\\palmae\\protologe";\r
+// public static final String protologueSource = "C:\\localCopy\\Data\\palmae";\r
+ \r
+ static ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Palmae();\r
+ \r
+ static UUID secUuid = UUID.fromString("5f32b8af-0c97-48ac-8d33-6099ed68c625");\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public boolean runImport(){\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ //make destination\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ File source = new File (protologueSource);\r
+ String protologueUrl = PalmaeActivator.protologueUrlString;\r
+ PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator protologConfig = PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator.NewInstance(source, destination, protologueUrl);\r
+ \r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator> cdmImport = new CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator>();\r
+ protologConfig.setCheck(check);\r
+ protologConfig.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+ cdmImport.startController(protologConfig, destination);\r
+ success &= cdmImport.invoke(protologConfig);\r
+ \r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start protologue import to("+ cdmDestination.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ PalmaeProtologueImportActivator importer = new PalmaeProtologueImportActivator();\r
+ importer.runImport();\r
+ System.out.println("End protologue import to ("+ cdmDestination.toString() + ")...");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.palmae;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;\r
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;\r
+import java.net.URL;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.common.CdmDestinations;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.DbSchemaValidation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmDefaultImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.CHECK;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.taxonx.TaxonXImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.06.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class PalmaeTaxonXImportActivator {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(PalmaeTaxonXImportActivator.class);\r
+ \r
+ //database validation status (create, update, validate ...)\r
+ static DbSchemaValidation hbm2dll = DbSchemaValidation.UPDATE;\r
+ //static final String tcsSource = TcsSources.taxonX_local();\r
+ //static File source = TcsSources.taxonX_localDir();\r
+ static File source = new File("target/classes/taxonX");\r
+ static ICdmDataSource cdmDestination = CdmDestinations.localH2Palmae();\r
+ \r
+ //check - import\r
+ static CHECK check = CHECK.IMPORT_WITHOUT_CHECK;\r
+ \r
+ static boolean doDescriptions = true;\r
+ static boolean doNomenclature = true;\r
+ static boolean doMods = true;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public boolean runImport(){\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ //make destination\r
+ ICdmDataSource destination = cdmDestination;\r
+ \r
+ TaxonXImportConfigurator taxonXImportConfigurator = TaxonXImportConfigurator.NewInstance(null, destination);\r
+ // invoke import\r
+ CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator> cdmImport = new CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator>();\r
+ \r
+ taxonXImportConfigurator.setDoFacts(doDescriptions);\r
+ taxonXImportConfigurator.setDoTypes(doNomenclature);\r
+ taxonXImportConfigurator.setDoMods(doMods);\r
+ \r
+ taxonXImportConfigurator.setCheck(check);\r
+ taxonXImportConfigurator.setDbSchemaValidation(hbm2dll);\r
+\r
+ cdmImport.startController(taxonXImportConfigurator, destination);\r
+ \r
+ //new Test().invoke(tcsImportConfigurator);\r
+ if (source.isDirectory()){\r
+ makeDirectory(cdmImport, taxonXImportConfigurator, source);\r
+ }else{\r
+ try {\r
+ success &= importFile(cdmImport, taxonXImportConfigurator, source);\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ success = false;\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private boolean makeDirectory(CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator> cdmImport, TaxonXImportConfigurator taxonXImportConfigurator, File source){\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ int count = 0;\r
+ for (File file : source.listFiles() ){\r
+ if (file.isFile()){\r
+ doCount(count++, 300, "Files");\r
+ try {\r
+ success &= importFile(cdmImport, taxonXImportConfigurator, file);\r
+ } catch (URISyntaxException e) {\r
+ success = false;\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ if (! file.getName().startsWith(".")){\r
+ makeDirectory(cdmImport, taxonXImportConfigurator, file);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private boolean importFile(CdmDefaultImport<IImportConfigurator> cdmImport, \r
+ TaxonXImportConfigurator config, File file) throws URISyntaxException{\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ try{\r
+ URL url = file.toURI().toURL();\r
+ config.setSource(url.toURI());\r
+ String originalSourceId = file.getName();\r
+ originalSourceId =originalSourceId.replace(".xml", "");\r
+ logger.debug(originalSourceId);\r
+ config.setOriginalSourceId(originalSourceId);\r
+ TransactionStatus tx = cdmImport.getCdmAppController().startTransaction();\r
+ success &= cdmImport.invoke(config);\r
+ cdmImport.getCdmAppController().commitTransaction(tx); \r
+ return success; \r
+ } catch (MalformedURLException e) {\r
+ logger.warn(e);\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected void doCount(int count, int modCount, String pluralString){\r
+ if ((count % modCount ) == 0 && count!= 0 ){ logger.info(pluralString + " handled: " + (count));}\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param args\r
+ */\r
+ public static void main(String[] args) {\r
+ System.out.println("Start import from Source("+ source.toString() + ") ...");\r
+ \r
+ PalmaeTaxonXImportActivator importer = new PalmaeTaxonXImportActivator();\r
+ \r
+ importer.runImport();\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ System.out.println("End import from Source ("+ source.toString() + ")...");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.palmae.config;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.ProtologueImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.DefaultImportState;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportConfiguratorBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IInputTransformer;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 23.06.2009\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator extends ImportConfiguratorBase<DefaultImportState, File> {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator.class);\r
+\r
+ private String urlString = null; \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //TODO\r
+ private static IInputTransformer defaultTransformer = null;\r
+\r
+ \r
+ public static PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator NewInstance(File source, ICdmDataSource datasource, String urlString){\r
+ PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator result = new PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator();\r
+ result.setSource(source);\r
+ result.setDestination(datasource);\r
+ result.setUrlString(urlString);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private String originalSourceTaxonNamespace = "TaxonName";\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator() {\r
+ super(defaultTransformer);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportConfiguratorBase#makeIoClassList()\r
+ */\r
+ protected void makeIoClassList(){\r
+ ioClassList = new Class[]{\r
+ ProtologueImport.class\r
+ };\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator#getNewState()\r
+ */\r
+ public DefaultImportState getNewState() {\r
+ return new DefaultImportState(this);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportConfiguratorBase#getSourceReference()\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public ReferenceBase getSourceReference() {\r
+ //TODO\r
+ //logger.warn("getSource Reference not yet implemented");\r
+ ReferenceFactory refFactory = ReferenceFactory.newInstance();\r
+ ReferenceBase result = refFactory.newDatabase();\r
+ result.setTitleCache("XXX", true);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IIoConfigurator#getSourceNameString()\r
+ */\r
+ public String getSourceNameString() {\r
+ if (this.getSource() == null){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return this.getSource().getName();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public String getOriginalSourceTaxonNamespace() {\r
+ return originalSourceTaxonNamespace;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public void setOriginalSourceTaxonNamespace(String originalSourceTaxonNamespace) {\r
+ this.originalSourceTaxonNamespace = originalSourceTaxonNamespace;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the urlString\r
+ */\r
+ public String getUrlString() {\r
+ return urlString;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param urlString the urlString to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setUrlString(String urlString) {\r
+ this.urlString = urlString;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu
+*
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.
+*/
+
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import org.apache.http.HttpException;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.AbstractImageImporter;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.ImageImportConfigurator;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.mediaMetaData.ImageMetaData;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.AgentBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Language;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.LanguageString;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonDescription;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TextData;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.ImageFile;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.Media;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonomicTree;
+
+/**
+ * @author n.hoffmann
+ * @created 18.11.2008
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+@Component
+public class CichorieaeImageImport extends AbstractImageImporter {
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CichorieaeImageImport.class);
+
+
+ /**
+ * Imports images from a directory.
+ */
+ protected boolean invokeImageImport (ImageImportConfigurator config){
+ File source = new File(config.getSource());
+ UUID treeUuid = config.getTaxonomicTreeUuid();
+ TaxonomicTree tree = taxonTreeService.getTaxonomicTreeByUuid(treeUuid);
+ ReferenceBase sourceRef = config.getSourceReference();
+
+ if (source.isDirectory()){
+ for (File file : source.listFiles() ){
+ if (file.isFile()){
+ String fileName = file.getName();
+ String taxonName = getTaxonName(fileName);
+ if (taxonName == null){
+ continue;
+ }
+ List<TaxonBase> taxa = taxonService.searchTaxaByName(taxonName, config.getSourceReference());
+ if(taxa.size() == 0){
+ logger.warn("no taxon with this name found: " + taxonName);
+ } else {
+ handleTaxa(tree, sourceRef, fileName, taxonName, taxa);
+ }
+ }else{
+ logger.warn("File is not a file (but a directory?): " + file.getName());
+ }
+ }
+ }else{
+ logger.warn("Source is not a directory!" + source.toString());
+ }
+
+ return true;
+
+ }
+
+ private String getTaxonName(String fileName){
+ String[] fileNameParts = fileName.split("\\.");
+ if (fileNameParts.length < 2){
+ logger.warn("No file extension found for: " + fileName);
+ return null;
+ }
+ String extension = fileNameParts[fileNameParts.length - 1];
+ if (! "jpg".equalsIgnoreCase(extension)) {
+ logger.warn("Extension not recognized: " + extension);
+ // Sometimes occurs here "Thumbs.db"
+ return null;
+ }
+ String firstPart = fileName.substring(0, fileName.length() - extension.length() - 1);
+ logger.info(firstPart);
+ String[] nameParts = firstPart.split("_");
+ if (nameParts.length < 3){
+ logger.warn("name string has less than 2 '_'");
+ return null;
+ }
+
+ String featureString = nameParts[nameParts.length-2];
+ logger.debug("FeatureString: " + featureString);
+ String detailString = nameParts[nameParts.length-1];
+ logger.debug("detailString: " + detailString);
+
+ String taxonName = "";
+ for (int i= 0; i < nameParts.length-2; i++){
+ taxonName += nameParts[i] + " ";
+ }
+ taxonName = taxonName.trim();
+ logger.info("Taxon name: " + taxonName);
+
+ String _s_ = " s ";
+ String subsp = " subsp. ";
+ if (taxonName.contains(_s_)) {
+ taxonName = taxonName.replace(_s_, subsp);
+ logger.info("Taxon name: " + taxonName);
+ }
+ return taxonName;
+ }
+
+
+ /**
+ * @param tree
+ * @param sourceRef
+ * @param name
+ * @param taxonName
+ * @param taxa
+ * @param taxon
+ */
+ private void handleTaxa(TaxonomicTree tree, ReferenceBase sourceRef, String fileName, String taxonName, List<TaxonBase> taxa) {
+
+ Taxon taxon = getTaxon(tree, taxonName, taxa);
+ TaxonDescription imageGallery = taxon.getOrCreateImageGallery(sourceRef == null ? null :sourceRef.getTitleCache());
+ TextData textData = imageGallery.getOrCreateImageTextData();
+ logger.info("Importing image for taxon: " + taxa);
+ try {
+ Media media = getMedia(fileName, taxonName);
+ textData.addMedia(media);
+ } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+ logger.error("Malformed URL", e);
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ logger.error("IOException when handling image url");
+ } catch (HttpException e) {
+ logger.error("HttpException when handling image url");
+ }
+ }
+
+
+ /**
+ * @param fileName
+ * @param taxonName
+ * @return
+ * @throws MalformedURLException
+ * @throws IOException
+ * @throws HttpException
+ */
+ private Media getMedia(String fileName, String taxonName) throws MalformedURLException, IOException, HttpException {
+ String urlPrefix = "http://media.bgbm.org/erez/erez?src=EditWP6/photos/";
+ String urlString = urlPrefix + fileName;
+ logger.info(urlString);
+ URL url = new URL(urlString);
+ URI uri = CdmUtils.string2Uri(urlString);
+ ImageMetaData imageMetaData =ImageMetaData.newInstance();
+ imageMetaData.readImageInfo(uri, 0);
+
+ //String uri = url.toString();
+
+ String uriString = url.toString();
+ String mimeType = imageMetaData.getMimeType();
+ String suffix = null;
+ int height = imageMetaData.getHeight();
+ int width = imageMetaData.getWidth();
+ Integer size = null;
+ DateTime mediaCreated = null;
+ AgentBase artist = null;
+
+
+ ImageFile image = ImageFile.NewInstance(uriString, size, height, width);
+ Media media = ImageFile.NewMediaInstance(mediaCreated, artist, uriString, mimeType, suffix, size, height, width);
+ media.addTitle(LanguageString.NewInstance(taxonName, Language.LATIN()));
+
+ return media;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @param tree
+ * @param taxonName
+ * @param taxa
+ * @return
+ */
+ private Taxon getTaxon(TaxonomicTree tree, String taxonName,
+ List<TaxonBase> taxa) {
+ Taxon taxon = null;
+ if(taxa.size() > 1) {
+ if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+ logger.debug("multiple taxa with this name found: " + taxonName);
+ }
+ for (TaxonBase taxonBase : taxa) {
+ Taxon tax = (Taxon)taxonBase;
+ if (tree.isTaxonInTree(tax)) {
+ taxon = tax;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ if (taxon == null){
+ taxon = (Taxon)taxa.get(0);
+ logger.warn("Taxon not found in preferred tree. Use " + taxon.getTitleCache() + " instead.");
+ }
+
+ } else {
+ taxon = (Taxon) taxa.get(0);
+ }
+ if (taxon != null){
+ taxonService.saveOrUpdate(taxon);
+ }else{
+ logger.warn("Taxon was null. Did not save taxon");
+ }
+ return taxon;
+ }
+}
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+import java.io.IOException;\r
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+import java.net.URL;\r
+import java.util.ArrayList;\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.Map.Entry;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.apache.sanselan.ImageInfo;\r
+import org.apache.sanselan.ImageReadException;\r
+import org.apache.sanselan.Sanselan;\r
+import org.apache.sanselan.common.IImageMetadata;\r
+import org.apache.sanselan.common.ImageMetadata.Item;\r
+import org.apache.sanselan.formats.jpeg.JpegImageMetadata;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.AbstractImageImporter;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.ImageImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.AgentBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Person;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.DescriptionElementBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonDescription;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TextData;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.ImageFile;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.Media;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.MediaRepresentation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.Rights;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.RightsTerm;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.strategy.match.DefaultMatchStrategy;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.strategy.match.IMatchStrategy;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * TODO not working at the moment\r
+ * \r
+ * @author n.hoffmann\r
+ * @created 18.11.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+@Component\r
+public class PalmaeImageImport extends AbstractImageImporter {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(PalmaeImageImport.class);\r
+ \r
+ enum MetaData{\r
+ NAME,\r
+ ARTIST,\r
+ COPYRIGHT,\r
+ COPYRIGHTNOTICE,\r
+ OBJECTNAME\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private static int modCount = 300;\r
+\r
+ private static String pluralString = "images";\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Rudimetary implementation using apache sanselan. This implementation depends\r
+ * on the metadata standards used in the palmae images. The IPTC field ObjectName\r
+ * contains a string like this: "Arecaceae; Eugeissona utilis". The string \r
+ * in front of the semicolon is the family name and the one behind, the taxon name.\r
+ * So we basically assume, that if the string gets split by ";" the element at \r
+ * index 1 should be the taxon name.\r
+ * If this format changes this method breaks!\r
+ * \r
+ * TODO The ImageMetaData class of the commons package should provide \r
+ * convenient access to the metadata of an image as well as all the error handling\r
+ * \r
+ * @param imageFile\r
+ * @return the name of the taxon as stored in ObjectName IPTC tag\r
+ */\r
+ public String retrieveTaxonNameFromImageMetadata(File imageFile){\r
+ String name = null;\r
+ \r
+ IImageMetadata metadata = null;\r
+ \r
+ try {\r
+ metadata = Sanselan.getMetadata(imageFile);\r
+ } catch (ImageReadException e) {\r
+ logger.error("Error reading image" + " in " + imageFile.getName(), e);\r
+ } catch (IOException e) {\r
+ logger.error("Error reading file" + " in " + imageFile.getName(), e);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ if(metadata instanceof JpegImageMetadata){\r
+ JpegImageMetadata jpegMetadata = (JpegImageMetadata) metadata;\r
+\r
+ for (Object object : jpegMetadata.getItems()){\r
+ \r
+ Item item = (Item) object;\r
+ \r
+ if(item.getKeyword().equals("ObjectName")){\r
+ logger.debug("File: " + imageFile.getName() + ". ObjectName string is: " + item.getText());\r
+ String[] objectNameSplit = item.getText().split(";");\r
+ \r
+ try {\r
+ name = objectNameSplit[1].trim();\r
+ } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {\r
+ logger.warn("ObjectNameSplit has no second part: " + item.getText() + " in " + imageFile.getName());\r
+ //throw e;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ return name;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public Map<MetaData, String> getMetaData(File imageFile, List<MetaData> metaData){\r
+ HashMap<MetaData, String> result = new HashMap<MetaData, String>();\r
+ \r
+ IImageMetadata metadata = null;\r
+ List<String> metaDataStrings = new ArrayList<String>();\r
+ \r
+ for (MetaData data: metaData){\r
+ metaDataStrings.add(data.name().toLowerCase());\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ try {\r
+ metadata = Sanselan.getMetadata(imageFile);\r
+ } catch (ImageReadException e) {\r
+ logger.error("Error reading image" + " in " + imageFile.getName(), e);\r
+ } catch (IOException e) {\r
+ logger.error("Error reading file" + " in " + imageFile.getName(), e);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ if(metadata instanceof JpegImageMetadata){\r
+ JpegImageMetadata jpegMetadata = (JpegImageMetadata) metadata;\r
+ \r
+ for (Object object : jpegMetadata.getItems()){\r
+ Item item = (Item) object;\r
+ \r
+ if(metaDataStrings.contains(item.getKeyword().toLowerCase())){\r
+ logger.debug("File: " + imageFile.getName() + ". "+ item.getKeyword() +"string is: " + item.getText());\r
+ result.put(MetaData.valueOf(item.getKeyword().toUpperCase()), item.getText());\r
+ Set<Entry<MetaData, String>> resultSet = result.entrySet();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ protected boolean invokeImageImport (ImageImportConfigurator config){\r
+ \r
+ logger.info("Importing images from directory: " + config.getSourceNameString());\r
+ \r
+ File sourceFolder = new File(config.getSource());\r
+ String taxonName;\r
+ if(sourceFolder.isDirectory()){\r
+ int count = 0;\r
+ for( File file : sourceFolder.listFiles()){\r
+ if(file.isFile()){\r
+ doCount(count++, modCount, pluralString);\r
+ \r
+ taxonName= retrieveTaxonNameFromImageMetadata(file);\r
+ logger.debug("Looking up taxa with taxon name: " + taxonName);\r
+ \r
+ //TODO:\r
+ ArrayList<MetaData> metaDataList = new ArrayList<MetaData>();\r
+ metaDataList.add (MetaData.ARTIST);\r
+ metaDataList.add (MetaData.COPYRIGHT);\r
+ metaDataList.add (MetaData.COPYRIGHTNOTICE);\r
+ metaDataList.add (MetaData.OBJECTNAME);\r
+ //metaDataList.add (MetaData.NAME);\r
+ \r
+ Map<MetaData, String> metaData = getMetaData(file, metaDataList);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ ReferenceBase sec = referenceService.find(config.getSecUuid());\r
+\r
+ List<TaxonBase> taxa = new ArrayList<TaxonBase>();\r
+ if (taxonName != null){\r
+ taxa = taxonService.searchTaxaByName(taxonName, sec); \r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.error("TaxonName is null " + " in " + file.getName());\r
+ }\r
+ if(taxa.size() == 0){\r
+ logger.warn("no taxon with this name found: " + taxonName + " in " + file.getName());\r
+ }else if(taxa.size() > 1){\r
+ logger.error(taxa);\r
+ logger.error("multiple taxa with this name found: " + taxonName + " in " + file.getName());\r
+ }else{\r
+ Taxon taxon = (Taxon) taxa.get(0);\r
+ \r
+ taxonService.saveOrUpdate(taxon);\r
+ \r
+ //MetaDataFactory metaDataFactory = MetaDataFactory.getInstance();\r
+ //ImageMetaData imageMetaData = (ImageMetaData) metaDataFactory.readMediaData(file.toURI(), MimeType.IMAGE);\r
+ try{\r
+ ImageInfo imageinfo = Sanselan.getImageInfo(file);\r
+ \r
+ String mimeType = imageinfo.getMimeType();\r
+ String suffix = "jpg";\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ // URL for this image\r
+ URL url = null;\r
+ try {\r
+ url = new URL(config.getMediaUrlString() + file.getName());\r
+ } catch (MalformedURLException e) {\r
+ logger.warn("URL is malformed: "+ url);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ ImageFile imageFile = ImageFile.NewInstance(url.toString(),null, imageinfo.getHeight(), imageinfo.getWidth());\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ MediaRepresentation representation = MediaRepresentation.NewInstance(mimeType, suffix);\r
+ representation.addRepresentationPart(imageFile);\r
+ \r
+ Media media = Media.NewInstance();\r
+ media.addRepresentation(representation);\r
+ if (metaData.containsKey(MetaData.OBJECTNAME)){\r
+ media.setTitleCache(metaData.get(MetaData.OBJECTNAME).replace("'", ""), true);\r
+ }\r
+ //TODO: add the rights and the author:\r
+ Person artist = null;\r
+ if (metaData.containsKey(MetaData.ARTIST)){\r
+ //TODO search for the person first and then create the object...\r
+ artist = Person.NewTitledInstance(metaData.get(MetaData.ARTIST).replace("'", ""));\r
+ artist.setFirstname(getFirstName(metaData.get(MetaData.ARTIST)).replace("'", ""));\r
+ artist.setLastname(getLastName(metaData.get(MetaData.ARTIST)).replace("'", ""));\r
+ \r
+ IMatchStrategy matchStrategy = DefaultMatchStrategy.NewInstance(AgentBase.class);\r
+ try{\r
+ List<Person> agents = commonService.findMatching(artist, matchStrategy);\r
+ \r
+ if (agents.size()!= 0){\r
+ artist = agents.get(0);\r
+ }\r
+ }catch(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.strategy.match.MatchException e){\r
+ logger.warn("MatchException occurred");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ media.setArtist(artist);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ if (metaData.containsKey(MetaData.COPYRIGHT)){\r
+ //TODO: maybe search for the identic right... \r
+ Rights copyright = Rights.NewInstance();\r
+ copyright.setType(RightsTerm.COPYRIGHT());\r
+ Person copyrightOwner;\r
+ if (artist != null && !artist.getLastname().equalsIgnoreCase(getLastName(metaData.get(MetaData.COPYRIGHT)))){\r
+ copyrightOwner = Person.NewInstance();\r
+ \r
+ copyrightOwner.setFirstname(getFirstName(metaData.get(MetaData.COPYRIGHT)));\r
+ copyrightOwner.setLastname(getLastName(metaData.get(MetaData.COPYRIGHT)));\r
+ }else\r
+ {\r
+ copyrightOwner = artist;\r
+ }\r
+ copyright.setAgent(copyrightOwner);\r
+ //IMatchStrategy matchStrategy = DefaultMatchStrategy.NewInstance(Rights.class);\r
+ media.addRights(copyright);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ ReferenceBase sourceRef = config.getSourceReference();\r
+ TaxonDescription description = taxon.getOrCreateImageGallery(sourceRef == null ? null :sourceRef.getTitleCache());\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ TextData textData = null;\r
+ for (DescriptionElementBase element : description.getElements()){\r
+ if (element.isInstanceOf(TextData.class)){\r
+ textData = CdmBase.deproxy(element, TextData.class);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ if (textData == null){\r
+ textData = TextData.NewInstance();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ textData.addMedia(media);\r
+ \r
+ textData.setFeature(Feature.IMAGE());\r
+ \r
+ description.addElement(textData);\r
+ \r
+ taxonService.saveOrUpdate(taxon);\r
+ }catch(Exception e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.error("given source folder is not a directory");\r
+ }\r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private String getFirstName(String artist){\r
+ if (artist == null){\r
+ return "";\r
+ }\r
+ if (!artist.contains(" ")) {\r
+ return "";\r
+ }\r
+ if (artist.contains(",")){\r
+ String [] artistSplits = artist.split(",");\r
+ artist = artistSplits[0];\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ try{\r
+ return artist.substring(0, artist.lastIndexOf(' ')).replace("'", "");\r
+ }catch (Exception e){\r
+ return "";\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private String getLastName(String artist){\r
+ \r
+ if (artist.contains(",")){\r
+ String [] artistSplits = artist.split(",");\r
+ artist = artistSplits[0];\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ if (!artist.contains(" ")) {\r
+ \r
+ return artist;\r
+ }\r
+ try{\r
+ return artist.substring(artist.lastIndexOf(' ')).replace(" ", "");\r
+ }\r
+ catch(Exception e){\r
+ return "";\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected void doCount(int count, int modCount, String pluralString){\r
+ if ((count % modCount ) == 0 && count!= 0 ){ logger.info(pluralString + " handled: " + (count));}\r
+ }\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu
+*
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.
+*/
+
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.AbstractImageImporter;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.ImageImportConfigurator;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.ExcelUtils;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonNameDescription;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TextData;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.Media;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.MediaRepresentation;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.MediaRepresentationPart;
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;
+
+/**
+ * @author n.hoffmann
+ * @created 19.11.2008
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+@Component
+public class PalmaeProtologueImport extends AbstractImageImporter {
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(PalmaeProtologueImport.class);
+
+ public static final String SPECIES = "Species";
+ public static final String TAXONID = "Taxon ID";
+ public static final String LINK_PROTO = "Link proto";
+
+ /* (non-Javadoc)
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.images.AbstractImageImporter#invokeImageImport(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)
+ */
+ @Override
+ protected boolean invokeImageImport(ImageImportConfigurator config) {
+
+ ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> contents;
+ try {
+ contents = ExcelUtils.parseXLS(config.getSource());
+ } catch (/*FileNotFound*/Exception e) {
+ logger.error("FileNotFound: " + config.getSource().toString());
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ Set<TaxonNameBase> taxonNameStore = new HashSet<TaxonNameBase>();
+
+ int count = 0;
+
+ for (HashMap<String, String> row : contents){
+ count++;
+
+ TaxonNameBase taxonNameBase = null;
+ String species = null;
+ String taxonId = null;
+ String linkProto = null;
+ try{
+ species = row.get(PalmaeProtologueImport.SPECIES).trim();
+ taxonId = row.get(PalmaeProtologueImport.TAXONID);
+ linkProto= row.get(PalmaeProtologueImport.LINK_PROTO).trim();
+ taxonNameBase = (TaxonNameBase)getCommonService().getSourcedObjectByIdInSource(TaxonNameBase.class, "palm_tn_" + taxonId.replace(".0", ""), "TaxonName");
+ }catch (Exception e){
+ logger.error("The row has errors: rowNumber: " +count + ", content: " + row, e);
+ }
+
+
+
+ if(taxonNameBase == null){
+ logger.warn("no taxon with this name found: " + species + ", idInSource: " + taxonId);
+ }else{
+
+ MediaRepresentationPart representationPart = MediaRepresentationPart.NewInstance(linkProto, 0);
+ MediaRepresentation representation = MediaRepresentation.NewInstance("text/html", null);
+ representation.addRepresentationPart(representationPart);
+
+ Media media = Media.NewInstance();
+ media.addRepresentation(representation);
+
+ TaxonNameDescription description = TaxonNameDescription.NewInstance();
+ TextData protolog = TextData.NewInstance(Feature.PROTOLOGUE());
+ protolog.addMedia(media);
+ description.addElement(protolog);
+ taxonNameBase.addDescription(description);
+
+ taxonNameStore.add(taxonNameBase);
+ if(count % 50 == 0){
+ logger.info(count + " protologues processed.");
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+
+ getNameService().save(taxonNameStore);
+ logger.info(count + " protologues imported to CDM store.");
+
+ return true;
+ }
+
+}
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io;\r
+\r
+import java.io.File;\r
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.ICommonService;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.palmae.config.PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.DefaultImportState;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonNameDescription;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TextData;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.Media;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.MediaRepresentation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.media.MediaRepresentationPart;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 29.07.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+@Component\r
+public class ProtologueImport extends CdmIoBase<DefaultImportState<PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator>> {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ProtologueImport.class);\r
+\r
+ private String pluralString = "protologues";\r
+ private static int modCount = 200;\r
+\r
+ public ProtologueImport(){\r
+ super();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public boolean doInvoke(DefaultImportState<PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator> state){\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ logger.info("start make Protologues from files ...");\r
+ \r
+ Set<TaxonNameBase> nameStore = new HashSet<TaxonNameBase>();\r
+ \r
+ PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator config = state.getConfig();\r
+ File source = config.getSource();\r
+ TaxonNameBase name;\r
+ TransactionStatus txStatus = startTransaction(false);\r
+ int count = 0;\r
+ if (source.isDirectory()){\r
+ for (File file : source.listFiles() ){\r
+ if (file.isFile()){\r
+ doCount(count++, modCount, pluralString);\r
+ name = importFile(file, state);\r
+ success &= storeName(nameStore, name);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ if (source.isFile()){\r
+ name = importFile(source, state);\r
+ success &= storeName(nameStore, name);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ getNameService().save(nameStore);\r
+ commitTransaction(txStatus);\r
+ logger.info("end make Protologues from files ...");\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private boolean storeName(Set<TaxonNameBase> nameStore, TaxonNameBase name){\r
+ if (name != null){\r
+ nameStore.add(name);\r
+ return true;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private TaxonNameBase importFile(File file, DefaultImportState<PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator> state){\r
+ String originalSourceId = file.getName();\r
+ originalSourceId =originalSourceId.replace("_P.pdf", "");\r
+ originalSourceId =originalSourceId.replace("_tc_", "_tn_");\r
+ String namespace = state.getConfig().getOriginalSourceTaxonNamespace();\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //for testing only\r
+ TaxonNameBase taxonName = getTaxonName(originalSourceId, namespace);\r
+ if (taxonName == null){\r
+ logger.warn("Name not found for " + originalSourceId);\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+// TaxonNameDescription nameDescription = null;\r
+// if (taxonName.getDescriptions().size() > 0){\r
+// nameDescription = (TaxonNameDescription)taxonName.getDescriptions().iterator().next();\r
+// }else{\r
+// nameDescription = new TaxonNameDescription();\r
+// }\r
+ try{\r
+ Media media = getMedia(state, file);\r
+ if (media.getRepresentations().size() > 0){\r
+ TaxonNameDescription description = getNameDescription(taxonName);\r
+ TextData protolog = TextData.NewInstance(Feature.PROTOLOGUE());\r
+ protolog.addMedia(media);\r
+ description.addElement(protolog);\r
+ return taxonName;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }catch(NullPointerException e){\r
+ logger.warn("MediaUrl and/or MediaPath not set. Could not get protologue.");\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ return null;\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private TaxonNameDescription getNameDescription(TaxonNameBase taxonName) {\r
+ TaxonNameDescription result;\r
+ if (taxonName.getDescriptions().size()> 0){\r
+ result = (TaxonNameDescription)taxonName.getDescriptions().iterator().next();\r
+ }else{\r
+ result = TaxonNameDescription.NewInstance();\r
+ taxonName.addDescription(result);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private Media getMedia(DefaultImportState<PalmaeProtologueImportConfigurator> state, File file){\r
+ try {\r
+ //File file = (File)state.getConfig().getSource();\r
+ String url = file.toURI().toURL().toString();\r
+ String mimeTypePdf = "application/pdf"; \r
+ String suffixPdf = "pdf"; \r
+ String urlStringPdf = state.getConfig().getUrlString() + file.getName(); \r
+ Integer size = null;\r
+ \r
+ if (file.exists()){ \r
+ Media media = Media.NewInstance();\r
+ \r
+ MediaRepresentation representationPdf = MediaRepresentation.NewInstance(mimeTypePdf, suffixPdf); \r
+ representationPdf.addRepresentationPart(MediaRepresentationPart.NewInstance(urlStringPdf, size)); \r
+ media.addRepresentation(representationPdf); \r
+ return media;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ } catch (MalformedURLException e) {\r
+ logger.error(e.getMessage());\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private TaxonNameBase getTaxonName(String originalSourceId, String namespace){\r
+ TaxonNameBase result;\r
+ ICommonService commonService = getCommonService();\r
+ \r
+ result = (TaxonNameBase)commonService.getSourcedObjectByIdInSource(TaxonNameBase.class, originalSourceId , namespace);\r
+ if (result == null){\r
+ logger.warn("Taxon (id: " + originalSourceId + ", namespace: " + namespace + ") could not be found");\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public boolean doCheck(DefaultImportState state){\r
+ boolean result = true;\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#isIgnore(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ protected boolean isIgnore(DefaultImportState state){\r
+ return false; // ! state.getConfig();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected void doCount(int count, int modCount, String pluralString){\r
+ if ((count % modCount ) == 0 && count!= 0 ){ logger.info(pluralString + " handled: " + (count));}\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist;\r
+\r
+import java.sql.ResultSet;\r
+import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;\r
+import java.sql.SQLException;\r
+import java.sql.Timestamp;\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmImportBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ICdmIO;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IPartitionedIO;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportHelper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ResultSetPartitioner;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.EDITOR;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMapping;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.AnnotatableEntity;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Annotation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.AnnotationType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.ExtensionType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.IdentifiableEntity;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Language;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.MarkerType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.User;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.03.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public abstract class CentralAfricaChecklistImportBase<CDM_BASE extends CdmBase> extends CdmImportBase<CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator, CentralAfricaChecklistImportState> implements ICdmIO<CentralAfricaChecklistImportState>, IPartitionedIO<CentralAfricaChecklistImportState> {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaChecklistImportBase.class);\r
+ \r
+ public static final UUID ID_IN_SOURCE_EXT_UUID = UUID.fromString("23dac094-e793-40a4-bad9-649fc4fcfd44");\r
+ \r
+ protected static final String SYNONYM_NAMESPACE = "synonyms";\r
+ protected static final String TAXON_NAMESPACE = "checklist";\r
+ protected static final String REFERENCE_NAMESPACE = "checklist_source";\r
+ \r
+\r
+ private String pluralString;\r
+ private String dbTableName;\r
+ //TODO needed?\r
+ private Class cdmTargetClass;\r
+ \r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param dbTableName\r
+ * @param dbTableName2 \r
+ */\r
+ public CentralAfricaChecklistImportBase(String pluralString, String dbTableName, Class cdmTargetClass) {\r
+ this.pluralString = pluralString;\r
+ this.dbTableName = dbTableName;\r
+ this.cdmTargetClass = cdmTargetClass;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ protected boolean doInvoke(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state){\r
+ logger.info("start make " + getPluralString() + " ...");\r
+ boolean success = true ;\r
+ CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator config = state.getConfig();\r
+ Source source = config.getSource();\r
+ \r
+ String strIdQuery = getIdQuery();\r
+ String strRecordQuery = getRecordQuery(config);\r
+\r
+ int recordsPerTransaction = config.getRecordsPerTransaction();\r
+ try{\r
+ ResultSetPartitioner partitioner = ResultSetPartitioner.NewInstance(source, strIdQuery, strRecordQuery, recordsPerTransaction);\r
+ while (partitioner.nextPartition()){\r
+ partitioner.doPartition(this, state);\r
+ }\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ logger.error("SQLException:" + e);\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ logger.info("end make " + getPluralString() + " ... " + getSuccessString(success));\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public boolean doPartition(ResultSetPartitioner partitioner, CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state) {\r
+ boolean success = true ;\r
+ Set objectsToSave = new HashSet();\r
+ \r
+ DbImportMapping<?, ?> mapping = getMapping();\r
+ mapping.initialize(state, cdmTargetClass);\r
+ \r
+ ResultSet rs = partitioner.getResultSet();\r
+ try{\r
+ while (rs.next()){\r
+ success &= mapping.invoke(rs,objectsToSave);\r
+ }\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ logger.error("SQLException:" + e);\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ partitioner.startDoSave();\r
+ getCommonService().save(objectsToSave);\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected abstract DbImportMapping<?, ?> getMapping();\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected abstract String getRecordQuery(CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator config);\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected String getIdQuery(){\r
+ String result = " SELECT id FROM " + getTableName();\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.IPartitionedIO#getPluralString()\r
+ */\r
+ public String getPluralString(){\r
+ return pluralString;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected String getTableName(){\r
+ return this.dbTableName;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected boolean doIdCreatedUpdatedNotes(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state, IdentifiableEntity identifiableEntity, ResultSet rs, long id, String namespace)\r
+ throws SQLException{\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ //id\r
+ success &= ImportHelper.setOriginalSource(identifiableEntity, state.getConfig().getSourceReference(), id, namespace);\r
+ //createdUpdateNotes\r
+ success &= doCreatedUpdatedNotes(state, identifiableEntity, rs, namespace);\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ protected boolean doCreatedUpdatedNotes(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state, AnnotatableEntity annotatableEntity, ResultSet rs, String namespace)\r
+ throws SQLException{\r
+\r
+ CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator config = state.getConfig();\r
+ Object createdWhen = rs.getObject("Created_When");\r
+ String createdWho = rs.getString("Created_Who");\r
+ Object updatedWhen = null;\r
+ String updatedWho = null;\r
+ try {\r
+ updatedWhen = rs.getObject("Updated_When");\r
+ updatedWho = rs.getString("Updated_who");\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ //Table "Name" has no updated when/who\r
+ }\r
+ String notes = rs.getString("notes");\r
+ \r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ \r
+ //Created When, Who, Updated When Who\r
+ if (config.getEditor() == null || config.getEditor().equals(EDITOR.NO_EDITORS)){\r
+ //do nothing\r
+ }else if (config.getEditor().equals(EDITOR.EDITOR_AS_ANNOTATION)){\r
+ String createdAnnotationString = "Berlin Model record was created By: " + String.valueOf(createdWho) + " (" + String.valueOf(createdWhen) + ") ";\r
+ if (updatedWhen != null && updatedWho != null){\r
+ createdAnnotationString += " and updated By: " + String.valueOf(updatedWho) + " (" + String.valueOf(updatedWhen) + ")";\r
+ }\r
+ Annotation annotation = Annotation.NewInstance(createdAnnotationString, Language.DEFAULT());\r
+ annotation.setCommentator(config.getCommentator());\r
+ annotation.setAnnotationType(AnnotationType.TECHNICAL());\r
+ annotatableEntity.addAnnotation(annotation);\r
+ }else if (config.getEditor().equals(EDITOR.EDITOR_AS_EDITOR)){\r
+ User creator = getUser(createdWho, state);\r
+ User updator = getUser(updatedWho, state);\r
+ DateTime created = getDateTime(createdWhen);\r
+ DateTime updated = getDateTime(updatedWhen);\r
+ annotatableEntity.setCreatedBy(creator);\r
+ annotatableEntity.setUpdatedBy(updator);\r
+ annotatableEntity.setCreated(created);\r
+ annotatableEntity.setUpdated(updated);\r
+ }else {\r
+ logger.warn("Editor type not yet implemented: " + config.getEditor());\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //notes\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isNotEmpty(notes)){\r
+ String notesString = String.valueOf(notes);\r
+ if (notesString.length() > 65530 ){\r
+ notesString = notesString.substring(0, 65530) + "...";\r
+ logger.warn("Notes string is longer than 65530 and was truncated: " + annotatableEntity);\r
+ }\r
+ Annotation notesAnnotation = Annotation.NewInstance(notesString, null);\r
+ //notesAnnotation.setAnnotationType(AnnotationType.EDITORIAL());\r
+ //notes.setCommentator(bmiConfig.getCommentator());\r
+ annotatableEntity.addAnnotation(notesAnnotation);\r
+ }\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ private User getUser(String createdWho, CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state) {\r
+ //not relevant here, for users see ERMS import\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private DateTime getDateTime(Object timeString){\r
+ if (timeString == null){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ DateTime dateTime = null;\r
+ if (timeString instanceof Timestamp){\r
+ Timestamp timestamp = (Timestamp)timeString;\r
+ dateTime = new DateTime(timestamp);\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("time ("+timeString+") is not a timestamp. Datetime set to current date. ");\r
+ dateTime = new DateTime();\r
+ }\r
+ return dateTime;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Returns a map that holds all values of a ResultSet. This is needed if a value needs to\r
+ * be accessed twice\r
+ * @param rs\r
+ * @return\r
+ * @throws SQLException\r
+ */\r
+ protected Map<String, Object> getValueMap(ResultSet rs) throws SQLException{\r
+ try{\r
+ Map<String, Object> valueMap = new HashMap<String, Object>();\r
+ int colCount = rs.getMetaData().getColumnCount();\r
+ for (int c = 0; c < colCount ; c++){\r
+ Object value = rs.getObject(c+1);\r
+ String label = rs.getMetaData().getColumnLabel(c+1).toLowerCase();\r
+ if (value != null && ! CdmUtils.Nz(value.toString()).trim().equals("")){\r
+ valueMap.put(label, value);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return valueMap;\r
+ }catch(SQLException e){\r
+ throw e;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected ExtensionType getExtensionType(UUID uuid, String label, String text, String labelAbbrev){\r
+ ExtensionType extensionType = (ExtensionType)getTermService().find(uuid);\r
+ if (extensionType == null){\r
+ extensionType = ExtensionType.NewInstance(text, label, labelAbbrev);\r
+ extensionType.setUuid(uuid);\r
+ getTermService().save(extensionType);\r
+ }\r
+ return extensionType;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected MarkerType getMarkerType(UUID uuid, String label, String text, String labelAbbrev){\r
+ MarkerType markerType = (MarkerType)getTermService().find(uuid);\r
+ if (markerType == null){\r
+ markerType = MarkerType.NewInstance(label, text, labelAbbrev);\r
+ markerType.setUuid(uuid);\r
+ getTermService().save(markerType);\r
+ }\r
+ return markerType;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * Reads a foreign key field from the result set and adds its value to the idSet.\r
+ * @param rs\r
+ * @param teamIdSet\r
+ * @throws SQLException\r
+ */\r
+ protected void handleForeignKey(ResultSet rs, Set<String> idSet, String attributeName)\r
+ throws SQLException {\r
+ Object idObj = rs.getObject(attributeName);\r
+ if (idObj != null){\r
+ String id = String.valueOf(idObj);\r
+ idSet.add(id);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Returns true if i is a multiple of recordsPerTransaction\r
+ * @param i\r
+ * @param recordsPerTransaction\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected boolean loopNeedsHandling(int i, int recordsPerLoop) {\r
+ startTransaction();\r
+ return (i % recordsPerLoop) == 0;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected void doLogPerLoop(int count, int recordsPerLog, String pluralString){\r
+ if ((count % recordsPerLog ) == 0 && count!= 0 ){ logger.info(pluralString + " handled: " + (count));}\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist;\r
+\r
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportConfiguratorBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportStateBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IInputTransformer;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.03.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator extends ImportConfiguratorBase<CentralAfricaChecklistImportState, Source> implements IImportConfigurator{\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator.class);\r
+\r
+ private UUID uuidGenevaReference = UUID.fromString("cf3fd13d-6cad-430c-ab70-7ea841b7159f");\r
+ \r
+ private String genevaReferenceTitle = null;\r
+ \r
+ public static CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator NewInstance(Source ermsSource, ICdmDataSource destination){\r
+ return new CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator(ermsSource, destination);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* Max number of records to be saved with one service call */\r
+ private int recordsPerTransaction = 1000; //defaultValue\r
+\r
+ //TODO needed ??\r
+ private Method userTransformationMethod;\r
+ \r
+ private boolean doVernaculars = true;\r
+ private boolean doLinks = true;\r
+ private boolean doNotes = true;\r
+ private boolean doImages = true;\r
+ \r
+ private static IInputTransformer defaultTransformer = new CentralAfricaChecklistTransformer();\r
+ \r
+ protected void makeIoClassList(){\r
+ ioClassList = new Class[]{\r
+ //ErmsGeneralImportValidator.class\r
+ CentralAfricaChecklistReferenceImport.class ,\r
+ CentralAfricaChecklistTaxonImport.class,\r
+ CentralAfricaChecklistSynonymImport.class\r
+ }; \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator#getNewState()\r
+ */\r
+ public ImportStateBase getNewState() {\r
+ return new CentralAfricaChecklistImportState(this);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator(Source source, ICdmDataSource destination) {\r
+ super(defaultTransformer);\r
+ setNomenclaturalCode(NomenclaturalCode.ICZN); //default for ERMS\r
+ setSource(source);\r
+ setDestination(destination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public Source getSource() {\r
+ return (Source)super.getSource();\r
+ }\r
+ public void setSource(Source berlinModelSource) {\r
+ super.setSource(berlinModelSource);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.tcsrdf.IImportConfigurator#getSourceReference()\r
+ */\r
+ public ReferenceBase getSourceReference() {\r
+ if (sourceReference == null){\r
+ sourceReference = ReferenceFactory.newDatabase();\r
+ if (getSource() != null){\r
+ sourceReference.setTitleCache(getSource().getDatabase(), true);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return sourceReference;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator#getSourceNameString()\r
+ */\r
+ public String getSourceNameString() {\r
+ if (this.getSource() == null){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return this.getSource().getDatabase();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the userTransformationMethod\r
+ */\r
+ public Method getUserTransformationMethod() {\r
+ return userTransformationMethod;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param userTransformationMethod the userTransformationMethod to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setUserTransformationMethod(Method userTransformationMethod) {\r
+ this.userTransformationMethod = userTransformationMethod;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the limitSave\r
+ */\r
+ public int getRecordsPerTransaction() {\r
+ return recordsPerTransaction;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param limitSave the limitSave to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setRecordsPerTransaction(int recordsPerTransaction) {\r
+ this.recordsPerTransaction = recordsPerTransaction;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param doVernaculars the doVernaculars to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setDoVernaculars(boolean doVernaculars) {\r
+ this.doVernaculars = doVernaculars;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the doVernaculars\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean isDoVernaculars() {\r
+ return doVernaculars;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param doLinks the doLinks to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setDoLinks(boolean doLinks) {\r
+ this.doLinks = doLinks;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the doLinks\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean isDoLinks() {\r
+ return doLinks;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param doNotes the doNotes to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setDoNotes(boolean doNotes) {\r
+ this.doNotes = doNotes;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the doNotes\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean isDoNotes() {\r
+ return doNotes;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param doImages the doImages to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setDoImages(boolean doImages) {\r
+ this.doImages = doImages;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the doImages\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean isDoImages() {\r
+ return doImages;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ public void setUuidGenevaReference(UUID uuidGenevaReference) {\r
+ this.uuidGenevaReference = uuidGenevaReference;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ public UUID getUuidGenevaReference() {\r
+ return uuidGenevaReference;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ public void setGenevaReferenceTitle(String genevaReferenceTitle) {\r
+ this.genevaReferenceTitle = genevaReferenceTitle;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ public String getGenevaReferenceTitle() {\r
+ return genevaReferenceTitle;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist;\r
+\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.DbImportStateBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.DefinedTermBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.MarkerType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.User;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 11.05.2009\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CentralAfricaChecklistImportState extends DbImportStateBase<CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator, CentralAfricaChecklistImportState>{\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState.class);\r
+\r
+ private Map<String, DefinedTermBase> dbCdmDefTermMap = new HashMap<String, DefinedTermBase>();\r
+ \r
+ private String lastFamily;\r
+ private String lastGenus;\r
+ private Map<String, UUID> higherTaxonUuidMap = new HashMap<String, UUID>();\r
+\r
+ private ReferenceBase genevaReference;\r
+\r
+\r
+ public boolean containsHigherTaxon(String higherName) {\r
+ return higherTaxonUuidMap.containsKey(higherName);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public UUID putHigherTaxon(String higherName, UUID uuid) {\r
+ return higherTaxonUuidMap.put(higherName, uuid);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public UUID removeHigherTaxon(String higherName) {\r
+ return higherTaxonUuidMap.remove(higherName);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public UUID getHigherTaxon(String higherName) {\r
+ return higherTaxonUuidMap.get(higherName);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ public CentralAfricaChecklistImportState(CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ super(config);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public Map<String, DefinedTermBase> getDbCdmDefinedTermMap(){\r
+ return this.dbCdmDefTermMap;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public void putDefinedTermToMap(String tableName, String id, DefinedTermBase term){\r
+ this.dbCdmDefTermMap.put(tableName + "_" + id, term);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public void putDefinedTermToMap(String tableName, int id, DefinedTermBase term){\r
+ putDefinedTermToMap(tableName, String.valueOf(id), term);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public void setLastFamily(String lastFamily) {\r
+ this.lastFamily = lastFamily;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public String getLastFamily() {\r
+ return lastFamily;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public void setLastGenus(String lastGenus) {\r
+ this.lastGenus = lastGenus;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public String getLastGenus() {\r
+ return lastGenus;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public ReferenceBase getGenevaReference() {\r
+ return genevaReference;\r
+ }\r
+ public void setGenevaReference(ReferenceBase genevaReference) {\r
+ this.genevaReference = genevaReference;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist;\r
+\r
+import java.sql.ResultSet;\r
+import java.sql.SQLException;\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.ITaxonTreeService;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IOValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ResultSetPartitioner;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMapping;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMarkerMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportObjectCreationMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportTaxIncludedInMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbNotYetImplementedMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist.validation.CentralAfricaChecklistTaxonImportValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Distribution;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.PresenceTerm;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonDescription;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.NamedArea;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.TdwgArea;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.BotanicalName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.Rank;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonomicTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.strategy.parser.NonViralNameParserImpl;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.02.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+@Component\r
+public class CentralAfricaChecklistReferenceImport extends CentralAfricaChecklistImportBase<ReferenceBase> implements IMappingImport<ReferenceBase, CentralAfricaChecklistImportState>{\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaChecklistReferenceImport.class);\r
+ \r
+ private Map<UUID, Taxon> higherTaxonMap;\r
+ \r
+ private DbImportMapping mapping;\r
+ \r
+ private int modCount = 10000;\r
+ private static final String pluralString = "references";\r
+ private static final String dbTableName = "checklist";\r
+ private static final Class cdmTargetClass = TaxonBase.class;\r
+ private static final String strOrderBy = " ORDER BY source ";\r
+\r
+ public CentralAfricaChecklistReferenceImport(){\r
+ super(pluralString, dbTableName, cdmTargetClass);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportBase#getIdQuery()\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getIdQuery() {\r
+ String strQuery = " SELECT DISTINCT source FROM " + dbTableName +\r
+ strOrderBy;\r
+ return strQuery;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportBase#getMapping()\r
+ */\r
+ protected DbImportMapping getMapping() {\r
+ if (mapping == null){\r
+ mapping = new DbImportMapping();\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportObjectCreationMapper.NewInstance(this, "source", REFERENCE_NAMESPACE)); \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ return mapping;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportBase#getRecordQuery(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getRecordQuery(CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ String strSelect = " SELECT DISTINCT source ";\r
+ String strFrom = " FROM checklist";\r
+ String strWhere = " WHERE ( source IN (" + ID_LIST_TOKEN + ") )";\r
+ String strRecordQuery = strSelect + strFrom + strWhere + strOrderBy;\r
+ return strRecordQuery;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.IPartitionedIO#getRelatedObjectsForPartition(java.sql.ResultSet)\r
+ */\r
+ public Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> getRelatedObjectsForPartition(ResultSet rs) {\r
+ Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> result = new HashMap<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>>();\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport#createObject(java.sql.ResultSet)\r
+ */\r
+ public ReferenceBase createObject(ResultSet rs, CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state) throws SQLException {\r
+ ReferenceBase ref = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ String sourceString = rs.getString("source");\r
+ ref.setTitle(sourceString);\r
+ return ref;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#doCheck(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected boolean doCheck(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state){\r
+ IOValidator<CentralAfricaChecklistImportState> validator = new CentralAfricaChecklistTaxonImportValidator();\r
+ return validator.validate(state);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#isIgnore(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ protected boolean isIgnore(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state){\r
+ return ! state.getConfig().isDoTaxa();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist;\r
+\r
+import java.sql.ResultSet;\r
+import java.sql.SQLException;\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IOValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMapping;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportObjectCreationMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist.validation.CentralAfricaChecklistTaxonImportValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.BotanicalName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.Rank;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Synonym;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.SynonymRelationshipType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.strategy.parser.NonViralNameParserImpl;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.02.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+@Component\r
+public class CentralAfricaChecklistSynonymImport extends CentralAfricaChecklistImportBase<TaxonBase> implements IMappingImport<TaxonBase, CentralAfricaChecklistImportState>{\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaChecklistSynonymImport.class);\r
+ \r
+ private NonViralNameParserImpl parser = NonViralNameParserImpl.NewInstance();\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private DbImportMapping mapping;\r
+ \r
+ //second path is not used anymore, there is now an ErmsTaxonRelationImport class instead\r
+ private boolean isSecondPath = false;\r
+ \r
+ private int modCount = 10000;\r
+ private static final String pluralString = "synonyms";\r
+ private static final String dbTableName = "synonyms";\r
+ private static final Class cdmTargetClass = TaxonBase.class;\r
+ private static final String strOrderBy = "";\r
+\r
+ public CentralAfricaChecklistSynonymImport(){\r
+ super(pluralString, dbTableName, cdmTargetClass);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportBase#getIdQuery()\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getIdQuery() {\r
+ String strQuery = " SELECT syn_id FROM " + dbTableName + strOrderBy;\r
+ return strQuery;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportBase#getMapping()\r
+ */\r
+ protected DbImportMapping getMapping() {\r
+ if (mapping == null){\r
+ mapping = new DbImportMapping();\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportObjectCreationMapper.NewInstance(this, "syn_id", SYNONYM_NAMESPACE));\r
+ //TODO Synonym mapper gibts es auch\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ return mapping;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportBase#getRecordQuery(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getRecordQuery(CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ String strSelect = " SELECT * ";\r
+ String strFrom = " FROM " + dbTableName;\r
+ String strWhere = " WHERE ( syn_id IN (" + ID_LIST_TOKEN + ") )";\r
+ String strRecordQuery = strSelect + strFrom + strWhere + strOrderBy;\r
+ return strRecordQuery;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.IPartitionedIO#getRelatedObjectsForPartition(java.sql.ResultSet)\r
+ */\r
+ public Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> getRelatedObjectsForPartition(ResultSet rs) {\r
+ String nameSpace;\r
+ Class cdmClass;\r
+ Set<String> idSet;\r
+ Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> result = new HashMap<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>>();\r
+ \r
+ try{\r
+ Set<String> taxonIdSet = new HashSet<String>();\r
+ while (rs.next()){\r
+ handleForeignKey(rs, taxonIdSet, "acc_id");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ //taxon map\r
+ nameSpace = TAXON_NAMESPACE;\r
+ cdmClass = Taxon.class;\r
+ idSet = taxonIdSet;\r
+ Map<String, Taxon> taxonMap = (Map<String, Taxon>)getCommonService().getSourcedObjectsByIdInSource(cdmClass, idSet, nameSpace);\r
+ result.put(nameSpace, taxonMap);\r
+\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ throw new RuntimeException(e);\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport#createObject(java.sql.ResultSet)\r
+ */\r
+ public TaxonBase createObject(ResultSet rs, CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state) throws SQLException {\r
+ BotanicalName speciesName = BotanicalName.NewInstance(Rank.SPECIES());\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ Integer accId = rs.getInt("acc_id");\r
+ Taxon taxon = CdmBase.deproxy(state.getRelatedObject(TAXON_NAMESPACE, String.valueOf(accId)), Taxon.class);\r
+ \r
+ ReferenceBase sec = taxon.getSec();\r
+ \r
+ String genusString = rs.getString("synonym genus");\r
+ String speciesString = rs.getString("synonym species");\r
+ String authorityString = rs.getString("synonym authority");\r
+ \r
+ Synonym synonym = Synonym.NewInstance(speciesName, sec);\r
+\r
+ speciesName.setGenusOrUninomial(genusString);\r
+ speciesName.setSpecificEpithet(speciesString);\r
+ parser.handleAuthors(speciesName, CdmUtils.concat(" ", new String[] {"", genusString, speciesString, authorityString}), authorityString);\r
+ \r
+ if (taxon != null){\r
+ taxon.addSynonym(synonym, SynonymRelationshipType.SYNONYM_OF());\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Taxon (" + accId + ") not available for Synonym " + synonym.getTitleCache());\r
+ }\r
+ return synonym;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#doCheck(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected boolean doCheck(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state){\r
+ IOValidator<CentralAfricaChecklistImportState> validator = new CentralAfricaChecklistTaxonImportValidator();\r
+ return validator.validate(state);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#isIgnore(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ protected boolean isIgnore(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state){\r
+ return ! state.getConfig().isDoTaxa();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist;\r
+\r
+import java.sql.ResultSet;\r
+import java.sql.SQLException;\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.ITaxonTreeService;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IOValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ResultSetPartitioner;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMapping;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMarkerMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportObjectCreationMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportTaxIncludedInMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist.validation.CentralAfricaChecklistTaxonImportValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.IdentifiableSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Distribution;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.PresenceTerm;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonDescription;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.NamedArea;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.location.TdwgArea;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.BotanicalName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.Rank;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonomicTree;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.strategy.parser.NonViralNameParserImpl;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.02.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+@Component\r
+public class CentralAfricaChecklistTaxonImport extends CentralAfricaChecklistImportBase<TaxonBase> implements IMappingImport<TaxonBase, CentralAfricaChecklistImportState>{\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaChecklistTaxonImport.class);\r
+ \r
+ private NonViralNameParserImpl parser = NonViralNameParserImpl.NewInstance();\r
+ \r
+ private Map<UUID, Taxon> higherTaxonMap;\r
+ \r
+ private Integer TREE_ID = null;\r
+ \r
+ private DbImportMapping mapping;\r
+ \r
+ private int modCount = 10000;\r
+ private static final String pluralString = "taxa";\r
+ private static final String dbTableName = "checklist";\r
+ private static final Class cdmTargetClass = TaxonBase.class;\r
+ private static final String strOrderBy = " ORDER BY family, genus, species ";\r
+\r
+ public CentralAfricaChecklistTaxonImport(){\r
+ super(pluralString, dbTableName, cdmTargetClass);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportBase#getIdQuery()\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getIdQuery() {\r
+ String strQuery = " SELECT pk FROM " + dbTableName +\r
+ strOrderBy;\r
+ return strQuery;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportBase#getMapping()\r
+ */\r
+ protected DbImportMapping getMapping() {\r
+ if (mapping == null){\r
+ mapping = new DbImportMapping();\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportObjectCreationMapper.NewInstance(this, "pk", TAXON_NAMESPACE)); //id + tu_status\r
+ \r
+ UUID uuidKew = CentralAfricaChecklistTransformer.uuidAcceptedKew;\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportMarkerMapper.NewInstance("accepted kew", uuidKew, "Accepted Kew", "Accepted Kew", "Kew"));\r
+ \r
+ UUID uuidGeneva = CentralAfricaChecklistTransformer.uuidAcceptedGeneva;\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportMarkerMapper.NewInstance("accepted geneva", uuidGeneva, "Accepted Geneva", "Accepted Geneva", "Geneva"));\r
+\r
+ UUID uuidItis = CentralAfricaChecklistTransformer.uuidAcceptedItis;\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportMarkerMapper.NewInstance("accepted itis", uuidItis, "Accepted ITIS", "Accepted ITIS", "ITIS"));\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ return mapping;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportBase#getRecordQuery(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getRecordQuery(CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ String strSelect = " SELECT * ";\r
+ String strFrom = " FROM checklist";\r
+ String strWhere = " WHERE ( pk IN (" + ID_LIST_TOKEN + ") )";\r
+ String strRecordQuery = strSelect + strFrom + strWhere + strOrderBy;\r
+ return strRecordQuery;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ @Override\r
+ public boolean doPartition(ResultSetPartitioner partitioner, CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state) {\r
+ higherTaxonMap = new HashMap<UUID, Taxon>();\r
+ ReferenceBase genevaReference = getReferenceService().find(state.getConfig().getUuidGenevaReference());\r
+ if (genevaReference == null){\r
+ genevaReference = makeGenevaReference(state);\r
+ getReferenceService().save(genevaReference);\r
+ }\r
+ state.setGenevaReference(genevaReference);\r
+ boolean success = super.doPartition(partitioner, state);\r
+ higherTaxonMap = new HashMap<UUID, Taxon>();\r
+ state.setGenevaReference(null);\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.IPartitionedIO#getRelatedObjectsForPartition(java.sql.ResultSet)\r
+ */\r
+ public Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> getRelatedObjectsForPartition(ResultSet rs) {\r
+ String nameSpace;\r
+ Class cdmClass;\r
+ Set<String> idSet;\r
+ Set<String> referenceIdSet = new HashSet<String>();\r
+ \r
+ Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> result = new HashMap<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>>();\r
+ \r
+ try{\r
+ while (rs.next()){\r
+ handleForeignKey(rs, referenceIdSet, "source");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ //reference map\r
+ nameSpace = REFERENCE_NAMESPACE;\r
+ cdmClass = ReferenceBase.class;\r
+ idSet = referenceIdSet;\r
+ Map<String, ReferenceBase> referenceMap = (Map<String, ReferenceBase>)getCommonService().getSourcedObjectsByIdInSource(cdmClass, referenceIdSet, nameSpace);\r
+ result.put(REFERENCE_NAMESPACE, referenceMap);\r
+\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ throw new RuntimeException(e);\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport#createObject(java.sql.ResultSet)\r
+ */\r
+ public TaxonBase createObject(ResultSet rs, CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state) throws SQLException {\r
+ BotanicalName speciesName = BotanicalName.NewInstance(Rank.SPECIES());\r
+ \r
+ ReferenceBase sec = state.getConfig().getSourceReference();\r
+ getReferenceService().saveOrUpdate(sec);\r
+ \r
+ String familyString = rs.getString("family");\r
+ String genusString = rs.getString("genus");\r
+ String speciesString = rs.getString("species");\r
+ String authorityString = rs.getString("authority");\r
+ \r
+ if (logger.isDebugEnabled()){\r
+ System.out.println(familyString + " " + genusString + " " + speciesString);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ Taxon speciesTaxon = Taxon.NewInstance(speciesName, sec);;\r
+ speciesName.setGenusOrUninomial(genusString);\r
+ speciesName.setSpecificEpithet(speciesString);\r
+ parser.handleAuthors(speciesName, CdmUtils.concat(" ", new String[] {"", genusString, speciesString, authorityString}), authorityString);\r
+ \r
+ //family\r
+ Taxon familyTaxon = null;\r
+ if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(familyString)){\r
+ familyTaxon = getHigherTaxon(state, familyString, null);\r
+ if (familyTaxon == null){\r
+ BotanicalName familyName = BotanicalName.NewInstance(Rank.FAMILY());\r
+ familyName.setGenusOrUninomial(familyString);\r
+ familyTaxon = Taxon.NewInstance(familyName, sec);\r
+ saveHigherTaxon(state, familyTaxon, familyString, null);\r
+ }\r
+ getTaxonService().saveOrUpdate(familyTaxon); \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //genus\r
+ Taxon genusTaxon = getHigherTaxon(state, familyString, genusString);\r
+ if (genusTaxon == null){\r
+ BotanicalName genusName = BotanicalName.NewInstance(Rank.GENUS());\r
+ genusName.setGenusOrUninomial(genusString);\r
+ genusTaxon = Taxon.NewInstance(genusName, sec);\r
+ saveHigherTaxon(state, genusTaxon, familyString, genusString);\r
+ if (familyTaxon != null){\r
+ makeTaxonomicallyIncluded(state, TREE_ID, genusTaxon, familyTaxon, null, null);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ makeTaxonomicallyIncluded(state, TREE_ID, speciesTaxon, genusTaxon, null, null);\r
+ getTaxonService().saveOrUpdate(genusTaxon);\r
+\r
+ String sourceString = rs.getString("source");\r
+ String sourceId = rs.getString("source_id");\r
+ \r
+ ReferenceBase sourceRef = state.getRelatedObject(REFERENCE_NAMESPACE, sourceString, ReferenceBase.class);\r
+ speciesTaxon.addSource(sourceId, REFERENCE_NAMESPACE, sourceRef, null);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //geneva id\r
+ ReferenceBase genevaReference = state.getGenevaReference();\r
+ Object genevaId = rs.getObject("geneva_ID");\r
+ speciesTaxon.addSource(String.valueOf(genevaId), null, genevaReference, null);\r
+ \r
+ //distribution\r
+ handleDistribution(rs, speciesTaxon);\r
+ \r
+ return speciesTaxon;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private void handleDistribution(ResultSet rs, Taxon speciesTaxon) throws SQLException {\r
+ TaxonDescription description = TaxonDescription.NewInstance(speciesTaxon);\r
+ \r
+ Boolean isCongo = rs.getBoolean("drc");\r
+ Boolean isBurundi = rs.getBoolean("burundi");\r
+ Boolean isRwanda = rs.getBoolean("rwanda");\r
+\r
+ addDistribution(description, isCongo, "ZAI");\r
+ addDistribution(description, isBurundi, "BUR");\r
+ addDistribution(description, isRwanda, "RWA");\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param description\r
+ * @param isCongo\r
+ */\r
+ private void addDistribution(TaxonDescription description, Boolean exists, String label) {\r
+ if (exists == true){\r
+ NamedArea namedArea = TdwgArea.getAreaByTdwgAbbreviation(label);\r
+ Distribution distribution = Distribution.NewInstance(namedArea, PresenceTerm.PRESENT());\r
+ description.addElement(distribution);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private void saveHigherTaxon(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state, Taxon higherTaxon, String family, String genus) {\r
+ String higherName = normalizeHigherTaxonName(family, genus);\r
+ UUID uuid = higherTaxon.getUuid();\r
+ state.putHigherTaxon(higherName, uuid);\r
+ higherTaxonMap.put(uuid, higherTaxon);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private Taxon getHigherTaxon(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state, String family, String genus) {\r
+ String higherName = normalizeHigherTaxonName(family, genus);\r
+ UUID uuid = state.getHigherTaxon(higherName);\r
+ \r
+ Taxon taxon = null;\r
+ if (uuid != null){\r
+ taxon = higherTaxonMap.get(uuid);\r
+ if (taxon == null){\r
+ taxon = CdmBase.deproxy(getTaxonService().find(uuid), Taxon.class);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return taxon;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param family\r
+ * @param genus\r
+ */\r
+ private String normalizeHigherTaxonName(String family, String genus) {\r
+ return (CdmUtils.Nz(family) + "-" + CdmUtils.Nz(genus)).trim();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+// private boolean makeTaxonomicallyIncluded(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state, Taxon parent, Taxon child, ReferenceBase citation, String microCitation){\r
+// ReferenceBase sec = child.getSec();\r
+// UUID uuid = state.getTreeUuid(sec);\r
+// TaxonomicTree tree;\r
+// tree = state.getTree(sec);\r
+// \r
+// if (tree == null){\r
+// tree = makeTreeMemSave(state, sec);\r
+// }\r
+// TaxonNode childNode;\r
+// if (parent != null){\r
+// childNode = tree.addParentChild(parent, child, citation, microCitation);\r
+// }else{\r
+// childNode = tree.addChildTaxon(child, citation, microCitation, null);\r
+// }\r
+// return (childNode != null);\r
+// }\r
+ \r
+ //TODO use Mapper\r
+ private boolean makeTaxonomicallyIncluded(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state, Integer treeRefFk, Taxon child, Taxon parent, ReferenceBase citation, String microCitation){\r
+ String treeKey;\r
+ UUID treeUuid;\r
+ if (treeRefFk == null){\r
+ treeKey = "1"; // there is only one tree and it gets the map key '1'\r
+ treeUuid = state.getConfig().getTaxonomicTreeUuid();\r
+ }else{\r
+ treeKey =String.valueOf(treeRefFk);\r
+ treeUuid = state.getTreeUuidByTreeKey(treeKey);\r
+ }\r
+ TaxonomicTree tree = (TaxonomicTree)state.getRelatedObject(DbImportTaxIncludedInMapper.TAXONOMIC_TREE_NAMESPACE, treeKey);\r
+ if (tree == null){\r
+ ITaxonTreeService service = state.getCurrentIO().getTaxonTreeService();\r
+ tree = service.getTaxonomicTreeByUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ if (tree == null){\r
+ String treeName = state.getConfig().getTaxonomicTreeName();\r
+ tree = TaxonomicTree.NewInstance(treeName);\r
+ tree.setUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ //FIXME tree reference\r
+ //tree.setReference(ref);\r
+ service.save(tree);\r
+ }\r
+ state.addRelatedObject(DbImportTaxIncludedInMapper.TAXONOMIC_TREE_NAMESPACE, treeKey, tree);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ TaxonNode childNode = tree.addParentChild(parent, child, citation, microCitation);\r
+ return (childNode != null);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ private ReferenceBase makeGenevaReference(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state) {\r
+ ReferenceBase result = ReferenceFactory.newDatabase();\r
+ result.setTitleCache(state.getConfig().getGenevaReferenceTitle(), true);\r
+ result.setUuid(state.getConfig().getUuidGenevaReference());\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#doCheck(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected boolean doCheck(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state){\r
+ IOValidator<CentralAfricaChecklistImportState> validator = new CentralAfricaChecklistTaxonImportValidator();\r
+ return validator.validate(state);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#isIgnore(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ protected boolean isIgnore(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state){\r
+ return ! state.getConfig().isDoTaxa();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.UndefinedTransformerMethodException;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.MarkerType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 01.03.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public final class CentralAfricaChecklistTransformer extends InputTransformerBase {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaChecklistTransformer.class);\r
+ \r
+\r
+ public static final UUID uuidAcceptedKew = UUID.fromString("c980102c-2e57-4ed3-b608-51a5d9091d89");\r
+ public static final UUID uuidAcceptedGeneva = UUID.fromString("8c7a0544-c71b-4809-9a2d-0583ff32f833");\r
+ public static final UUID uuidAcceptedItis = UUID.fromString("0738c566-0219-4e3d-a8fd-8f3d82e2d20f");\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase#getMarkerTypeByKey(java.lang.String)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public MarkerType getMarkerTypeByKey(String key) throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(key)){return null;\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("distribution")){return MarkerType.;\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("habitatecology")){return Feature.ECOLOGY();\r
+ }else{\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ @Override\r
+ public UUID getMarkerTypeUuid(String key) throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(key)){return null;\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES")){return uuidIncompleteTaxon;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist.validation;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IOValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist.CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist.CentralAfricaChecklistImportState;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns.CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns.CentralAfricaFernsImportState;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 17.02.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CentralAfricaChecklistTaxonImportValidator implements IOValidator<CentralAfricaChecklistImportState>{\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaChecklistTaxonImportValidator.class);\r
+\r
+ public boolean validate(CentralAfricaChecklistImportState state){\r
+ boolean result = true;\r
+ CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator config = state.getConfig();\r
+ logger.warn("Checking for Taxa not yet fully implemented");\r
+// result &= checkParentTaxonStatus(config);\r
+// result &= checkAccParentTaxonStatus(config);\r
+ result &= checkSynonymsAcceptedTaxonStatus(config);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+// private boolean checkAccParentTaxonStatus(CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator bmiConfig){\r
+// try {\r
+// boolean result = true;\r
+// Source source = bmiConfig.getSource();\r
+// String strSQL = \r
+// " SELECT myTaxon.id AS childId, childStatus.status_name AS childStatus, myTaxon.tu_status, " +\r
+// " myTaxon.tu_displayname AS childDisplayName, parent.id AS parentId, parent.tu_status AS parentStatusId, parentStatus.status_name AS parentStatus, " + \r
+// " parent.tu_displayname as parentName, parentAcc.id AS parentAccId, parentAccStatus.status_name AS parentAccStatus, parentAcc.tu_displayname AS parentAccName, " + \r
+// " parentAcc.tu_status AS Expr1 " +\r
+// " FROM status AS parentAccStatus INNER JOIN " +\r
+// " tu AS parentAcc ON parentAccStatus.status_id = parentAcc.tu_status RIGHT OUTER JOIN " +\r
+// " tu AS parent ON parentAcc.id = parent.tu_acctaxon RIGHT OUTER JOIN " +\r
+// " tu AS myTaxon ON parent.id = myTaxon.tu_parent LEFT OUTER JOIN " + \r
+// " status AS parentStatus ON parent.tu_status = parentStatus.status_id LEFT OUTER JOIN " +\r
+// " status AS childStatus ON myTaxon.tu_status = childStatus.status_id " +\r
+// " WHERE (myTaxon.tu_status = 1) AND (parent.tu_status <> 1) " + \r
+// " ORDER BY parentStatusId";\r
+// ResultSet rs = source.getResultSet(strSQL);\r
+// boolean firstRow = true;\r
+// int i = 0;\r
+// while (rs.next()){\r
+// i++;\r
+// if (firstRow){\r
+// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+// logger.warn("There are accepted taxa that have an unaccepted parent and also the parents accepted taxon (tu_acctaxon) is not accepted. ");\r
+// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+// }\r
+// int childId = rs.getInt("childId");\r
+// String childName = rs.getString("childDisplayName");\r
+// \r
+// int parentId = rs.getInt("parentId");\r
+// String parentName = rs.getString("parentName");\r
+// String parentStatus = rs.getString("parentStatus");\r
+// \r
+// int accParentId = rs.getInt("parentAccId");\r
+// String accParentName = rs.getString("parentAccName");\r
+// String accParentStatus = rs.getString("parentAccStatus");\r
+// \r
+// System.out.println(\r
+// "ChildId:" + childId + "\n childName: " + childName + \r
+// "\n ParentId: " + parentId + "\n parentName: " + parentName + "\n parentStatus: " + parentStatus + \r
+// "\n ParentAccId: " + accParentId + "\n accParentName: " + accParentName + "\n accParentStatus: " + accParentStatus );\r
+// result = firstRow = false;\r
+// }\r
+// if (i > 0){\r
+// System.out.println(" ");\r
+// }\r
+// \r
+// return result;\r
+// } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+// e.printStackTrace();\r
+// return false;\r
+// }\r
+// }\r
+ \r
+ private boolean checkSynonymsAcceptedTaxonStatus(CentralAfricaChecklistImportConfigurator bmiConfig){\r
+// try {\r
+// boolean result = true;\r
+//// Source source = bmiConfig.getSource();\r
+//// String strSQL = \r
+//// " SELECT myTaxon.id AS synonymId, myTaxon.tu_displayname AS synonymName, synonymStatus.status_name AS synonymStatus, " + \r
+//// " accTaxon.id AS acceptedId, accTaxon.tu_displayname AS acceptedName, acceptedStatus.status_name AS acceptedStatus " +\r
+//// " FROM tu AS myTaxon INNER JOIN " +\r
+//// " tu AS accTaxon ON myTaxon.tu_acctaxon = accTaxon.id INNER JOIN " + \r
+//// " status AS synonymStatus ON myTaxon.tu_status = synonymStatus.status_id INNER JOIN " +\r
+//// " status AS acceptedStatus ON accTaxon.tu_status = acceptedStatus.status_id " +\r
+//// " WHERE (myTaxon.tu_status <> 1) AND (accTaxon.tu_status <> 1) " +\r
+//// " ORDER BY myTaxon.tu_status, accTaxon.tu_status ";\r
+//// ResultSet rs = source.getResultSet(strSQL);\r
+//// boolean firstRow = true;\r
+//// int i = 0;\r
+//// while (rs.next()){\r
+//// i++;\r
+//// if (firstRow){\r
+//// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+//// logger.warn("There are accepted synonyms that have an unaccepted taxon that has no status 'accepted'. ");\r
+//// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+//// }\r
+//// int synonymId = rs.getInt("synonymId");\r
+//// String synonymName = rs.getString("synonymName");\r
+//// String synonymStatus = rs.getString("synonymStatus");\r
+//// \r
+//// int acceptedId = rs.getInt("acceptedId");\r
+//// String acceptedName = rs.getString("acceptedName");\r
+//// String acceptedStatus = rs.getString("acceptedStatus");\r
+//// \r
+//// System.out.println(\r
+//// "SynonymId:" + synonymId + "\n synonymName: " + synonymName + "\n synonymStatus: " + synonymStatus + \r
+//// "\n AcceptedId: " + acceptedId + "\n acceptedName: " + acceptedName + "\n acceptedStatus: " + acceptedStatus \r
+////// + "\n parentAccId: " + acceptedId + "\n accParentName: " + accParentName + "\n accParentStatus: " + accParentStatus \r
+//// );\r
+//// result = firstRow = false;\r
+//// }\r
+//// if (i > 0){\r
+//// System.out.println(" ");\r
+//// }\r
+//// \r
+// return result;\r
+// } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+// e.printStackTrace();\r
+// return false;\r
+// }\r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2009 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy\r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+*\r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/ \r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ericaceae;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IInputTransformer;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraImportConfigurator;\r
+\r
+@Component\r
+public class CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator extends EfloraImportConfigurator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator.class);\r
+ \r
+ public static CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator NewInstance(URI uri, ICdmDataSource destination){\r
+ return new CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator(uri, destination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private static IInputTransformer defaultTransformer = new CentralAfricaEricaceaeTransformer();\r
+ private String classificationTitle = "Flore d'Afrique Centrale - Ericaceae";\r
+ private String sourceReferenceTitle = "Flore d'Afrique Centrale - Ericaceae";\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportConfiguratorBase#makeIoClassList()\r
+ */\r
+ protected void makeIoClassList(){\r
+ ioClassList = new Class[]{\r
+ CentralAfricaEricaceaeTaxonImport.class\r
+ };\r
+ };\r
+ \r
+\r
+ private CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator() {\r
+ super();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param url\r
+ * @param destination\r
+ */\r
+ private CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator(URI uri, ICdmDataSource destination) {\r
+ super(uri, destination, defaultTransformer);\r
+ this.setClassificationTitle(classificationTitle);\r
+ this.setSourceReferenceTitle(sourceReferenceTitle);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator#getNewState()\r
+ */\r
+ public CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportState getNewState() {\r
+ return new CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportState(this);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2009 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy\r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+*\r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/ \r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ericaceae;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraImportState;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportState extends EfloraImportState{\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportState.class);\r
+\r
+// ******************************* CONSTRUCTOR **********************************************\r
+ \r
+ public CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportState(CentralAfricaEricaceaeImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ super(config);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2009 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy\r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+*\r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/ \r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ericaceae;\r
+\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;\r
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.jdom.Element;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.ext.ipni.IpniService;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraImportState;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraTaxonImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Person;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Team;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.TeamOrPersonBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.TimePeriod;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TaxonDescription;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.TextData;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.HomotypicalGroup;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NonViralName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.SpecimenTypeDesignation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TypeDesignationBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+@Component\r
+public class CentralAfricaEricaceaeTaxonImport extends EfloraTaxonImport {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaEricaceaeTaxonImport.class);\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraTaxonImport#handleNomenclaturalReference(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NonViralName, java.lang.String)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected TeamOrPersonBase handleNomenclaturalReference(NonViralName name, String value) {\r
+ ReferenceBase nomRef = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ nomRef.setTitleCache(value, true);\r
+ parseNomStatus(nomRef, name);\r
+ name.setNomenclaturalReference(nomRef);\r
+ \r
+ String microReference = parseReferenceYearAndDetail(nomRef);\r
+ microReference = removeTrailing(microReference, ")");\r
+ \r
+ microReference = parseHomonym(microReference, name);\r
+ name.setNomenclaturalMicroReference(microReference);\r
+ \r
+ TeamOrPersonBase nameTeam = CdmBase.deproxy(name.getCombinationAuthorTeam(), TeamOrPersonBase.class);\r
+ TeamOrPersonBase refTeam = nomRef.getAuthorTeam();\r
+ if (nameTeam == null ){\r
+ logger.warn("Name has nom. ref. but no author team. Name: " + name.getTitleCache() + ", Nom.Ref.: " + value);\r
+ }else if (refTeam == null ){\r
+ logger.warn("Name has nom. ref. but no nom.ref. author. Name: " + name.getTitleCache() + ", Nom.Ref.: " + value);\r
+ }else if (! authorTeamsMatch(refTeam, nameTeam)){\r
+ logger.warn("Nom.Ref. author and comb. author do not match: " + nomRef.getTitleCache() + " <-> " + nameTeam.getNomenclaturalTitle());\r
+ }else {\r
+ nomRef.setAuthorTeam(nameTeam);\r
+ nomRef.setTitle(CdmUtils.Nz(nomRef.getTitle()) + " - no title given yet -");\r
+ nameTeam.setTitleCache(refTeam.getTitleCache(), true);\r
+ }\r
+ return nameTeam;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Extracts the date published part and returns micro reference\r
+ * @param ref\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected String parseReferenceYearAndDetail(ReferenceBase ref){\r
+ String detailResult = null;\r
+ String titleToParse = ref.getTitleCache();\r
+ titleToParse = removeReferenceBracket(titleToParse, ref);\r
+ \r
+ int detailStart = titleToParse.indexOf(":");\r
+ if (detailStart >= 0){\r
+ detailResult = titleToParse.substring(detailStart + 1);\r
+ titleToParse = titleToParse.substring(0, titleToParse.length() - detailResult.length() - 1).trim();\r
+ detailResult = detailResult.trim();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ String reYear = "\\s[1-2]{1}[0-9]{3}";\r
+ String reYearPeriod = reYear;\r
+// \r
+// //pattern for the whole string\r
+ Pattern patReference = Pattern.compile( reYearPeriod );\r
+ Matcher matcher = patReference.matcher(titleToParse);\r
+ if (matcher.find()){\r
+ int start = matcher.start();\r
+ int end = matcher.end();\r
+// \r
+ String strPeriod = titleToParse.substring(start, end);\r
+ TimePeriod datePublished = TimePeriod.parseString(strPeriod);\r
+ ref.setDatePublished(datePublished);\r
+ String author = titleToParse.substring(0, start).trim();\r
+ author = parseInRefrence(ref, author);\r
+ TeamOrPersonBase team = parseSingleTeam(author);\r
+ ref.setAuthorTeam(team);\r
+ ref.setProtectedTitleCache(false);\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Could not parse reference: " + titleToParse);\r
+ }\r
+ return detailResult;\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private String parseInRefrence(ReferenceBase ref, String author) {\r
+ int pos = author.indexOf(" in ");\r
+ if (pos > -1){\r
+ String inAuthorString = author.substring(pos + 4);\r
+ String myAuthorString = author.substring(0, pos);\r
+ ReferenceBase inReference = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ TeamOrPersonBase inAuthor = parseSingleTeam(inAuthorString);\r
+ inReference.setAuthorTeam(inAuthor);\r
+ ref.setInReference(inReference);\r
+ return myAuthorString;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return author;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private String removeReferenceBracket(String refString, ReferenceBase ref) {\r
+ String titleToParse = refString;\r
+ String reBracket = "\\(.*\\).?";\r
+ Pattern patBracket = Pattern.compile(reBracket);\r
+ Matcher matcher = patBracket.matcher(titleToParse);\r
+ \r
+ if (matcher.matches()){\r
+ int start = matcher.start() + 1;\r
+ int end = matcher.end() -1 ;\r
+ if (! titleToParse.endsWith("")){\r
+ end = end - 1;\r
+ }\r
+ titleToParse = titleToParse.substring(start, end);\r
+ \r
+ ref.setTitleCache(titleToParse);\r
+ }\r
+ return titleToParse;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param taxon\r
+ * @param name\r
+ * @param value\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected TeamOrPersonBase handleNameUsage(Taxon taxon, NonViralName name, String referenceTitle, TeamOrPersonBase lastTeam) {\r
+ ReferenceBase ref = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ \r
+ ref.setTitleCache(referenceTitle, true);\r
+ \r
+ TeamOrPersonBase team = getReferenceAuthor(ref, name);\r
+ ref.setAuthorTeam(team);\r
+ \r
+ String[] multipleReferences = ref.getTitleCache().split("&");\r
+ \r
+ TaxonDescription description = getDescription(taxon);\r
+ for (String singleReferenceString : multipleReferences){\r
+ ReferenceBase singleRef = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ singleRef.setTitleCache(singleReferenceString.trim(), true);\r
+ singleRef.setAuthorTeam(team);\r
+ \r
+ String microReference = parseReferenceYearAndDetailForUsage(singleRef);\r
+ \r
+ singleRef.setTitle( CdmUtils.Nz(singleRef.getTitle()) + " - no title given yet -");\r
+ \r
+ // parseReferenceType(ref);\r
+ \r
+ TextData textData = TextData.NewInstance(Feature.CITATION());\r
+ textData.addSource(null, null, singleRef, microReference, name, null);\r
+ description.addElement(textData);\r
+ }\r
+ return team;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private String parseReferenceYearAndDetailForUsage(ReferenceBase ref) {\r
+ String detailResult = null;\r
+ String titleToParse = ref.getTitleCache().trim();\r
+ \r
+ int detailStart = titleToParse.indexOf(":");\r
+ if (detailStart >= 0){\r
+ detailResult = titleToParse.substring(detailStart + 1);\r
+ titleToParse = titleToParse.substring(0, titleToParse.length() - detailResult.length() - 1).trim();\r
+ detailResult = detailResult.trim();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ String reYear = "^[1-2]{1}[0-9]{3}[a-e]?$";\r
+ String reYearPeriod = reYear;\r
+// \r
+// //pattern for the whole string\r
+ Pattern patReference = Pattern.compile( reYearPeriod );\r
+ Matcher matcher = patReference.matcher(titleToParse);\r
+ if (! matcher.find()){\r
+ logger.warn("Could not parse year: " + titleToParse);\r
+ }else{\r
+ if (Pattern.matches("^[1-2]{1}[0-9]{3}[a-e]$", titleToParse)){\r
+ String title = titleToParse.substring(4,5);\r
+ ref.setTitle(title);\r
+ titleToParse = titleToParse.substring(0, 4);\r
+ }\r
+ ref.setProtectedTitleCache(false);\r
+ }\r
+ TimePeriod datePublished = TimePeriod.parseString(titleToParse);\r
+ ref.setDatePublished(datePublished);\r
+ return detailResult;\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ protected TeamOrPersonBase getReferenceAuthor (ReferenceBase ref, NonViralName name) {\r
+ String titleString = ref.getTitleCache();\r
+ String re = "\\(.*\\)";\r
+ Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(re);\r
+ Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(titleString);\r
+ if (matcher.find()){\r
+ int start = matcher.start();\r
+ String authorString = titleString.substring(0, start).trim();\r
+ String restString = titleString.substring(start + 1 , matcher.end() - 1);\r
+ TeamOrPersonBase team = getAuthorTeam(authorString, name);\r
+ ref.setTitleCache(restString, true);\r
+ return team;\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Title does not match: " + titleString);\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private TeamOrPersonBase getAuthorTeam(String authorString, NonViralName name) {\r
+ //TODO atomize\r
+// TeamOrPersonBase nameTeam = CdmBase.deproxy(name.getCombinationAuthorTeam(), TeamOrPersonBase.class);\r
+// String nameTeamTitle = nameTeam == null ? "" : nameTeam.getNomenclaturalTitle();\r
+ \r
+// if (nameTeam == null || ! authorTeamsMatch(authorString, nameTeamTitle)){\r
+// logger.warn("Author teams do not match: " + authorString + " <-> " + nameTeamTitle);\r
+ TeamOrPersonBase result = parseSingleTeam(authorString);\r
+ result.setTitleCache(authorString, true);\r
+ return result;\r
+// }else{\r
+// nameTeam.setTitleCache(authorString, true);\r
+// return nameTeam;\r
+// }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param refAuthorTeam\r
+ * @param nameTeam\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ private boolean authorTeamsMatch(TeamOrPersonBase refAuthorTeam, TeamOrPersonBase nameTeam) {\r
+ String nameTeamString = nameTeam.getNomenclaturalTitle();\r
+ String refAuthorTeamString = refAuthorTeam.getTitleCache();\r
+ if (nameTeamString.equalsIgnoreCase(refAuthorTeamString)){\r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ if (nameTeamString.endsWith(".")){\r
+ nameTeamString = nameTeamString.substring(0, nameTeamString.length() - 1 );\r
+ if (refAuthorTeamString.startsWith(nameTeamString)){\r
+ return true;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return checkSingleAndIpniAuthor(nameTeam, refAuthorTeam);\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ if (nameTeamString.endsWith(refAuthorTeamString) || refAuthorTeamString.endsWith(nameTeamString)){\r
+ return true;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return checkSingleAndIpniAuthor(nameTeam, refAuthorTeam);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private boolean checkSingleAndIpniAuthor(TeamOrPersonBase nameTeam, TeamOrPersonBase refAuthorTeam) {\r
+ if ( nameTeam.isInstanceOf(Team.class) && ((Team)nameTeam).getTeamMembers().size()> 1 ||\r
+ refAuthorTeam.isInstanceOf(Team.class) && ((Team)refAuthorTeam).getTeamMembers().size()> 1){\r
+ //class\r
+ if (! (nameTeam.isInstanceOf(Team.class) && refAuthorTeam.isInstanceOf(Team.class) ) ){\r
+ logger.warn("Only one author is a real team");\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ Team realNameTeam = (Team)nameTeam;\r
+ Team realRefAuthorTeam = (Team)refAuthorTeam;\r
+ //size\r
+ if (realNameTeam.getTeamMembers().size() != realRefAuthorTeam.getTeamMembers().size()){\r
+ logger.warn("Teams do not have the same size");\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ //empty teams\r
+ if (realNameTeam.getTeamMembers().size() == 0){\r
+ logger.warn("Teams are empty");\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ //compare each team member\r
+ for (int i = 0; i < realNameTeam.getTeamMembers().size(); i++){\r
+ Person namePerson = realNameTeam.getTeamMembers().get(i);\r
+ Person refPerson = realRefAuthorTeam.getTeamMembers().get(i);\r
+ if ( authorTeamsMatch(refPerson, namePerson) == false){\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ boolean result = checkIpniAuthor(nameTeam.getNomenclaturalTitle(), refAuthorTeam);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private boolean checkIpniAuthor(String nameTeamString, TeamOrPersonBase refAuthorTeam) {\r
+ IpniService ipniService = new IpniService();\r
+ List<Person> ipniAuthors = ipniService.getAuthors(nameTeamString, null, null, null, null, null);\r
+ if (ipniAuthors != null){\r
+ for (Person ipniAuthor : ipniAuthors){\r
+ if (ipniAuthor.getLastname() != null && ipniAuthor.getLastname().equalsIgnoreCase(refAuthorTeam.getTitleCache())){\r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ logger.warn(ipniAuthor.getTitleCache() + " <-> " + refAuthorTeam.getTitleCache());\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("IPNI not available");\r
+ }\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param state\r
+ * @param elNom\r
+ * @param taxon\r
+ * @param homotypicalGroup \r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected void handleTypeRef(EfloraImportState state, Element elNom, Taxon taxon, HomotypicalGroup homotypicalGroup) {\r
+ verifyNoChildren(elNom);\r
+ String typeRef = elNom.getTextNormalize();\r
+ typeRef = removeStartingTypeRefMinus(typeRef);\r
+ typeRef = removeTypePrefix(typeRef);\r
+ TypeDesignationBase typeDesignation = SpecimenTypeDesignation.NewInstance();\r
+ makeSpecimenTypeDesignation(new StringBuffer("Type"), typeRef, typeDesignation);\r
+ for (TaxonNameBase name : homotypicalGroup.getTypifiedNames()){\r
+ name.addTypeDesignation(typeDesignation, true);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private String removeTypePrefix(String typeRef) {\r
+ typeRef = typeRef.trim().replace("Type: ", "").replace("Types: ", "").trim();\r
+ return typeRef;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected void handleGenus(String value, TaxonNameBase taxonName) {\r
+ // do nothing\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ericaceae;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.UndefinedTransformerMethodException;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraTransformer;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 01.03.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public final class CentralAfricaEricaceaeTransformer extends EfloraTransformer {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaEricaceaeTransformer.class);\r
+ \r
+ //Languages\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKinyarwanda = UUID.fromString("95d170f5-7654-42bf-8293-c3584191a45a");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKibemba = UUID.fromString("6069b231-101a-4a7b-84c5-4116b92db99c");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidMashi = UUID.fromString("fca40807-6b89-49c9-9a4a-9e0b7a928309");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKihavu = UUID.fromString("050821ee-fac0-4c82-837d-f0a3d2206eb3");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKinande = UUID.fromString("9ba45e39-86af-4200-b578-c45f8425acad");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKihunde = UUID.fromString("8077644c-6deb-48de-a9d0-a649201184ed");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKiluba = UUID.fromString("a90ac2df-3391-4cf7-91c5-b32c2f32a068");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKitabwa = UUID.fromString("a8008e51-01a7-4432-8bf7-4b18fa60a1c7");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKibatwa = UUID.fromString("b0130472-3ab1-4bb9-9605-0bf7b3d5c798");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKinyanga = UUID.fromString("706661cb-0086-4fd7-a421-7476850b34f9");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKirundi = UUID.fromString("089cab72-d673-42de-83e8-d20ff6937986");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKinyindu = UUID.fromString("e4e405fe-4ff0-46b9-bd1e-bf09d1a6f3a9");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKifulero = UUID.fromString("6cadd25c-b2f3-4d5b-a44e-cb88d0f184fe");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKitembo = UUID.fromString("09a7da83-0e1f-42ae-886b-88675800d245");\r
+ private static final UUID uuidKinyabongo = UUID.fromString("cae69a27-77f9-46db-b7ea-646c0c037cfe");\r
+\r
+ \r
+ @Override\r
+ public UUID getLanguageUuid(String key) throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(key)){return null;\r
+ \r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kinyarwanda")){return uuidKinyarwanda;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kibemba")){return uuidKibemba;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Mashi")){return uuidMashi;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kihavu")){return uuidKihavu;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kinande")){return uuidKinande;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kihunde")){return uuidKihunde;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kiluba")){return uuidKiluba;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kitabwa")){return uuidKitabwa;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Viele ")){return uuidKibatwa;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kinyanga")){return uuidKinyanga;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kirundi")){return uuidKirundi;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kinyindu")){return uuidKinyindu;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kifulero")){return uuidKifulero;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kitembo")){return uuidKitembo;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Kinyabongo")){return uuidKinyabongo;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns;\r
+\r
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;\r
+import java.sql.ResultSet;\r
+import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;\r
+import java.sql.SQLException;\r
+import java.sql.Timestamp;\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmImportBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ICdmIO;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IPartitionedIO;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportHelper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ResultSetPartitioner;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.EDITOR;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMapping;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.AnnotatableEntity;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Annotation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.AnnotationType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.ExtensionType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.IdentifiableEntity;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Language;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.MarkerType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.User;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.03.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public abstract class CentralAfricaFernsImportBase<CDM_BASE extends CdmBase> extends CdmImportBase<CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator, CentralAfricaFernsImportState> implements ICdmIO<CentralAfricaFernsImportState>, IPartitionedIO<CentralAfricaFernsImportState> {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaFernsImportBase.class);\r
+ \r
+ public static final UUID ID_IN_SOURCE_EXT_UUID = UUID.fromString("23dac094-e793-40a4-bad9-649fc4fcfd44");\r
+ \r
+ protected static final String TAXON_NAMESPACE = "African_pteridophytes_Taxon";\r
+ protected static final String NAME_NAMESPACE = "African_pteridophytes_Name";\r
+ protected static final String HIGHER_TAXON_NAMESPACE = "African_pteridophytes_Higher_Taxon";\r
+ \r
+\r
+ private String pluralString;\r
+ private String dbTableName;\r
+ //TODO needed?\r
+ private Class cdmTargetClass;\r
+ \r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param dbTableName\r
+ * @param dbTableName2 \r
+ */\r
+ public CentralAfricaFernsImportBase(String pluralString, String dbTableName, Class cdmTargetClass) {\r
+ this.pluralString = pluralString;\r
+ this.dbTableName = dbTableName;\r
+ this.cdmTargetClass = cdmTargetClass;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ protected boolean doInvoke(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state){\r
+ logger.info("start make " + getPluralString() + " ...");\r
+ boolean success = true ;\r
+ CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator config = state.getConfig();\r
+ Source source = config.getSource();\r
+ \r
+ String strIdQuery = getIdQuery();\r
+ String strRecordQuery = getRecordQuery(config);\r
+\r
+ int recordsPerTransaction = config.getRecordsPerTransaction();\r
+ try{\r
+ ResultSetPartitioner partitioner = ResultSetPartitioner.NewInstance(source, strIdQuery, strRecordQuery, recordsPerTransaction);\r
+ while (partitioner.nextPartition()){\r
+ partitioner.doPartition(this, state);\r
+ }\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ logger.error("SQLException:" + e);\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ logger.info("end make " + getPluralString() + " ... " + getSuccessString(success));\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public boolean doPartition(ResultSetPartitioner partitioner, CentralAfricaFernsImportState state) {\r
+ boolean success = true ;\r
+ Set objectsToSave = new HashSet();\r
+ \r
+ DbImportMapping<?, ?> mapping = getMapping();\r
+ mapping.initialize(state, cdmTargetClass);\r
+ \r
+ ResultSet rs = partitioner.getResultSet();\r
+ try{\r
+ while (rs.next()){\r
+ success &= mapping.invoke(rs,objectsToSave);\r
+ }\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ logger.error("SQLException:" + e);\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ partitioner.startDoSave();\r
+ getCommonService().save(objectsToSave);\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected abstract DbImportMapping<?, ?> getMapping();\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected abstract String getRecordQuery(CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator config);\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected String getIdQuery(){\r
+ String result = " SELECT id FROM " + getTableName();\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.IPartitionedIO#getPluralString()\r
+ */\r
+ public String getPluralString(){\r
+ return pluralString;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected String getTableName(){\r
+ return this.dbTableName;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected boolean doIdCreatedUpdatedNotes(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state, IdentifiableEntity identifiableEntity, ResultSet rs, long id, String namespace)\r
+ throws SQLException{\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ //id\r
+ success &= ImportHelper.setOriginalSource(identifiableEntity, state.getConfig().getSourceReference(), id, namespace);\r
+ //createdUpdateNotes\r
+ success &= doCreatedUpdatedNotes(state, identifiableEntity, rs, namespace);\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ protected boolean doCreatedUpdatedNotes(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state, AnnotatableEntity annotatableEntity, ResultSet rs, String namespace)\r
+ throws SQLException{\r
+\r
+ CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator config = state.getConfig();\r
+ Object createdWhen = rs.getObject("Created_When");\r
+ String createdWho = rs.getString("Created_Who");\r
+ Object updatedWhen = null;\r
+ String updatedWho = null;\r
+ try {\r
+ updatedWhen = rs.getObject("Updated_When");\r
+ updatedWho = rs.getString("Updated_who");\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ //Table "Name" has no updated when/who\r
+ }\r
+ String notes = rs.getString("notes");\r
+ \r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ \r
+ //Created When, Who, Updated When Who\r
+ if (config.getEditor() == null || config.getEditor().equals(EDITOR.NO_EDITORS)){\r
+ //do nothing\r
+ }else if (config.getEditor().equals(EDITOR.EDITOR_AS_ANNOTATION)){\r
+ String createdAnnotationString = "Berlin Model record was created By: " + String.valueOf(createdWho) + " (" + String.valueOf(createdWhen) + ") ";\r
+ if (updatedWhen != null && updatedWho != null){\r
+ createdAnnotationString += " and updated By: " + String.valueOf(updatedWho) + " (" + String.valueOf(updatedWhen) + ")";\r
+ }\r
+ Annotation annotation = Annotation.NewInstance(createdAnnotationString, Language.DEFAULT());\r
+ annotation.setCommentator(config.getCommentator());\r
+ annotation.setAnnotationType(AnnotationType.TECHNICAL());\r
+ annotatableEntity.addAnnotation(annotation);\r
+ }else if (config.getEditor().equals(EDITOR.EDITOR_AS_EDITOR)){\r
+ User creator = getUser(createdWho, state);\r
+ User updator = getUser(updatedWho, state);\r
+ DateTime created = getDateTime(createdWhen);\r
+ DateTime updated = getDateTime(updatedWhen);\r
+ annotatableEntity.setCreatedBy(creator);\r
+ annotatableEntity.setUpdatedBy(updator);\r
+ annotatableEntity.setCreated(created);\r
+ annotatableEntity.setUpdated(updated);\r
+ }else {\r
+ logger.warn("Editor type not yet implemented: " + config.getEditor());\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //notes\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isNotEmpty(notes)){\r
+ String notesString = String.valueOf(notes);\r
+ if (notesString.length() > 65530 ){\r
+ notesString = notesString.substring(0, 65530) + "...";\r
+ logger.warn("Notes string is longer than 65530 and was truncated: " + annotatableEntity);\r
+ }\r
+ Annotation notesAnnotation = Annotation.NewInstance(notesString, null);\r
+ //notesAnnotation.setAnnotationType(AnnotationType.EDITORIAL());\r
+ //notes.setCommentator(bmiConfig.getCommentator());\r
+ annotatableEntity.addAnnotation(notesAnnotation);\r
+ }\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private User getUser(String userString, CentralAfricaFernsImportState state){\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(userString)){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ userString = userString.trim();\r
+ \r
+ User user = state.getUser(userString);\r
+ if (user == null){\r
+ user = getTransformedUser(userString,state);\r
+ }\r
+ if (user == null){\r
+ user = makeNewUser(userString, state);\r
+ }\r
+ if (user == null){\r
+ logger.warn("User is null");\r
+ }\r
+ return user;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private User getTransformedUser(String userString, CentralAfricaFernsImportState state){\r
+ Method method = state.getConfig().getUserTransformationMethod();\r
+ if (method == null){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ try {\r
+ userString = (String)state.getConfig().getUserTransformationMethod().invoke(null, userString);\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.warn("Error when trying to transform userString " + userString + ". No transformation done.");\r
+ }\r
+ User user = state.getUser(userString);\r
+ return user;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private User makeNewUser(String userString, CentralAfricaFernsImportState state){\r
+ String pwd = getPassword(); \r
+ User user = User.NewInstance(userString, pwd);\r
+ state.putUser(userString, user);\r
+ getUserService().save(user);\r
+ logger.info("Added new user: " + userString);\r
+ return user;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private String getPassword(){\r
+ String result = UUID.randomUUID().toString();\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private DateTime getDateTime(Object timeString){\r
+ if (timeString == null){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ DateTime dateTime = null;\r
+ if (timeString instanceof Timestamp){\r
+ Timestamp timestamp = (Timestamp)timeString;\r
+ dateTime = new DateTime(timestamp);\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("time ("+timeString+") is not a timestamp. Datetime set to current date. ");\r
+ dateTime = new DateTime();\r
+ }\r
+ return dateTime;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected boolean resultSetHasColumn(ResultSet rs, String columnName){\r
+ try {\r
+ ResultSetMetaData metaData = rs.getMetaData();\r
+ for (int i = 0; i < metaData.getColumnCount(); i++){\r
+ if (metaData.getColumnName(i + 1).equalsIgnoreCase(columnName)){\r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return false;\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ logger.warn("Exception in resultSetHasColumn");\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected boolean checkSqlServerColumnExists(Source source, String tableName, String columnName){\r
+ String strQuery = "SELECT Count(t.id) as n " +\r
+ " FROM sysobjects AS t " +\r
+ " INNER JOIN syscolumns AS c ON t.id = c.id " +\r
+ " WHERE (t.xtype = 'U') AND " + \r
+ " (t.name = '" + tableName + "') AND " + \r
+ " (c.name = '" + columnName + "')";\r
+ ResultSet rs = source.getResultSet(strQuery) ; \r
+ int n;\r
+ try {\r
+ rs.next();\r
+ n = rs.getInt("n");\r
+ return n>0;\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Returns a map that holds all values of a ResultSet. This is needed if a value needs to\r
+ * be accessed twice\r
+ * @param rs\r
+ * @return\r
+ * @throws SQLException\r
+ */\r
+ protected Map<String, Object> getValueMap(ResultSet rs) throws SQLException{\r
+ try{\r
+ Map<String, Object> valueMap = new HashMap<String, Object>();\r
+ int colCount = rs.getMetaData().getColumnCount();\r
+ for (int c = 0; c < colCount ; c++){\r
+ Object value = rs.getObject(c+1);\r
+ String label = rs.getMetaData().getColumnLabel(c+1).toLowerCase();\r
+ if (value != null && ! CdmUtils.Nz(value.toString()).trim().equals("")){\r
+ valueMap.put(label, value);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return valueMap;\r
+ }catch(SQLException e){\r
+ throw e;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected ExtensionType getExtensionType(UUID uuid, String label, String text, String labelAbbrev){\r
+ ExtensionType extensionType = (ExtensionType)getTermService().find(uuid);\r
+ if (extensionType == null){\r
+ extensionType = ExtensionType.NewInstance(text, label, labelAbbrev);\r
+ extensionType.setUuid(uuid);\r
+ getTermService().save(extensionType);\r
+ }\r
+ return extensionType;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected MarkerType getMarkerType(UUID uuid, String label, String text, String labelAbbrev){\r
+ MarkerType markerType = (MarkerType)getTermService().find(uuid);\r
+ if (markerType == null){\r
+ markerType = MarkerType.NewInstance(label, text, labelAbbrev);\r
+ markerType.setUuid(uuid);\r
+ getTermService().save(markerType);\r
+ }\r
+ return markerType;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * Reads a foreign key field from the result set and adds its value to the idSet.\r
+ * @param rs\r
+ * @param teamIdSet\r
+ * @throws SQLException\r
+ */\r
+ protected void handleForeignKey(ResultSet rs, Set<String> idSet, String attributeName)\r
+ throws SQLException {\r
+ Object idObj = rs.getObject(attributeName);\r
+ if (idObj != null){\r
+ String id = String.valueOf(idObj);\r
+ idSet.add(id);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Returns true if i is a multiple of recordsPerTransaction\r
+ * @param i\r
+ * @param recordsPerTransaction\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected boolean loopNeedsHandling(int i, int recordsPerLoop) {\r
+ startTransaction();\r
+ return (i % recordsPerLoop) == 0;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected void doLogPerLoop(int count, int recordsPerLog, String pluralString){\r
+ if ((count % recordsPerLog ) == 0 && count!= 0 ){ logger.info(pluralString + " handled: " + (count));}\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns;\r
+\r
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportConfiguratorBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportStateBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IInputTransformer;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.03.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator extends ImportConfiguratorBase<CentralAfricaFernsImportState, Source> implements IImportConfigurator{\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator.class);\r
+\r
+ public static CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator NewInstance(Source ermsSource, ICdmDataSource destination){\r
+ return new CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator(ermsSource, destination);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* Max number of records to be saved with one service call */\r
+ private int recordsPerTransaction = 1000; //defaultValue\r
+\r
+ //TODO needed ??\r
+ private Method userTransformationMethod;\r
+ \r
+ private boolean doVernaculars = true;\r
+ private boolean doLinks = true;\r
+ private boolean doNotes = true;\r
+ private boolean doImages = true;\r
+ \r
+ private static IInputTransformer defaultTransformer = new CentralAfricaFernsTransformer();\r
+ \r
+ protected void makeIoClassList(){\r
+ ioClassList = new Class[]{\r
+ //ErmsGeneralImportValidator.class\r
+// CentralAfricaFernsReferenceImport.class ,\r
+ CentralAfricaFernsTaxonImport.class,\r
+ CentralAfricaFernsTaxonRelationImport.class\r
+ }; \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator#getNewState()\r
+ */\r
+ public ImportStateBase getNewState() {\r
+ return new CentralAfricaFernsImportState(this);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator(Source source, ICdmDataSource destination) {\r
+ super(defaultTransformer);\r
+ setNomenclaturalCode(NomenclaturalCode.ICZN); //default for ERMS\r
+ setSource(source);\r
+ setDestination(destination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.tcsrdf.IImportConfigurator#getSourceReference()\r
+ */\r
+ public ReferenceBase getSourceReference() {\r
+ ReferenceFactory refFactory = ReferenceFactory.newInstance();\r
+ if (sourceReference == null){\r
+ sourceReference = refFactory.newDatabase();\r
+ if (getSource() != null){\r
+ sourceReference.setTitleCache(getSource().getDatabase(), true);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return sourceReference;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator#getSourceNameString()\r
+ */\r
+ public String getSourceNameString() {\r
+ if (this.getSource() == null){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return this.getSource().getDatabase();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the userTransformationMethod\r
+ */\r
+ public Method getUserTransformationMethod() {\r
+ return userTransformationMethod;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param userTransformationMethod the userTransformationMethod to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setUserTransformationMethod(Method userTransformationMethod) {\r
+ this.userTransformationMethod = userTransformationMethod;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the limitSave\r
+ */\r
+ public int getRecordsPerTransaction() {\r
+ return recordsPerTransaction;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param limitSave the limitSave to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setRecordsPerTransaction(int recordsPerTransaction) {\r
+ this.recordsPerTransaction = recordsPerTransaction;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param doVernaculars the doVernaculars to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setDoVernaculars(boolean doVernaculars) {\r
+ this.doVernaculars = doVernaculars;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the doVernaculars\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean isDoVernaculars() {\r
+ return doVernaculars;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param doLinks the doLinks to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setDoLinks(boolean doLinks) {\r
+ this.doLinks = doLinks;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the doLinks\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean isDoLinks() {\r
+ return doLinks;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param doNotes the doNotes to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setDoNotes(boolean doNotes) {\r
+ this.doNotes = doNotes;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the doNotes\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean isDoNotes() {\r
+ return doNotes;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param doImages the doImages to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setDoImages(boolean doImages) {\r
+ this.doImages = doImages;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the doImages\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean isDoImages() {\r
+ return doImages;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns;\r
+\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.DbImportStateBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.DefinedTermBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.MarkerType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.User;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 11.05.2009\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CentralAfricaFernsImportState extends DbImportStateBase<CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator, CentralAfricaFernsImportState>{\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaFernsImportState.class);\r
+\r
+ Map<String, DefinedTermBase> dbCdmDefTermMap = new HashMap<String, DefinedTermBase>();\r
+ \r
+ Map<String, User> usernameMap = new HashMap<String, User>();\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IoStateBase#initialize(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IoConfiguratorBase)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public void initialize(CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator config) {\r
+// super(config);\r
+ String tableName = "WebMarkerCategory_";\r
+ //webMarkerCategory\r
+ dbCdmDefTermMap.put(tableName + 1, MarkerType.COMPLETE());\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public CentralAfricaFernsImportState(CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ super(config);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public Map<String, DefinedTermBase> getDbCdmDefinedTermMap(){\r
+ return this.dbCdmDefTermMap;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public void putDefinedTermToMap(String tableName, String id, DefinedTermBase term){\r
+ this.dbCdmDefTermMap.put(tableName + "_" + id, term);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public void putDefinedTermToMap(String tableName, int id, DefinedTermBase term){\r
+ putDefinedTermToMap(tableName, String.valueOf(id), term);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public User getUser(String username){\r
+ return usernameMap.get(username);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public void putUser(String username, User user){\r
+ usernameMap.put(username, user);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns;\r
+\r
+import java.sql.ResultSet;\r
+import java.sql.SQLException;\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IOValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbIgnoreMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMapping;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportStringMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbNotYetImplementedMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns.validation.CentralAfricaFernsReferenceImportValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.02.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+@Component\r
+public class CentralAfricaFernsReferenceImport extends CentralAfricaFernsImportBase<ReferenceBase> implements IMappingImport<ReferenceBase, CentralAfricaFernsImportState>{\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaFernsReferenceImport.class);\r
+ \r
+ private DbImportMapping mapping;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private int modCount = 10000;\r
+ private static final String pluralString = "references";\r
+ private static final String dbTableName = "literature";\r
+ private static final Class cdmTargetClass = ReferenceBase.class;\r
+\r
+ public CentralAfricaFernsReferenceImport(){\r
+ super(pluralString, dbTableName, cdmTargetClass);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis.GlobisImportBase#getIdQuery()\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getIdQuery() {\r
+ String strRecordQuery = \r
+ " SELECT refID " + \r
+ " FROM " + dbTableName; \r
+ return strRecordQuery; \r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportBase#getRecordQuery(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getRecordQuery(CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ String strRecordQuery = \r
+ " SELECT * " + \r
+ " FROM literature " +\r
+ " WHERE ( literature.refId IN (" + ID_LIST_TOKEN + ") )";\r
+ return strRecordQuery;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis.GlobisImportBase#getMapping()\r
+ */\r
+ protected DbImportMapping getMapping() {\r
+ if (mapping == null){\r
+ mapping = new DbImportMapping();\r
+ \r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportObjectCreationMapper.NewInstance(this, "refID", REFERENCE_NAMESPACE)); //id\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbIgnoreMapper.NewInstance("CountryDummy"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("CreatedBy"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("DateCreated"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("DateModified"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("ModifiedBy"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportStringMapper.NewInstance("RefBookTitle", "title", false));\r
+ //mapping.addMapper(DbImportTimePeriodMapper.NewInstance("RefDatePublished", "datePublished", false));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("RefDatePublished"));\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportExtensionTypeCreationMapper.NewInstance(dbIdAttribute, extensionTypeNamespace, dbTermAttribute, dbLabelAttribute, dbLabelAbbrevAttribute)\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("RefIll only"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportStringMapper.NewInstance("ISSN", "issn", false));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("RefMarker"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportStringMapper.NewInstance("RefPages", "pages"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("RefPages only"));\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ ReferenceBase ref = null;\r
+// ref.setP\r
+ \r
+ \r
+//// mapping.addMapper(DbImportExtensionMapper.NewInstance("imis_id", GlobisTransformer.IMIS_UUID, "imis", "imis", "imis"));\r
+// \r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportTruncatedStringMapper.NewInstance("source_name", "titleCache", "title"));\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportStringMapper.NewInstance("source_abstract", "referenceAbstract"));\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportAnnotationMapper.NewInstance("source_note", AnnotationType.EDITORIAL(), Language.DEFAULT()));\r
+// \r
+// //or as Extension?\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportExtensionMapper.NewInstance("source_link", ExtensionType.URL()));\r
+// \r
+// //not yet implemented\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("source_type"));\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("source_orig_fn"));\r
+\r
+ }\r
+ return mapping;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport#createObject(java.sql.ResultSet, eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportStateBase)\r
+ */\r
+ public ReferenceBase createObject(ResultSet rs, CentralAfricaFernsImportState state)\r
+ throws SQLException {\r
+ ReferenceBase ref;\r
+ String refType = rs.getString("RefType");\r
+ if (refType == null){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ }else if (refType == "book"){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newBook();\r
+ }else if (refType == "paper in journal"){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newArticle();\r
+ }else if (refType.startsWith("unpublished") ){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ }else if (refType.endsWith("paper in journal")){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newArticle();\r
+ }else if (refType == "paper in book"){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newBookSection();\r
+ }else if (refType == "paper in journalwebsite"){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newArticle();\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Unknown reference type: " + refType);\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ }\r
+ return ref;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.IPartitionedIO#getRelatedObjectsForPartition(java.sql.ResultSet)\r
+ */\r
+ public Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> getRelatedObjectsForPartition(ResultSet rs) {\r
+ Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> result = new HashMap<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>>();\r
+ return result; //not needed\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#doCheck(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected boolean doCheck(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state){\r
+ IOValidator<CentralAfricaFernsImportState> validator = new CentralAfricaFernsReferenceImportValidator();\r
+ return validator.validate(state);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#isIgnore(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ protected boolean isIgnore(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state){\r
+ //TODO\r
+ return state.getConfig().getDoReferences() != IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns;\r
+\r
+import java.sql.ResultSet;\r
+import java.sql.SQLException;\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;\r
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.facade.DerivedUnitFacade;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.facade.DerivedUnitFacade.DerivedUnitType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IOValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportAnnotationMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMapping;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportObjectCreationMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbNotYetImplementedMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns.validation.CentralAfricaFernsTaxonImportValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Team;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.AnnotationType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.BotanicalName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.Rank;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.SpecimenTypeDesignation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.TaxonNameBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Synonym;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.strategy.parser.NonViralNameParserImpl;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.02.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+@Component\r
+public class CentralAfricaFernsTaxonImport extends CentralAfricaFernsImportBase<TaxonBase> implements IMappingImport<TaxonBase, CentralAfricaFernsImportState>{\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaFernsTaxonImport.class);\r
+ \r
+ public static final UUID TNS_EXT_UUID = UUID.fromString("41cb0450-ac84-4d73-905e-9c7773c23b05");\r
+ \r
+ private NonViralNameParserImpl parser = NonViralNameParserImpl.NewInstance();\r
+ \r
+ private DbImportMapping mapping;\r
+ \r
+ //second path is not used anymore, there is now an ErmsTaxonRelationImport class instead\r
+ private boolean isSecondPath = false;\r
+ \r
+ private int modCount = 10000;\r
+ private static final String pluralString = "taxa";\r
+ private static final String dbTableName = "[African pteridophytes]";\r
+ private static final Class cdmTargetClass = TaxonBase.class;\r
+\r
+ public CentralAfricaFernsTaxonImport(){\r
+ super(pluralString, dbTableName, cdmTargetClass);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportBase#getIdQuery()\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getIdQuery() {\r
+ String strQuery = " SELECT [Taxon number] FROM " + dbTableName ;\r
+ return strQuery;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportBase#getMapping()\r
+ */\r
+ protected DbImportMapping getMapping() {\r
+ if (mapping == null){\r
+ mapping = new DbImportMapping();\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportObjectCreationMapper.NewInstance(this, "Taxon number", TAXON_NAMESPACE)); //id + tu_status\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Types XXX", "Method Mapper does not work yet. Needs implementation for all 5 types. FIXMEs in implementation"));\r
+\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportMethodMapper.NewInstance(this, "makeTypes", ResultSet.class, TaxonBase.class, CentralAfricaFernsImportState.class));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportAnnotationMapper.NewInstance("Notes", AnnotationType.EDITORIAL()));\r
+\r
+ //not yet implemented or ignore\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Basionym of", "Needs better understanding"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Synonym of", "Needs better understanding. Strange values like "));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Common names", "Very view values. Needs parsing for author"));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Author/s - full", "Difference to Author/s abbreviated needs to be clarified. Do authors belong to reference? Sometimes authors are not equal to name authors"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Author/s abbreviated" , "Difference to Author/s - full needs to be clarified. Do authors belong to reference? Sometimes authors are not equal to name authors"));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Reference abbreviated" , "Clarify relationship to reference tables, authors and to Reference full"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Chromosome number" , "Wrong data. Seems to be 'reference full'"));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Book / Journal volume" , "no comment"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Book / Journal part" , "no comment"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Book / Journal fascicle" , "What is this?"));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Book / Journal pages" , "What is this?"));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Illustrations/s" , "What is this?"));\r
+\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Date published" , "Needs implementation for parsing"));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Book / Paper title" , "Needs implementation. Inreferences?"));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Book Publisher & Place" , "How to access the reference via String mapper?"));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Nom remarks" , "Needs parsing for status, homonyms etc., the rest goes to a name annotation"));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Distribution - Country" , "Needs mapping to TDWG or ISO"));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Distribution - Province" , "Very few. By hand. Mapping to TDWG4?"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Distribution - detailed" , "Few. Textdata. Sometimes similar to Distribution - Province entries"));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Reprint no" , "What's this?"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Date verified" , "Needed?"));\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Ecology" , "Needs implementation"));\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportTextDataCreationMapper.NewInstance(dbIdAttribute, objectToCreateNamespace, dbTaxonFkAttribute, taxonNamespace, dbTextAttribute, Language.ENGLISH(), Feature.ECOLOGY(), null));\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("Illustrations - non-original" , "What's this?"));\r
+ \r
+// \r
+// UUID credibilityUuid = ErmsTransformer.uuidCredibility;\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportExtensionMapper.NewInstance("tu_credibility", credibilityUuid, "credibility", "credibility", "credibility")); //Werte: null, unknown, marked for deletion\r
+// \r
+ //ignore\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbIgnoreMapper.NewInstance("cache_citation", "citation cache not needed in PESI"));\r
+ \r
+ //not yet implemented or ignore\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("tu_hidden", "Needs DbImportMarkerMapper implemented"));\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ return mapping;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportBase#getRecordQuery(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getRecordQuery(CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ String strSelect = " SELECT * ";\r
+ String strFrom = " FROM [African pteridophytes] as ap";\r
+ String strWhere = " WHERE ( ap.[taxon number] IN (" + ID_LIST_TOKEN + ") )";\r
+ String strRecordQuery = strSelect + strFrom + strWhere;\r
+ return strRecordQuery;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.IPartitionedIO#getRelatedObjectsForPartition(java.sql.ResultSet)\r
+ */\r
+ public Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> getRelatedObjectsForPartition(ResultSet rs) {\r
+ String nameSpace;\r
+ Class cdmClass;\r
+ Set<String> idSet;\r
+ Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> result = new HashMap<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>>();\r
+ \r
+ try{\r
+ Set<String> nameIdSet = new HashSet<String>();\r
+ Set<String> referenceIdSet = new HashSet<String>();\r
+ while (rs.next()){\r
+ // handleForeignKey(rs, nameIdSet, "PTNameFk");\r
+ // handleForeignKey(rs, referenceIdSet, "PTRefFk");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ //reference map\r
+// nameSpace = "Reference";\r
+// cdmClass = ReferenceBase.class;\r
+// Map<String, Person> referenceMap = (Map<String, Person>)getCommonService().getSourcedObjectsByIdInSource(Person.class, teamIdSet, nameSpace);\r
+// result.put(ReferenceBase.class, referenceMap);\r
+\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ throw new RuntimeException(e);\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private TaxonBase makeTypes(ResultSet rs, TaxonBase taxonBase, CentralAfricaFernsImportState state) throws SQLException{\r
+ TaxonNameBase name = taxonBase.getName();\r
+ String typeString = rs.getString("Type");\r
+ String typeCollectorString = rs.getString("Type collector and number");\r
+ String typeLocationString = rs.getString("Type location");\r
+ makeSingleType(name, typeString, typeCollectorString, typeLocationString);\r
+ return taxonBase;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private void makeSingleType(TaxonNameBase name, String typeString, String typeCollectorString, String typeLocationString) {\r
+ DerivedUnitFacade type = DerivedUnitFacade.NewInstance(DerivedUnitType.Specimen);\r
+ makeTypeCollectorInfo(type, typeCollectorString);\r
+ type.setLocality(typeString);\r
+ //TODO\r
+// type.addDuplicate(duplicateSpecimen);\r
+ //FIXME handle also NameTypeDesignations\r
+ SpecimenTypeDesignation designation = SpecimenTypeDesignation.NewInstance();\r
+ designation.setTypeSpecimen(type.innerDerivedUnit());\r
+ name.addTypeDesignation(designation, false);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private void makeTypeCollectorInfo(DerivedUnitFacade type, String collectorAndNumberString) {\r
+ String reNumber = "(s\\.n\\.|\\d.*)";\r
+ Pattern reNumberPattern = Pattern.compile(reNumber);\r
+ Matcher matcher = reNumberPattern.matcher(collectorAndNumberString);\r
+ \r
+ if ( matcher.find()){\r
+ int numberStart = matcher.start();\r
+ String number = collectorAndNumberString.substring(numberStart).trim();\r
+ String collectorString = collectorAndNumberString.substring(0, numberStart -1).trim();\r
+ type.setCollectorsNumber(number);\r
+ Team team = Team.NewTitledInstance(collectorString, collectorString);\r
+ type.setCollector(team);\r
+ \r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("collector string did not match number pattern: " + collectorAndNumberString);\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport#createObject(java.sql.ResultSet)\r
+ */\r
+ public TaxonBase createObject(ResultSet rs, CentralAfricaFernsImportState state) throws SQLException {\r
+ BotanicalName taxonName = BotanicalName.NewInstance(null);\r
+ ReferenceBase sec = state.getConfig().getSourceReference();\r
+ \r
+ String taxonNumber = rs.getString("Taxon number");\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ String orderName = rs.getString("Order name");\r
+ String subOrderName = rs.getString("Suborder name");\r
+ String familyName = rs.getString("Family name");\r
+ String subFamilyName = rs.getString("Subfamily name");\r
+ String tribusName = rs.getString("Tribus name");\r
+ String subTribusName = rs.getString("Subtribus name");\r
+ String sectionName = rs.getString("Section name");\r
+ String genusName = rs.getString("Genus name");\r
+ String subGenusName = rs.getString("Subgenus name");\r
+ String seriesName = rs.getString("Series name");\r
+ String specificEpihet = rs.getString("Specific epihet");\r
+ String subspeciesName = rs.getString("Subspecies name");\r
+ String varietyName = rs.getString("Variety name");\r
+ String subFormaName = rs.getString("Subforma");\r
+ String subVariety = rs.getString("Subvariery");\r
+ String formaName = rs.getString("Forma name");\r
+ String subsectionName = rs.getString("Subsection name");\r
+ \r
+ String status = rs.getString("Current/Synonym");\r
+ \r
+ TaxonBase taxon;\r
+ if ("c".equalsIgnoreCase(status)){\r
+ taxon = Taxon.NewInstance(taxonName, sec);\r
+ }else if ("s".equalsIgnoreCase(status)){\r
+ taxon = Synonym.NewInstance(taxonName, sec);\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn(taxonNumber + ": Status not given for taxon " );\r
+ taxon = Taxon.NewUnknownStatusInstance(taxonName, sec);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+// Integer parent3Rank = rs.getInt("parent3rank");\r
+ \r
+ //rank and epithets\r
+ Rank lowestRank = setLowestUninomial(taxonName, orderName, subOrderName, familyName, subFamilyName, tribusName, subTribusName,sectionName, subsectionName, genusName);\r
+ lowestRank = setLowestInfraGeneric(taxonName, lowestRank, subGenusName, seriesName);\r
+ if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(specificEpihet)){\r
+ taxonName.setSpecificEpithet(specificEpihet);\r
+ lowestRank = Rank.SPECIES();\r
+ }\r
+ lowestRank = setLowestInfraSpecific(taxonName, lowestRank, subspeciesName, varietyName, subVariety, formaName,subFormaName);\r
+ \r
+ taxonName.setRank(lowestRank);\r
+ setAuthor(taxonName, rs, taxonNumber);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //set epithets\r
+\r
+ \r
+ //add original source for taxon name (taxon original source is added in mapper\r
+ ReferenceBase citation = state.getConfig().getSourceReference();\r
+// addOriginalSource(taxonName, taxonNumber, TAXON_NAMESPACE, citation);\r
+ return taxon;\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private void setAuthor(BotanicalName taxonName, ResultSet rs, String taxonNumber) throws SQLException {\r
+ \r
+ String orderAuthor = rs.getString("Order name author");\r
+ String subOrderAuthor = rs.getString("Suborder name author");\r
+ String familyAuthor = rs.getString("Family name author");\r
+ String subFamilyAuthor = rs.getString("Subfamily name author");\r
+ String tribusAuthor = rs.getString("Tribus author");\r
+ String subTribusAuthor = rs.getString("Subtribus author");\r
+ String sectionAuthor = rs.getString("Section name author");\r
+ String subsectionAuthor = rs.getString("Subsection author");\r
+ String genusAuthor = rs.getString("Genus name author");\r
+ String subGenusAuthor = rs.getString("Subgenus name author");\r
+ String seriesAuthor = rs.getString("Series name author");\r
+ String specificEpihetAuthor = rs.getString("Specific epithet author");\r
+ String subspeciesAuthor = rs.getString("Subspecies author");\r
+ String varietyAuthor = rs.getString("Variety name author");\r
+ String subVarietyAuthor = rs.getString("Subvariety author");\r
+ String formaAuthor = rs.getString("Forma name author");\r
+ String subFormaAuthor = rs.getString("Subforma author");\r
+ \r
+ String authorsFull = rs.getString("Author/s - full");\r
+ String authorsAbbrev = rs.getString("Author/s - abbreviated");\r
+ \r
+\r
+ Rank rank = taxonName.getRank();\r
+ String authorString;\r
+ if (rank != null){\r
+ if (rank.equals(Rank.ORDER())){\r
+ authorString = orderAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBORDER())){\r
+ authorString = subOrderAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.FAMILY())){\r
+ authorString = familyAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBFAMILY())){\r
+ authorString = subFamilyAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.TRIBE())){\r
+ authorString = tribusAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBTRIBE())){\r
+ authorString = subTribusAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SECTION_BOTANY())){\r
+ authorString = sectionAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBSECTION_BOTANY())){\r
+ authorString = subsectionAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.GENUS())){\r
+ authorString = genusAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBGENUS())){\r
+ authorString = subGenusAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SERIES())){\r
+ authorString = seriesAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SPECIES())){\r
+ authorString = specificEpihetAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBSPECIES())){\r
+ authorString = subspeciesAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.VARIETY())){\r
+ authorString = varietyAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBVARIETY())){\r
+ authorString = subVarietyAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.FORM())){\r
+ authorString = formaAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBFORM())){\r
+ authorString = subFormaAuthor;\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Author string could not be defined");\r
+ authorString = authorsAbbrev;\r
+ if (StringUtils.isBlank(authorString)){\r
+ logger.warn("Authors abbrev string could not be defined");\r
+ authorString = authorsFull; \r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn(taxonNumber + ": Rank is null");\r
+ authorString = authorsAbbrev;\r
+ if (StringUtils.isBlank(authorString)){\r
+ logger.warn(taxonNumber + ": Authors abbrev string could not be defined");\r
+ authorString = authorsFull; \r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ if (authorString != null){\r
+ parser.handleAuthors(taxonName, taxonName.getNameCache().trim() + " " + authorString, authorString);\r
+ }\r
+ if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(authorsAbbrev) && ! authorsAbbrev.equalsIgnoreCase(taxonName.getCombinationAuthorTeam()==null ? "" :taxonName.getCombinationAuthorTeam().getNomenclaturalTitle())){\r
+ logger.warn(taxonNumber + ": Rank author and abbrev author are not equal: " + authorString + "\t\t " + authorsAbbrev);\r
+ }\r
+// if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(authorsFull) && ! authorsFull.equalsIgnoreCase(authorString)){\r
+// logger.warn("Rank author and full author are not equal Rankauthor: " + authorString + ", full author " + authorsFull);\r
+// }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private Rank setLowestInfraSpecific(BotanicalName taxonName, Rank lowestRank, String subspeciesName, String varietyName,\r
+ String subVariety, String formaName, String subFormaName) {\r
+ if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subFormaName)){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraSpecificEpithet(subFormaName);\r
+ return Rank.SUBFORM();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(formaName)){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraSpecificEpithet(formaName);\r
+ return Rank.FORM();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subVariety)){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraSpecificEpithet(subVariety);\r
+ return Rank.SUBVARIETY();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(varietyName)){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraSpecificEpithet(varietyName);\r
+ return Rank.VARIETY();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subspeciesName)){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraSpecificEpithet(subspeciesName);\r
+ return Rank.SUBSPECIES();\r
+ }else{\r
+ return lowestRank;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private Rank setLowestInfraGeneric(BotanicalName taxonName, Rank lowestRank, String subGenusName, String seriesName) {\r
+ if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(seriesName)){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraGenericEpithet(seriesName);\r
+ return Rank.SERIES();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subGenusName)){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraGenericEpithet(subGenusName);\r
+ return Rank.SUBGENUS();\r
+ }else{\r
+ return lowestRank;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private Rank setLowestUninomial(BotanicalName taxonName, String orderName, String subOrderName, String familyName, String subFamilyName,\r
+ String tribusName, String subTribusName, String sectionName, String subsectionName, String genusName) {\r
+ \r
+ if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(genusName)){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(genusName);\r
+ return Rank.GENUS();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subsectionName)){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(subsectionName);\r
+ return Rank.SUBSECTION_BOTANY();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(sectionName)){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(sectionName);\r
+ return Rank.SECTION_BOTANY();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subTribusName)){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(subTribusName);\r
+ return Rank.SUBTRIBE();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(tribusName)){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(tribusName);\r
+ return Rank.TRIBE();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subFamilyName)){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(subFamilyName);\r
+ return Rank.SUBFAMILY();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(familyName)){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(familyName);\r
+ return Rank.FAMILY();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subOrderName)){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(subOrderName);\r
+ return Rank.SUBORDER();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(orderName)){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(orderName);\r
+ return Rank.ORDER();\r
+ }else{\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#doCheck(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected boolean doCheck(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state){\r
+ IOValidator<CentralAfricaFernsImportState> validator = new CentralAfricaFernsTaxonImportValidator();\r
+ return validator.validate(state);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#isIgnore(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ protected boolean isIgnore(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state){\r
+ return ! state.getConfig().isDoTaxa();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns;\r
+\r
+import java.sql.ResultSet;\r
+import java.sql.SQLException;\r
+import java.util.Arrays;\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.List;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.api.service.ITaxonTreeService;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IOValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMapping;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMethodMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportObjectCreationMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportTaxIncludedInMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.checklist.CentralAfricaChecklistImportState;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns.validation.CentralAfricaFernsTaxonImportValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.agent.Team;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.BotanicalName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NonViralName;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.Rank;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Synonym;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.SynonymRelationshipType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.Taxon;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonNode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.taxon.TaxonomicTree;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.02.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+@Component\r
+public class CentralAfricaFernsTaxonRelationImport extends CentralAfricaFernsImportBase<TaxonBase> implements IMappingImport<TaxonBase, CentralAfricaFernsImportState>{\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaFernsTaxonRelationImport.class);\r
+ \r
+ private DbImportMapping mapping;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private int modCount = 10000;\r
+ private static final String pluralString = "taxa";\r
+ private static final String dbTableName = "[African pteridophytes]";\r
+ private static final Class cdmTargetClass = TaxonBase.class;\r
+\r
+ private Map<String, UUID> taxonMap = new HashMap<String, UUID>();\r
+\r
+ \r
+ public CentralAfricaFernsTaxonRelationImport(){\r
+ super(pluralString, dbTableName, cdmTargetClass);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportBase#getIdQuery()\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getIdQuery() {\r
+ String strQuery = " SELECT [Taxon number] FROM " + dbTableName;;\r
+ return strQuery;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportBase#getMapping()\r
+ */\r
+ protected DbImportMapping getMapping() {\r
+ if (mapping == null){\r
+ mapping = new DbImportMapping();\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportMethodMapper.NewInstance(this, "createObject", ResultSet.class, CentralAfricaFernsImportState.class));\r
+// NewInstance(this, "Taxon number", TAXON_NAMESPACE)); //id + tu_status\r
+\r
+//funktioniert nicht wegen doppeltem Abfragen von Attributen\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportSynonymMapper.NewInstance("Taxon number", "Current", TAXON_NAMESPACE, null)); \r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportNameTypeDesignationMapper.NewInstance("id", "tu_typetaxon", NAME_NAMESPACE, "tu_typedesignationstatus"));\r
+\r
+ }\r
+ return mapping;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportBase#getRecordQuery(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getRecordQuery(CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ String strSelect = " SELECT * ";\r
+ String strFrom = " FROM [African pteridophytes] as ap";\r
+ String strWhere = " WHERE ( ap.[taxon number] IN (" + ID_LIST_TOKEN + ") )";\r
+ String strRecordQuery = strSelect + strFrom + strWhere;\r
+ return strRecordQuery;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportBase#doInvoke(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportState)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected boolean doInvoke(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state) {\r
+ //first path\r
+ fillTaxonMap();\r
+ boolean success = super.doInvoke(state);\r
+ \r
+ return success;\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private void fillTaxonMap() {\r
+ List<String> propPath = Arrays.asList(new String []{"name"});\r
+ \r
+ List<Taxon> taxonList = (List)getTaxonService().list(Taxon.class, null, null, null, propPath );\r
+ for (Taxon taxon : taxonList){\r
+ NonViralName nvn = CdmBase.deproxy(taxon.getName(), NonViralName.class);\r
+ UUID uuid = taxon.getName().getUuid();\r
+ String name = nvn.getNameCache();\r
+ taxonMap.put(name, uuid);\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.IPartitionedIO#getRelatedObjectsForPartition(java.sql.ResultSet)\r
+ */\r
+ public Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> getRelatedObjectsForPartition(ResultSet rs) {\r
+ String nameSpace;\r
+ Class cdmClass;\r
+ Set<String> idSet;\r
+ Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> result = new HashMap<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>>();\r
+ \r
+ try{\r
+ Set<String> taxonIdSet = new HashSet<String>();\r
+// Set<String> referenceIdSet = new HashSet<String>();\r
+ while (rs.next()){\r
+ handleForeignKey(rs, taxonIdSet, "Current");\r
+ handleForeignKey(rs, taxonIdSet, "Taxon number");\r
+\r
+// handleForeignKey(rs, referenceIdSet, "PTRefFk");\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ //reference map\r
+ nameSpace = TAXON_NAMESPACE;\r
+ cdmClass = TaxonBase.class;\r
+ Map<String, TaxonBase> taxonMap = (Map<String, TaxonBase>)getCommonService().getSourcedObjectsByIdInSource(cdmClass, taxonIdSet, nameSpace);\r
+ result.put(nameSpace, taxonMap);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //reference map\r
+// nameSpace = "Reference";\r
+// cdmClass = ReferenceBase.class;\r
+// Map<String, Person> referenceMap = (Map<String, Person>)getCommonService().getSourcedObjectsByIdInSource(Person.class, teamIdSet, nameSpace);\r
+// result.put(ReferenceBase.class, referenceMap);\r
+\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ throw new RuntimeException(e);\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport#createObject(java.sql.ResultSet)\r
+ */\r
+ public TaxonBase createObject(ResultSet rs, CentralAfricaFernsImportState state) throws SQLException {\r
+ TaxonBase result = null;\r
+ try {\r
+ String status = rs.getString("Current/Synonym");\r
+ \r
+ if ("s".equalsIgnoreCase(status)){\r
+ //synonym\r
+ result = handleSynonym(rs, state);\r
+ }else{\r
+ //accepted Taxon\r
+ result = handleTaxon(rs, state);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ return result;\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ private Synonym handleSynonym(ResultSet rs, CentralAfricaFernsImportState state) throws SQLException {\r
+ String accTaxonId = rs.getString("Current");\r
+ String synonymId = rs.getString("Taxon number");\r
+ Synonym synonym = (Synonym)state.getRelatedObject(TAXON_NAMESPACE, synonymId);\r
+ if (synonym == null){\r
+ logger.warn ("Synonym ("+synonymId+")not found.");\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ TaxonBase taxonBase = CdmBase.deproxy(state.getRelatedObject(TAXON_NAMESPACE, accTaxonId), TaxonBase.class);\r
+ \r
+ if (taxonBase != null){\r
+ if (taxonBase.isInstanceOf(Taxon.class)){\r
+ Taxon taxon = CdmBase.deproxy(taxonBase, Taxon.class);\r
+ taxon.addSynonym(synonym, SynonymRelationshipType.SYNONYM_OF());\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Accepted taxon (" + accTaxonId + ") for synonym (" + synonymId +") is not of type 'Current'");\r
+ } \r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Taxon (" + accTaxonId + ") not found for synonym (" + synonymId +")");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ return synonym;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private Taxon handleTaxon(ResultSet rs, CentralAfricaFernsImportState state) throws SQLException {\r
+ String taxonNumber = rs.getString("Taxon number");\r
+ Taxon child = (Taxon)state.getRelatedObject(TAXON_NAMESPACE, taxonNumber);\r
+ if (child == null){\r
+ logger.warn("Taxon does not exist: " + taxonNumber);\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ String orderName = rs.getString("Order name");\r
+ String subOrderName = rs.getString("Suborder name");\r
+ String familyName = rs.getString("Family name");\r
+ String subFamilyName = rs.getString("Subfamily name");\r
+ String tribusName = rs.getString("Tribus name");\r
+ String subTribusName = rs.getString("Subtribus name");\r
+ String sectionName = rs.getString("Section name");\r
+ String subsectionName = rs.getString("Subsection name");\r
+ String genusName = rs.getString("Genus name");\r
+ String subGenusName = rs.getString("Subgenus name");\r
+ String seriesName = rs.getString("Series name");\r
+ String specificEpihet = rs.getString("Specific epihet");\r
+ String subspeciesName = rs.getString("Subspecies name");\r
+ String varietyName = rs.getString("Variety name");\r
+ String subVariety = rs.getString("Subvariery");\r
+ String formaName = rs.getString("Forma name");\r
+ String subFormaName = rs.getString("Subforma");\r
+ \r
+ makeNextHigherTaxon(state, child, orderName, subOrderName, familyName, subFamilyName, tribusName, subTribusName, sectionName,\r
+ subsectionName, genusName, subGenusName, seriesName, specificEpihet, subspeciesName, varietyName, subVariety, formaName, subFormaName);\r
+ return child;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param state\r
+ * @param child\r
+ * @param orderName\r
+ * @param subOrderName\r
+ * @param familyName\r
+ * @param subFamilyName\r
+ * @param tribusName\r
+ * @param subTribusName\r
+ * @param sectionName\r
+ * @param subsectionName\r
+ * @param genusName\r
+ * @param subGenusName\r
+ * @param seriesName\r
+ * @param specificEpihet\r
+ * @param subspeciesName\r
+ * @param varietyName\r
+ * @param subVariety\r
+ * @param formaName\r
+ * @param subFormaName\r
+ */\r
+ private void makeNextHigherTaxon(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state, Taxon child, String orderName, String subOrderName,\r
+ String familyName, String subFamilyName, String tribusName, String subTribusName, String sectionName, String subsectionName,\r
+ String genusName, String subGenusName, String seriesName, String specificEpihet, String subspeciesName, String varietyName,\r
+ String subVariety, String formaName, String subFormaName) {\r
+\r
+ Taxon higherTaxon = getNextHigherTaxon(state, child, orderName, subOrderName, familyName, subFamilyName, tribusName, subTribusName, sectionName, subsectionName, genusName, subGenusName, seriesName, specificEpihet, subspeciesName, varietyName, subVariety, formaName, subFormaName);\r
+ \r
+ ReferenceBase citation = null;\r
+ if (higherTaxon != null){\r
+ if (! includedRelationshipExists(child, higherTaxon)){\r
+ makeTaxonomicallyIncluded(state, null, child, higherTaxon, citation, null);\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.info("Included exists");\r
+ }\r
+ makeNextHigherTaxon(state, higherTaxon, orderName, subOrderName, familyName, subFamilyName, tribusName, subTribusName, sectionName, subsectionName, genusName, subGenusName, seriesName, specificEpihet, subspeciesName, varietyName, subVariety, formaName, subFormaName);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * Tests if this the child taxon already is a child of the higher taxon.\r
+ * @param child\r
+ * @param higherTaxon\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ private boolean includedRelationshipExists(Taxon child, Taxon higherTaxon) {\r
+ int countNodes = higherTaxon.getTaxonNodes().size();\r
+ if (countNodes < 1){\r
+ return false;\r
+ }else if (countNodes > 1){\r
+ throw new IllegalStateException("Multiple nodes exist for higher taxon. This is an invalid state.");\r
+ }else{\r
+ TaxonNode higherNode = higherTaxon.getTaxonNodes().iterator().next();\r
+ return childExists(child, higherNode);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private boolean childExists(Taxon child, TaxonNode higherNode) {\r
+ for (TaxonNode childNode : higherNode.getChildNodes()){\r
+ String existingChildTitle = childNode.getTaxon().getName().getTitleCache();\r
+ String newChildTitle = child.getName().getTitleCache();\r
+ if (existingChildTitle.equals(newChildTitle)){\r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+// private boolean makeTaxonomicallyIncluded(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state, Taxon parent, Taxon child, ReferenceBase citation, String microCitation){\r
+// ReferenceBase sec = child.getSec();\r
+// TaxonomicTree tree = state.getTree(sec);\r
+// if (tree == null){\r
+// tree = makeTreeMemSave(state, sec);\r
+// }\r
+// TaxonNode childNode;\r
+// if (parent != null){\r
+// childNode = tree.addParentChild(parent, child, citation, microCitation);\r
+// }else{\r
+// childNode = tree.addChildTaxon(child, citation, microCitation, null);\r
+// }\r
+// return (childNode != null);\r
+// }\r
+ \r
+ //TODO use Mapper\r
+ private boolean makeTaxonomicallyIncluded(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state, Integer treeRefFk, Taxon child, Taxon parent, ReferenceBase citation, String microCitation){\r
+ String treeKey;\r
+ UUID treeUuid;\r
+ if (treeRefFk == null){\r
+ treeKey = "1"; // there is only one tree and it gets the map key '1'\r
+ treeUuid = state.getConfig().getTaxonomicTreeUuid();\r
+ }else{\r
+ treeKey =String.valueOf(treeRefFk);\r
+ treeUuid = state.getTreeUuidByTreeKey(treeKey);\r
+ }\r
+ TaxonomicTree tree = (TaxonomicTree)state.getRelatedObject(DbImportTaxIncludedInMapper.TAXONOMIC_TREE_NAMESPACE, treeKey);\r
+ if (tree == null){\r
+ ITaxonTreeService service = state.getCurrentIO().getTaxonTreeService();\r
+ tree = service.getTaxonomicTreeByUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ if (tree == null){\r
+ String treeName = state.getConfig().getTaxonomicTreeName();\r
+ tree = TaxonomicTree.NewInstance(treeName);\r
+ tree.setUuid(treeUuid);\r
+ //FIXME tree reference\r
+ tree.setReference(citation);\r
+ service.save(tree);\r
+ }\r
+ state.addRelatedObject(DbImportTaxIncludedInMapper.TAXONOMIC_TREE_NAMESPACE, treeKey, tree);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ TaxonNode childNode = tree.addParentChild(parent, child, citation, microCitation);\r
+ return (childNode != null);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private Taxon getNextHigherTaxon(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state, Taxon childTaxon, String orderName, String subOrderName, String familyName, String subFamilyName,\r
+ String tribusName, String subTribusName, String sectionName, String subsectionName, String genusName, String subGenusName, String seriesName, String speciesName, String subspeciesName, String varietyName, String subVariety, String formaName, String subFormaName) {\r
+ \r
+ Taxon result = null;\r
+ BotanicalName childName = CdmBase.deproxy(childTaxon.getName(), BotanicalName.class);\r
+ Rank childRank = childName.getRank();\r
+ BotanicalName higherName; \r
+ higherName = handleInfraSpecific(childRank, genusName, speciesName, subspeciesName, varietyName, subVariety, formaName, subFormaName);\r
+ if (higherName.getRank() == null){\r
+ handleSpecies(childRank, higherName, genusName, speciesName);\r
+ }\r
+ if (higherName.getRank() == null){\r
+ handleInfraGeneric(childRank, higherName, genusName, subGenusName, seriesName);\r
+ }\r
+ if (higherName.getRank() == null){\r
+ handleUninomial(childRank, higherName, orderName, subOrderName, familyName, subFamilyName, tribusName, subTribusName, sectionName, subsectionName, genusName);\r
+ }\r
+ //if higher taxon must exist, create it if it was not yet created\r
+ if (higherName.getRank() != null && getExistingTaxon(higherName, state) == null ){\r
+ result = Taxon.NewInstance(higherName, childTaxon.getSec());\r
+ UUID uuid = higherName.getUuid();\r
+ String name = higherName.getNameCache();\r
+ taxonMap.put(name, uuid);\r
+ state.addRelatedObject(HIGHER_TAXON_NAMESPACE, higherName.getNameCache(), result);\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private Taxon getExistingTaxon(BotanicalName higherName, CentralAfricaFernsImportState state) {\r
+ String nameCache = higherName.getNameCache();\r
+ UUID uuid = taxonMap.get(nameCache);\r
+ \r
+ Taxon taxon = null;\r
+ if (uuid != null){\r
+ taxon = CdmBase.deproxy(getTaxonService().find(uuid), Taxon.class);\r
+ Taxon taxon2 = state.getRelatedObject(HIGHER_TAXON_NAMESPACE, nameCache, Taxon.class);\r
+ if (taxon != taxon2){\r
+ logger.warn("Difference in related taxa: " + nameCache);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ return taxon;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private BotanicalName handleInfraSpecific(Rank lowerTaxonRank, String genusName, String specificEpithet, String subspeciesName, String varietyName, String subVariety, String formaName, String subFormaName) {\r
+\r
+ BotanicalName taxonName = BotanicalName.NewInstance(null);\r
+ Rank newRank = null;\r
+ \r
+ if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subFormaName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.SUBFORM())){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraSpecificEpithet(subFormaName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.SUBFORM();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(formaName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.FORM())){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraSpecificEpithet(formaName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.FORM();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subVariety) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.SUBVARIETY())){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraSpecificEpithet(subVariety);\r
+ newRank = Rank.SUBVARIETY();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(varietyName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.VARIETY())){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraSpecificEpithet(varietyName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.VARIETY();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subspeciesName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.SUBSPECIES())){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraSpecificEpithet(subspeciesName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.SUBSPECIES();\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ if (newRank != null){\r
+ taxonName.setSpecificEpithet(specificEpithet);\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(genusName);\r
+ taxonName.setRank(newRank);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ return taxonName;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private BotanicalName handleSpecies(Rank lowerTaxonRank, BotanicalName taxonName, String genusName, String speciesEpithet) {\r
+ Rank newRank = null;\r
+ \r
+ if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(speciesEpithet) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.SPECIES())){\r
+ taxonName.setSpecificEpithet(speciesEpithet);\r
+ newRank = Rank.SPECIES();\r
+ }\r
+ if (newRank != null){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(genusName);\r
+ taxonName.setRank(newRank);\r
+ }\r
+ return taxonName;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private BotanicalName handleInfraGeneric(Rank lowerTaxonRank, BotanicalName taxonName, String genusName, String subGenusName, String seriesName) {\r
+ Rank newRank = null;\r
+ \r
+ if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(seriesName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.SERIES())){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraGenericEpithet(seriesName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.SERIES();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subGenusName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.SUBGENUS())){\r
+ taxonName.setInfraGenericEpithet(subGenusName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.SUBGENUS();\r
+ }\r
+ if (newRank != null){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(genusName);\r
+ taxonName.setRank(newRank);\r
+ }\r
+ return taxonName;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private BotanicalName handleUninomial(Rank lowerTaxonRank, BotanicalName taxonName, String orderName, String subOrderName, String familyName, String subFamilyName,\r
+ String tribusName, String subTribusName, String sectionName, String subsectionName, String genusName) {\r
+ \r
+ Rank newRank = null;\r
+ if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(genusName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.GENUS())){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(genusName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.GENUS();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subsectionName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.SUBSECTION_BOTANY())){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(subsectionName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.SUBSECTION_BOTANY();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(sectionName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.SECTION_BOTANY())){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(sectionName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.SECTION_BOTANY();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subTribusName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.SUBTRIBE())){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(subTribusName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.SUBTRIBE();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(tribusName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.TRIBE())){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(tribusName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.TRIBE();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subFamilyName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.SUBFAMILY())){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(subFamilyName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.SUBFAMILY();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(familyName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.FAMILY())){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(familyName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.FAMILY();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subOrderName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.SUBORDER())){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(subOrderName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.SUBORDER();\r
+ }else if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(orderName) && lowerTaxonRank.isLower(Rank.ORDER())){\r
+ taxonName.setGenusOrUninomial(orderName);\r
+ newRank = Rank.ORDER();\r
+ }\r
+ taxonName.setRank(newRank);\r
+ return taxonName;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private void setAuthor(BotanicalName taxonName, ResultSet rs) throws SQLException {\r
+ String orderAuthor = rs.getString("Order name author");\r
+ String subOrderAuthor = rs.getString("Suborder name author");\r
+ String familyAuthor = rs.getString("Family name author");\r
+ String subFamilyAuthor = rs.getString("Subfamily name author");\r
+ String tribusAuthor = rs.getString("Tribus author");\r
+ String subTribusAuthor = rs.getString("Subtribus author");\r
+ String sectionAuthor = rs.getString("Section name author");\r
+ String subsectionAuthor = rs.getString("Subsection author");\r
+ String genusAuthor = rs.getString("Genus name author");\r
+ String subGenusAuthor = rs.getString("Subgenus name author");\r
+ String seriesAuthor = rs.getString("Series name author");\r
+ String specificEpihetAuthor = rs.getString("Specific epithet author");\r
+ String subspeciesAuthor = rs.getString("Subspecies author");\r
+ String varietyAuthor = rs.getString("Variety name author");\r
+ String subVarietyAuthor = rs.getString("Subvariety author");\r
+ String formaAuthor = rs.getString("Forma name author");\r
+ String subFormaAuthor = rs.getString("Subforma author");\r
+ \r
+ String authorsFull = rs.getString("Author/s - full");\r
+ String authorsAbbrev = rs.getString("Author/s - abbreviated");\r
+ \r
+\r
+ Rank rank = taxonName.getRank();\r
+ String authorString;\r
+ if (rank != null){\r
+ if (rank.equals(Rank.ORDER())){\r
+ authorString = orderAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBORDER())){\r
+ authorString = subOrderAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.FAMILY())){\r
+ authorString = familyAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBFAMILY())){\r
+ authorString = subFamilyAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.TRIBE())){\r
+ authorString = tribusAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBTRIBE())){\r
+ authorString = subTribusAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SECTION_BOTANY())){\r
+ authorString = sectionAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBSECTION_BOTANY())){\r
+ authorString = subsectionAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.GENUS())){\r
+ authorString = genusAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBGENUS())){\r
+ authorString = subGenusAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SERIES())){\r
+ authorString = seriesAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SPECIES())){\r
+ authorString = specificEpihetAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBSPECIES())){\r
+ authorString = subspeciesAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.VARIETY())){\r
+ authorString = varietyAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBVARIETY())){\r
+ authorString = subVarietyAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.FORM())){\r
+ authorString = formaAuthor;\r
+ }else if (rank.equals(Rank.SUBFORM())){\r
+ authorString = subFormaAuthor;\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Author string could not be defined");\r
+ authorString = authorsAbbrev;\r
+ if (StringUtils.isBlank(authorString)){\r
+ logger.warn("Authors abbrev string could not be defined");\r
+ authorString = authorsFull; \r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Rank is null");\r
+ authorString = authorsAbbrev;\r
+ if (StringUtils.isBlank(authorString)){\r
+ logger.warn("Authors abbrev string could not be defined");\r
+ authorString = authorsFull; \r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(authorsAbbrev) && ! authorsAbbrev.equalsIgnoreCase(authorString)){\r
+ logger.warn("Rank author and abbrev author are not equal");\r
+ }\r
+ if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(authorsFull) && ! authorsFull.equalsIgnoreCase(authorString)){\r
+ logger.warn("Rank author and full author are not equal");\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ Team team = Team.NewTitledInstance(authorString, authorString);\r
+ taxonName.setCombinationAuthorTeam(team);\r
+ \r
+ } \r
+\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#doCheck(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected boolean doCheck(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state){\r
+ IOValidator<CentralAfricaFernsImportState> validator = new CentralAfricaFernsTaxonImportValidator();\r
+ return validator.validate(state);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#isIgnore(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ protected boolean isIgnore(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state){\r
+ return ! state.getConfig().isDoTaxa();\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns;\r
+\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.UndefinedTransformerMethodException;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.MarkerType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 01.03.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public final class CentralAfricaFernsTransformer extends InputTransformerBase {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaFernsTransformer.class);\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase#getFeatureByKey(java.lang.String)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public Feature getFeatureByKey(String key) throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(key)){return null;\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("distribution")){return Feature.DISTRIBUTION();\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("habitatecology")){return Feature.ECOLOGY();\r
+ }else{\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase#getFeatureUuid(java.lang.String)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public UUID getFeatureUuid(String key) throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(key)){return null;\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Chromosomes")){return uuidChromosomes;\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Inflorescence")){return uuidInflorescence;\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ }else{\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase#getMarkerTypeByKey(java.lang.String)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public MarkerType getMarkerTypeByKey(String key) throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(key)){return null;\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("distribution")){return MarkerType.;\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("habitatecology")){return Feature.ECOLOGY();\r
+ }else{\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ @Override\r
+ public UUID getMarkerTypeUuid(String key) throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(key)){return null;\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES")){return uuidIncompleteTaxon;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns.validation;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IOValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns.CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns.CentralAfricaFernsImportState;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 17.02.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CentralAfricaFernsReferenceImportValidator implements IOValidator<CentralAfricaFernsImportState>{\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaFernsReferenceImportValidator.class);\r
+\r
+ public boolean validate(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state){\r
+ boolean result = true;\r
+ CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator config = state.getConfig();\r
+ logger.warn("Checking for Taxa not yet fully implemented");\r
+// result &= checkParentTaxonStatus(config);\r
+// result &= checkAccParentTaxonStatus(config);\r
+ result &= checkSynonymsAcceptedTaxonStatus(config);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+// private boolean checkAccParentTaxonStatus(CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator bmiConfig){\r
+// try {\r
+// boolean result = true;\r
+// Source source = bmiConfig.getSource();\r
+// String strSQL = \r
+// " SELECT myTaxon.id AS childId, childStatus.status_name AS childStatus, myTaxon.tu_status, " +\r
+// " myTaxon.tu_displayname AS childDisplayName, parent.id AS parentId, parent.tu_status AS parentStatusId, parentStatus.status_name AS parentStatus, " + \r
+// " parent.tu_displayname as parentName, parentAcc.id AS parentAccId, parentAccStatus.status_name AS parentAccStatus, parentAcc.tu_displayname AS parentAccName, " + \r
+// " parentAcc.tu_status AS Expr1 " +\r
+// " FROM status AS parentAccStatus INNER JOIN " +\r
+// " tu AS parentAcc ON parentAccStatus.status_id = parentAcc.tu_status RIGHT OUTER JOIN " +\r
+// " tu AS parent ON parentAcc.id = parent.tu_acctaxon RIGHT OUTER JOIN " +\r
+// " tu AS myTaxon ON parent.id = myTaxon.tu_parent LEFT OUTER JOIN " + \r
+// " status AS parentStatus ON parent.tu_status = parentStatus.status_id LEFT OUTER JOIN " +\r
+// " status AS childStatus ON myTaxon.tu_status = childStatus.status_id " +\r
+// " WHERE (myTaxon.tu_status = 1) AND (parent.tu_status <> 1) " + \r
+// " ORDER BY parentStatusId";\r
+// ResultSet rs = source.getResultSet(strSQL);\r
+// boolean firstRow = true;\r
+// int i = 0;\r
+// while (rs.next()){\r
+// i++;\r
+// if (firstRow){\r
+// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+// logger.warn("There are accepted taxa that have an unaccepted parent and also the parents accepted taxon (tu_acctaxon) is not accepted. ");\r
+// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+// }\r
+// int childId = rs.getInt("childId");\r
+// String childName = rs.getString("childDisplayName");\r
+// \r
+// int parentId = rs.getInt("parentId");\r
+// String parentName = rs.getString("parentName");\r
+// String parentStatus = rs.getString("parentStatus");\r
+// \r
+// int accParentId = rs.getInt("parentAccId");\r
+// String accParentName = rs.getString("parentAccName");\r
+// String accParentStatus = rs.getString("parentAccStatus");\r
+// \r
+// System.out.println(\r
+// "ChildId:" + childId + "\n childName: " + childName + \r
+// "\n ParentId: " + parentId + "\n parentName: " + parentName + "\n parentStatus: " + parentStatus + \r
+// "\n ParentAccId: " + accParentId + "\n accParentName: " + accParentName + "\n accParentStatus: " + accParentStatus );\r
+// result = firstRow = false;\r
+// }\r
+// if (i > 0){\r
+// System.out.println(" ");\r
+// }\r
+// \r
+// return result;\r
+// } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+// e.printStackTrace();\r
+// return false;\r
+// }\r
+// }\r
+ \r
+ private boolean checkSynonymsAcceptedTaxonStatus(CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator bmiConfig){\r
+// try {\r
+// boolean result = true;\r
+//// Source source = bmiConfig.getSource();\r
+//// String strSQL = \r
+//// " SELECT myTaxon.id AS synonymId, myTaxon.tu_displayname AS synonymName, synonymStatus.status_name AS synonymStatus, " + \r
+//// " accTaxon.id AS acceptedId, accTaxon.tu_displayname AS acceptedName, acceptedStatus.status_name AS acceptedStatus " +\r
+//// " FROM tu AS myTaxon INNER JOIN " +\r
+//// " tu AS accTaxon ON myTaxon.tu_acctaxon = accTaxon.id INNER JOIN " + \r
+//// " status AS synonymStatus ON myTaxon.tu_status = synonymStatus.status_id INNER JOIN " +\r
+//// " status AS acceptedStatus ON accTaxon.tu_status = acceptedStatus.status_id " +\r
+//// " WHERE (myTaxon.tu_status <> 1) AND (accTaxon.tu_status <> 1) " +\r
+//// " ORDER BY myTaxon.tu_status, accTaxon.tu_status ";\r
+//// ResultSet rs = source.getResultSet(strSQL);\r
+//// boolean firstRow = true;\r
+//// int i = 0;\r
+//// while (rs.next()){\r
+//// i++;\r
+//// if (firstRow){\r
+//// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+//// logger.warn("There are accepted synonyms that have an unaccepted taxon that has no status 'accepted'. ");\r
+//// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+//// }\r
+//// int synonymId = rs.getInt("synonymId");\r
+//// String synonymName = rs.getString("synonymName");\r
+//// String synonymStatus = rs.getString("synonymStatus");\r
+//// \r
+//// int acceptedId = rs.getInt("acceptedId");\r
+//// String acceptedName = rs.getString("acceptedName");\r
+//// String acceptedStatus = rs.getString("acceptedStatus");\r
+//// \r
+//// System.out.println(\r
+//// "SynonymId:" + synonymId + "\n synonymName: " + synonymName + "\n synonymStatus: " + synonymStatus + \r
+//// "\n AcceptedId: " + acceptedId + "\n acceptedName: " + acceptedName + "\n acceptedStatus: " + acceptedStatus \r
+////// + "\n parentAccId: " + acceptedId + "\n accParentName: " + accParentName + "\n accParentStatus: " + accParentStatus \r
+//// );\r
+//// result = firstRow = false;\r
+//// }\r
+//// if (i > 0){\r
+//// System.out.println(" ");\r
+//// }\r
+//// \r
+// return result;\r
+// } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+// e.printStackTrace();\r
+// return false;\r
+// }\r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns.validation;\r
+\r
+import java.sql.ResultSet;\r
+import java.sql.SQLException;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IOValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns.CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.centralAfrica.ferns.CentralAfricaFernsImportState;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.ErmsImportState;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 17.02.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class CentralAfricaFernsTaxonImportValidator implements IOValidator<CentralAfricaFernsImportState>{\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CentralAfricaFernsTaxonImportValidator.class);\r
+\r
+ public boolean validate(CentralAfricaFernsImportState state){\r
+ boolean result = true;\r
+ CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator config = state.getConfig();\r
+ logger.warn("Checking for Taxa not yet fully implemented");\r
+// result &= checkParentTaxonStatus(config);\r
+// result &= checkAccParentTaxonStatus(config);\r
+ result &= checkSynonymsAcceptedTaxonStatus(config);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+// private boolean checkAccParentTaxonStatus(CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator bmiConfig){\r
+// try {\r
+// boolean result = true;\r
+// Source source = bmiConfig.getSource();\r
+// String strSQL = \r
+// " SELECT myTaxon.id AS childId, childStatus.status_name AS childStatus, myTaxon.tu_status, " +\r
+// " myTaxon.tu_displayname AS childDisplayName, parent.id AS parentId, parent.tu_status AS parentStatusId, parentStatus.status_name AS parentStatus, " + \r
+// " parent.tu_displayname as parentName, parentAcc.id AS parentAccId, parentAccStatus.status_name AS parentAccStatus, parentAcc.tu_displayname AS parentAccName, " + \r
+// " parentAcc.tu_status AS Expr1 " +\r
+// " FROM status AS parentAccStatus INNER JOIN " +\r
+// " tu AS parentAcc ON parentAccStatus.status_id = parentAcc.tu_status RIGHT OUTER JOIN " +\r
+// " tu AS parent ON parentAcc.id = parent.tu_acctaxon RIGHT OUTER JOIN " +\r
+// " tu AS myTaxon ON parent.id = myTaxon.tu_parent LEFT OUTER JOIN " + \r
+// " status AS parentStatus ON parent.tu_status = parentStatus.status_id LEFT OUTER JOIN " +\r
+// " status AS childStatus ON myTaxon.tu_status = childStatus.status_id " +\r
+// " WHERE (myTaxon.tu_status = 1) AND (parent.tu_status <> 1) " + \r
+// " ORDER BY parentStatusId";\r
+// ResultSet rs = source.getResultSet(strSQL);\r
+// boolean firstRow = true;\r
+// int i = 0;\r
+// while (rs.next()){\r
+// i++;\r
+// if (firstRow){\r
+// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+// logger.warn("There are accepted taxa that have an unaccepted parent and also the parents accepted taxon (tu_acctaxon) is not accepted. ");\r
+// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+// }\r
+// int childId = rs.getInt("childId");\r
+// String childName = rs.getString("childDisplayName");\r
+// \r
+// int parentId = rs.getInt("parentId");\r
+// String parentName = rs.getString("parentName");\r
+// String parentStatus = rs.getString("parentStatus");\r
+// \r
+// int accParentId = rs.getInt("parentAccId");\r
+// String accParentName = rs.getString("parentAccName");\r
+// String accParentStatus = rs.getString("parentAccStatus");\r
+// \r
+// System.out.println(\r
+// "ChildId:" + childId + "\n childName: " + childName + \r
+// "\n ParentId: " + parentId + "\n parentName: " + parentName + "\n parentStatus: " + parentStatus + \r
+// "\n ParentAccId: " + accParentId + "\n accParentName: " + accParentName + "\n accParentStatus: " + accParentStatus );\r
+// result = firstRow = false;\r
+// }\r
+// if (i > 0){\r
+// System.out.println(" ");\r
+// }\r
+// \r
+// return result;\r
+// } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+// e.printStackTrace();\r
+// return false;\r
+// }\r
+// }\r
+ \r
+ private boolean checkSynonymsAcceptedTaxonStatus(CentralAfricaFernsImportConfigurator bmiConfig){\r
+// try {\r
+// boolean result = true;\r
+//// Source source = bmiConfig.getSource();\r
+//// String strSQL = \r
+//// " SELECT myTaxon.id AS synonymId, myTaxon.tu_displayname AS synonymName, synonymStatus.status_name AS synonymStatus, " + \r
+//// " accTaxon.id AS acceptedId, accTaxon.tu_displayname AS acceptedName, acceptedStatus.status_name AS acceptedStatus " +\r
+//// " FROM tu AS myTaxon INNER JOIN " +\r
+//// " tu AS accTaxon ON myTaxon.tu_acctaxon = accTaxon.id INNER JOIN " + \r
+//// " status AS synonymStatus ON myTaxon.tu_status = synonymStatus.status_id INNER JOIN " +\r
+//// " status AS acceptedStatus ON accTaxon.tu_status = acceptedStatus.status_id " +\r
+//// " WHERE (myTaxon.tu_status <> 1) AND (accTaxon.tu_status <> 1) " +\r
+//// " ORDER BY myTaxon.tu_status, accTaxon.tu_status ";\r
+//// ResultSet rs = source.getResultSet(strSQL);\r
+//// boolean firstRow = true;\r
+//// int i = 0;\r
+//// while (rs.next()){\r
+//// i++;\r
+//// if (firstRow){\r
+//// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+//// logger.warn("There are accepted synonyms that have an unaccepted taxon that has no status 'accepted'. ");\r
+//// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+//// }\r
+//// int synonymId = rs.getInt("synonymId");\r
+//// String synonymName = rs.getString("synonymName");\r
+//// String synonymStatus = rs.getString("synonymStatus");\r
+//// \r
+//// int acceptedId = rs.getInt("acceptedId");\r
+//// String acceptedName = rs.getString("acceptedName");\r
+//// String acceptedStatus = rs.getString("acceptedStatus");\r
+//// \r
+//// System.out.println(\r
+//// "SynonymId:" + synonymId + "\n synonymName: " + synonymName + "\n synonymStatus: " + synonymStatus + \r
+//// "\n AcceptedId: " + acceptedId + "\n acceptedName: " + acceptedName + "\n acceptedStatus: " + acceptedStatus \r
+////// + "\n parentAccId: " + acceptedId + "\n accParentName: " + accParentName + "\n accParentStatus: " + accParentStatus \r
+//// );\r
+//// result = firstRow = false;\r
+//// }\r
+//// if (i > 0){\r
+//// System.out.println(" ");\r
+//// }\r
+//// \r
+// return result;\r
+// } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+// e.printStackTrace();\r
+// return false;\r
+// }\r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2009 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy\r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+*\r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/ \r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.floraMalesiana;\r
+\r
+import java.net.URI;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IInputTransformer;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraTaxonImport;\r
+\r
+@Component\r
+public class FloraMalesianaImportConfigurator extends EfloraImportConfigurator {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(FloraMalesianaImportConfigurator.class);\r
+ \r
+ public static FloraMalesianaImportConfigurator NewInstance(URI uri, ICdmDataSource destination){\r
+ return new FloraMalesianaImportConfigurator(uri, destination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ //TODO\r
+ private static IInputTransformer defaultTransformer = null;\r
+ private String classificationTitle = "Flora Malesiana";\r
+ private String sourceReferenceTitle = "Flora Malesiana";\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportConfiguratorBase#makeIoClassList()\r
+ */\r
+ protected void makeIoClassList(){\r
+ ioClassList = new Class[]{\r
+ EfloraTaxonImport.class\r
+ };\r
+ };\r
+ \r
+\r
+ private FloraMalesianaImportConfigurator() {\r
+ super();\r
+ } \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param url\r
+ * @param destination\r
+ */\r
+ private FloraMalesianaImportConfigurator(URI uri, ICdmDataSource destination) {\r
+ super(uri, destination, defaultTransformer);\r
+ this.setClassificationTitle(classificationTitle);\r
+ this.setSourceReferenceTitle(sourceReferenceTitle);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator#getNewState()\r
+ */\r
+ public FloraMalesianaImportState getNewState() {\r
+ return new FloraMalesianaImportState(this);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2009 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy\r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+*\r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/ \r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.floraMalesiana;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraImportState;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+public class FloraMalesianaImportState extends EfloraImportState{\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(FloraMalesianaImportState.class);\r
+\r
+// ******************************* CONSTRUCTOR **********************************************\r
+ \r
+ public FloraMalesianaImportState(FloraMalesianaImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ super(config);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2009 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy\r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+*\r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/ \r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.floraMalesiana;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraTaxonImport;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ *\r
+ */\r
+@Component\r
+public class FloraMalesianaTaxonImport extends EfloraTaxonImport {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(FloraMalesianaTaxonImport.class);\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.floraMalesiana;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.eflora.EfloraTransformer;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 01.03.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public final class FloraMalesianaTransformer extends EfloraTransformer {\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(FloraMalesianaTransformer.class);\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis;\r
+\r
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;\r
+import java.sql.ResultSet;\r
+import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;\r
+import java.sql.SQLException;\r
+import java.sql.Timestamp;\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmImportBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ICdmIO;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IPartitionedIO;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportHelper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ResultSetPartitioner;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator.EDITOR;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMapping;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.AnnotatableEntity;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Annotation;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.AnnotationType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.ExtensionType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.IdentifiableEntity;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Language;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.MarkerType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.User;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.03.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public abstract class GlobisImportBase<CDM_BASE extends CdmBase> extends CdmImportBase<GlobisImportConfigurator, GlobisImportState> implements ICdmIO<GlobisImportState>, IPartitionedIO<GlobisImportState> {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(GlobisImportBase.class);\r
+ \r
+ public static final UUID ID_IN_SOURCE_EXT_UUID = UUID.fromString("23dac094-e793-40a4-bad9-649fc4fcfd44");\r
+ \r
+ //NAMESPACES\r
+ \r
+ protected static final String AREA_NAMESPACE = "gu";\r
+ protected static final String DR_NAMESPACE = "dr";\r
+ protected static final String IMAGE_NAMESPACE = "Images";\r
+ protected static final String LINKS_NAMESPACE = "Links";\r
+ protected static final String NOTES_NAMESPACE = "Notes";\r
+ protected static final String LANGUAGE_NAMESPACE = "Language";\r
+ protected static final String REFERENCE_NAMESPACE = "Source";\r
+ protected static final String SOURCEUSE_NAMESPACE = "tu_sources";\r
+ protected static final String TAXON_NAMESPACE = "Taxon";\r
+ protected static final String NAME_NAMESPACE = "TaxonName";\r
+ protected static final String VERNACULAR_NAMESPACE = "Vernaculars";\r
+ protected static final String FEATURE_NAMESPACE = "note.type";\r
+ protected static final String EXTENSION_TYPE_NAMESPACE = "ExtensionType";\r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ private String pluralString;\r
+ private String dbTableName;\r
+ //TODO needed?\r
+ private Class cdmTargetClass;\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @param dbTableName\r
+ * @param dbTableName2 \r
+ */\r
+ public GlobisImportBase(String pluralString, String dbTableName, Class cdmTargetClass) {\r
+ this.pluralString = pluralString;\r
+ this.dbTableName = dbTableName;\r
+ this.cdmTargetClass = cdmTargetClass;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ protected boolean doInvoke(GlobisImportState state){\r
+ logger.info("start make " + getPluralString() + " ...");\r
+ boolean success = true ;\r
+ GlobisImportConfigurator config = state.getConfig();\r
+ Source source = config.getSource();\r
+ \r
+ String strIdQuery = getIdQuery();\r
+ String strRecordQuery = getRecordQuery(config);\r
+\r
+ int recordsPerTransaction = config.getRecordsPerTransaction();\r
+ try{\r
+ ResultSetPartitioner partitioner = ResultSetPartitioner.NewInstance(source, strIdQuery, strRecordQuery, recordsPerTransaction);\r
+ while (partitioner.nextPartition()){\r
+ partitioner.doPartition(this, state);\r
+ }\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ logger.error("SQLException:" + e);\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ logger.info("end make " + getPluralString() + " ... " + getSuccessString(success));\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public boolean doPartition(ResultSetPartitioner partitioner, GlobisImportState state) {\r
+ boolean success = true ;\r
+ Set objectsToSave = new HashSet();\r
+ \r
+ DbImportMapping<?, ?> mapping = getMapping();\r
+ mapping.initialize(state, cdmTargetClass);\r
+ \r
+ ResultSet rs = partitioner.getResultSet();\r
+ try{\r
+ while (rs.next()){\r
+ success &= mapping.invoke(rs,objectsToSave);\r
+ }\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ logger.error("SQLException:" + e);\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ partitioner.startDoSave();\r
+ getCommonService().save(objectsToSave);\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected abstract DbImportMapping<?, ?> getMapping();\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected abstract String getRecordQuery(GlobisImportConfigurator config);\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected String getIdQuery(){\r
+ String result = " SELECT id FROM " + getTableName();\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.IPartitionedIO#getPluralString()\r
+ */\r
+ public String getPluralString(){\r
+ return pluralString;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected String getTableName(){\r
+ return this.dbTableName;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected boolean doIdCreatedUpdatedNotes(GlobisImportState state, IdentifiableEntity identifiableEntity, ResultSet rs, long id, String namespace)\r
+ throws SQLException{\r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ //id\r
+ success &= ImportHelper.setOriginalSource(identifiableEntity, state.getConfig().getSourceReference(), id, namespace);\r
+ //createdUpdateNotes\r
+ success &= doCreatedUpdatedNotes(state, identifiableEntity, rs, namespace);\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ protected boolean doCreatedUpdatedNotes(GlobisImportState state, AnnotatableEntity annotatableEntity, ResultSet rs, String namespace)\r
+ throws SQLException{\r
+\r
+ GlobisImportConfigurator config = state.getConfig();\r
+ Object createdWhen = rs.getObject("Created_When");\r
+ String createdWho = rs.getString("Created_Who");\r
+ Object updatedWhen = null;\r
+ String updatedWho = null;\r
+ try {\r
+ updatedWhen = rs.getObject("Updated_When");\r
+ updatedWho = rs.getString("Updated_who");\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ //Table "Name" has no updated when/who\r
+ }\r
+ String notes = rs.getString("notes");\r
+ \r
+ boolean success = true;\r
+ \r
+ //Created When, Who, Updated When Who\r
+ if (config.getEditor() == null || config.getEditor().equals(EDITOR.NO_EDITORS)){\r
+ //do nothing\r
+ }else if (config.getEditor().equals(EDITOR.EDITOR_AS_ANNOTATION)){\r
+ String createdAnnotationString = "Berlin Model record was created By: " + String.valueOf(createdWho) + " (" + String.valueOf(createdWhen) + ") ";\r
+ if (updatedWhen != null && updatedWho != null){\r
+ createdAnnotationString += " and updated By: " + String.valueOf(updatedWho) + " (" + String.valueOf(updatedWhen) + ")";\r
+ }\r
+ Annotation annotation = Annotation.NewInstance(createdAnnotationString, Language.DEFAULT());\r
+ annotation.setCommentator(config.getCommentator());\r
+ annotation.setAnnotationType(AnnotationType.TECHNICAL());\r
+ annotatableEntity.addAnnotation(annotation);\r
+ }else if (config.getEditor().equals(EDITOR.EDITOR_AS_EDITOR)){\r
+ User creator = getUser(createdWho, state);\r
+ User updator = getUser(updatedWho, state);\r
+ DateTime created = getDateTime(createdWhen);\r
+ DateTime updated = getDateTime(updatedWhen);\r
+ annotatableEntity.setCreatedBy(creator);\r
+ annotatableEntity.setUpdatedBy(updator);\r
+ annotatableEntity.setCreated(created);\r
+ annotatableEntity.setUpdated(updated);\r
+ }else {\r
+ logger.warn("Editor type not yet implemented: " + config.getEditor());\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //notes\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isNotEmpty(notes)){\r
+ String notesString = String.valueOf(notes);\r
+ if (notesString.length() > 65530 ){\r
+ notesString = notesString.substring(0, 65530) + "...";\r
+ logger.warn("Notes string is longer than 65530 and was truncated: " + annotatableEntity);\r
+ }\r
+ Annotation notesAnnotation = Annotation.NewInstance(notesString, null);\r
+ //notesAnnotation.setAnnotationType(AnnotationType.EDITORIAL());\r
+ //notes.setCommentator(bmiConfig.getCommentator());\r
+ annotatableEntity.addAnnotation(notesAnnotation);\r
+ }\r
+ return success;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private User getUser(String userString, GlobisImportState state){\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(userString)){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ userString = userString.trim();\r
+ \r
+ User user = state.getUser(userString);\r
+ if (user == null){\r
+ user = getTransformedUser(userString,state);\r
+ }\r
+ if (user == null){\r
+ user = makeNewUser(userString, state);\r
+ }\r
+ if (user == null){\r
+ logger.warn("User is null");\r
+ }\r
+ return user;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private User getTransformedUser(String userString, GlobisImportState state){\r
+ Method method = state.getConfig().getUserTransformationMethod();\r
+ if (method == null){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ try {\r
+ userString = (String)state.getConfig().getUserTransformationMethod().invoke(null, userString);\r
+ } catch (Exception e) {\r
+ logger.warn("Error when trying to transform userString " + userString + ". No transformation done.");\r
+ }\r
+ User user = state.getUser(userString);\r
+ return user;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ private User makeNewUser(String userString, GlobisImportState state){\r
+ String pwd = getPassword(); \r
+ User user = User.NewInstance(userString, pwd);\r
+ state.putUser(userString, user);\r
+ getUserService().save(user);\r
+ logger.info("Added new user: " + userString);\r
+ return user;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private String getPassword(){\r
+ String result = UUID.randomUUID().toString();\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ private DateTime getDateTime(Object timeString){\r
+ if (timeString == null){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ DateTime dateTime = null;\r
+ if (timeString instanceof Timestamp){\r
+ Timestamp timestamp = (Timestamp)timeString;\r
+ dateTime = new DateTime(timestamp);\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("time ("+timeString+") is not a timestamp. Datetime set to current date. ");\r
+ dateTime = new DateTime();\r
+ }\r
+ return dateTime;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected boolean resultSetHasColumn(ResultSet rs, String columnName){\r
+ try {\r
+ ResultSetMetaData metaData = rs.getMetaData();\r
+ for (int i = 0; i < metaData.getColumnCount(); i++){\r
+ if (metaData.getColumnName(i + 1).equalsIgnoreCase(columnName)){\r
+ return true;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return false;\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ logger.warn("Exception in resultSetHasColumn");\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected boolean checkSqlServerColumnExists(Source source, String tableName, String columnName){\r
+ String strQuery = "SELECT Count(t.id) as n " +\r
+ " FROM sysobjects AS t " +\r
+ " INNER JOIN syscolumns AS c ON t.id = c.id " +\r
+ " WHERE (t.xtype = 'U') AND " + \r
+ " (t.name = '" + tableName + "') AND " + \r
+ " (c.name = '" + columnName + "')";\r
+ ResultSet rs = source.getResultSet(strQuery) ; \r
+ int n;\r
+ try {\r
+ rs.next();\r
+ n = rs.getInt("n");\r
+ return n>0;\r
+ } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+ e.printStackTrace();\r
+ return false;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Returns a map that holds all values of a ResultSet. This is needed if a value needs to\r
+ * be accessed twice\r
+ * @param rs\r
+ * @return\r
+ * @throws SQLException\r
+ */\r
+ protected Map<String, Object> getValueMap(ResultSet rs) throws SQLException{\r
+ try{\r
+ Map<String, Object> valueMap = new HashMap<String, Object>();\r
+ int colCount = rs.getMetaData().getColumnCount();\r
+ for (int c = 0; c < colCount ; c++){\r
+ Object value = rs.getObject(c+1);\r
+ String label = rs.getMetaData().getColumnLabel(c+1).toLowerCase();\r
+ if (value != null && ! CdmUtils.Nz(value.toString()).trim().equals("")){\r
+ valueMap.put(label, value);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return valueMap;\r
+ }catch(SQLException e){\r
+ throw e;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected ExtensionType getExtensionType(UUID uuid, String label, String text, String labelAbbrev){\r
+ ExtensionType extensionType = (ExtensionType)getTermService().find(uuid);\r
+ if (extensionType == null){\r
+ extensionType = ExtensionType.NewInstance(text, label, labelAbbrev);\r
+ extensionType.setUuid(uuid);\r
+ getTermService().save(extensionType);\r
+ }\r
+ return extensionType;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected MarkerType getMarkerType(UUID uuid, String label, String text, String labelAbbrev){\r
+ MarkerType markerType = (MarkerType)getTermService().find(uuid);\r
+ if (markerType == null){\r
+ markerType = MarkerType.NewInstance(label, text, labelAbbrev);\r
+ markerType.setUuid(uuid);\r
+ getTermService().save(markerType);\r
+ }\r
+ return markerType;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * Reads a foreign key field from the result set and adds its value to the idSet.\r
+ * @param rs\r
+ * @param teamIdSet\r
+ * @throws SQLException\r
+ */\r
+ protected void handleForeignKey(ResultSet rs, Set<String> idSet, String attributeName)\r
+ throws SQLException {\r
+ Object idObj = rs.getObject(attributeName);\r
+ if (idObj != null){\r
+ String id = String.valueOf(idObj);\r
+ idSet.add(id);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Returns true if i is a multiple of recordsPerTransaction\r
+ * @param i\r
+ * @param recordsPerTransaction\r
+ * @return\r
+ */\r
+ protected boolean loopNeedsHandling(int i, int recordsPerLoop) {\r
+ startTransaction();\r
+ return (i % recordsPerLoop) == 0;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ protected void doLogPerLoop(int count, int recordsPerLog, String pluralString){\r
+ if ((count % recordsPerLog ) == 0 && count!= 0 ){ logger.info(pluralString + " handled: " + (count));}\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis;\r
+\r
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.database.ICdmDataSource;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportConfiguratorBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportStateBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.Source;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IInputTransformer;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.erms.validation.ErmsGeneralImportValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.03.2008\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class GlobisImportConfigurator extends ImportConfiguratorBase<GlobisImportState, Source> implements IImportConfigurator{\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(GlobisImportConfigurator.class);\r
+\r
+ public static GlobisImportConfigurator NewInstance(Source ermsSource, ICdmDataSource destination){\r
+ return new GlobisImportConfigurator(ermsSource, destination);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* Max number of records to be saved with one service call */\r
+ private int recordsPerTransaction = 1000; //defaultValue\r
+\r
+ //TODO needed ??\r
+ private Method userTransformationMethod;\r
+ \r
+ private boolean doVernaculars = true;\r
+ private boolean doLinks = true;\r
+ private boolean doNotes = true;\r
+ private boolean doImages = true;\r
+ private boolean doOccurrence = true;\r
+ \r
+ private static IInputTransformer defaultTransformer = new GlobisTransformer();\r
+ \r
+ protected void makeIoClassList(){\r
+ ioClassList = new Class[]{\r
+ //ErmsGeneralImportValidator.class\r
+ GlobisReferenceImport.class\r
+ // , ErmsReferenceImport.class\r
+// , GlobisTaxonImport.class\r
+ }; \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator#getNewState()\r
+ */\r
+ public ImportStateBase getNewState() {\r
+ return new GlobisImportState(this);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ private GlobisImportConfigurator(Source source, ICdmDataSource destination) {\r
+ super(defaultTransformer);\r
+ setNomenclaturalCode(NomenclaturalCode.ICZN); //default for ERMS\r
+ setSource(source);\r
+ setDestination(destination);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public Source getSource() {\r
+ return (Source)super.getSource();\r
+ }\r
+ public void setSource(Source berlinModelSource) {\r
+ super.setSource(berlinModelSource);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.tcsrdf.IImportConfigurator#getSourceReference()\r
+ */\r
+ public ReferenceBase getSourceReference() {\r
+ ReferenceFactory refFactory = ReferenceFactory.newInstance();\r
+ if (sourceReference == null){\r
+ sourceReference = refFactory.newDatabase();\r
+ if (getSource() != null){\r
+ sourceReference.setTitleCache(getSource().getDatabase(), true);\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+ return sourceReference;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator#getSourceNameString()\r
+ */\r
+ public String getSourceNameString() {\r
+ if (this.getSource() == null){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }else{\r
+ return this.getSource().getDatabase();\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the userTransformationMethod\r
+ */\r
+ public Method getUserTransformationMethod() {\r
+ return userTransformationMethod;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param userTransformationMethod the userTransformationMethod to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setUserTransformationMethod(Method userTransformationMethod) {\r
+ this.userTransformationMethod = userTransformationMethod;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the limitSave\r
+ */\r
+ public int getRecordsPerTransaction() {\r
+ return recordsPerTransaction;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param limitSave the limitSave to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setRecordsPerTransaction(int recordsPerTransaction) {\r
+ this.recordsPerTransaction = recordsPerTransaction;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param doVernaculars the doVernaculars to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setDoVernaculars(boolean doVernaculars) {\r
+ this.doVernaculars = doVernaculars;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the doVernaculars\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean isDoVernaculars() {\r
+ return doVernaculars;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param doLinks the doLinks to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setDoLinks(boolean doLinks) {\r
+ this.doLinks = doLinks;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the doLinks\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean isDoLinks() {\r
+ return doLinks;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param doNotes the doNotes to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setDoNotes(boolean doNotes) {\r
+ this.doNotes = doNotes;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the doNotes\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean isDoNotes() {\r
+ return doNotes;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param doImages the doImages to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setDoImages(boolean doImages) {\r
+ this.doImages = doImages;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @return the doImages\r
+ */\r
+ public boolean isDoImages() {\r
+ return doImages;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public boolean isDoOccurrence() {\r
+ return doOccurrence;\r
+ }\r
+ public void setDoOccurrence(boolean doOccurrence) {\r
+ this.doOccurrence = doOccurrence;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis;\r
+\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.DbImportStateBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.DefinedTermBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.MarkerType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.User;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.Rank;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 11.05.2009\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class GlobisImportState extends DbImportStateBase<GlobisImportConfigurator, GlobisImportState>{\r
+ @SuppressWarnings("unused")\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(GlobisImportState.class);\r
+\r
+ Map<String, DefinedTermBase> dbCdmDefTermMap = new HashMap<String, DefinedTermBase>();\r
+ \r
+ Map<String, User> usernameMap = new HashMap<String, User>();\r
+ \r
+ private Map<Integer, Map<Integer,Rank>> rankMap;\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IoStateBase#initialize(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IoConfiguratorBase)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public void initialize(GlobisImportConfigurator config) {\r
+// super(config);\r
+ String tableName = "WebMarkerCategory_";\r
+ //webMarkerCategory\r
+ dbCdmDefTermMap.put(tableName + 1, MarkerType.COMPLETE());\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public GlobisImportState(GlobisImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ super(config);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public Map<String, DefinedTermBase> getDbCdmDefinedTermMap(){\r
+ return this.dbCdmDefTermMap;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public void putDefinedTermToMap(String tableName, String id, DefinedTermBase term){\r
+ this.dbCdmDefTermMap.put(tableName + "_" + id, term);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public void putDefinedTermToMap(String tableName, int id, DefinedTermBase term){\r
+ putDefinedTermToMap(tableName, String.valueOf(id), term);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ public User getUser(String username){\r
+ return usernameMap.get(username);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ public void putUser(String username, User user){\r
+ usernameMap.put(username, user);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /**\r
+ * @param rankMap the rankMap to set\r
+ */\r
+ public void setRankMap(Map<Integer, Map<Integer,Rank>> rankMap) {\r
+ this.rankMap = rankMap;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+// /**\r
+// * @return the rankMap\r
+// */\r
+// public Map<Integer, Map<Integer,Rank>> getRankMap() {\r
+// return rankMap;\r
+// }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /**\r
+ * Returns the CDM rank depending on the ERMS rankId and the ERMS kingdomId. Returns <code>\r
+ * null</code> if the rank does not exist.\r
+ * Throws a RuntimeException if the rank map has not been initialized before.\r
+ * @param rankId\r
+ * @param kingdomId\r
+ * @return\r
+ * @throws RuntimeException\r
+ **/\r
+ public Rank getRank (int rankId, int kingdomId){\r
+ Rank result = null;\r
+ if (this.rankMap == null){\r
+ throw new RuntimeException("rank map not initialized");\r
+ }\r
+ Map<Integer, Rank> kingdomMap = rankMap.get(rankId);\r
+ if (kingdomMap != null){\r
+ result = kingdomMap.get(kingdomId);\r
+ }\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis;\r
+\r
+import java.sql.ResultSet;\r
+import java.sql.SQLException;\r
+import java.util.HashMap;\r
+import java.util.Map;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IOValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbIgnoreMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportExtensionMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportMapping;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportObjectCreationMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbImportStringMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.DbNotYetImplementedMapper;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis.validation.GlobisReferenceImportValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.CdmBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.reference.ReferenceFactory;\r
+\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 20.02.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+@Component\r
+public class GlobisReferenceImport extends GlobisImportBase<ReferenceBase> implements IMappingImport<ReferenceBase, GlobisImportState>{\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(GlobisReferenceImport.class);\r
+ \r
+ private DbImportMapping mapping;\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ private int modCount = 10000;\r
+ private static final String pluralString = "references";\r
+ private static final String dbTableName = "literature";\r
+ private static final Class cdmTargetClass = ReferenceBase.class;\r
+\r
+ public GlobisReferenceImport(){\r
+ super(pluralString, dbTableName, cdmTargetClass);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis.GlobisImportBase#getIdQuery()\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getIdQuery() {\r
+ String strRecordQuery = \r
+ " SELECT refID " + \r
+ " FROM " + dbTableName; \r
+ return strRecordQuery; \r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportBase#getRecordQuery(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.BerlinModelImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected String getRecordQuery(GlobisImportConfigurator config) {\r
+ String strRecordQuery = \r
+ " SELECT * " + \r
+ " FROM literature " +\r
+ " WHERE ( literature.refId IN (" + ID_LIST_TOKEN + ") )";\r
+ return strRecordQuery;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis.GlobisImportBase#getMapping()\r
+ */\r
+ protected DbImportMapping getMapping() {\r
+ if (mapping == null){\r
+ mapping = new DbImportMapping();\r
+ \r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportObjectCreationMapper.NewInstance(this, "refID", REFERENCE_NAMESPACE)); //id\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbIgnoreMapper.NewInstance("CountryDummy"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("CreatedBy"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("DateCreated"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("DateModified"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("ModifiedBy"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportStringMapper.NewInstance("RefBookTitle", "title", false));\r
+ //mapping.addMapper(DbImportTimePeriodMapper.NewInstance("RefDatePublished", "datePublished", false));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("RefDatePublished"));\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportExtensionTypeCreationMapper.NewInstance(dbIdAttribute, extensionTypeNamespace, dbTermAttribute, dbLabelAttribute, dbLabelAbbrevAttribute)\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportExtensionMapper.NewInstance("RefEdition", GlobisTransformer.uuidEdition, "Edition", "Edition", "Ed."));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportExtensionMapper.NewInstance("RefEdition", GlobisTransformer.uuidEditor, "Editor", "Editor", "Editor"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportExtensionMapper.NewInstance("GeneralKeywords", GlobisTransformer.uuidGeneralKeywords, "General Keywords", "General Keywords", "gen. keyw."));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportExtensionMapper.NewInstance("GeneralKeywords", GlobisTransformer.uuidGeoKeywords, "Geographic Keywords", "Geo Keywords", "geo. keyw."));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("RefIll only"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportStringMapper.NewInstance("ISSN", "issn", false));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportExtensionMapper.NewInstance("RefLibrary", GlobisTransformer.uuidLibrary, "Library", "Library", "Libr."));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("RefMarker"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbImportStringMapper.NewInstance("RefPages", "pages"));\r
+ mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("RefPages only"));\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ ReferenceBase ref = null;\r
+// ref.setP\r
+ \r
+ \r
+//// mapping.addMapper(DbImportExtensionMapper.NewInstance("imis_id", GlobisTransformer.IMIS_UUID, "imis", "imis", "imis"));\r
+// \r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportTruncatedStringMapper.NewInstance("source_name", "titleCache", "title"));\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportStringMapper.NewInstance("source_abstract", "referenceAbstract"));\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportAnnotationMapper.NewInstance("source_note", AnnotationType.EDITORIAL(), Language.DEFAULT()));\r
+// \r
+// //or as Extension?\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbImportExtensionMapper.NewInstance("source_link", ExtensionType.URL()));\r
+// \r
+// //not yet implemented\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("source_type"));\r
+// mapping.addMapper(DbNotYetImplementedMapper.NewInstance("source_orig_fn"));\r
+\r
+ }\r
+ return mapping;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.IMappingImport#createObject(java.sql.ResultSet, eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.ImportStateBase)\r
+ */\r
+ public ReferenceBase createObject(ResultSet rs, GlobisImportState state)\r
+ throws SQLException {\r
+ ReferenceBase ref;\r
+ String refType = rs.getString("RefType");\r
+ if (refType == null){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ }else if (refType == "book"){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newBook();\r
+ }else if (refType == "paper in journal"){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newArticle();\r
+ }else if (refType.startsWith("unpublished") ){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ }else if (refType.endsWith("paper in journal")){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newArticle();\r
+ }else if (refType == "paper in book"){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newBookSection();\r
+ }else if (refType == "paper in journalwebsite"){\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newArticle();\r
+ }else{\r
+ logger.warn("Unknown reference type: " + refType);\r
+ ref = ReferenceFactory.newGeneric();\r
+ }\r
+ return ref;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel.in.IPartitionedIO#getRelatedObjectsForPartition(java.sql.ResultSet)\r
+ */\r
+ public Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> getRelatedObjectsForPartition(ResultSet rs) {\r
+ Map<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>> result = new HashMap<Object, Map<String, ? extends CdmBase>>();\r
+ return result; //not needed\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#doCheck(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ protected boolean doCheck(GlobisImportState state){\r
+ IOValidator<GlobisImportState> validator = new GlobisReferenceImportValidator();\r
+ return validator.validate(state);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase#isIgnore(eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IImportConfigurator)\r
+ */\r
+ protected boolean isIgnore(GlobisImportState state){\r
+ //TODO\r
+ return state.getConfig().getDoReferences() != IImportConfigurator.DO_REFERENCES.ALL;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis;\r
+\r
+import java.util.HashSet;\r
+import java.util.Set;\r
+import java.util.UUID;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.CdmUtils;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.UndefinedTransformerMethodException;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.ExtensionType;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.common.Language;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.description.Feature;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NameTypeDesignationStatus;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.model.name.NomenclaturalCode;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 01.03.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public final class GlobisTransformer extends InputTransformerBase {\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(GlobisTransformer.class);\r
+ \r
+// public static final int SOURCE_USE_ORIGINAL_DESCRIPTION = 1;\r
+// public static final int SOURCE_USE_BASIS_OF_RECORD = 2;\r
+// public static final int SOURCE_USE_ADDITIONAL_SOURCE = 3;\r
+// public static final int SOURCE_USE_SOURCE_OF_SYNONYMY = 4;\r
+// public static final int SOURCE_USE_REDESCRIPTION = 5;\r
+// public static final int SOURCE_USE_NEW_COMBINATION_REFERENCE = 6;\r
+// public static final int SOURCE_USE_STATUS_SOURCE = 7;\r
+// public static final int SOURCE_USE_EMENDATION = 8;\r
+ \r
+ //extension types\r
+ public static final UUID uuidEdition = UUID.fromString("c42dfb85-abbe-49b3-8a2b-56cc1b8eb6d0");\r
+ public static final UUID uuidEditor = UUID.fromString("07752659-3018-4880-bf26-41bb396fbf37");\r
+ public static final UUID uuidGeneralKeywords = UUID.fromString("aaa67b2a-c45b-42ed-b4fa-1028ffe41e44");\r
+ public static final UUID uuidGeoKeywords = UUID.fromString("a1afb697-d37b-4a8c-84d8-63f8f01ae10a");\r
+ public static final UUID uuidLibrary = UUID.fromString("71a3e44d-4ed2-44f9-be6a-76fa26a294bd");\r
+\r
+// public static final UUID uuidEditor = UUID.fromString("07752659-3018-4880-bf26-41bb396fbf37");\r
+// public static final UUID uuidEditor = UUID.fromString("07752659-3018-4880-bf26-41bb396fbf37");\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ //language uuids\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ public static NomenclaturalCode kingdomId2NomCode(Integer kingdomId){\r
+ switch (kingdomId){\r
+ case 1: return null;\r
+ case 2: return NomenclaturalCode.ICZN; //Animalia\r
+ case 3: return NomenclaturalCode.ICBN; //Plantae\r
+ case 4: return NomenclaturalCode.ICBN; //Fungi\r
+ case 5: return NomenclaturalCode.ICZN ; //Protozoa\r
+ case 6: return NomenclaturalCode.ICNB ; //Bacteria\r
+ case 7: return NomenclaturalCode.ICBN; //Chromista\r
+ case 147415: return NomenclaturalCode.ICNB; //Monera\r
+ default: return null;\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase#getNameTypeDesignationStatusByKey(java.lang.String)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public NameTypeDesignationStatus getNameTypeDesignationStatusByKey(String key) throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ if (key == null){\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ Integer intDesignationId = Integer.valueOf(key);\r
+ switch (intDesignationId){\r
+ case 1: return NameTypeDesignationStatus.ORIGINAL_DESIGNATION();\r
+ case 2: return NameTypeDesignationStatus.SUBSEQUENT_DESIGNATION();\r
+ case 3: return NameTypeDesignationStatus.MONOTYPY();\r
+ default: \r
+ String warning = "Unknown name type designation status id " + key;\r
+ logger.warn(warning);\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase#getNameTypeDesignationStatusUuid(java.lang.String)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public UUID getNameTypeDesignationStatusUuid(String key) throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ //nott needed\r
+ return super.getNameTypeDesignationStatusUuid(key);\r
+ }\r
+\r
+\r
+ public Language getLanguageByKey(String ermsAbbrev) throws IllegalArgumentException {\r
+ Set<String> unhandledLanguages = new HashSet<String>();\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(ermsAbbrev)){return null;\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("af")){return Language.AFRIKAANS();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("al")){return Language.ALEUT();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ar")){return Language.ARABIC();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("as")){return Language.ASSAMESE();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("au")){return Language.AUNS(); //??\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("az")){return Language.AZERBAIJANI();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ba")){return Language.BASQUE();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("be")){return Language.BELORUSSIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("bg")){return Language.BULGARIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("bn")){return Language.BENGALI();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("br")){return Language.BRETON();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("bu")){return Language.BURMESE();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ca")){return Language.CATALAN_VALENCIAN(); //??? (Catalan)\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ce")){return Language.CEBUANO();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ch")){return Language.CHINESE();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("cl")){return Language.CHUKCHI(); // (LOURAVETLANY)(); //iso639-3: ckt //also known as Luoravetlan, Chukot and Chukcha is a Palaeosiberian language spoken by Chukchi people in the easternmost extremity of Siberia, mainly in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("cr")){return Language.CROATIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("cs")){return Language.CZECH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("da")){return Language.DANISH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("de")){return Language.GERMAN();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ec")){return Language.ENGLISH-CANADIAN(); //no iso\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ee")){return Language.ESTONIAN();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ek")){return Language.EVEN-KAMCHATKA(); //iso639-3: eve Lamut, Ewen, Eben, Orich, Ilqan; Russian: ???�????? ???�?, earlier also ????????? ???�?) is a Tungusic language spoken by the Evens in Siberia\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("en")){return Language.ENGLISH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ep")){return Language.ESPERANTO();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("es")){return Language.SPANISH_CATALAN();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("eu")){return Language.ENGLISH-UNITED STATES(); no iso //ENGLISH();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ev")){return Language.EVENKI(); iso: evn //languages of Tungusic family \r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("fa")){return Language.PERSIAN(); \r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("fc")){return Language.FRENCH-CANADIAN(); no iso //FRENCH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("fi")){return Language.FINNISH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("fj")){return Language.FIJIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("fl")){return Language.DUTCH_FLEMISH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("fo")){return Language.FAROESE();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("fr")){return Language.FRENCH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ga")){return Language.GAELIC_SCOTTISH_GAELIC(); //??\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ge")){return Language.KALAALLISUT_GREENLANDIC(); // GREENLANDIC\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("gl")){return Language.GALICIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("gr")){return Language.GREEK_MODERN(); //(Greek)\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("gu")){return Language.GUARAYO(); //GUARANI() ??\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ha")){return Language.HASSANYA(); Hassaniyya Arabic ios 639-3: mey\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("he")){return Language.HEBREW();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("hi")){return Language.HINDI();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("hu")){return Language.HUNGARIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("hw")){return Language.HAWAIIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("hy")){return Language.ARMENIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("in")){return Language.INDONESIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("iq")){return Language.INUPIAQ();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ir")){return Language.IRISH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("is")){return Language.ICELANDIC();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("it")){return Language.ITALIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ja")){return Language.JAPANESE();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ji")){return Language.JIVARA(); //??\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ka")){return Language.KAMCHADAL(); iso 639-3:itl //Itelmen, formerly also known as Kamchadal, is a language belonging to the Chukotko-Kamchatkan family traditionally spoken in the Kamchatka Peninsula. \r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ko")){return Language.KOREAN();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("kr")){return Language.KORYAK(); //iso639-3: kpy\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("la")){return Language.LATIN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("li")){return Language.LITHUANIAN();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("lp")){return Language.LAPP(); //??\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("lv")){return Language.LATVIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ma")){return Language.MACEDONIAN();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("mh")){return Language.MAHR(); //Marathi ; Mari ??\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("mk")){return Language.MAKAH (QWIQWIDICCIAT)(); //iso639-3: myh\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ml")){return Language.MALAY();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ne")){return Language.NENETS(); iso639-3 yrk; iso639-2: mis\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("nl")){return Language.DUTCH_FLEMISH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("no")){return Language.NORWEGIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("np")){return Language.NEPALI();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("os")){return Language.OSTYAK(); //Ostyak on its own or in combination, can refer, especially in older literature, to several Siberian peoples and languages:\r
+ // Khanty language (kca; 639-2: fiu); Ket language(ket); Selkup language(sel; 639-2: sel)\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("pi")){return Language.PIRAYAGUARA(); //??\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("pl")){return Language.POLISH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("pt")){return Language.PORTUGUESE();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ro")){return Language.ROMANIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ru")){return Language.RUSSIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("sc")){return Language.SCOTS();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("sd")){return Language.SINDHI();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("sh")){return Language.SERBO_CROATIAN(); //hbs\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("si")){return Language.SINHALA_SINHALESE();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("sk")){return Language.SLOVAK();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("sn")){return Language.SLOVENIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("sr")){return Language.SERBIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("st")){return Language.SRANAN_TONGO();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("sv")){return Language.SWEDISH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("sw")){return Language.SWAHILI();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ta")){return Language.TAMIL();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("te")){return Language.TELUGU();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("tg")){return Language.TAGALOG();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("th")){return Language.THAI();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("tm")){return Language.TAMUL(); //??\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("tr")){return Language.TURKISH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("tu")){return Language.TUPIS();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("uk")){return Language.UKRAINIAN();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ur")){return Language.URDU();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("vi")){return Language.VIETNAMESE();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("we")){return Language.WELSH();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("wo")){return Language.WOLOF();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("ya")){return Language.YAKUT();\r
+ }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("yp")){return Language.YUPIKS();\r
+// }else if (ermsAbbrev.equals("yu")){return Language.YUKAGIR(); 639-2: mis; 639-3 yux (Southern Yukaghir)- ykg(Tundra Yukaghir)\r
+ }else{\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("au");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("cl");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("ec");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("ek");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("eu");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("ev");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("fc");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("gu");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("ha");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("ji");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("ka");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("kr");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("lp");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("mh");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("mk");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("ne");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("os");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("pi");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("sh");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("tm");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("sh");\r
+ unhandledLanguages.add("yu");\r
+ \r
+ if (unhandledLanguages.contains(ermsAbbrev)){\r
+ logger.warn("Unhandled language '" + ermsAbbrev + "' replaced by 'UNDETERMINED'" );\r
+ return Language.UNDETERMINED();\r
+ }\r
+ String warning = "New language abbreviation " + ermsAbbrev;\r
+ logger.warn(warning);\r
+ throw new IllegalArgumentException(warning);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase#getLanguageUuid(java.lang.String)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public UUID getLanguageUuid(String key)\r
+ throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ return super.getLanguageUuid(key);\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase#getExtensionTypeByKey(java.lang.String)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public ExtensionType getExtensionTypeByKey(String key) throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ if (key == null){return null;\r
+ }\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase#getExtensionTypeUuid(java.lang.String)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public UUID getExtensionTypeUuid(String key)\r
+ throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ if (key == null){return null;\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("recent only")){return uuidRecentOnly;\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("recent + fossil")){return uuidRecentAndFossil;\r
+// }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("fossil only")){return uuidFossilOnly;\r
+ }\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+\r
+ /* (non-Javadoc)\r
+ * @see eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.mapping.InputTransformerBase#getFeatureByKey(java.lang.String)\r
+ */\r
+ @Override\r
+ public Feature getFeatureByKey(String key) throws UndefinedTransformerMethodException {\r
+ if (CdmUtils.isEmpty(key)){return null;\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Distribution")){return Feature.DISTRIBUTION();\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Ecology")){return Feature.ECOLOGY();\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Diagnosis")){return Feature.DIAGNOSIS();\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Biology")){return Feature.BIOLOGY_ECOLOGY();\r
+ }else if (key.equalsIgnoreCase("Host")){return Feature.HOSTPLANT();\r
+ }else{\r
+ return null;\r
+ }\r
+ }\r
+\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ \r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+// $Id$\r
+/**\r
+* Copyright (C) 2007 EDIT\r
+* European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy \r
+* http://www.e-taxonomy.eu\r
+* \r
+* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version 1.1\r
+* See LICENSE.TXT at the top of this package for the full license terms.\r
+*/\r
+\r
+package eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis.validation;\r
+\r
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;\r
+\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.IOValidator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis.GlobisImportConfigurator;\r
+import eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.globis.GlobisImportState;\r
+\r
+/**\r
+ * @author a.mueller\r
+ * @created 17.02.2010\r
+ * @version 1.0\r
+ */\r
+public class GlobisReferenceImportValidator implements IOValidator<GlobisImportState>{\r
+ private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(GlobisReferenceImportValidator.class);\r
+\r
+ public boolean validate(GlobisImportState state){\r
+ boolean result = true;\r
+ GlobisImportConfigurator config = state.getConfig();\r
+ logger.warn("Checking for references not yet fully implemented");\r
+// result &= checkTaxonStatus(config);\r
+// result &= checkInactivated(config);\r
+ return result;\r
+ }\r
+ \r
+// private boolean checkTaxonStatus(GlobisImportConfigurator bmiConfig){\r
+// try {\r
+// boolean result = true;\r
+// Source source = bmiConfig.getSource();\r
+// String strSQL = " SELECT RelPTaxon.RelQualifierFk, RelPTaxon.relPTaxonId, PTaxon.PTNameFk, PTaxon.PTRefFk, PTaxon_1.PTNameFk AS Expr1, PTaxon.RIdentifier, PTaxon_1.RIdentifier AS Expr3, Name.FullNameCache " +\r
+// " FROM RelPTaxon " + \r
+// " INNER JOIN PTaxon ON RelPTaxon.PTNameFk1 = PTaxon.PTNameFk AND RelPTaxon.PTRefFk1 = PTaxon.PTRefFk " + \r
+// " INNER JOIN PTaxon AS PTaxon_1 ON RelPTaxon.PTNameFk2 = PTaxon_1.PTNameFk AND RelPTaxon.PTRefFk2 = PTaxon_1.PTRefFk " + \r
+// " INNER JOIN Name ON PTaxon.PTNameFk = Name.NameId " +\r
+// " WHERE (dbo.PTaxon.StatusFk = 1) AND ((RelPTaxon.RelQualifierFk = 7) OR (RelPTaxon.RelQualifierFk = 6) OR (RelPTaxon.RelQualifierFk = 2)) ";\r
+// ResultSet rs = source.getResultSet(strSQL);\r
+// boolean firstRow = true;\r
+// int i = 0;\r
+// while (rs.next()){\r
+// i++;\r
+// if (firstRow){\r
+// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+// logger.warn("There are taxa that have a 'is synonym of' - relationship but having taxon status 'accepted'!");\r
+// System.out.println("========================================================");\r
+// }\r
+// int rIdentifier = rs.getInt("RIdentifier");\r
+// int nameFk = rs.getInt("PTNameFk");\r
+// int refFk = rs.getInt("PTRefFk");\r
+// int relPTaxonId = rs.getInt("relPTaxonId");\r
+// String taxonName = rs.getString("FullNameCache");\r
+// \r
+// System.out.println("RIdentifier:" + rIdentifier + "\n name: " + nameFk + \r
+// "\n taxonName: " + taxonName + "\n refId: " + refFk + "\n RelPTaxonId: " + relPTaxonId );\r
+// result = firstRow = false;\r
+// }\r
+// if (i > 0){\r
+// System.out.println(" ");\r
+// }\r
+// \r
+// return result;\r
+// } catch (SQLException e) {\r
+// e.printStackTrace();\r
+// return false;\r
+// }\r
+// }\r
+//\r
+\r
+\r
+}\r
--- /dev/null
+AMGS Albany Museum Grahamstown South Africa Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa\r
+AMNH American Museum of Natural History Division of Invertebrate Zoology New York United States American Museum of Natural History, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, New York, United States\r
+AMNZ Auckland Museum Institute Auckland New Zealand Auckland Museum Institute, Auckland, New Zealand\r
+AMS Australian Museum Department of Entomology Sydney Australia Australian Museum, Department of Entomology, Sydney, Australia\r
+AMUZ Department of Zoology Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh India Department of Zoology, Aligarh, India\r
+ANCB Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Coleccion Entomologica La Paz Bolivia Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Coleccion Entomologica, La Paz, Bolivia\r
+ANIC CSIRO Entomology Australian National Insect Collection Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Canberra Australia CSIRO Entomology, Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia\r
+ANSP Department of Entomology The Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia United States Department of Entomology, Philadelphia, United States\r
+ASAY Institute of Zoology Academy of Sciences of Armenia Yerevan Republic of Armenia Institute of Zoology, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia\r
+ASCU Orange Agricultural Institute Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit NSW Department of Primary Industries Orange Australia Orange Agricultural Institute, Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, Australia\r
+AUTC Ataturk Universitesi Erzurum Turkey Ataturk Universitesi, Erzurum, Turkey\r
+BAUC Department of Entomology China Agricultural University Beijing China Department of Entomology, Beijing, China\r
+BBM Bishop Museum J. Linsley Gressitt Center for Research in Entomology, Department of Natural Sciences Honolulu United States Bishop Museum, J. Linsley Gressitt Center for Research in Entomology, Department of Natural Sciences, Honolulu, United States\r
+BCIQT Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine Taichung Branch Office Council of Agriculture Taichung City Taiwan Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Taichung Branch Office, Council of Agriculture, Taichung City, Taiwan\r
+BEH Bureau of Entomology Hangchow China Bureau of Entomology, Hangchow, China\r
+BHU Department of Zoology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India Department of Zoology, Varanasi, India\r
+BLKU Biosystematics Laboratory Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan Biosystematics Laboratory, Fukuoka, Japan\r
+BMBN Booth Museum of Natural History Brighton Borough Council Brighton United Kingdom Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton Borough Council, Brighton, United Kingdom\r
+BMNH The Natural History Museum Department of Entomology London United Kingdom The Natural History Museum, Department of Entomology, London, United Kingdom\r
+BNIST Bernhard-Nocht-Institut fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg Germany Bernhard-Nocht-Institut fur Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany\r
+BPIH Bureau of Plant Industry Arthropod Collection Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Harrisburg United States Bureau of Plant Industry, Arthropod Collection, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, United States\r
+BPIM Bureau of Plant Industry Department of Agriculture Manila Philippines Bureau of Plant Industry, Manila, Philippines\r
+BYU Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum Entomology Section Brigham Young University Provo United States Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Entomology Section, Brigham Young University, Provo, United States\r
+CAS California Academy of Sciences Department of Entomology San Francisco United States California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, San Francisco, United States\r
+CAU Zoologisches Museum Christian-Albrechts-Universitat Kiel Germany Zoologisches Museum, Kiel, Germany\r
+CCSZ Museo Paleontologico Coleccion del Colegio del Salvador Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain Museo Paleontologico, Coleccion del Colegio del Salvador, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain\r
+CELM "Coleccion Entomologica ""Luis Maria Murillo""" Seccion Entomologia, ICA, Tibaitata Bogota Columbia "Coleccion Entomologica ""Luis Maria Murillo"", Seccion Entomologia, ICA, Tibaitata, Bogota, Columbia"\r
+CLM Central Laboratory Redent Mauritius Central Laboratory, Redent, Mauritius\r
+CMC Canterbury Museum Christchurch New Zealand Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand\r
+CMCP Department of Parasitology Chungshan Medical College Canton China Department of Parasitology, Canton, China\r
+CMNH Museum of Natural History & Science Arthropod Collection Cincinnati Museum Center Cincinnati United States Museum of Natural History & Science, Arthropod Collection, Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, United States\r
+CMP Carnegie Museum of Natural History Section of Invertebrate Zoology Pittsburgh United States Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Section of Invertebrate Zoology, Pittsburgh, United States\r
+CNBF Corpo Forestale dello Stato "Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la\vConservazione della Biodiversita Forestale ""Bosco della Fontana""" Verona Italy Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Verona, Italy\r
+CNC Canadian National Collection of Insects Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada\v Ottawa Canada Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada\r
+CNMS National Museum Colombo Sri Lanka National Museum, Colombo, Sri Lanka\r
+CNU Capital Normal University Beijing China Capital Normal University, Beijing, China\r
+CPARJ Centro de Pesquisas Agropecuarias Centro-Sul EMBRAPA Rio de Janeiro Brazil Centro de Pesquisas Agropecuarias Centro-Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\r
+CPMM Museu da Historia Natural Maputo Mozambique Museu da Historia Natural, Maputo, Mozambique\r
+CSPU Biological Sciences Department California State Polytechnic University Pomona United States Biological Sciences Department, Pomona, United States\r
+CSUFC Department of Entomology C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Biodiversity Colorado State University Fort Collins United States Department of Entomology, C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Biodiversity, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States\r
+CUFS Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas Laboratorio de Entomologia, Colecao Entomologica Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Feira de Santana Brazil Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Laboratorio de Entomologia, Colecao Entomologica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil\r
+CUGE Department of Entomology Insect Collection Cairo University Giza Egypt Department of Entomology, Insect Collection, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt\r
+CUI Department of Entomology Insect Collection Cornell University Ithaca United States Department of Entomology, Insect Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States\r
+CUMC Peking Union Medical College Beijing China Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China\r
+CUMZ University Museum of Zoology Cambridge Insect Collection Cambridge United Kingdom University Museum of Zoology Cambridge, Insect Collection, Cambridge, United Kingdom\r
+CWW College of Wooster Wooster United States College of Wooster, Wooster, United States\r
+DABZ Department of Agriculture Bulawayo Zimbabwe Department of Agriculture, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe\r
+DAC Department of Agriculture Cairo Egypt Department of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt\r
+DCBU Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos Sao Carlos Brazil Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Sao Carlos, Brazil\r
+DEBU Department of Zoology University of Guelph Guelph Canada Department of Zoology, Guelph, Canada\r
+DEFS Departamento de Epidemiologia Faculdade de Saude Publica Universidade de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil\r
+DEI Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Leibniz-Zentrum fur Agrarlandschafts- und Landnutzungsforschung (ZALF) e.V. Muncheberg Germany Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Muncheberg, Germany\r
+DERM Division de Endemias Rurales Maracay Venezuela Division de Endemias Rurales, Maracay, Venezuela\r
+DHU Daegu Haany University Kyungsan South Korea Daegu Haany University, Kyungsan, South Korea\r
+DMB Division de Malariologia Bogota Colombia Division de Malariologia, Bogota, Colombia\r
+DMSA Durban Natural Science Museum Durban South Africa Durban Natural Science Museum, Durban, South Africa\r
+DMW Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Wellington New Zealand Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand\r
+DPCB Departamento de Parasitologia Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil\r
+DPFA Division Profilaxia de Febre Amarela Caracas Venezuela Division Profilaxia de Febre Amarela, Caracas, Venezuela\r
+DPHU Department of Parasitology Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School Jerusalem Israel Department of Parasitology, Jerusalem, Israel\r
+DSIR Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Nelson New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Nelson, New Zealand\r
+DZKU Department of Zoology Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan Department of Zoology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan\r
+DZMU Department of Zoology and Ecology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic Department of Zoology and Ecology, Brno, Czech Republic\r
+DZUP Departamento de Zoologia Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure Universidade Federal do Parana Curitiba Brazil Departamento de Zoologia, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil\r
+ED Palanga Amber Museum Lithuanian Art Museum Palanga Lithuania Palanga Amber Museum, Palanga, Lithuania\r
+ELMU Entomological Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture Meijo University Nagoya Japan Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan\r
+EMAU Zoologisches Institut und Museum Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat Greifswald Greifswald Germany Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Greifswald, Germany\r
+EMH Ecole de Medecine de Hanoi Hanoi Vietnam Ecole de Medecine de Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam\r
+ENA Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\r
+ENSP Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal Escola Nacional de Saude Publica, Lisboa, Portugal\r
+ESEE The Entomological Society of Egypt Cairo Egypt The Entomological Society of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt\r
+ETHZ Entomologische Sammlung ETH Zentrum Zurich Switzerland Entomologische Sammlung, Zurich, Switzerland\r
+EUMJ Laboratory of Environmental Entomology Faculty of Agriculture Ehime University Matsuyama Japan Laboratory of Environmental Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan\r
+EUO Departamento de Microbiologia Parasitologia Seccion de Entomologia Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Oriente Bolivar Venezuela Departamento de Microbiologia Parasitologia, Seccion de Entomologia, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Oriente, Bolivar, Venezuela\r
+FAMU Florida A & M University Center for Studies in Entomology Tallahassee United States Florida A & M University, Center for Studies in Entomology, Tallahassee, United States\r
+FMNH Field Museum of Natural History Division of Insects Chicago United States Field Museum of Natural History, Division of Insects, Chicago, United States\r
+FMRP Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto Departamento de Parasitologia Universidade de Sao Paulo Ribeirao Preto Brazil Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil\r
+FMSP Departamento de Parasitologia Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil Departamento de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil\r
+FRC Forest Research Center Kuching Malaysia Forest Research Center, Kuching, Malaysia\r
+FSCA Museum of Entomology Florida State Collection of Arthropods Gainesville United States Museum of Entomology, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, United States\r
+GDUB Department of Genetics Facultat de Biologia University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain Department of Genetics, Facultat de Biologia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain\r
+GLB Geneeskundig Laboratorium Djakarta Indonesia Geneeskundig Laboratorium, Djakarta, Indonesia\r
+HLDH Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt Zoologische Abteilung Darmstadt Germany Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Zoologische Abteilung, Darmstadt, Germany\r
+HNHM Hungarian Natural History Museum Zoological Department Budapest Hungary Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Budapest, Hungary\r
+HUS Entomological Institute Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan\r
+IASE Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology Siberian Zoological Museum Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk 91 Russia Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology, Siberian Zoological Museum, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 91, Russia\r
+IBJN "Instituto Biologia ""Juan Noe""" Faculdad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile "Instituto Biologia ""Juan Noe"", Faculdad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile"\r
+IBP Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences Vladivostok Russia Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia\r
+IBSP Instituto Biologico Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura e Abastecimento Sao Paulo Brazil Instituto Biologico, Sao Paulo, Brazil\r
+IBUT Instituto Butantan Sao Paulo Brazil Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil\r
+ICRI Research Institute of Entomology Insect Collection Sun Yat-Sen [=Zhongshan] University Guangzhou China Research Institute of Entomology, Insect Collection, Sun Yat-Sen [=Zhongshan] University, Guangzhou, China\r
+IEME A. N. Severtsov Institute for Ecology and Evolution Laboratory of Insects Morphology and Ecology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia A. N. Severtsov Institute for Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Insects Morphology and Ecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia\r
+IEUP Istituto di Entomologia Universita degli Studi Pavia Italy Istituto di Entomologia, Pavia, Italy\r
+IEXV Instituto de Ecologia, A.C. Entomological Collection Xalapa Mexico Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Entomological Collection, Xalapa, Mexico\r
+IGPUG Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Universitat Gottingen Museum der geologischen Institute Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Germany Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Universitat Gottingen, Museum der geologischen Institute, Georg-August-Universitat, Gottingen, Germany\r
+IGUT Institut fur Geowissenschaften Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen Tubingen Germany Institut fur Geowissenschaften, Tubingen, Germany\r
+IHC Instituto de Higiene Caracas Venezuela Instituto de Higiene, Caracas, Venezuela\r
+IMEM "Instituto Malariologia ""Ettore Marchiafava""" Rome Italy "Instituto Malariologia ""Ettore Marchiafava"", Rome, Italy"\r
+IML Fundacion Miguel Lillo San Miguel de Tucuman Argentina Fundacion Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina\r
+INBIO Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad Santo Domingo de Heredia Costa Rica Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica\r
+INER Museo di Zoologia "Universita di Roma ""La Sapienza""" Rome Italy Museo di Zoologia, Rome, Italy\r
+INHS Illinois Natural History Survey Insect Collection Champaign United States Illinois Natural History Survey, Insect Collection, Champaign, United States\r
+INLA Centro Experimental de Entomologia La Cruz Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) La Cruz Chile Centro Experimental de Entomologia La Cruz, La Cruz, Chile\r
+INM Instituto Nacional de Microbiologia Buenos Aires Argentina Instituto Nacional de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina\r
+INPA Departamento de Entomologia Colecao Sistematica da Entomologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia Manaus Brazil Departamento de Entomologia, Colecao Sistematica da Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil\r
+INPC Indian Agricultural Research Institute Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections New Delhi India Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, New Delhi, India\r
+INRA Centre de Recherche de Montpellier Montpellier France Centre de Recherche de Montpellier, Montpellier, France\r
+INSL Instituto Nacional de Salud Entomological Collection Lima Peru Instituto Nacional de Salud, Entomological Collection, Lima, Peru\r
+IOC Fundacao Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil Fundacao Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\r
+IPP Institut Pasteur Paris France Institut Pasteur, Paris, France\r
+IPPE Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Shanghai Entomological Museum Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China\r
+IPS Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale Universite Louis Pasteur Strasbourg Strasbourg France Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Strasbourg, France\r
+IPV Instituto de Patobiologia Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria Castelar Argentina Instituto de Patobiologia, Castelar, Argentina\r
+IRD Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement Laboratoire de Taxonomie des Vecteurs Montpellier France Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Laboratoire de Taxonomie des Vecteurs, Montpellier, France\r
+IRSM Institut Recherche Scientifique de Madagascar Tananarive Madagascar Institut Recherche Scientifique de Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar\r
+IRSNB Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Departement d'Entomologie Brussels Belgium Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Departement d'Entomologie, Brussels, Belgium\r
+ISET Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales Mexico Mexico Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, Mexico, Mexico\r
+ISS Instituto Superiore di Sanita Rome Italy Instituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy\r
+ISU Department of Entomology Insect Collection Iowa State University Ames United States Department of Entomology, Insect Collection, Iowa State University, Ames, United States\r
+ISZP Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Krakow, Poland\r
+ITBC Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation Universiti Malaysia Sabah Kota Kinabalu Malaysia Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia\r
+ITHGP Laboratorium voor Tropische Hygiene Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen Amsterdam Netherlands Laboratorium voor Tropische Hygiene, Amsterdam, Netherlands\r
+ITLJ National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences Tsukuba Japan National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan\r
+IZAA Institute of Zoology Kazakhstan National Academy of Science Almaty Kazakhstan Institute of Zoology, Almaty, Kazakhstan\r
+IZAC Instituto de Ciencia Animal Academia de Ciencias de Cuba La Habana Cuba Instituto de Ciencia Animal, La Habana, Cuba\r
+IZAM Instituto de Zoologia Agricola Facultad de Agronomia Universidad Central de Venezuela Maracay Venezuela Instituto de Zoologia Agricola, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela\r
+IZAS Institute of Zoology Insect Collection Academia Sinica Beijing China Institute of Zoology, Insect Collection, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China\r
+IZSU Institute of Zoology Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China\r
+IZT Institute of Zoology Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan Institute of Zoology, Taipei, Taiwan\r
+IZTG Institute of Zoology Faculty of Biology Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia\r
+IZUI Institut fur Zoologie und Limnologie Universitat Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria Institut fur Zoologie und Limnologie, Innsbruck, Austria\r
+IZUSN Instituto di Zoologia Universita degli Studi di Napoli Portici Italy Instituto di Zoologia, Portici, Italy\r
+JAAS Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China\r
+KMC Biology Department Kweiyang Medical College Kweiyang China Biology Department, Kweiyang, China\r
+KPU Kyoto Prefectural University Shimogamo Japan Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Japan\r
+KSU Department of Entomology Entomological Collection Kansas State University Manhattan United States Department of Entomology, Entomological Collection, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States\r
+KU Entomological Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan\r
+KUB Department of Entomology Faculty of Agriculture Kasetsart University Bangkhen Campus Bangkok Thailand Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University Bangkhen Campus, Bangkok, Thailand\r
+KUIC Entomology Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture Kagoshima University Kagoshima Japan Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan\r
+KUN Department of Zoology Kumaon University Nainital India Department of Zoology, Nainital, India\r
+KUTK Department of Agricultural Biology Systematic Entomology Laboratory Kyungpook National University Taegu South Korea Department of Agricultural Biology, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, South Korea\r
+LACM Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles United States Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, United States\r
+LCM Leeds City Museum Leeds United Kingdom Leeds City Museum, Leeds, United Kingdom\r
+LCNZ Entomology Research Museum Ecology and Entomology Group Lincoln University Canterbury New Zealand Entomology Research Museum, Ecology and Entomology Group, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand\r
+LGUL Laboratoire de Geologie Universite de Lyon Lyon France Laboratoire de Geologie, Lyon, France\r
+LPMP Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie University of Paris Paris France Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France\r
+LSL Linnean Society of London London United Kingdom Linnean Society of London, London, United Kingdom\r
+LSTM Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool United Kingdom Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom\r
+MACN Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Divison Entomologia Buenos Aires Argentina Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Divison Entomologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina\r
+MBCG "Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali ""Enrico Caffi""" Collezioni Generali Bergamo Italy "Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali ""Enrico Caffi"", Collezioni Generali, Bergamo, Italy"\r
+MCNA Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava Vitoria (Alava) Spain Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava, Vitoria (Alava), Spain\r
+MCNV Museo di Storia Naturale Musei Civici Veneziani Venice Italy Museo di Storia Naturale, Venice, Italy\r
+MCPM Milwaukee Public Museum Milwaukee United States Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, United States\r
+MCQ Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory McGill University St. Anne de Bellevue Canada Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory, St. Anne de Bellevue, Canada\r
+MCSNM Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Milan Italy Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan, Italy\r
+MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology Entomology Department Harvard University Cambridge United States Museum of Comparative Zoology, Entomology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States\r
+MCZL Musee de Zoologie Lausanne Entomological Collection Lausanne Switzerland Musee de Zoologie Lausanne, Entomological Collection, Lausanne, Switzerland\r
+MDRG Museum voor Dierkunde Universiteit Gent Gent Belgium Museum voor Dierkunde, Gent, Belgium\r
+MECG Medical Entomology Collection Gallery Beijing China Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Beijing, China\r
+MEUA Museo de Entomologia Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Peru Museo de Entomologia, Lima, Peru\r
+MEUV Museo de Entomologia Departamento de Biologia Universidad del Valle Cali Colombia Museo de Entomologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia\r
+MGAB "Muzeul National de Istorie Naturalaá""Grigore Antipa""" Bucuresti Romania "Muzeul National de Istorie Naturalaá""Grigore Antipa"", Bucuresti, Romania"\r
+MHNA Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Autun France Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Autun, France\r
+MHNG Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Department d'Entomologie II Geneva Switzerland Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Department d'Entomologie II, Geneva, Switzerland\r
+MHNL Musee d'histoire Naturelle de Lyon Lyon France Musee d'histoire Naturelle de Lyon, Lyon, France\r
+MHNLI Musee d'Histoire Naturelle et d'Ethnographie Lille France Musee d'Histoire Naturelle et d'Ethnographie, Lille, France\r
+MHNN Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Neuchatel Switzerland Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Neuchatel, Switzerland\r
+MICN Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Tenerife Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain\r
+MLUH Institut fur Zoologie und Zoologische Sammlung Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany Institut fur Zoologie und Zoologische Sammlung, Halle (Saale), Germany\r
+MMB Moravske Zemske Muzeum Department of Entomology Brno Czech Republic Moravske Zemske Muzeum, Department of Entomology, Brno, Czech Republic\r
+MMC Department of Parasitology Seventh Military Medical College China Department of Parasitology, China\r
+MMK Maidstone Museum & Art Gallery Maidstone United Kingdom Maidstone Museum & Art Gallery, Maidstone, United Kingdom\r
+MMS Macleay Museum Insect Collection University of Sydney Sydney Australia Macleay Museum, Insect Collection, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia\r
+MNHNP Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle National Collection of Insects Paris France Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, National Collection of Insects, Paris, France\r
+MNHNS Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Coleccion Nacional de Insectos Santiago Chile Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Coleccion Nacional de Insectos, Santiago, Chile\r
+MNLR Latvian Museum of Natural History Riga Latvia Latvian Museum of Natural History, Riga, Latvia\r
+MNMS Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Department of Entomology Madrid Spain Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Department of Entomology, Madrid, Spain\r
+MNRJ Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\r
+MNRP Museo Nacional Panama Panama Museo Nacional, Panama, Panama\r
+MPEG Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Departamento de Entomologia Belem Brazil Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Departamento de Entomologia, Belem, Brazil\r
+MPIL Limnologische Flussstation Max-Planck-Institut fur Limnologie Schlitz Germany Limnologische Flussstation, Schlitz, Germany\r
+MRAC Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale Section d'Entomologie Tervuren Belgium Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Section d'Entomologie, Tervuren, Belgium\r
+MRI Medical Research Institute Department of Entomology Colombo Sri Lanka Medical Research Institute, Department of Entomology, Colombo, Sri Lanka\r
+MRSN Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Spinola Collection Turin Italy Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Spinola Collection, Turin, Italy\r
+MSNG "Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ""Giacomo Doria""" Genoa Italy "Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ""Giacomo Doria"", Genoa, Italy"\r
+MSNV Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Verona Italy Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy\r
+MSUB Department of Entomology Montana Entomology Collection Montana State University Bozeman United States Department of Entomology, Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State University, Bozeman, United States\r
+MSUEL Department of Entomology Entomological Collection Michigan State University East Lansing United States Department of Entomology, Entomological Collection, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States\r
+MTI Moscow Tropical Institute Moscow Russia Moscow Tropical Institute, Moscow, Russia\r
+MUSA Madrid University School of Agriculture Madrid Spain Madrid University School of Agriculture, Madrid, Spain\r
+MUSM Museo de Historia Natural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima Peru Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru\r
+MVMM Melbourne Museum Museum Victoria Melbourne Australia Melbourne Museum, Melbourne, Australia\r
+MWNH Museum Wiesbaden Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlung Wiesbaden Germany Museum Wiesbaden, Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlung, Wiesbaden, Germany\r
+MZB Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense Bogor Indonesia Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia\r
+MZLP Musee Zoologique Universite Louis Pasteur Strasbourg France Musee Zoologique, Strasbourg, France\r
+MZLS "Museo Zoologico ""La Specola""" Museo di Storia Naturale\v Florence Italy "Museo Zoologico ""La Specola"", Florence, Italy"\r
+MZUN Museo Zoologico dell'Universita di Napoli Naples Italy Museo Zoologico dell'Universita di Napoli, Naples, Italy\r
+MZUSP Museu de Zoologia Universidade de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil Museu de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, Brazil\r
+NARCH National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region Entomology Laboratory, Department of Agro-Environment Sciences Sapporo Japan National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Entomology Laboratory, Department of Agro-Environment Sciences, Sapporo, Japan\r
+NDSR Drosophila Species Center Bowling Green State University Bowling Green United States Drosophila Species Center, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States\r
+NHLS National Health Laboratory Services Department of Medical Entomology Johannesburg South Africa National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Medical Entomology, Johannesburg, South Africa\r
+NHMM Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz Landessammlung f³r Naturkunde, Rheinland-Pfalz Mainz Germany Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz, Landessammlung f³r Naturkunde, Rheinland-Pfalz, Mainz, Germany\r
+NICD National Institute of Communicable Diseases Malaria Research Center Delhi India National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Malaria Research Center, Delhi, India\r
+NIES National Institute of Environmental Studies Tsukuba Japan National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan\r
+NIID National Institute of Infectious Diseases Department of Medical Entomology Tokyo Japan National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Tokyo, Japan\r
+NMB Naturhistorisches Museum Entomology Department Basel Switzerland Naturhistorisches Museum, Entomology Department, Basel, Switzerland\r
+NMBA Naturhistorisches Museum Benediktinerstift Admont Admont Austria Naturhistorisches Museum, Admont, Austria\r
+NMBS Naturhistorisches Museum Bern Switzerland Naturhistorisches Museum, Bern, Switzerland\r
+NMBZ The Natural History Museum Invertebrate Collection Bulawayo Zimbabwe The Natural History Museum, Invertebrate Collection, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe\r
+NMCL Naturkunde-Museum Coburg Coburg Germany Naturkunde-Museum Coburg, Coburg, Germany\r
+NME Naturkundemuseum Erfurt Erfurt Germany Naturkundemuseum Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany\r
+NMI National Museum of Ireland Insect Collection Dublin Ireland National Museum of Ireland, Insect Collection, Dublin, Ireland\r
+NMKE National Museums of Kenya Department of Invertebrate Zoology Nairobi Kenya National Museums of Kenya, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Nairobi, Kenya\r
+NMKL National Museum Kuala Lumpur Malaysia National Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia\r
+NMNHM National Museum of Natural History Mdina Malta National Museum of Natural History, Mdina, Malta\r
+NMNS National Museum of Natural Science Taichung Taiwan National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan\r
+NMP Natal Museum Pietermaritzburg South Africa Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa\r
+NMPC Natural History Museum Department of Entomology National Museum Prague Czech Republic Natural History Museum, Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic\r
+NMSC Department of Biological Sciences Zoological Reference Collection National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore\r
+NMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien International Research Institute for Entomology Vienna Austria Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, International Research Institute for Entomology, Vienna, Austria\r
+NMWC National Museum and Galleries of Wales Entomology Section, Department of Biodiversity & Systematic Biology Cardiff United Kingdom National Museum and Galleries of Wales, Entomology Section, Department of Biodiversity & Systematic Biology, Cardiff, United Kingdom\r
+NRS Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Sektionen for Entomologi Stockholm Sweden Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Sektionen for Entomologi, Stockholm, Sweden\r
+NSMT National Science Museum Department of Zoology Tokyo Japan National Science Museum, Department of Zoology, Tokyo, Japan\r
+NTU Department of Zoology-Entomology National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Department of Zoology-Entomology, Taipei, Taiwan\r
+NTUTM Department of Tropical Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Department of Tropical Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan\r
+NYBG New York Botanical Garden New York United States New York Botanical Garden, New York, United States\r
+NYSM New York State Museum Entomology Collection Albany United States New York State Museum, Entomology Collection, Albany, United States\r
+NZAC New Zealand Arthropod Collection Entomology Division Landcare Research Auckland New Zealand New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Entomology Division, Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand\r
+OHSU Museum of Biological Diversity Ohio State Insect Collection Ohio State University Columbus United States Museum of Biological Diversity, Ohio State Insect Collection, Ohio State University, Columbus, United States\r
+OKAC Okayama Agricultural College Okayama Japan Okayama Agricultural College, Okayama, Japan\r
+OLML Oberosterreichisches Landesmuseum Linz Austria Oberosterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz, Austria\r
+OMNH Osaka Museum of Natural History Osaka Japan Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, Japan\r
+OMNZ Otago Museum Dunedin New Zealand Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand\r
+ORST ORSTOM Service Scientific Central d'Entomologie Agricole Seine France ORSTOM, Service Scientific Central d'Entomologie Agricole, Seine, France\r
+ORSU Department of Entomology Collection Oregon State University Corvallis United States Department of Entomology, Collection, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States\r
+OUA Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Obihiro Japan Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan\r
+OUJ Faculty of Medicine Department of Infectious Disease Control Oita University Oita Japan Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease Control, Oita University, Oita, Japan\r
+PACL Department of Entomology Faculty of Agriculture University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan\r
+PAN Museum of the Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland Museum of the Institute of Zoology, Warsaw, Poland\r
+PCZM Zoological Museum Presidency College Calcutta India Zoological Museum, Calcutta, India\r
+PIG Institut Pasteur de la Guyane Cayenne French Guiana Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana\r
+PIN Paleontological Institute Russian Academy of Science Moscow Russia Paleontological Institute, Moscow, Russia\r
+PIUB Institut fur Palaontologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Bonn Germany Institut fur Palaontologie, Bonn, Germany\r
+PMB Natural History Museum Belgrad Yugoslavia Natural History Museum, Belgrad, Yugoslavia\r
+PMHU Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin Institut fur Palaontologie Berlin Germany Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Institut fur Palaontologie, Berlin, Germany\r
+PNM National Museum of the Philippines Section of Entomology Manila Philippines National Museum of the Philippines, Section of Entomology, Manila, Philippines\r
+PPDD Plant Protection Research Institute Ministry of Agriculture Giza Egypt Plant Protection Research Institute, Giza, Egypt\r
+PQMAB Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine Ministry of Agriculture Beijing China Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Beijing, China\r
+PSU Frost Entomological Museum Pennsylvania State University University Park United States Frost Entomological Museum, University Park, United States\r
+PUCP Department of Zoology Punjab University Chandigarh India Department of Zoology, Chandigarh, India\r
+QCAZ Museo de Zoologia Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador Quito Ecuador Museo de Zoologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador\r
+QDPI Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries Brisbane Australia Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Australia\r
+QMBA Queensland Museum South Bank (Brisbane) Australia Queensland Museum, South Bank (Brisbane), Australia\r
+RIE Department of Medical Zoology and Immunology Nagasaki University School of Medicine Nagasaki Japan Department of Medical Zoology and Immunology, Nagasaki, Japan\r
+RNH Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Leiden Netherlands Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, Netherlands\r
+ROM Royal Ontario Museum Toronto Canada Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada\r
+RSM Royal Museum Department of Natural History, Insect Collection National Museums of Scotland Edinburgh United Kingdom Royal Museum, Department of Natural History, Insect Collection, National Museums of United Kingdom, Edinburgh, United Kingdom\r
+SAFAI Istituto Sperimentale per l'Agrumicoltura Sezione Biologia e Difesa Laboratorio di Entomologia Acireale Italy Istituto Sperimentale per l'Agrumicoltura Sezione Biologia e Difesa, Laboratorio di Entomologia, Acireale, Italy\r
+SAMA South Australian Museum Adelaide Australia South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia\r
+SAMCT South African Museum Entomology Department Cape Town South Africa South African Museum, Entomology Department, Cape Town, South Africa\r
+SANC ARC - Plant Protection Research Institute South African National Collection of Insects Pretoria South Africa ARC - Plant Protection Research Institute, South African National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa\r
+SBKL Shaanxi Bioresource Key Laboratory Shaanxi Technology University Hanzhong China Shaanxi Bioresource Key Laboratory, Hanzhong, China\r
+SCSC Department of Biological Sciences Collection St. Cloud State College St. Cloud United States Department of Biological Sciences, Collection, St. Cloud State College, St. Cloud, United States\r
+SDNHM San Diego Natural History Museum Entomology Department San Diego United States San Diego Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, San Diego, United States\r
+SDU Plant Science Department Severin-McDaniel Insect Research Collection South Dakota State University Brookings United States Plant Science Department, Severin-McDaniel Insect Research Collection, South Dakota State University, Brookings, United States\r
+SLJG Landesmuseum Joanneum Abteilung fur Zoologie Graz Austria Landesmuseum Joanneum, Abteilung fur Zoologie, Graz, Austria\r
+SMC Szechwan Medical College Chengdu China Szechwan Medical College, Chengdu, China\r
+SMF Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg Entomologische Sektion 1 Frankfurt/Main Germany Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Entomologische Sektion 1, Frankfurt/Main, Germany\r
+SMMU Department of Parasitoloy Second Military Medical University Shanghai China Department of Parasitoloy, Shanghai, China\r
+SMNG Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde Gorlitz Landesmuseum des Freistaates Sachsen Gorlitz Germany Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde Gorlitz, Gorlitz, Germany\r
+SMNK Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde Karlsruhe Karlsruhe Germany Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany\r
+SMNS Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany\r
+SMOC Slezske Zemske Muzeum Entomological Collections, Department of Natural History Opava Slovakia Slezske Zemske Muzeum, Entomological Collections, Department of Natural History, Opava, Slovakia\r
+SMT Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden Germany Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum fur Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany\r
+SMWN National Museum of Namibia Windhoek Namibia National Museum of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia\r
+SNMB Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum Braunschweig Insect Collection Braunschweig Germany Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum Braunschweig, Insect Collection, Braunschweig, Germany\r
+SNMC Prirodovedne Muzeum Zoologicke Oddelenie Slovenske Narodne Muzeum Bratislava Czech Republic Prirodovedne Muzeum, Zoologicke Oddelenie, Slovenske Narodne Muzeum, Bratislava, Czech Republic\r
+SOFM National Museum of Natural History Insect Collection Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria National Museum of Natural History, Insect Collection Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria\r
+SRAS Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia\r
+SRSI Southern Regional Station Zoological Survey of India Chennai India Southern Regional Station, Chennai, India\r
+SUJ Department of Biology, Faculty of Education Shizuoka University Shizuoka Japan Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Shizuoka, Japan\r
+SUPA Stanford University Palo Alto United States Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States\r
+SZEE A. N. Severtsov Institute for Ecology and Evolution Laboratory of Soil Zoology and Experimental Entomology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia A. N. Severtsov Institute for Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Soil Zoology and Experimental Entomology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia\r
+TAMU Department of Entomology Insect Collection Texas A & M University College Station United States Department of Entomology, Insect Collection, Texas A & M University, College Station, United States\r
+TARI Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Insect Collection Taichung Taiwan Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Insect Collection, Taichung, Taiwan\r
+TAUI National Museum of Natural History Insect Collection Tel Aviv University, Department of Zoology Tel Aviv Israel National Museum of Natural History, Insect Collection, Tel Aviv University, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv, Israel\r
+TGU Department of Biology Tokyo Gakugei University Tokyo Japan Department of Biology, Tokyo, Japan\r
+TMB Bakonyi Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum Zirc Hungary Bakonyi Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum, Zirc, Hungary\r
+TMDU Department of Medical Zoology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan Department of Medical Zoology, Tokyo, Japan\r
+TMH Teylers Museum Haarlem Netherlands Teylers Museum, Haarlem, Netherlands\r
+TMMC Texas Memorial Museum Division of Entomology The University of Texas at Austin Austin United States Texas Memorial Museum, Division of Entomology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States\r
+TMNH Tianjin Museum of Natural History Tianjin China Tianjin Museum of Natural History, Tianjin, China\r
+TMS Tomsk Malaria Station Tomsk Russia Tomsk Malaria Station, Tomsk, Russia\r
+TMU Department of Biology Tokyo Metropolitan University Tokyo Japan Department of Biology, Tokyo, Japan\r
+TSU Tomsk State University Tomsk Russia Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia\r
+TUKN Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Nepal Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal\r
+TUPH Institute of Public Health Research Tehran University Tehran Iran Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran, Iran\r
+UABC Department of Biology Universidad de los Andes Bogota Colombia Department of Biology, Bogota, Colombia\r
+UASK I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology National Academy of Science of Ukraine Kiev Ukraine I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kiev, Ukraine\r
+UASL State Museum of Natural History National Academy of Science of Ukraine Lviv Ukraine State Museum of Natural History, Lviv, Ukraine\r
+UAT Department of Entomology Entomology Collection University of Arizona Tucson United States Department of Entomology, Entomology Collection, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States\r
+UBB University of Burdwan Burdwan India University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India\r
+UBIG Istitut de Geologie Universite de Besancon Doubs France Istitut de Geologie, Doubs, France\r
+UCB Essig Museum of Entomology Department of Entomological Sciences University of California Berkeley United States Essig Museum of Entomology, Department of Entomological Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States\r
+UCD Bohart Museum of Entomology University of California Davis United States Bohart Museum of Entomology, Davis, United States\r
+UCGC University of Colorado Museum Paleobiology/Geology Section Boulder United States University of Colorado Museum, Paleobiology/Geology Section, Boulder, United States\r
+UCHS Facultad de Agronomia Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile Facultad de Agronomia, Santiago, Chile\r
+UCHV Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso Valparaiso Chile Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile\r
+UCMP Museum of Paleontology University of California Berkeley United States Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, United States\r
+UCOLB University of Colorado Museum Entomology Section Boulder United States University of Colorado Museum, Entomology Section, Boulder, United States\r
+UCR Entomology Research Museum UCR Entomological Teaching and Research Collection University of California Riverside United States Entomology Research Museum, UCR Entomological Teaching and Research Collection, University of California, Riverside, United States\r
+UIM Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences Entomology Division, W. F. Barr Entomological Collection University of Idaho Moscow United States Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, Entomology Division, W. F. Barr Entomological Collection, University of Idaho, Moscow, United States\r
+UKAL Kansas Biological Survey Invertebrate Collection The University of Kansas Lawrence United States Kansas Biological Survey, Invertebrate Collection, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, United States\r
+UKR Kaliningrad State University Kaliningrad Russia Kaliningrad State University, Kaliningrad, Russia\r
+ULP Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology University of Lodz Lodz Poland Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Lodz, Poland\r
+UMA Department of Entomology Insect Collection University of Massachusetts Amherst United States Department of Entomology, Insect Collection, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States\r
+UMC University of Missouri Enns Entomology Museum Columbia United States University of Missouri, Enns Entomology Museum, Columbia, United States\r
+UMCE Instituto de Entomologia Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educacion Santiago Chile Instituto de Entomologia, Santiago, Chile\r
+UMG Hunterian Museum Zoology Collections University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom Hunterian Museum, Zoology Collections, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom\r
+UMGI Museum of the Department of Zoology University of Mysore Mysore India Museum of the Department of Zoology, Mysore, India\r
+UMMS Departamento de Biologia Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain Departamento de Biologia, Murcia, Spain\r
+UMMZ Museum of Zoology Insect Division University of Michigan Ann Arbor United States Museum of Zoology, Insect Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States\r
+UMO Oxford University Museum of Natural History Hope Entomological Collections Oxford United Kingdom Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford, United Kingdom\r
+UMSP Department of Entomology University of Minnesota St. Paul United States Department of Entomology, St. Paul, United States\r
+UNAM Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Mexico Mexico Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico\r
+UNCB Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota Colombia Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia\r
+UNESP Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Sao Jose do Rio Preto Brazil Departamento de Biologia, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil\r
+UNL University of Nebraska State Museum Division of Entomology University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln United States University of Nebraska State Museum, Division of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, United States\r
+UNLP Museo de La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina\r
+UOPJ Entomological Laboratory University Prefecture Osaka Osaka Japan Entomological Laboratory, Osaka, Japan\r
+UPPC Department of Entomology College of Agriculture University of the Philippines Los Banos Laguna (Los Banos) Philippines Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna (Los Banos), Philippines\r
+UPPI Department of Zoology University of Pune [=Poona] Pune India Department of Zoology, Pune, India\r
+USCP Department of Biology Entomology Collection University of San Carlos Cebu City Philippines Department of Biology, Entomology Collection, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines\r
+USNM National Museum of Natural History Department of Entomology Smithsonian Institution Washington United States National Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, United States\r
+USU Department of Biology Insect Collection Utah State University Logan United States Department of Biology, Insect Collection, Utah State University, Logan, United States\r
+UTA The University of Texas at Austin Austin United States The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States\r
+UWS Burke Museum Department of Zoology University of Washington Seattle United States Burke Museum, Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States\r
+UZMC The Natural History Museum of Denmark Department of Zoology, Entomology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Zoology, Entomology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark\r
+UZMH Zoological Museum Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki Finland Zoological Museum, University of Helsinki, Finland\r
+VMS Vladimir Malaria Station Vladimir Russia Vladimir Malaria Station, Vladimir, Russia\r
+VRL Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute Agricultural Research Council Onderstepoort South Africa Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa\r
+VSRI N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry St. Petersburg Russia N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry, St. Petersburg, Russia\r
+WADA Western Australian Department of Agriculture South Perth Australia Western Australian Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia\r
+WAM Western Australian Museum Entomology collection Perth Cultural Centre Perth Australia Western Australian Museum, Entomology collection, Perth Cultural Centre, Perth, Australia\r
+WSU Department of Entomology M. T. James Entomological Collection Washington State University Pullman United States Department of Entomology, M. T. James Entomological Collection, Washington State University, Pullman, United States\r
+XUU Department of Biology Xinjiang University Urumqi China Department of Biology, Urumqi, China\r
+YSUW Department of Life Sciences Yonsei University Wonju South Korea Department of Life Sciences, Wonju, South Korea\r
+ZDUT Department of Zoology University of Toronto Toronto Canada Department of Zoology, Toronto, Canada\r
+ZFC Zhejiang Forestry College Lin' an China Zhejiang Forestry College, Lin' an, China\r
+ZFMK Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany\r
+ZIL Museum of Zoology Lund University Lund Sweden Museum of Zoology, Lund, Sweden\r
+ZISP Zoological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia\r
+ZIU Evolutionsmuseet (Museum of Evolution) Zoology section Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden Evolutionsmuseet (Museum of Evolution), Zoology section, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden\r
+ZJMG Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Gottingen Gottingen Germany Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany\r
+ZMAN Zoologisch Museum Amsterdam Section Entomology\v Universiteit van Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands Zoologisch Museum Amsterdam, Section Entomology\v, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands\r
+ZMGU Zooloji Musesi Gazi Universitesi Ankara Turkey Zooloji Musesi, Ankara, Turkey\r
+ZMHU Museum fur Naturkunde Institut fur Systematische Zoologie Zentralinstitut der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin Berlin Germany Museum fur Naturkunde, Institut fur Systematische Zoologie, Zentralinstitut der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany\r
+ZMM Zoological Museum Moscow State Spider Collection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology Moscow State University Moscow Russia Zoological Museum, Moscow State Spider Collection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia\r
+ZMSZ Zemaljski Muzej Bosne i Hercegovine Sarajevo Bosnia-Herzegovina Zemaljski Muzej Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina\r
+ZMT Zoologiamuuseum University of Tartu Tartu Estonia Zoologiamuuseum, Tartu, Estonia\r
+ZMUB Museum of Zoology Entomological Collection University of Bergen Bergen Norway Museum of Zoology, Entomological Collection, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway\r
+ZMUH Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum Abteilung Entomologie Universitat Hamburg Hamburg Germany Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Abteilung Entomologie, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany\r
+ZMUN Zoological Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway Zoological Museum, Oslo, Norway\r
+ZMZ Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Zurich Zurich Switzerland Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland\r
+ZSBS Zoologische Staatssammlung Munchen Munich Germany Zoologische Staatssammlung Munchen, Munich, Germany\r
+ZSI Zoological Survey of India National Zoological Collection Calcutta India Zoological Survey of India, National Zoological Collection, Calcutta, India\r
--- /dev/null
+#
+#
+# If you are having problems with logging you may debug Log4J initialization,
+# start the application with a system property log4j.configDebug set to "true".
+# E.g.:
+#
+# java -Dlog4j.configDebug=true
+#
+### ************ APPENDER ***********************************###
+
+### direct log messages to stdout ###
+log4j.appender.stdout=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender
+log4j.appender.stdout.Target=System.out
+log4j.appender.stdout.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
+log4j.appender.stdout.layout.ConversionPattern=%d{ABSOLUTE} %5p %c{1}:%L - %m%n
+
+### direct messages to file hibernate.log ###
+log4j.appender.file=org.apache.log4j.FileAppender
+log4j.appender.file.File=hibernate.log
+log4j.appender.file.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
+log4j.appender.file.layout.ConversionPattern=%d{ABSOLUTE} %5p %c{1}:%L - %m%n
+
+
+### ************* LOG LEVELS *********************************###
+
+### set log levels - for more verbose logging change 'info' to 'debug' ###
+
+log4j.rootLogger=warn, stdout
+
+ ### *** CDM *** ###
+#log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.ExcelUtils = debug
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm = warn
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.common.MediaMetaData = error
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmApplicationAwareDefaultImport = warn
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.common.CdmIoBase = error
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.berlinModel = info
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.faunaEuropaea = info
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.tcsrdf = info
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.sdd = info
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.faunaEuropaea = info
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.persistence.dao.hibernate.common = info
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.taxonx.TaxonXImportConfigurator = error
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.taxonx.TaxonXModsImport = warn
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.ProtologueImport = info
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.PalmaeImageImport = info
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.io.specimen = info
+log4j.logger.eu.etaxonomy.cdm.app.wp6.palmae.PalmaeTaxonXImportActivator = info
+
+ ### *** SPRING ************ ###
+log4j.logger.org.springframework.transaction = warn
+log4j.logger.org.hibernate.engine.LoadContexts = error
+log4j.logger.org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.SessionFactoryUtils = info
+log4j.logger.org.springframework.orm.hibernate3 = info
+log4j.logger.org.springframework.FileSystemXmlApplicationContext = warn;
+log4j.logger.org.springframework.core.io.support = info
+
+
+ ### ***HIBERNATE ************ ###
+
+log4j.logger.org.hibernate=warn
+
+### No warnings as thrown by SQLServer
+log4j.logger.org.hibernate.cfg = warn
+
+### No warnings as thrown by SQLServer
+log4j.logger.org.hibernate.util.JDBCExceptionReporter = error
+
+### log HQL query parser activity
+#log4j.logger.org.hibernate.hql.ast.AST=debug
+
+### log just the SQL
+log4j.logger.org.hibernate.SQL=info
+
+### log JDBC bind parameters ###
+log4j.logger.org.hibernate.type=warn
+
+### log schema export/update ###
+log4j.logger.org.hibernate.tool.hbm2ddl=warn
+
+### log HQL parse trees
+#log4j.logger.org.hibernate.hql=debug
+
+### log cache activity ###
+#log4j.logger.org.hibernate.cache=debug
+
+### log transaction activity
+#log4j.logger.org.hibernate.transaction=debug
+
+### log JDBC resource acquisition
+log4j.logger.org.hibernate.jdbc=info
+
+### enable the following line if you want to track down connection ###
+### leakages when using DriverManagerConnectionProvider ###
+#log4j.logger.org.hibernate.connection.DriverManagerConnectionProvider=trace
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\r
+<Datasets xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://rs.tdwg.org/UBIF/2006/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://rs.tdwg.org/UBIF/2006/ ../SDD.xsd">\r
+ <TechnicalMetadata created="2006-04-20T10:00:00">\r
+ <Generator name="n/a, handcrafted instance document" version="n/a"/>\r
+ </TechnicalMetadata>\r
+ <Dataset xml:lang="en-us">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label>The Genus Viola</Label>\r
+ <Detail>This is an example for a very simple SDD file, representing a single description with categorical, quantitative, and text character. Compare also the "Fragment*" examples, which contain more complex examples in the form of document fragments. Intended for version="SDD 1.1".</Detail>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ <RevisionData>\r
+ <Creators>\r
+ <Agent role="aut" ref="a1"/>\r
+ <Agent role="aut" ref="a2"/>\r
+ <Agent role="edt" ref="a3"/>\r
+ </Creators>\r
+ <DateModified>2006-04-08T00:00:00</DateModified>\r
+ </RevisionData>\r
+ <IPRStatements>\r
+ <IPRStatement role="Copyright">\r
+ <Label xml:lang="en-au">(c) 2003-2006 Centre for Occasional Botany.</Label>\r
+ </IPRStatement>\r
+ </IPRStatements>\r
+ <TaxonNames>\r
+ <TaxonName id="t1" uri="urn:lsid:authority:namespace:my-own-id">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label xml:lang="la">Viola hederacea Labill.</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ </TaxonNames>\r
+ <Characters>\r
+ <CategoricalCharacter id="c1">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label> Leaf complexity</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ <States>\r
+ <StateDefinition id="s1">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label>Simple</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ </StateDefinition>\r
+ <StateDefinition id="s2">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label>Compound</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ </StateDefinition>\r
+ </States>\r
+ </CategoricalCharacter>\r
+ <CategoricalCharacter id="c4">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label> Leaf shape</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ <States>\r
+ <StateDefinition id="s3">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label>Round</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ </StateDefinition>\r
+ <StateDefinition id="s4">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label>Ovate</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ </StateDefinition>\r
+ </States>\r
+ </CategoricalCharacter>\r
+ <QuantitativeCharacter id="c2">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label>Leaf length</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ <MeasurementUnit>\r
+ <Label role="Abbrev">m</Label>\r
+ </MeasurementUnit>\r
+ <Default>\r
+ <MeasurementUnitPrefix>milli</MeasurementUnitPrefix>\r
+ </Default>\r
+ </QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+ <TextCharacter id="c3">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label xml:lang="en">Leaf features not covered by other characters</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ </TextCharacter>\r
+ </Characters>\r
+ <CodedDescriptions>\r
+ <CodedDescription id="D101">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label><i>Viola hederacea</i> Labill. as revised by R. Morris April 8, 2006</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ <Scope>\r
+ <TaxonName ref="t1"/>\r
+ <Citation ref="p1" location="p. 30"/>\r
+ </Scope>\r
+ <SummaryData>\r
+ <Categorical ref="c4">\r
+ <State ref="s3"/>\r
+ <State ref="s4"/>\r
+ </Categorical>\r
+ <Categorical ref="c1">\r
+ <State ref="s2"/>\r
+ </Categorical>\r
+ <Quantitative ref="c2">\r
+ <Measure type="Min" value="2.3"></Measure>\r
+ <Measure type="Mean" value="5.1"/>\r
+ <Measure type="Max" value="7.9"/>\r
+ <Measure type="SD" value="1.3"/>\r
+ <Measure type="N" value="20"/>\r
+ </Quantitative>\r
+ <TextChar ref="c3">\r
+ <Content>Free form text</Content>\r
+ </TextChar>\r
+ </SummaryData>\r
+ </CodedDescription>\r
+ </CodedDescriptions>\r
+ <Agents>\r
+ <Agent id="a1">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label>Kevin Thiele</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ </Agent>\r
+ <Agent id="a2">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label>Gregor Hagedorn</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ <Links>\r
+ <Link rel="Alternate" href="http://www.diversitycampus.net/people/hagedorn"/>\r
+ </Links>\r
+ </Agent>\r
+ <Agent id="a3">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label>Ali Baba</Label>\r
+ <Detail role="Description">Ali Baba is also known as r.a.m.</Detail>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ </Agent>\r
+ </Agents>\r
+ <Publications>\r
+ <Publication id="p1">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label>Sample Citation</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ </Publication>\r
+ </Publications>\r
+ <MediaObjects>\r
+ <MediaObject id="m1">\r
+ <Representation>\r
+ <Label>Image description, e.g. to be used for alt-attribute in html.</Label>\r
+ </Representation>\r
+ <Type>Image</Type>\r
+ <Source href="http://test.edu/test.jpg"/>\r
+ </MediaObject>\r
+ </MediaObjects>\r
+ </Dataset>\r
+</Datasets>\r
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\r
+<Datasets xsi:schemaLocation="http://rs.tdwg.org/UBIF/2006/ http://rs.tdwg.org/UBIF/2006/Schema/1.1/SDD.xsd" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://rs.tdwg.org/UBIF/2006/" xmlns:u="http://rs.tdwg.org/UBIF/2006/">\r
+<TechnicalMetadata created="2010-01-22T18:13:59">\r
+<Generator name="DiversityDescriptions" version="2.0" notes="Software Copyright © 1995-2007 G. Hagedorn." routine="vers.12"/>\r
+</TechnicalMetadata>\r
+<Dataset xml:lang="en">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Project: Cichorieae</Label>\r
+<Label role="Token">Cichorieae</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<RevisionData>\r
+<Creators>\r
+<Agent ref="projectauthors" role="aut"/>\r
+</Creators>\r
+<DateModified>2010-01-22T18:12:17</DateModified>\r
+</RevisionData>\r
+<DescriptiveConcepts>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="a">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>caudex</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="B">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="b">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="C">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="c">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>taproot</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="D">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hairs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="d">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>growth form</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="E">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering branches</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="e">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>indumentum</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="F">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>synflorescence</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="f">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peduncle</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="G">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>heads</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="g">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucre</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="H">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucral bracts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="h">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>receptacle</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="I">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowers</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="i">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>corolla</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="J">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>anthertube</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="j">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>style</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="K">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="k">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="L">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rhizome</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="l">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subterranean parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="M">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>height</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="m">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="N">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="n">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="O">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="o">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>colour</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="P">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>source</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="p">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scape</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="WR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Certainty</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers>\r
+<Modifier id="wR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(uncertain)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (uncertain)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Certainty</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="XR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>almost certainly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>almost certainly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Certainty</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="xR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>likely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>likely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Certainty</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="YR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>possibly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>possibly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Certainty</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="yR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>probably not</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>probably not </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Certainty</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ZR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very likely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very likely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Certainty</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="zR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Color</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers>\r
+<Modifier id="Ar">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blackish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>blackish </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ar">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>bluish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>bluish </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Br">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>bright</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>bright </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="br">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brownish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>brownish </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Cr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dark</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>dark </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="cr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>deeply</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>deeply </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Dr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dull</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>dull </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="dr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous-</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>glaucous- </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Er">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greenish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>greenish </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="er">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greyish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>greyish </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Fr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>light</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>light </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="fr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lilac-</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>lilac- </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Gr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pale</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>pale </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="gr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purplish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>purplish </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Hr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reddish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>reddish </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="hr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>whitish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>whitish </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ir">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellowish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>yellowish </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="ir">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Color 2</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers>\r
+<Modifier id="Jr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>darkish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>darkish </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="jr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grayish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>grayish </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Kr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hyaline</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>hyaline </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="kr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>metallic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>metallic </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Lr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle</Label>\r
+<Detail>e.g. "middle brown"</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>middle </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="lr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ochraceous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>ochraceous </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Mr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pale to dark</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>pale to dark </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="mr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very dark</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very dark </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Nr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very light</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very light </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="nr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very pale</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very pale </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="Or">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Frequency</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers>\r
+<Modifier id="or">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(rare)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (rare)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Pr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>abundant</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>abundant </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="pr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>almost always</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>almost always </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".99" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Qr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>almost never</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>almost never </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".01"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="qr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>always</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>always </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="1" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Rr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at least one</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at least one </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".1" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="rr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at least some</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at least some </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".1" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Sr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>commonly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>commonly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".7" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="sr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>few</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>few </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Tr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>frequently</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>frequently </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".7" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="tr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>if present,</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>if present, </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ur">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>infrequently</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>infrequently </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".25"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ur">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>less often</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>less often </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".5"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Vr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>many</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>many </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".75" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="vr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>more commonly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>more commonly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Wr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>more often</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>more often </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".5" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="wr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>most commonly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>most commonly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".8" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Xr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>mostly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>mostly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".5" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="xr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>never</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>never </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="0"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Yr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>not commonly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>not commonly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="yr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>numerous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>numerous </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Zr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>numerous small</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>numerous small </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="zr">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>occasional</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>occasional </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="AS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>occasionally</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>occasionally </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="aS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>often</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>often </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".5" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="BS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>predominant</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>predominant </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".7" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="bS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>predominantly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>predominantly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".7" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="CS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rarely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>rarely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".05"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="cS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rarely absent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>rarely absent </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="DS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>repeatedly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>repeatedly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="dS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scarce</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>scarce </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ES">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scattered</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>scattered </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="eS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sometimes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>sometimes </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".05"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="FS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>typically</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>typically </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="fS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>uncommon</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>uncommon </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="GS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>usually</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>usually </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".7" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="gS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with or without</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>with or without </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="HS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Frequency 2</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers>\r
+<Modifier id="hS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(mostly)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (mostly)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".5" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="IS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(rarely)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (rarely)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".05"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="iS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(sometimes)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (sometimes)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".05"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="JS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>nearly always</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>nearly always </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".99" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="jS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>seldom</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>seldom </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".05"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="KS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very rarely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very rarely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".01"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="kS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Frequency 3</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers ordered="true">\r
+<Modifier id="LS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in less than 5% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in less than 5% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".05"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="lS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in less than 10% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in less than 10% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="MS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in less than 25% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in less than 25% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".25"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="mS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in less than 50% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in less than 50% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate="0" upperestimate=".5"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="NS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in more than 50% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in more than 50% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".5" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="nS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in more than 75% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in more than 75% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".75" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="OS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in more than 90% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in more than 90% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".9" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="oS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in more than 95% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in more than 95% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".95" upperestimate="1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="PS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Frequency 4</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers ordered="true">\r
+<Modifier id="pS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in 5-10% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in 5-10% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".05" upperestimate=".1"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="QS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in 10-25% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in 10-25% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".1" upperestimate=".25"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="qS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in 25-50% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in 25-50% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".25" upperestimate=".5"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="RS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in 50-75% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in 50-75% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".5" upperestimate=".75"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="rS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in 75-90% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in 75-90% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".9" upperestimate=".9"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="SS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in 90-95% of samples</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in 90-95% of samples </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>Frequency</ModifierClass>\r
+<ProportionRange lowerestimate=".9" upperestimate=".95"/>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="sS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>General</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers>\r
+<Modifier id="TS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(none seen)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (none seen)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="tS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(not seen)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (not seen)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="US">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(trace)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (trace)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="uS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(traces)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (traces)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="VS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(when present)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (when present)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="vS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>?</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After">?</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="WS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>about</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>about </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="wS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>abruptly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>abruptly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="XS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>almost</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>almost </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="xS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at least in traces</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at least in traces </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="YS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at places</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> at places</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="yS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>c.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>c. </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ZS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ca</Label>\r
+<Detail>also available with period</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>ca </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="zS">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ca.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>ca. </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="As">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>faint and rare</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>faint and rare </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="as">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in part</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in part </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Bs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in small amounts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in small amounts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="bs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in traces</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in traces </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Cs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>incompletely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>incompletely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="cs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inconspicuous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>inconspicuous </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ds">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inconspicuously</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>inconspicuously </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ds">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>indistinct</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>indistinct </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Es">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>intense</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>intense </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="es">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>just</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>just </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Fs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>largely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>largely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="fs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>loosely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>loosely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Gs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>medium</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>medium </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="gs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>more</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>more </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Hs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>more or less</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>more or less </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="hs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>much</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>much </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Is">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>nearly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>nearly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="is">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>normally</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>normally </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Js">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>often strongly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>often strongly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="js">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>or more</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>or more </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ks">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>or nearly so</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>or nearly so </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ks">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>partly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>partly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ls">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>perhaps</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>perhaps </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ls">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>presumably</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>presumably </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ms">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>probably</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>probably </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ms">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rarely weak</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>rarely weak </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ns">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scarcely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>scarcely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ns">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>slightly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>slightly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Os">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>somewhat</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>somewhat </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="os">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>traces only</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>traces only </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ps">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>usually?</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>usually? </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ps">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Qs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very faint and rare</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very faint and rare </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="qs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>weak</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>weak </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Rs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>weakly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>weakly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="rs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>week to indistinct</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>week to indistinct </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ss">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>when present</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> when present</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ss">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>when present,</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>when present, </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="Ts">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Location</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers>\r
+<Modifier id="ts">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(above)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (above)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Us">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(anterior)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (anterior)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="us">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(apical)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (apical)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Vs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(below)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (below)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="vs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(distal)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (distal)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ws">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(on each face)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>(on each face) </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ws">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(posterior)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (posterior)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Xs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(proximal and distal)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (proximal and distal)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="xs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(proximal)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (proximal)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ys">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>anterior</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>anterior </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ys">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>anterior ones</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>anterior ones </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Zs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>anteriorly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>anteriorly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="zs">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>apical</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>apical </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="AT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>apically</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>apically </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="aT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at base</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at base </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="BT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at least at base</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at least at base </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="bT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at point of attachment</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at point of attachment </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="CT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at the apex</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at the apex </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="cT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at the base</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at the base </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="DT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at the center</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at the center </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="dT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at the margin</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at the margin </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ET">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at the tip</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at the tip </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="eT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at the tips</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at the tips </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="FT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at tip</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at tip </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="fT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at tips</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at tips </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="GT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at tips of branches</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at tips of branches </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="gT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>central</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>central </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="HT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>centrally</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>centrally </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="hT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>distal</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>distal </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="IT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>distally</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>distally </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="iT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dorsally</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>dorsally </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="JT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>downward</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>downward </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="jT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>except at base</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>except at base </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="KT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>except at the center</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>except at the center </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="kT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>except at the margin</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>except at the margin </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="LT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>except at tip</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>except at tip </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="lT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>except at very base</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>except at very base </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="MT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>except at very tip</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>except at very tip </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="mT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in lower half</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in lower half </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="NT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in lower part</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in lower part </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="nT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in lower third</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in lower third </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="OT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in lower two-thirds</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in lower two-thirds </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="oT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in older parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in older parts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="PT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in oldest parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in oldest parts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="pT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in outer part</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in outer part </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="QT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in upper half</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in upper half </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="qT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in upper part</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in upper part </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="RT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in upper third</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in upper third </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="rT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in upper two-thirds</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in upper two-thirds </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ST">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in younger parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in younger parts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="sT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in youngest parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>in youngest parts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="TT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inwards from tips</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>inwards from tips </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="tT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>locally</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>locally </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="UT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>marginal</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>marginal </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="uT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>marginally</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>marginally </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="VT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>near the apex</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>near the apex </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="vT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>near the base</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>near the base </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="WT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>near the center</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>near the center </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="wT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>near the margin</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>near the margin </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="XT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>posterior</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>posterior </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="xT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>posterior ones</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>posterior ones </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="YT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>posteriorly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>posteriorly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="yT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>proximal</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>proximal </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ZT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>proximal and distal</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>proximal and distal </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="zT">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>proximally</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>proximally </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="At">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>proximally and distally</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>proximally and distally </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="at">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sometimes in older parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>sometimes in older parts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Bt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sometimes in oldest parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>sometimes in oldest parts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="bt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sometimes in younger parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>sometimes in younger parts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ct">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sometimes in youngest parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>sometimes in youngest parts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ct">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>the anterior ones</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>the anterior ones </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Dt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>the lower ones</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>the lower ones </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="dt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>the posterior ones</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>the posterior ones </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Et">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>the upper ones</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>the upper ones </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="et">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>toward the apex</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>toward the apex </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ft">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>toward the base</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>toward the base </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ft">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>towards the apex</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>towards the apex </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Gt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>towards the base</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>towards the base </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="gt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upward</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>upward </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ht">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>usually in older parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>usually in older parts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ht">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>usually in oldest parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>usually in oldest parts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="It">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>usually in younger parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>usually in younger parts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="it">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>usually in youngest parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>usually in youngest parts </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Jt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ventrally</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>ventrally </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="jt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Misinterpretation</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers>\r
+<Modifier id="Kt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>(by misinterpretation)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> (by misinterpretation)</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>TreatAsMisinterpretation</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="kt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>often misinterpreted as</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>often misinterpreted as </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>TreatAsMisinterpretation</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Lt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rarely misinterpreted as</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>rarely misinterpreted as </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>TreatAsMisinterpretation</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="lt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sometimes misinterpreted as</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>sometimes misinterpreted as </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>TreatAsMisinterpretation</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="Mt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Morphology</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers>\r
+<Modifier id="mt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>asymmetrical</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>asymmetrical </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Nt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuately</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>attenuately </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="nt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>bluntly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>bluntly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ot">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>broad</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>broad </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ot">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>broadly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>broadly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Pt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>coarsely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>coarsely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="pt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>compact</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>compact </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Qt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>contiguous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>contiguous </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="qt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dense</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>dense </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Rt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>densely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>densely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="rt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>distinctly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>distinctly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="St">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>evenly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>evenly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="st">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>faintly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>faintly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Tt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>finely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>finely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="tt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>gradually</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>gradually </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Ut">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>irregular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>irregular </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ut">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>irregularly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>irregularly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Vt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>large</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>large </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="vt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>long</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>long </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Wt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>minute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>minute </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="wt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>minutely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>minutely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Xt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>narrow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>narrow </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="xt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>narrowly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>narrowly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Yt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obscurely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>obscurely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="yt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>prominent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>prominent </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Zt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>prominently</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>prominently </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="zt">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>regular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>regular </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="AU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>regularly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>regularly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="aU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>remotely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>remotely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="BU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rough</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>rough </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="bU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>rounded </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="CU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>short</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>short </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="cU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>short-</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>short-</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="DU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>shortly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>shortly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="dU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>slender</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>slender </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="EU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>slenderly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>slenderly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="eU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>small</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>small </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="FU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sparsely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>sparsely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="fU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>strong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>strong </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="GU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>strongly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>strongly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="gU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sub</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>sub </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="HU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sub-</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>sub-</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="hU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thick-</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>thick-</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="IU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thickly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>thickly</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="iU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thin-</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>thin-</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="JU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thinly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>thinly</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="jU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tiny</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>tiny </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="KU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>usually minute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>usually minute </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="kU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>velvety</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>velvety </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="LU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Morphology 2</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers>\r
+<Modifier id="lU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>elongate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>elongate </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="MU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>ovate </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="mU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pointed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>pointed </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="NU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>stiff</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>stiff </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="nU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>stiff-</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>stiff-</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="OU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>stiffly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>stiffly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="oU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>stout</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>stout </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="PU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>transversely</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>transversely </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="pU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>triangular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>triangular </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="QU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very short</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very short </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="qU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very slender</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very slender </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="RU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very slenderly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very slenderly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="rU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very small</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very small </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="SU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very strong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very strong </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="sU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very strongly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>very strongly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="TU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Operator</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers>\r
+<Modifier id="tU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>and</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>and </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="UU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>or</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>or </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="uU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>to</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>to </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="VU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>with </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept id="vU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Time</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Modifiers>\r
+<Modifier id="WU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at first</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at first </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="wU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at maturity</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>at maturity </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="XU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>briefly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>briefly </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="xU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>earlier</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>earlier </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="YU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>early</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>early </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="yU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>early ones</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>early ones </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="ZU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>first</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>first </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="zU">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>from the beginning</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>from the beginning </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Au">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>initially</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>initially </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="au">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>late</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>late </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Bu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>late ones</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>late ones </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="bu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lately</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>lately </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Cu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>later</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>later </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="cu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>soon</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>soon </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Du">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>when immature</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> when immature</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="du">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>when mature</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> when mature</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Eu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>when old</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> when old</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="eu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>when very old</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> when very old</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="Fu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>when very young</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> when very young</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+<Modifier id="fu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>when young</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase role="After"> when young</Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<ModifierClass>OtherModifierClass</ModifierClass>\r
+</Modifier>\r
+</Modifiers>\r
+</DescriptiveConcept>\r
+</DescriptiveConcepts>\r
+<Characters><!--Note: the following sequence of characters should not be considered informative; only hierarchy and order or characters in CharacterTrees should be displayed.-->\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Q">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>growth form <general></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="q">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tree</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="R">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>shrub</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="r">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette shrub</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="S">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dwarf shrub</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="s">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subshrub</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="T">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>herb</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="t">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette herb</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="w">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>growth form <lifetime></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="X">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>annual</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="x">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>biennial</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Y">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pauciennial</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="y">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>perennial</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Z">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>growth form <special></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="z">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scapose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Aa">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acaulescent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="aa">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cushion-forming</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ba">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rhizomatous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ba">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>climbing</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ca">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scoparious</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ca">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette <duration></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Da">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>disappers with growing of the flowering stem</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="da">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>height</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ga">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subterranean parts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ha">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with rhizome</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ha">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with taproot</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ia">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with secondary roots</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ia">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with tuberous roots</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="la">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>colour (overall)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ma">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Pa">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>indumentum</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pa">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qa">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>arachnoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qa">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ra">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ra">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>woolly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Sa">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sa">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ta">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glandular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ta">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ua">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispidulous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Xa">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>viscid or not</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xa">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>viscid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Ya">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rhizome <direction></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ya">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblique</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Za">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>horizontal</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="CB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rhizome <thickness></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>slender</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>strong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="dB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>taproot <diameter (approx.)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thick</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thin</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="hB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>taproot <branching></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>unbranched</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>branched</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="JB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>taproot <consistency></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tuberous</Label>\r
+<Detail>= swollen, fleshy</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lignified</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tough</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="LB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>caudex <woodiness></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>woody</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lignified</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="PB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>caudex <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="pB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>caudex <width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>vrai</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="QB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>caudex <surface structure></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>muricate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="RB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tuberculate</Label>\r
+<Detail>+- regular and distant structures</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>verrucose</Label>\r
+<Detail>irregular</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smooth</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>wrinkled</Label>\r
+<Detail>= rugose</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="TB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>caudex <consistency></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>swollen</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="UB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>caudex <branching></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>branched</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>simple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="vB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scape <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="yB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scape <branching></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ZB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>unbranched with a single head</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zB">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 2-4 heads</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ab">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>branched</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ab">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scape <posture></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Bb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>erect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>procumbent</Label>\r
+<Detail>lying down</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Cb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ascending</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>spreading-erect</Label>\r
+<Detail>=erecto-patent</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Db">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scape <section></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="db">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>angular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Eb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>triangular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>terete</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>compressed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ribbed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Gb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sulcate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>striate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Hb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scape <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ib">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reddish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ib">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brown</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>straw-coloured</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Kb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Lb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>black</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>whitish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Mb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scape <solidity></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hollow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Nb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>medullary</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="nb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scape <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ob">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ob">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Pb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabrid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabridulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>minutely scabrid</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>setose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Rb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glandular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="rb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <scapelike or not></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Sb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scapelike</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Vb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <number></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>1</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Wb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>2</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>several</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Xb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>numerous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="xb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <posture></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Yb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>erect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>procumbent</Label>\r
+<Detail>lying down</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Zb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ascending</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zb">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>spreading-erect</Label>\r
+<Detail>=erecto-patent</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="AC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <section></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="aC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>angular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>triangular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>terete</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subterete</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>compressed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ribbed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sulcate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>striate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>winged</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="FC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <solidity></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hollow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="GC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>medullary</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="gC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="HC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ivory-coloured</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>whitish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged brownish-purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="LC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pink</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brown</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>straw-coloured</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="NC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>black</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="OC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispid</Label>\r
+<Detail>stiff hairs</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispidulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>minutely hispid</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="QC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>arachnoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="RC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>spinulose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabrid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabridulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>minutely scabrid</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glandular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>fine, short, soft hair</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>woolly</Label>\r
+<Detail>= lanuginose</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="vC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <surface structure></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="WC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>muricate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tuberculate</Label>\r
+<Detail>+- regular and distant structures</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>verrucose</Label>\r
+<Detail>irregular</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smooth</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="YC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>wrinkled</Label>\r
+<Detail>= rugose</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>striate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="ZC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="zC">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <diameter (exact)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Ac">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <diameter (approx.)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ac">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>slender</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Bc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>robust</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="bc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <leafiness></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Cc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>densely leafy</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>leafless</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Dc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with the leaves reduced to scales</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="dc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <rooting or not></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ec">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rooting at the nodes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ec">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>not rooting at the nodes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Fc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <branching rate></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>weakly branched</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Gc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>strongly branched</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>unbranched with a single head</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Hc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>unbranched</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>branched</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ic">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 2-4 heads</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ic">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering stems <branching position></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>branched already from base</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>branched in upper half</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Kc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with branches in the axils of the lower leaves</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="kc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering branches <branching rate></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Lc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>weakly branched</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>strongly branched</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Mc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>simple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Pc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering branches <posture></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>erect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>procumbent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ascending</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Rc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>spreading-erect</Label>\r
+<Detail>=erecto-patent</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="rc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowering branches <diameter (approx.)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Sc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>slender</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<TextCharacter id="sc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>leaves <variability></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</TextCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Tc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>leaves <petiolate or not></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>petiolate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Uc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sessile</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="uc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>leaves <petiole length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Vc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>leaves <petiole section></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>winged</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Wc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>not winged</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flattened</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Xc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>broadened</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>canaliculate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Yc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves <in outline></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Zc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>elliptic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zc">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="AD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="aD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong-obovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="ED">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves <lamina length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="eD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves <lamina width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="FD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves <incision></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>entire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="GD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate-pinnatifid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate-pinnatisect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="HD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatifid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatisect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ID">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatipartite</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>runcinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pectinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="jD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves <margin></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>entire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ciliate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="LD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sinuate-dentate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subentire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dentate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>denticulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ND">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>serrate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>serrulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="OD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sinuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>spinose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>undulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="pD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="QD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="RD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>mucronate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>undulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="tD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves <base></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate</Label>\r
+<Detail>= tapering into a narrow base</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblique</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peltate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>amplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="WD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>semiamplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>petiole-like attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cuneate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>truncate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="YD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cordate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hastate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ZD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>auriculate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zD">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sagittate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ad">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>decurrent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ad">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Bd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Cd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Dd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispidulous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ed">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ed">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hirsute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="fd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves <lamina texture></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Gd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>papery</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>leathery</Label>\r
+<Detail>coriaceous</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Hd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thin</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thick</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Id">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves <colour (if concolourous)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="id">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Kd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves <upper surface colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ld">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ld">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Md">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="md">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Nd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Od">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves <lower surface colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="od">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Pd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Rd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Sd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves terminal lobe <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>broadly deltoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Td">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="td">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ud">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves terminal lobe <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Vd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Wd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Xd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="xd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves terminal lobe <relation></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Yd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>larger than lateral lobes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>as large as lateral lobes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Zd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smaller than lateral lobes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="zd">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves lateral lobes <number></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>vrai</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="aE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves lateral lobes <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>deltoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>broadly deltoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>narrowly deltoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="EE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rosette leaves lateral lobes <direction></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>retrorse</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="FE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>patent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>antrorse</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="GE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <number></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>absent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="HE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>0-1</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>0-2</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>1(-2)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>few</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>several</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>many</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ordinal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="mE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <in outline></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="NE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>elliptic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="OE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>circular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="QE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <lamina length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="qE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <lamina width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="RE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <incision></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>entire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subentire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatifid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatisect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>runcinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate-pinnatifid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate-pinnatisect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pectinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="WE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <margin></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>entire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dentate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>denticulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="YE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>serrate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>serrulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ZE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>undulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zE">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ciliate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ae">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lacerate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ae">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>revolute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Be">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="be">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ce">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ce">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="De">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="de">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ee">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>mucronate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ee">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <base></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fe">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cuneate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fe">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peltate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ge">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>amplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ge">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>semiamplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="He">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>petiole-like attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="he">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ie">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>truncate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ie">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Je">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cordate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="je">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hastate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ke">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>auriculate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ke">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sagittate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Le">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>decurrent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="le">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblique</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Me">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="me">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ne">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>floccose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ne">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Oe">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glandular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oe">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Pe">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pe">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qe">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with rigid, simple hairs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qe">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Re">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="re">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispidulous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Se">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispidulous-pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="se">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <lamina texture></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Te">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>papery</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="te">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>leathery</Label>\r
+<Detail>coriaceous</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ue">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thin</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ue">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thick</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Ve">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <colour (if concolourous)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ve">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="We">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="we">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Xe">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <upper surface colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xe">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ye">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>bluish-green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ye">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ze">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ze">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="AF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="aF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="bF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <lower surface colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>bluish-green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="FF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="GF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves terminal lobe <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="HF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>deltoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="IF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves terminal lobe <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="LF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves terminal lobe <relation></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>larger than lateral lobes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>as large as lateral lobes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smaller than lateral lobes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="NF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves lateral lobes <number (approx.)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>few</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="OF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>several</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>many</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very many</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="QF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves lateral lobes <number (exact)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>vrai</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="qF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves lateral lobes <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="RF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>deltoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="sF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves lateral lobes <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subtruncate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="WF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves lateral lobes <direction></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>retrorse</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>patent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>antrorse</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="YF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cauline leaves <relation></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smaller than rosette leaves</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ZF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>larger than rosette leaves</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zF">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>apically increasingly smaller</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Af">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reduced to scales</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="af">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>restricted to the bases of the stem</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Bf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>drying soon</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="bf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <relation></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Cf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reduced to scales</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>drying soon</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Df">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in rosette</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Gf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <number></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>0</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Hf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>0-1</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>0-2</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="If">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>1(-2)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="if">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>few</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>several</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>many</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Kf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>numerous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="kf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <in outline></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Lf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>elliptic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Mf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Nf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong-obovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="Of">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <lamina length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="of">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <lamina width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Pf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <incision></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>entire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pectinate</Label>\r
+<Detail>comblike</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subentire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Rf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatifid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatisect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Sf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatipartite</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>runcinate</Label>\r
+<Detail>having saw-toothed divisions directed backward</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Tf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate-pinnatifid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Uf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate-pinnatisect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="uf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <margin></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Vf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>entire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lacerate</Label>\r
+<Detail>irregularly lobed, as if torn</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Wf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>spinose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subentire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Xf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dentate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>denticulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Yf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>serrate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>serrulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Zf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>undulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zf">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ciliate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="AG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sinuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="aG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>mucronate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="EG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <base></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cuneate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="FG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peltate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>amplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="GG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>semiamplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>petiole-like attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="HG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>truncate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cordate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hastate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>auriculate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sagittate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>decurrent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblique</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="LG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>woolly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="NG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glandular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="OG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispidulous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="QG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="qG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <lamina texture></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="RG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>papery</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>leathery</Label>\r
+<Detail>coriaceous</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thin</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thick</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="TG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <colour (if concolourous)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brownish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="vG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <upper surface colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="WG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="YG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white-spotted</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ZG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zG">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Ag">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves <lower surface colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ag">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Bg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Cg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Dg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Eg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="eg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves terminal lobe <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>deltoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Gg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>elliptic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Hg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>circular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Ig">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves terminal lobe <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ig">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Kg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Lg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves terminal lobe <relation></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>larger than lateral lobes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Mg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>as large as lateral lobes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smaller than lateral lobes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Ng">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves lateral lobes <number (approx.)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ng">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>few</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Og">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>several</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="og">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>numerous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Pg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very many</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="Qg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves lateral lobes <number (exact)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="qg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves lateral lobes <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Rg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>deltoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Sg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Tg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves lateral lobes <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ug">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ug">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Vg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Wg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lower cauline leaves lateral lobes <direction></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>retrorse</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Xg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>patent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>antrorse</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Yg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <relation></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>apically increasingly smaller</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Zg">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reduced to scales</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="CH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <in outline></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>elliptic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="FH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <lamina length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="fH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <lamina width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="GH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <incision></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate-pinnatifid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="HH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate-pinnatisect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatifid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatisect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>runcinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pectinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="jH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <margin></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>entire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dentate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="LH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>serrate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>serrulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>denticulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>undulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="NH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ciliate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="nH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="OH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="QH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>mucronate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="RH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <base></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cuneate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peltate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>amplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>semiamplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>petiole-like attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>truncate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cordate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hastate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="WH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>auriculate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sagittate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>decurrent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblique</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="YH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ZH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="zH">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <lamina texture></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ah">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>papery</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ah">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>leathery</Label>\r
+<Detail>coriaceous</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Bh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thin</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thick</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Ch">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <colour (if concolourous)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ch">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Dh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Eh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <upper surface colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Gh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Hh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Ih">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves <lower surface colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ih">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Kh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Lh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Mh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves terminal lobe <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Nh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>deltoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Oh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves terminal lobe <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ph">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ph">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Rh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves terminal lobe <relation></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>larger than lateral lobes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Sh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>as large as lateral lobes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smaller than lateral lobes</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Th">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves lateral lobes <number (approx.)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="th">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>few</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Uh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>several</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>many</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Vh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very many</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="Wh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves lateral lobes <number (exact)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="wh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves lateral lobes <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Xh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>deltoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Yh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="yh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle cauline leaves lateral lobes <direction></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Zh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>retrorse</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zh">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>patent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="AI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>antrorse</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="aI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <number></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>absent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>0-1</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>0-2</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>1(-2)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>few</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>several</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>many</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="HI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <relation></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>apically increasingly smaller</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="II">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reduced to scales</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="iI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <in outline></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>elliptic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="LI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lanceolate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblanceolate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear-obovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="NI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <lamina length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="nI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <lamina width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="OI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <incision></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate-pinnatifid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate-pinnatisect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatifid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="QI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatisect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>runcinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="RI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pectinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="rI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <margin></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>entire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subentire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dentate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>serrate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>serrulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>denticulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>undulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ciliate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="WI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="YI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>mucronate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ZI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="zI">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <base></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ai">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cuneate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ai">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peltate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Bi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>amplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>semiamplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ci">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>petiole-like attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ci">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>truncate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Di">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="di">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cordate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ei">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hastate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ei">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>auriculate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sagittate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>decurrent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Gi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblique</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="gi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Hi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Ii">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <lamina texture></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ii">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>papery</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ji">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>leathery</Label>\r
+<Detail>coriaceous</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ji">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thin</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ki">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thick</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ki">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <colour (if concolourous)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Li">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="li">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Mi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="mi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <upper surface colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ni">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ni">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Oi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Pi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="qi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>upper cauline leaves <lower surface colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ri">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ri">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Si">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="si">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ti">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ti">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ui">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ui">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <number></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Vi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>0</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>0-1</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Wi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>0-2</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>1(-2)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Xi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>absent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>few</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Yi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>several</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yi">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>many</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="bJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <in outline></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>elliptic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong-deltoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="FJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>elliptic-ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="fJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <lamina length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="GJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <lamina width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="gJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <incision></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="HJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>entire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatifid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pinnatisect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>runcinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pectinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate-pinnatifid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lyrate-pinnatisect</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="kJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <margin></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="LJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>entire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>laciniate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>spinose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subentire</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="NJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dentate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>denticulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="OJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>serrate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>serrulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>undulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ciliate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="QJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lacerate</Label>\r
+<Detail>irregularly lobed, als if torn</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="qJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="RJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>mucronate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="UJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <base></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cuneate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peltate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>amplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="WJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>semiamplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>petiole-like attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>truncate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="YJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cordate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hastate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ZJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>auriculate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zJ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sagittate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Aj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>decurrent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="aj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblique</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Bj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Cj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Dj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <lamina texture></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>papery</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ej">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>leathery</Label>\r
+<Detail>coriaceous</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ej">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thin</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>thick</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="fj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <colour (if concolourous)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Gj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Hj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="hj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <upper surface colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ij">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ij">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Kj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Lj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="lj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <lower surface colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Mj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Nj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Oj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Pj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="pj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>middle and upper cauline leaves <relation></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>apically increasingly smaller</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reduced to scales</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Rj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>synflorescence <type></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>corymbiform</Label>\r
+<Detail>approaching a corymb (incl. e.g. subcorymbiform)</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Sj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>virgately branched</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>virgate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Tj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>condensed corymbiform</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>umbelliform</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Uj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>racemiform</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>spiciform</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Vj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>a syncalathium</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>paniciform</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Wj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>intricately branched spinose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>intricately branched</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="zj">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>synflorescence <number of heads (exact)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>vrai</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="AK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>synflorescence <number of heads (approx.)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="aK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 1 head</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with up to 5 heads</Label>\r
+<Detail>few</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 5 to 10 heads</Label>\r
+<Detail>several</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 11 to 50 heads</Label>\r
+<Detail>many = numerous</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with more than 50 heads</Label>\r
+<Detail>very many = very numerous (countless)</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with few heads</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with several heads</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with many heads</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ordinal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="eK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peduncle <length (exact)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>cm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="hK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peduncle <length (approx.)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>absent</Label>\r
+<Detail>heads sessile</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>very short</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>long</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="jK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peduncle <diameter (exact)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="KK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peduncle <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inflated at anthesis</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="LK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inflated at maturity</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inflated</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inflated and lignified at maturity</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subulate and spinescent after shedding of the head</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="NK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>capillaceous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>swollen</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="OK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hollow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="oK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peduncle <section></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sulcate in section</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>terete in section</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="QK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>angulate in section</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="qK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peduncle <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="RK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>floccose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glandular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>arachnoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="WK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispidulous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="wK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peduncle bracts <present or not></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>covered with bracts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>without bracts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="YK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peduncle bracts <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ZK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zK">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+<Detail>= blunt</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ak">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ak">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>mucronate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Bk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ck">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peduncle bracts <base></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Dk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cuneate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>peltate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ek">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>amplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ek">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>semiamplexicaul</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>truncate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Gk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cordate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hastate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Hk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>auriculate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sagittate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ik">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>decurrent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ik">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblique</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="Jk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>heads <number of flowers (exact)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>vrai</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Mk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>heads <number of flowers (approx.)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 1 flower</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Nk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with up to 5 flowers</Label>\r
+<Detail>few</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 6 to 10 flowers</Label>\r
+<Detail>several</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ok">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 11 to 50 flowers</Label>\r
+<Detail>many = numerous</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ok">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 50 to 100 flowers</Label>\r
+<Detail>very many = very numerous (countless)</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Pk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with more than 100 flowers</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="pk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>heads <nodding></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>nodding in bud</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>nodding at flowering</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Rk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>nodding at fruiting</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>nodding in bud and at fruiting</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Sk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>nodding</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<TextCharacter id="sk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>heads <flower colour not uniform></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</TextCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Tk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucre <shape at (+ after) flowering></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>campanulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Uk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cylindrical</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hemispherical</Label>\r
+<Detail>diameter equalling length</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Vk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>turbinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Wk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lengthened after flowering</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cylindric-campanulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="zk">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucre <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="AL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucre <diameter at flowering (exact)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="aL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucre <shape at fruiting></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>starwise spread</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>spreading</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reflexed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="cL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucre <arrangements of bracts></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at flowering clearly differentiated in imbricate short outer bracts and a row of subequal inner bracts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at flowering fully imbricate, with outer bracts gradually approaching the inner ones in length</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>at flowering clearly differentiated in few short outer bracts and a row of subequal inner bracts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with large ovate outer bracts in one row equalling the inner ones in length and with a third row of tiny bracts in between</Label>\r
+<Detail>Helminthotheca</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="FL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>uniseriate, with only one row of inner bracts</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>uniseriate, with only one row of inner bracts connate at their base</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="GL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>biseriate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="gL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucre <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="HL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glandular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispidulous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="LL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>floccose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="lL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucral bracts <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ML">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lanceolate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="NL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear-oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="OL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear-ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="rL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucral bracts <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="SL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucral bracts <width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="sL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucral bracts <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="vL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucral bracts <colour (if concolourous)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="WL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brown</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>black</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purplish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="YL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glaucous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ZL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucral bracts <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zL">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Al">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>arachnoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="al">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Bl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Cl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glandular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Dl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispid</Label>\r
+<Detail>= setose</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispidulous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="El">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>floccose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="el">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucral bracts <midrib></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>strong, prominent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>conspicuously pale</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Gl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucral bracts <margin></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>membranaceous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Hl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>minutely ciliate</Label>\r
+<Detail>ciliolate</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="hl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>involucral bracts margin <texture/colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Il">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scarious</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="il">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purplish scarious</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white scarious</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="jl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer involucral bracts <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Kl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>elliptic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ll">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ll">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ml">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>triangular-ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ml">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear-ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Nl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate-oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>deltoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="ol">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer involucral bracts <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="Pl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer involucral bracts <width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="pl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer involucral bracts <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ql">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ql">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Rl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Sl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="sl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer involucral bracts <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Tl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purplish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ul">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greenish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ul">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer involucral bracts <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Vl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>puberulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>= shortly pubescent</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Wl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Xl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glandular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Yl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispidulous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Zl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>arachnoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zl">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="AM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer involucral bracts <midbrib></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="aM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>strong, prominent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>conspicuously pale</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="bM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer involucral bracts <margin></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>minutely ciliate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>spinose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="DM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer involucral bracts <margin texture/colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scarious</Label>\r
+<Detail>= membraneous</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purplish scarious</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white scarious</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="FM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner involucral bracts <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="GM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="HM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear-oblong</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>linear-ovate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="iM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner involucral bracts <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="JM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner involucral bracts <width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="jM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner involucral bracts <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="LM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>mucronate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="NM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner involucral bracts <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purplish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="OM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greenish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blackish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="PM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner involucral bracts <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="QM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>woolly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>arachnoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="RM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glandular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispid</Label>\r
+<Detail>with stiff hairs or bristles</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>hispidulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>shortly hispid</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>papillose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="VM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner involucral bracts <midrib></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>strong, prominent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="WM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>conspicuously pale</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="wM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner involucral bracts <margin></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>minutely ciliate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="YM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner involucral bracts <margin texture/colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scarious</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ZM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purplish scarious</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zM">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white scarious</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="Am">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>receptacle <diameter (exact)></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Dm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>receptacle <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flat</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Em">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>slightly convex</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="em">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>convex</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>concave</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="fm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>receptacle <surface></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Gm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>alveolate</Label>\r
+<Detail>honeycombed</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>areolate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Hm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pitted</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>shortly ciliate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Im">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>receptacle <paleate or not></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="im">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with scales</Label>\r
+<Detail>with scales (= paleae) = paleate</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>without scales</Label>\r
+<Detail>= epaleate</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>bristly</Label>\r
+<Detail>with bristles</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Km">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>naked</Label>\r
+<Detail>lacking scales and bristles</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="km">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flowers <opening/closing time></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Lm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>opening at midday</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>closing before midday</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Mm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>closing soon after midday</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="om">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>corolla <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Pm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tubular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ligulate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="sm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>corolla <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Tm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>corolla <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Um">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged red externally</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="um">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple externally</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Vm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple at the apex</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellow, tinged coppery-red on lower surface</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Wm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellow, tinged greyish on lower surface</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Xm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reddish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ym">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>orange</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ym">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Zm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pink</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zm">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="AN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>violet</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="aN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>bicolourous, basal part of ligule and other part of tube blackish-red or blackish-brown, remainder yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="BN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>corolla <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with ciliate ligule teeth</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>fine, short, soft hair</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>puberulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>= shortly pubescent</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>woolly</Label>\r
+<Detail>= woolly</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>villose</Label>\r
+<Detail>long, soft hair</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="FN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="GN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>corolla tube <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="HN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>corolla tube <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>fine, short, soft hair</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>puberulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>= shortly pubescent</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>woolly</Label>\r
+<Detail>= lanuginose</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>villose</Label>\r
+<Detail>long, soft hair</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="LN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>corolla tube <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reddish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="NN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>orange</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ON">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pink</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purplish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>violet</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="QN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>corolla ligule <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="RN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>corolla ligule <width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="rN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>corolla ligule <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged red</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tinged purple</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oliv green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>streaked violet</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="uN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer flowers corolla tube <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="vN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer flowers corolla tube <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="WN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>fine, short, soft hair</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>puberulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>= shortly pubescent</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="YN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>woolly</Label>\r
+<Detail>= woolly</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>villose</Label>\r
+<Detail>long, soft hair</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ZN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zN">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="An">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer flowers corolla ligule <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="an">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer flowers corolla ligule <width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="Bn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner flowers corolla tube <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Cn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner flowers corolla tube <indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Dn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subglabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>fine, short, soft hair</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="En">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>puberulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>= shortly pubescent</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="en">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>woolly</Label>\r
+<Detail>= woolly</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>villose</Label>\r
+<Detail>long, soft hair</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrescent</Label>\r
+<Detail>gradually becoming hairless</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Gn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="gn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner flowers ligule <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="Hn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner flowers ligule <width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="hn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>anthertube <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="In">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="in">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellowish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brown</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Kn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>purplish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>black</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="nn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>anthertube <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="On">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>anthertube apical appendages <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="on">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Pn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subacute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obtuse</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>apiculate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>rounded</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Rn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="Sn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>anthertube apical appendages <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<TextCharacter id="sn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>anthertube basal appendages <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</TextCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="tn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>anthertube basal appendages <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="Un">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>style <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Xn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>style <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Yn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Maximum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Zn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Mean (= average)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zn">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Minimum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="AO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="aO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Maximum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Mean (= average)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Minimum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greenish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greyish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blackish-green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="FO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>style branches <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="GO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>style branches <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="HO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greenish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greyish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blackish-green</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blue</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="JO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <homomorphy></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>homomorphic</Label>\r
+<Detail>including minor gradual differences</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>heteromorphic</Label>\r
+<Detail>with structural differences</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dimorphic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="LO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>trimorphic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="OO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cylindrical</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cylindrical-obovoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>prismatic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="QO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>fusiform</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="RO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obovoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>turbinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cylindrical-fusiform</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="sO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <"straightness"></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>curved</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>straight</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="UO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <compression></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>laterally compressed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dorsally compressed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>compressed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="WO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="wO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="XO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <base></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with a tubular base of up to one third of the corpus length</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="YO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with a callose annulus</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with a funnel-shaped base</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ZO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>4-horned</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="zO">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <epidermis/indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ao">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smooth</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ao">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ciliate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Bo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Co">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabridulous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="co">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>papillose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Do">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="do">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Eo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>woolly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Fo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <surface structure></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>muricate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Go">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tuberculate</Label>\r
+<Detail>+- regular and distant structures</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="go">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>verrucose</Label>\r
+<Detail>irregular</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ho">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smooth</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ho">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>wrinkled</Label>\r
+<Detail>= rugose</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Io">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <section></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="io">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smooth</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>winged</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>angular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ko">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sulcate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ko">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subterete</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Lo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>terete</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="lo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Mo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brown</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brownish-yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="No">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greenish-yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="no">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blackish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Oo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greenish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellowish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Po">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="po">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reddish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>olive-grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>whitish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Ro">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <ribbing></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ro">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ribbed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="So">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with longitudinal ribs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="so">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <number of ribs></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="To">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <main ribs></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="to">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with two thick lateral main ribs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Uo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with four prominent main ribs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with five prominent main ribs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Vo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <secondary ribs></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with (1-)2 secondary ribs in between</Label>\r
+<Detail>in between the primary ribs</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Wo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with five secondary ribs in between</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="wo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Xo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>truncate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Yo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate into an ill-defined beak</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Zo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zo">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with a filiform beak</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="AP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with a stout beak</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="aP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes <apikal disk></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ending in a distinct apical disk</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="bP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes beak <absolute length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>vrai</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="cP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes beak <relative length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>shorter than</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>half as long as</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>forth as long as</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>about as long as</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="FP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>twice as long as</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>longer than</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="GP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>achenes beak <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>whitish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="HP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>of the same colour as the corpus</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="hP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cylindrical</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>prismatic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>fusiform</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obovoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>turbinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="LP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cylindric-fusiform</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="MP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <"straightness"></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>curved</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="NP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>straight</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="nP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <compression></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="OP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>laterally compressed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dorsiventrally compressed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>compressed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>straight</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="QP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>vrai</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="qP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="RP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <epidermis/indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="SP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabridulous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>papillose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smooth</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>woolly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pubescent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="WP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <surface structure></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>muricate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tuberculate</Label>\r
+<Detail>+- regular and distant structures</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>verrucose</Label>\r
+<Detail>irregular</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="YP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smooth</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>wrinkled</Label>\r
+<Detail>= rugose</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ZP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <section></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zP">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smooth</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ap">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>winged</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ap">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>angular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Bp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>sulcate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>terete</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Cp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subterete</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="cp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Dp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brown</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blackish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ep">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>olive-grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ep">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brownish-yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greenish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>stramineous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Gp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="gp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <ribbing></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Hp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ribbed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with longitudinal ribs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Ip">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smooth</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ip">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <main ribs></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 2 main ribs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 4 main ribs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Kp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 5 main ribs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="kp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <secondary ribs></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Lp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 2 secondary ribs in between</Label>\r
+<Detail>in between the primary ribs</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with five secondary ribs in between</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Mp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>truncate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Np">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="np">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate into an ill-defined beak</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Op">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with a stout beak</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="op">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with a filiform beak</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Pp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>oblique</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="qp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer achenes <pappose or not></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Rp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with pappus</Label>\r
+<Detail>= pappose</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>without pappus</Label>\r
+<Detail>= epappose</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Sp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <shape></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>cylindrical</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Tp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>prismatic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>fusiform</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Up">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ovoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="up">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>obovoid</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Vp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>turbinate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Wp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <"straightness"></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>curved</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Xp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>straight</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="xp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <compression></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Yp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>laterally compressed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dorsiventrally compressed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Zp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>compressed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="zp">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>vrai</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="AQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <width></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="aQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <epidermis/indumentum></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>glabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smooth</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabrous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="cQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabridulous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="DQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>papillose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tomentose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="EQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white-woolly</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pilose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="FQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <surface structure></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>muricate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="GQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>tuberculate</Label>\r
+<Detail>+- regular and distant structures</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>verrucose</Label>\r
+<Detail>irregular</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="HQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>smooth</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>wrinkled</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>transversely wrinkled</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="iQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <section></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>winged</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>angular</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>subterete</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>terete</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="LQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brown</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>blackish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>olive-grey</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="NQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brownish-yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greenish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="OQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellowish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="oQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <ribbing></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>ribbed</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with longitudinal ribs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="QQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <main ribs></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 2 main ribs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="RQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 4 main ribs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 5 main ribs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="SQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <secondary ribs></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 2 secondary ribs in between</Label>\r
+<Detail>in between the primary ribs</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="TQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with 5 secondary ribs in between</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="tQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <apex></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="UQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>truncate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>attenuate into an ill-defined beak</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acute</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="WQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>acuminate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with a filiform beak</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="XQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with a stout beak</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="xQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner achenes <pappose or not></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="YQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>with pappus</Label>\r
+<Detail>= pappose</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="yQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>without pappus</Label>\r
+<Detail>= epappose</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="ZQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus <homomorphy></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="zQ">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>heteromorphic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Aq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>dimorphic</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Dq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="dq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Eq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>whitish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brown</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Fq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brownish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>straw-coloured</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Gq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reddish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellow</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Hq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellowish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>greyish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Iq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus <arrangement></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>uniseriate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Jq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>biseriate</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="jq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Kq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus <persistence></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="kq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>persistent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Lq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>caducous</Label>\r
+<Detail>falling soon</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>caducous together with pappus disk</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Mq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus <texture></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>fragile</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Nq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>flexible</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="nq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus <type></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Oq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>absent</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>denticulate</Label>\r
+<Detail>with short teeth-like side projections</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Pq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>barbellate</Label>\r
+<Detail>with long-toothed side projections, few times longer than diameter of the bristle</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>plumose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Qq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>paleaceous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>of feather-like fimbriate bristles</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Rq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>of stiffly fimbriate bristles</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="rq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>of softly fimbriate bristles</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Sq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>of simple bristles</Label>\r
+<Detail>unspecified, non-plumose</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="sq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>of cottony hairs</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Tq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabrid</Label>\r
+<Detail>rough, with very short side projections (=fimbriae)</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="tq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabridulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>minutely scabrid</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="Uq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer pappus hairs <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="Vq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>outer pappus hairs <type></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabrid</Label>\r
+<Detail>rough, with very short side projections (=fimbriae)</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Wq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabridulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>minutely scabrid</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="wq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>denticulate</Label>\r
+<Detail>with short teeth-like side projections</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Xq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>barbellate</Label>\r
+<Detail>with long-toothed side projections, few times longer than diameter of the bristle</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="xq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>plumose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="Yq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>palaeceous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="yq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner pappus hairs <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="zq">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>inner pappus hairs <type></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="AR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabrid</Label>\r
+<Detail>rough, with very short side projections (=fimbriae)</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="aR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabridulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>minutely scabrid</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="BR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>denticulate</Label>\r
+<Detail>with short teeth-like side projections</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="bR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>barbellate</Label>\r
+<Detail>with long-toothed side projections, few times longer than diameter of the bristle</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="CR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>plumose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="cR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus of outer achenes <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="dR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus of outer achenes <type></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="ER">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabrid</Label>\r
+<Detail>rough, with very short side projections (=fimbriae)</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="eR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabridulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>minutely scabrid</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="FR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>denticulate</Label>\r
+<Detail>with short teeth-like side projections</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="fR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>barbellate</Label>\r
+<Detail>with long-toothed side projections, few times longer than diameter of the bristle</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="GR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>paleaceous</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="gR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>of simple bristles</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="HR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus of outer achenes <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="hR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="IR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brown</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="iR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brownish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="JR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>straw-coloured</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="jR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reddish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="KR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>yellowish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<QuantitativeCharacter id="kR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus of inner achenes <length></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Ratio</MeasurementScale>\r
+<ValuesAreInteger>faux</ValuesAreInteger>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementUnit>\r
+<Label>mm</Label>\r
+</MeasurementUnit>\r
+</QuantitativeCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="LR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus of inner achenes <type></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="lR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabrid</Label>\r
+<Detail>rough, with very short side projections (=fimbriae)</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="MR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>scabridulous</Label>\r
+<Detail>minutely scabrid</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="mR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>denticulate</Label>\r
+<Detail>with short teeth-like side projections</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="NR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>barbellate</Label>\r
+<Detail>with long-toothed side projections, few times longer than diameter of the bristle</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="nR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>plumose</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="OR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>pappus of inner achenes <colour></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="oR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>white</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="PR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brown</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="pR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>brownish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="QR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>straw-coloured</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="qR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>reddish</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+<TextCharacter id="RR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>source <based on></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</TextCharacter>\r
+<CategoricalCharacter id="UR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>synflorescence <position of heads></Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<States>\r
+<StateDefinition id="uR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>terminal</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="VR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>lateral</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+<StateDefinition id="vR">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>in the axils of the branches</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</StateDefinition>\r
+</States>\r
+<Assumptions>\r
+<MeasurementScale>Nominal</MeasurementScale>\r
+</Assumptions>\r
+</CategoricalCharacter>\r
+</Characters>\r
+<CharacterTrees>\r
+<CharacterTree>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Main character list</Label>\r
+<Detail>Default arrangement of characters; used for editing and identification purposes. Each character occurs only a single time and all characters should be present.</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<DesignedFor>\r
+<Role>DescriptionEditing</Role>\r
+<Role>InteractiveIdentification</Role>\r
+<Role>TerminologyReporting</Role>\r
+</DesignedFor>\r
+<ShouldContainAllCharacters>vrai</ShouldContainAllCharacters>\r
+<Nodes>\r
+<Node id="U">\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="d"/>\r
+</Node>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="U"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="Q"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="U"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Or"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="sS"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="w"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="U"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="sS"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="Z"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="U"/>\r
+<Character ref="ca"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="Ea">\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="M"/>\r
+</Node>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="Ea"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="sS"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper"/>\r
+<FormatPattern>## ##0</FormatPattern>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower"/>\r
+<FormatPattern>## ##0</FormatPattern>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Maximum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Max"/>\r
+<FormatPattern>## ##0</FormatPattern>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Mean (= average)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Mean"/>\r
+<FormatPattern>## ##0</FormatPattern>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Minimum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Min"/>\r
+<FormatPattern>## ##0</FormatPattern>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+</RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<Character ref="da"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="Ja">\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="l"/>\r
+</Node>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="Ja"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Or"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="ga"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="ma">\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="o"/>\r
+</Node>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="ma"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="sS"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="la"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="ua">\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="e"/>\r
+</Node>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="ua"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Or"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="sS"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Mt"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="Pa"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="ua"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="Xa"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="za">\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="L"/>\r
+</Node>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="za"/>\r
+<Character ref="Ya"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="za"/>\r
+<Character ref="CB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="FB">\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="c"/>\r
+</Node>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="FB"/>\r
+<Character ref="dB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="FB"/>\r
+<Character ref="hB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="FB"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="JB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="mB">\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="a"/>\r
+</Node>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="mB"/>\r
+<Character ref="LB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="mB"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Maximum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Max"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Mean (= average)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Mean"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Minimum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Min"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+</RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<Character ref="PB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="mB"/>\r
+<RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Maximum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Max"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Mean (= average)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Mean"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Minimum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Min"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+</RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<Character ref="pB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="mB"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="QB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="mB"/>\r
+<Character ref="TB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="mB"/>\r
+<Character ref="UB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="WB">\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="p"/>\r
+</Node>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="WB"/>\r
+<RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Maximum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Max"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Mean (= average)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Mean"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Minimum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Min"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+</RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<Character ref="vB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="WB"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Or"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="yB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="WB"/>\r
+<Character ref="ab"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="WB"/>\r
+<Character ref="Db"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="WB"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Or"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Ts"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="Hb"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="WB"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="Mb"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="WB"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Ts"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="nb"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="sb">\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="B"/>\r
+</Node>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<Character ref="rb"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Or"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="Vb"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="LU"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="xb"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Or"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="sS"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Mt"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="LU"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="AC"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<Character ref="FC"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="zR"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Or"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Ts"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="gC"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Or"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="sS"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Ts"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Mt"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="OC"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="vC"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="sS"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Maximum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Max"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Mean (= average)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Mean"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Minimum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Min"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+</RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<Character ref="ZC"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="sS"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Maximum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Max"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Mean (= average)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Mean"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Minimum value</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Min"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+</RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<Character ref="zC"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="sS"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="Ac"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Or"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="sS"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="vU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="bc"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<Character ref="dc"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Or"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="Fc"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="sb"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="Or"/>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="TU"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="ic"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="mc">\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="E"/>\r
+</Node>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="mc"/>\r
+<Character ref="kc"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="mc"/>\r
+<Character ref="Pc"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="mc"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<DescriptiveConcept ref="sS"/>\r
+</RecommendedModifiers>\r
+<Character ref="rc"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="mc"/>\r
+<RecommendedModifiers>\r
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+<FormatPattern>## ##0</FormatPattern>\r
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+<Representation>\r
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+<Measure type="Mean"/>\r
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+<Representation>\r
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+<Representation>\r
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+<Representation>\r
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+<Measure type="UMethUpper"/>\r
+<FormatPattern>## ##0</FormatPattern>\r
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+<Label>Maximum value</Label>\r
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+<Label>Maximum value</Label>\r
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+<Label>Maximum value</Label>\r
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+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Mean (= average)</Label>\r
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+<Measure type="Mean"/>\r
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+<Representation>\r
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+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
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+<Label>Maximum value</Label>\r
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+<Measure type="Max"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Mean (= average)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<Measure type="Mean"/>\r
+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<StatisticalMeasure>\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Minimum value</Label>\r
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+</RecommendedMeasures>\r
+<Character ref="qP"/>\r
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+<Label>Mean (= average)</Label>\r
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+</StatisticalMeasure>\r
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+</CharacterTree>\r
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+<Label>Definitions for natural language descriptions</Label>\r
+<Detail>Definitions (headings, character sequence, punctuation, etc.) for the creation of natural language descriptions based on coded descriptions.</Detail>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<DesignedFor>\r
+<Role>NaturalLanguageReporting</Role>\r
+</DesignedFor>\r
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+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Character ref="Q"/>\r
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+<Phrase><growth form lifetime></Phrase>\r
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+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Character ref="w"/>\r
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+<Phrase><growth form special></Phrase>\r
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+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Character ref="Z"/>\r
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+<Phrase>rosette <duration></Phrase>\r
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+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Character ref="ca"/>\r
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+<Phrase><p>{{{CapitalizeNextLetter}}}</Phrase>\r
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+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+</Node>\r
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+\r
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+<Phrase><height></Phrase>\r
+<Phrase role="After">high</Phrase>\r
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+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Character ref="da"/>\r
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+<Phrase><p>{{{CapitalizeNextLetter}}}</Phrase>\r
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+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+</Node>\r
+\r
+\r
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+<Parent ref="La"/>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase><subterranean parts></Phrase>\r
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+<Phrase role="LastDelim">, or </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Character ref="ga"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="Na">\r
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+<Phrase><p>{{{CapitalizeNextLetter}}}</Phrase>\r
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+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+</Node>\r
+\r
+\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="oa"/>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase><colour (overall)></Phrase>\r
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+<Phrase role="LastDelim">, or </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Character ref="la"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="Va">\r
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+<Phrase><p>{{{CapitalizeNextLetter}}}</Phrase>\r
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+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+</Node>\r
+\r
+\r
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+<Phrase><indumentum></Phrase>\r
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+<Phrase role="LastDelim">, or </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Character ref="Pa"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="wa"/>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>viscid or not</Phrase>\r
+<Phrase role="Delim">, </Phrase>\r
+<Phrase role="LastDelim">, or </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Character ref="Xa"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="AB">\r
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+<Phrase><p>{{{CapitalizeNextLetter}}}</Phrase>\r
+<Phrase role="After">.</p></Phrase>\r
+<Phrase role="Delim">; </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+</Node>\r
+\r
+\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="bB"/>\r
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+<Phrase>rhizome <direction></Phrase>\r
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+<Phrase role="LastDelim">, or </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Character ref="Ya"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="bB"/>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase>rhizome <thickness></Phrase>\r
+<Phrase role="Delim">, </Phrase>\r
+<Phrase role="LastDelim">, or </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Character ref="CB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<Node id="fB">\r
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+<Phrase><p>{{{CapitalizeNextLetter}}}</Phrase>\r
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+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+</Node>\r
+\r
+\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="HB"/>\r
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+<Phrase><b>taproot<diameter></b></Phrase>\r
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+<Phrase role="LastDelim">, or </Phrase>\r
+</NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Character ref="dB"/>\r
+</CharNode>\r
+<CharNode>\r
+<Parent ref="HB"/>\r
+<NaturalLanguage>\r
+<Phrase><b>taproot<branching></b></Phrase>\r
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+<Phrase role="LastDelim">, or </Phrase>\r
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+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Chondrilla juncea L.</Label>\r
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+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
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+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
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+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
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+<State ref="Xd"/>\r
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+<State ref="CE"/>\r
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+</Categorical>\r
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+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
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+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
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+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
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+<State ref="mq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Scariola tetrantha</i>)</Content>\r
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+</CodedDescription>\r
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+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lactuca viminea (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl</Label>\r
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+<State ref="T"/>\r
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+<State ref="x"/>\r
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+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="35"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="150"/>\r
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+</Categorical>\r
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+<State ref="ZJ"><Note>with long-decurrent auricles adnate to the stem</Note></State>\r
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+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
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+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
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+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10.5"/>\r
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+<State ref="Tq">\r
+<Modifier ref="wt"/>\r
+</State>\r
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+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Scariola viminea</i>)\r
+Jeffrey, C. 1975: Flora auf Turkey 5. - Edinburgh (as <i>Scariola viminea</i>)</Content>\r
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+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lactuca triquetra (Labill.) Boiss.</Label>\r
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+<State ref="iK"><Note>, covered with imbricate bracts</Note></State>\r
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+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
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+<Measure type="Mean" value="3.5"/>\r
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+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
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+<State ref="tq"/>\r
+<State ref="Pq">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
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+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Prenanthes triquetra</i>)</Content>\r
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+<Note>at the synflorescence branches</Note></State>\r
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+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="Gc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pc">\r
+<State ref="Rc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf">\r
+<State ref="Nf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="16"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="24"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vf">\r
+<Modifier ref="Is"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Xf">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BG">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="CG"/>\r
+<State ref="cG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="DJ"/>\r
+<State ref="EJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="fJ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GJ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="kJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="LJ"/>\r
+<State ref="nJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RJ"/>\r
+<State ref="rJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ZJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="vJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="vj"><Note>with many glabrous or glandular branches</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="35"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BL"/>\r
+<State ref="CL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Ml"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+<State ref="Rl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vl"/>\r
+<State ref="Wl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Note>(Modifier originally on value-less statistical measure Min:) c.</Note>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="kM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM">\r
+<State ref="pM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="VM">\r
+<State ref="vM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN">\r
+<State ref="EN">\r
+<Modifier ref="Os"/>\r
+<Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="in"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn">\r
+<State ref="DO"><Note>in dried specimen</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="jO">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hP" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="IP"/>\r
+<State ref="JP">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="MP" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mP"/>\r
+<State ref="NP">\r
+<Modifier ref="XS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qP">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="RP">\r
+<State ref="TP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gp">\r
+<State ref="Hp">\r
+<Modifier ref="Yt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mp"/>\r
+<State ref="Pp">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qp">\r
+<State ref="rp">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Wp">\r
+<State ref="Xp">\r
+<Modifier ref="XS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aQ">\r
+<State ref="cQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xQ">\r
+<State ref="YQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq">\r
+<Modifier ref="wt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r
+Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. Crepis L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Iu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Chondrilla juncea L. (2)</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="t"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="la">\r
+<State ref="Ma"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="aC"/>\r
+<State ref="CC"/>\r
+<State ref="DC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC">\r
+<Modifier ref="et"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="tC"/>\r
+<State ref="PC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="Gc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pc">\r
+<State ref="qc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Zc"/>\r
+<State ref="zc">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="aD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="13.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="4.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD">\r
+<State ref="GD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="lD"><Note>at lateral lobes</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="mD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD">\r
+<State ref="QD">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="UD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GE">\r
+<State ref="iE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE">\r
+<State ref="NE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QE">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qE">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="WE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wE"/>\r
+<State ref="xE">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+<Note>at lower leaves</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="IK"/>\r
+<State ref="iK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="zL"/>\r
+<State ref="Cl">\r
+<Modifier ref="Tt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="VM">\r
+<State ref="WM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"><Note>, minutely brownish-papillose</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="In"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="Pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="GO">\r
+<State ref="gO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="oO">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sO">\r
+<State ref="TO">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fo">\r
+<Modifier ref="RT"/>\r
+<Note>with an apical corona of small scales</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="Ho">\r
+<Modifier ref="OT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="zo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="bP">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Iq">\r
+<State ref="iq"><Note>, copious</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield\r
+Matthew, V. A. 1975: 128. Chondrilla L. – Pp. 812-814 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.\r
+Sell, P. D. 1976: 174. Chondrilla L., 175. Calycocorsus F. W. Schmidt, 176. Heteracia Fischer & C. A. Meyer, 177. Lapsana L., 178. Crepis L., 179. Hispidella Barnades ex Lam. & 180. Andryala L. – Pp. 343-358 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="iu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis paludosa (L.) Moench</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="25"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="CB">\r
+<State ref="DB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="HC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="iC">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>near the base (often)</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="jc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me">\r
+<State ref="me"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="se">\r
+<State ref="Ue"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xe">\r
+<State ref="xe">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bF">\r
+<State ref="CF">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Gf">\r
+<State ref="if"><Note>, soon disappearing</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf">\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="28"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Xf"/>\r
+<State ref="xf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="AG">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG">\r
+<State ref="BG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="hG">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="gG"><Note>to a winged petiole</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="CH">\r
+<State ref="EH"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jH" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KH"/>\r
+<State ref="kH">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nH" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="OH"/>\r
+<State ref="oH">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="RH" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="uH"/>\r
+<State ref="sH"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="iI">\r
+<State ref="JI"><Note>, or bract-like</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zj">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="25"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RK"/>\r
+<State ref="UK">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="uK">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="35"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="45"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="cL">\r
+<State ref="GL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="vL">\r
+<State ref="WL">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="zL">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="cl">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Rl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="GM">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="KM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wM">\r
+<State ref="XM">\r
+<Modifier ref="AT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Km"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="13"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="17"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn">\r
+<State ref="EO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="oO"><Note>, slightly narrowed upwards</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="Ao"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="eq">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Iq">\r
+<State ref="iq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="mq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22\r
+Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. Crepis L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.\r
+Sell, P. D. 1976:??###. – Pp. ??### in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Ju">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lactuca serriola L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="100"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="250"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="dB">\r
+<State ref="eB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hB">\r
+<State ref="iB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb">\r
+<Modifier ref="OU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC">\r
+<State ref="MC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+<State ref="PC">\r
+<Modifier ref="NT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="jc">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="nE">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="PE">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QE">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="22"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qE">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="RE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="TE"/>\r
+<State ref="tE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me">\r
+<State ref="me"><Note>except for the spinulose margins and undersurface of midrib</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ve">\r
+<State ref="we"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GF" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="gF"/>\r
+<State ref="HF"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="IF">\r
+<State ref="KF"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QF">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qF">\r
+<State ref="RF"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sF">\r
+<State ref="vF"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="xJ"/>\r
+<State ref="ZJ"><Note>with projecting blunt or acute auricles</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Uj">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+<Note>in depauperate plants</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AK">\r
+<State ref="cK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hK">\r
+<State ref="iK">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK">\r
+<State ref="RK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wK">\r
+<State ref="XK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YK">\r
+<State ref="zK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ck" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hk"/>\r
+<State ref="hk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="50"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+<State ref="Vk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Km"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="km">\r
+<State ref="lm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"><Note>(drying blue)</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN">\r
+<State ref="eN">\r
+<Modifier ref="CT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Pn"/>\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+<State ref="RO">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UO">\r
+<State ref="vO">\r
+<Modifier ref="GU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Note>(Originally on Max:) without beak</Note>\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="2.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="4.2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Co"/>\r
+<State ref="do">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Qo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ws"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="zo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aP">\r
+<State ref="BP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="bP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="GP">\r
+<State ref="gP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="ju">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Sonchus bulbosus (L.) N. Kilian & Greuter</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="t"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="55"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ia"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="rb">\r
+<State ref="Sb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC">\r
+<State ref="iC">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC">\r
+<Modifier ref="mT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="UC">\r
+<Modifier ref="QT"/>\r
+<Note>with black hairs</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ZC">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="13"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="50"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="60"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="gc">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Ic">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Zc"/>\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD">\r
+<State ref="iD">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="QD"/>\r
+<State ref="rD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="UD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad">\r
+<State ref="Bd"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fd">\r
+<State ref="Gd">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Id">\r
+<State ref="jd">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GE">\r
+<State ref="gE">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+<Note>, but sometimes 1-2 near the base</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mL"/>\r
+<State ref="NL">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="TL"/>\r
+<State ref="UL"/>\r
+<State ref="VL">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="zL"/>\r
+<State ref="cl">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ar"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Gl">\r
+<State ref="Hl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN">\r
+<State ref="EN">\r
+<Modifier ref="NT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="in"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oO"/>\r
+<State ref="QO">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="Co">\r
+<Modifier ref="wt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Xo"/>\r
+<State ref="xo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. Kew (as <i>Aetheorhiza bulbosa</i>)\r
+Sell, P. D. 1976: 165. Aetheorhiza Cass. – Pp. 326-327 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4 – Cambridge. (as <i>Aetheorhiza bulbosa</i> (L.) Cass.)</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Ku">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lactuca cyprica (Rech. f.) N. Kilian & Greuter</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Z">\r
+<State ref="Ba"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="40"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="50"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC">\r
+<Modifier ref="NT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="UC">\r
+<Modifier ref="qT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="Hc"><Note>except in the region of the synflorescence</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf">\r
+<State ref="Uf">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf">\r
+<State ref="Xf"><Note>at the lobes</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG">\r
+<State ref="lG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="vG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="WG">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="yG">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ag">\r
+<State ref="dg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="eg">\r
+<State ref="Gg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Qg">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qg">\r
+<State ref="Rg">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ZJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+<Note>with acute or rounded, entire or dentate auricles</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="vJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pj">\r
+<State ref="Qj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bK">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="cK">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Rl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tl"/>\r
+<State ref="Ul"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vl"/>\r
+<State ref="Xl">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="DM">\r
+<State ref="dM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="kM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="pM"/>\r
+<State ref="SM">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+<Note>, often turning blue, when dried</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN">\r
+<State ref="EN">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>at apex and papillose</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="in"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="Qn"><Note>with erose margin</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+<Note>, 5-angled</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="Co">\r
+<Modifier ref="wt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Fr"/>\r
+<Note>with dark brown longitudinal stripes</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ro">\r
+<State ref="So"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="yo"/>\r
+<State ref="Zo">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="zo">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="bP">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="mq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2 - Kew (as <i>Cephalorrhynchus cypricus</i>).</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="ku">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Cichorium endivia L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="60"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="170"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="dB">\r
+<State ref="eB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+<State ref="zb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC">\r
+<State ref="HC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ir"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+<State ref="uC"/>\r
+<State ref="VC">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="Gc">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+<Note>with divaricate branches</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mf"/>\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="45"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="18"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="qf"/>\r
+<State ref="Rf"/>\r
+<State ref="sf"/>\r
+<State ref="tf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf">\r
+<State ref="Zf">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+<Note>in cultivars</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BG">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="cG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="HJ"/>\r
+<State ref="hJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kJ">\r
+<State ref="NJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RJ"/>\r
+<State ref="sJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ZJ"><Note>, the auricles exceeding the stem-diameter</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="vJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pj">\r
+<State ref="Qj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="uj"/>\r
+<State ref="vj"><Note>with the lateral heads in dense clusters</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="0"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="KK">\r
+<State ref="nK">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+<State ref="kl">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+<State ref="Rl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AM">\r
+<State ref="BM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bM">\r
+<State ref="CM"><Note>with often remote cilia</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="gM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="kM"/>\r
+<State ref="LM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="XM"/>\r
+<State ref="xM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Hm">\r
+<Modifier ref="Os"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Km"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="xm">\r
+<Modifier ref="Fr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN">\r
+<State ref="dN"><Note>dorsally</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="19"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="6.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn">\r
+<State ref="eO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RO"/>\r
+<State ref="rO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="go">\r
+<Modifier ref="Rt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo"><Note>with darker marbling</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ro">\r
+<State ref="ro">\r
+<Modifier ref="Zt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="Xo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="Qq"><Note>with oblong or obovate, erose-laciniate scales</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield\r
+Kiers, A. M. 2000: Endivie, Chicory, and their wild relatives. A systematic amd phylogenetic study of <i>Cichorium</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Gorteria, Suppl. 5.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Lu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Cichorium intybus L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="200"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="dB">\r
+<State ref="EB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="JB">\r
+<State ref="KB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb">\r
+<Modifier ref="OU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="HC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ir"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="jC">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+<State ref="pC">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="fc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pc">\r
+<State ref="Rc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mf"/>\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="60"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="pf"/>\r
+<State ref="Rf"/>\r
+<State ref="sf"/>\r
+<State ref="Tf">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="IG">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mG"><Note>with glandular hairs above</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="OG">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>below</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ">\r
+<State ref="vJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="Hs"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Bj">\r
+<State ref="cj"><Note>on both sides</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pj">\r
+<State ref="Qj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="uj"><Note>with the heads terminal or in groups of 2-4-(-8) in the axils of upper leaves</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hK">\r
+<State ref="iK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="KK">\r
+<State ref="nK">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RK"/>\r
+<State ref="sK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="19"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="25"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Kl">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="kl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="16"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+<State ref="Rl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Wl"/>\r
+<State ref="Xl">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AM">\r
+<State ref="BM"><Note>, indurated</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bM">\r
+<State ref="CM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="16.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="kM"><Note>, somewhat hooded</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="pM"/>\r
+<State ref="SM">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Km"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="km">\r
+<State ref="Mm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="xm">\r
+<Modifier ref="Fr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="ym">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Zm">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="19"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+<State ref="qn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="6.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn">\r
+<State ref="eO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oO">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="RO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="go">\r
+<Modifier ref="Rt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo"><Note>with darker marbling</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ro">\r
+<State ref="ro">\r
+<Modifier ref="Rs"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="Xo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="Qq"><Note>with subacute, ovate, erose scales</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield\r
+Kiers, A. M. 2000: Endivie, Chicory, and their wild relatives. A systematic amd phylogenetic study of <i>Cichorium</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Gorteria, Suppl. 5.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="lu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Cichorium spinosum L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="s"/>\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="30"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bc">\r
+<State ref="cc">\r
+<Modifier ref="Xr"/>\r
+<Note>, bluntly spinose or spinescent</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="Gc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YF">\r
+<State ref="af">\r
+<Modifier ref="Xr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf">\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="14"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="pf"/>\r
+<State ref="sf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Tf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vf"/>\r
+<State ref="Xf">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+<Note>at lateral lobes</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG">\r
+<State ref="lG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="eg">\r
+<State ref="Fg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ig" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ig">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Kg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qg" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Rg"/>\r
+<State ref="rg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tg">\r
+<State ref="vg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pj">\r
+<State ref="Qj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="aK">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="BK"><Note>, lateral or in the axils of the branches, rarely terminal</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hK">\r
+<State ref="IK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+<State ref="kl">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+<State ref="ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul">\r
+<State ref="Vl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AM">\r
+<State ref="BM"><Note>, indurated</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="gM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="1.2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="kM"><Note>, slightly hooded</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM">\r
+<State ref="pM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="xm">\r
+<Modifier ref="Xr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="ym">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Zm">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bN"/>\r
+<State ref="cN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="7.2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="qn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oO"/>\r
+<State ref="rO">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="Bo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="go">\r
+<Modifier ref="wt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ro">\r
+<State ref="ro"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="Qq"><Note>with oblong, erose-laciniate scales</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew\r
+Kiers, A. M. 2000: Endivie, Chicory, and their wild relatives. A systematic amd phylogenetic study of <i>Cichorium</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>). – Gorteria, Suppl. 5.\r
+Sell, P. D. 1976: 145. Scolymus L., 146. Cichorium L., 147. Catananche L., 148. Rothmaleria Font Quer und 149. Hymenonema Cass. – Pp. 304-306 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Mu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis aspera L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="50"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="70"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="la">\r
+<State ref="Ma"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC">\r
+<State ref="JC">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+<Note>towards base</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+<State ref="PC"><Note>with yellowish or black-based bristles</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mf"/>\r
+<State ref="mf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="24"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf">\r
+<State ref="Rf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf">\r
+<State ref="xf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BG"/>\r
+<State ref="CG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="JG">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="fG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="lG"/>\r
+<State ref="oG">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qg" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Rg"/>\r
+<State ref="rg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gJ">\r
+<State ref="IJ"><Note>-laciniate</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ZJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="vJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pj">\r
+<State ref="qj"><Note>upwards</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mk">\r
+<State ref="ok"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl">\r
+<Modifier ref="ot"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vl"/>\r
+<State ref="xl"><Note>at the midrib</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="DM">\r
+<State ref="dM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="fM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="KM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM">\r
+<State ref="sM"><Note>at the keeled midrib</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Gm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN">\r
+<State ref="fN">\r
+<Modifier ref="FU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="SN"><Note>on outer face</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="in"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="on"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="jO"><Note>with all like inner achenes</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="MP" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mP"/>\r
+<State ref="NP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nP">\r
+<State ref="OP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="RP">\r
+<State ref="SP">\r
+<Modifier ref="wt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZP">\r
+<State ref="Ap"><Note>with 2 narrow, longitudinal dorsal wings and a broader ventral wing</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="cp" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Fp"/>\r
+<State ref="fp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp">\r
+<State ref="np"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Sp">\r
+<State ref="tp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Wp" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wp">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Xp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AQ">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aQ">\r
+<State ref="cQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="iQ">\r
+<State ref="KQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LQ">\r
+<State ref="lQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="oQ">\r
+<State ref="PQ">\r
+<Modifier ref="Zt"/>\r
+<Note>with 10 ribs</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tQ">\r
+<State ref="VQ"><Note>about 2.5 mm long</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq">\r
+<Modifier ref="wt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="mu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis foetida L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="y">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="70"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+<State ref="zb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="SC"/>\r
+<State ref="pC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf">\r
+<State ref="Nf"><Note>, forming a loose rosette</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Rf"/>\r
+<State ref="sf">\r
+<Modifier ref="ut"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Tf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vf"/>\r
+<State ref="xf"/>\r
+<State ref="vf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BG"/>\r
+<State ref="CG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mG"/>\r
+<State ref="PG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="CJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="cJ"/>\r
+<State ref="DJ"/>\r
+<State ref="dJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="hJ"/>\r
+<State ref="IJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="ut"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="iJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="LJ"/>\r
+<State ref="QJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="xJ"/>\r
+<State ref="ZJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="KK">\r
+<State ref="nK">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+<Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RK"/>\r
+<State ref="WK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mk" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ok"/>\r
+<State ref="Pk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tk">\r
+<Modifier ref="ot"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="vL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="WL"/>\r
+<State ref="xL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Cl">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="cl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Kl">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="ll"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fM"/>\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="kM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM">\r
+<State ref="tM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="VM">\r
+<State ref="vM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+<State ref="hm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="im">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+<Note>, 5-7 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="Km"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bN"/>\r
+<State ref="dN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="SN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="in"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn">\r
+<State ref="cO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO">\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="bP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hP">\r
+<State ref="JP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="MP">\r
+<State ref="mP">\r
+<Modifier ref="Os"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QP">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qP">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="RP">\r
+<State ref="SP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="cp">\r
+<State ref="Dp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gp">\r
+<State ref="hp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp">\r
+<State ref="np"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qp" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Rp"/>\r
+<State ref="rp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Wp">\r
+<State ref="Xp">\r
+<Modifier ref="XS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AQ">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aQ">\r
+<State ref="cQ">\r
+<Modifier ref="wt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LQ">\r
+<State ref="lQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="oQ">\r
+<State ref="pQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tQ">\r
+<State ref="wQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xQ">\r
+<State ref="YQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="kq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge\r
+Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Nu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis fraasii Sch. Bip.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="20"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="50"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="70"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="aC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC">\r
+<State ref="kC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Hr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="SC">\r
+<Modifier ref="qT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="QC">\r
+<Modifier ref="NT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ac">\r
+<State ref="ac"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="fc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="jc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pc">\r
+<State ref="Rc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mf"/>\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="22"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="0.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf">\r
+<State ref="Uf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vf"/>\r
+<State ref="Xf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mG"/>\r
+<State ref="OG">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="PG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="eg">\r
+<State ref="Gg">\r
+<Modifier ref="ot"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ig" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ig"/>\r
+<State ref="Kg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Lg">\r
+<State ref="lg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ng">\r
+<State ref="og"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qg">\r
+<State ref="Rg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tg" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tg"/>\r
+<State ref="vg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ui" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Xi"/>\r
+<State ref="xi"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="DJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="dJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="NJ"/>\r
+<State ref="lJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qJ">\r
+<State ref="rJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ">\r
+<State ref="ZJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="nt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pj">\r
+<State ref="qj">\r
+<Modifier ref="Et"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="11"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BL"/>\r
+<State ref="CL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="JL">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>towards base</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="jL">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sl">\r
+<State ref="tl">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="DM">\r
+<State ref="dM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="lM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="NM">\r
+<State ref="nM">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Km"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="kN">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="SN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="In"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sO">\r
+<State ref="TO">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="Xo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Kamari, G. 1991: 39. Crepis L. - Pp. 576-595 in: Strid, A. & Tan K. (ed.), Mountain Flora of Greece 2. – Edinburgh.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="nu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis micrantha Czerep.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="80"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pa" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="pa"/>\r
+<State ref="Sa">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Ua">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FC">\r
+<State ref="fC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="HC"/>\r
+<State ref="kC">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+<Note>in the lower part</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ac">\r
+<State ref="ac"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kc">\r
+<State ref="Lc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pc">\r
+<State ref="Rc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mf"/>\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Rf"/>\r
+<State ref="rf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Xf">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="vf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BG"/>\r
+<State ref="CG">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mG"/>\r
+<State ref="PG"/>\r
+<State ref="pG">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="DJ"/>\r
+<State ref="EJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="fJ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GJ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="kJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="LJ"/>\r
+<State ref="NJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RJ"/>\r
+<State ref="rJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ZJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="zJ"/>\r
+<State ref="vJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AK">\r
+<State ref="EK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RK"/>\r
+<State ref="VK">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+<State ref="ll"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="yl">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Zl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="gM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="kM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="TM">\r
+<Modifier ref="FU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="UM">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Gm">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="kN"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="SN"><Note>externally</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="in"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oO">\r
+<Modifier ref="Is"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="TO">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="tO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="Co">\r
+<Modifier ref="wt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="mo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ro">\r
+<State ref="So"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="Xo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tq"/>\r
+<State ref="Pq">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR 29, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Ou">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis palaestina (Boiss.) Bornm.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="80"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bC"/>\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+<State ref="EC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC">\r
+<State ref="kC">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+<State ref="pC"/>\r
+<State ref="QC">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ac">\r
+<State ref="ac"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mf"/>\r
+<State ref="Nf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tf"/>\r
+<State ref="Uf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vf"/>\r
+<State ref="xf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mG"/>\r
+<State ref="OG">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="PG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ig" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="jg"/>\r
+<State ref="Kg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Lg">\r
+<State ref="lg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qg">\r
+<State ref="Rg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tg" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Ug"/>\r
+<State ref="vg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ">\r
+<State ref="DJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="fJ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GJ">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="kJ">\r
+<State ref="nJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ZJ"><Note>with broad, blunt auricles</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="vJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pj">\r
+<State ref="qj">\r
+<Modifier ref="AT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+<State ref="vj">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="KK">\r
+<State ref="nK"><Note>at apex just below heads</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="sK"/>\r
+<State ref="tK">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="25"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="65"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tk">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="16"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vl"/>\r
+<State ref="Wl">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="DM">\r
+<State ref="dM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="16"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="kM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM">\r
+<State ref="RM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="VM">\r
+<State ref="vM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="jN">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>towards apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="in"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO">\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hP">\r
+<State ref="JP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nP">\r
+<State ref="oP">\r
+<Modifier ref="GU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QP">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qP">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="RP">\r
+<State ref="SP">\r
+<Modifier ref="wt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZP">\r
+<State ref="Ap">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="cp">\r
+<State ref="Dp">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gp" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hp">\r
+<Modifier ref="Tt"/>\r
+<Note>on ventral surface</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="Ip">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>on dorsal surface</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qp" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Rp"/>\r
+<State ref="rp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Sp">\r
+<State ref="tp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Wp">\r
+<State ref="Xp">\r
+<Modifier ref="XS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AQ">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aQ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bQ"/>\r
+<State ref="cQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="iQ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KQ"/>\r
+<State ref="kQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LQ">\r
+<State ref="lQ">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="oQ">\r
+<State ref="pQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tQ">\r
+<State ref="UQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xQ">\r
+<State ref="YQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="kq"/>\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="ou">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis reuteriana Boiss.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="75"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb">\r
+<State ref="Xb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="aC"/>\r
+<State ref="bC"/>\r
+<State ref="EC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC">\r
+<State ref="kC">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"><Note>above</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="pC">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="QC">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+<Note>towards the base</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ac">\r
+<State ref="ac"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="fc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="jc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pc">\r
+<State ref="Rc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="zc">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD">\r
+<State ref="iD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bd"/>\r
+<State ref="dd"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Id">\r
+<State ref="Jd"><Note>at petiole</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Sd">\r
+<State ref="sd"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ud" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vd"/>\r
+<State ref="wd"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EE">\r
+<State ref="eE">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GE">\r
+<State ref="gE"><Note>or much reduced</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="NE"/>\r
+<State ref="oE">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="WE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wE"/>\r
+<State ref="XE">\r
+<Modifier ref="FU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RK"/>\r
+<State ref="rK">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ns"/>\r
+<Note>at the very apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="20"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="40"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tk">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bL"/>\r
+<State ref="CL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Rl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vl"/>\r
+<State ref="vl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="DM">\r
+<State ref="eM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="kM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="NM">\r
+<State ref="nM">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM">\r
+<State ref="tM">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+<Note>on upper half</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="gm">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="hm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="kN"><Note>towards apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="in"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="11"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sO">\r
+<State ref="tO">\r
+<Modifier ref="XS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Fr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="No"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ro">\r
+<State ref="ro">\r
+<Modifier ref="Rs"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="Xo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r
+Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Pu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis sancta (L.) Bornm.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="t"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="55"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="65"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rb">\r
+<State ref="Sb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+<State ref="zb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="SC"/>\r
+<State ref="UC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="gc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"><Note>near apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"/>\r
+<State ref="aD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="gD"/>\r
+<State ref="HD"/>\r
+<State ref="iD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="lD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="QD">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="rD"/>\r
+<State ref="SD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Bd"/>\r
+<State ref="dd">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>especially along midrib and nerves</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="gE"/>\r
+<State ref="iE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YF">\r
+<State ref="Af"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="aK">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="BK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RK"/>\r
+<State ref="uK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="14"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="60"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aL">\r
+<State ref="CL">\r
+<Modifier ref="GU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+<State ref="ll">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Wl"/>\r
+<State ref="Xl">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="DM">\r
+<State ref="dM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="kM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="pM">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="SM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="im"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="jN"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="SN">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="in"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="cO"/>\r
+<State ref="DO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+<State ref="LO">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hP">\r
+<State ref="IP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZP" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="zP"/>\r
+<State ref="Ap">\r
+<Modifier ref="Xr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Bp">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>dorsally</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="cp" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fp"/>\r
+<State ref="Gp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp">\r
+<State ref="mp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qp" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Rp">\r
+<Modifier ref="FU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="rp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Sp">\r
+<State ref="tp">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AQ">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aQ">\r
+<State ref="cQ">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LQ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="lQ"/>\r
+<State ref="nQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tQ">\r
+<State ref="UQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r
+Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. Crepis L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="pu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis zacintha (L.) Loisel.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="t"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="20"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="40"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pa" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="qa"/>\r
+<State ref="Ua">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="vb"/>\r
+<State ref="Wb">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+<State ref="zb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bC"/>\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+<State ref="EC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>above</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="uC"><Note>below</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fc"/>\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="jc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc">\r
+<State ref="BD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="16"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD">\r
+<State ref="hD">\r
+<Modifier ref="ut"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD">\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ud">\r
+<State ref="wd"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xd">\r
+<State ref="Yd"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GE">\r
+<State ref="iE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ee">\r
+<State ref="Ke">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+<Note>with acute auricles</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YF">\r
+<State ref="Af">\r
+<Modifier ref="AT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="KK">\r
+<State ref="OK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="30"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"><Note>, becoming indurated and incurved in fruit, enveloping the outer achenes</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Nl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vl"/>\r
+<State ref="Yl">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="DM">\r
+<State ref="dM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="HM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="LM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM">\r
+<State ref="uM">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+<Note>and hooded</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="gm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Km"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="kN">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="SN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="In"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO">\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nP">\r
+<State ref="OP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="RP">\r
+<State ref="vP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZP">\r
+<State ref="Ap"><Note>with 2 narrow, longitudinal ventral wings</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp">\r
+<State ref="Qp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Wp">\r
+<State ref="wp">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xp">\r
+<State ref="Yp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AQ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aQ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BQ"/>\r
+<State ref="cQ">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LQ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="lQ"/>\r
+<State ref="OQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="oQ">\r
+<State ref="pQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tq"/>\r
+<State ref="Pq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r
+Lamond, J. M. 1975: 129. Crepis L. – Pp. 814-696. in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Qu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Geropogon hybridus (L.) Sch. Bip.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="40"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="80"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC">\r
+<State ref="oC">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fc"/>\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE">\r
+<State ref="NE">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+<Note>, grass-like</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QE">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="18"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qE">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Be">\r
+<State ref="ce"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ee" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Ge"/>\r
+<State ref="ge"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="me"/>\r
+<State ref="qe"><Note>at base</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="KK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="nK"><Note>below heads</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="OK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mL"/>\r
+<State ref="OL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="rL">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="30"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="SL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="sL">\r
+<State ref="uL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL">\r
+<State ref="zL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Zm"/>\r
+<State ref="AN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="hN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="Kn">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="Pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO">\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oO"/>\r
+<State ref="QO">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="zo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="bP">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="gp">\r
+<State ref="Ip"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="oQ">\r
+<State ref="PQ">\r
+<Modifier ref="Zt"/>\r
+<Note>with 10 ribs</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="cR">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="dR">\r
+<State ref="eR"><Note>, consisting of 5 unequal awns</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="kR">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="18"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="LR">\r
+<State ref="nR"><Note>, consisting of 20 unequal bristles</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield. \r
+Matthew, V. A. 1975: 104. Geropogon – Pp. 668-669 in: Davis, P.H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="qu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+<State ref="Y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="80"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pa">\r
+<State ref="ta"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="DC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="lf"/>\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vf"/>\r
+<State ref="Xf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BG"/>\r
+<State ref="CG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="cJ"/>\r
+<State ref="dJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qJ">\r
+<State ref="RJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ">\r
+<State ref="WJ"><Note>with shortly projecting auricles</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk">\r
+<Modifier ref="ot"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="18"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="18"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Rl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul">\r
+<State ref="xl"><Note>at margins and midrib</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="18"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM">\r
+<State ref="sM"><Note>at midrib</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Jm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="hN"><Note>below</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="kN">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="sN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn">\r
+<State ref="DO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO">\r
+<State ref="kO"><Note>, the outer achenes a little longer than the inner ones, with a shorter pappus</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oO"/>\r
+<State ref="RO">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UO">\r
+<State ref="vO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="Bo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="ho">\r
+<Modifier ref="PU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Fr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="zo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="bP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="4.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="pq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Tadesse, M. 2004: 27. Helminthotheca - Pp. 71 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Ru">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Hypochaeris achyrophorus L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="40"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bc">\r
+<State ref="cc">\r
+<Modifier ref="Is"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="aD"/>\r
+<State ref="BD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="lD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rD"/>\r
+<State ref="SD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad">\r
+<State ref="dd"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lL">\r
+<State ref="mL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL">\r
+<State ref="Dl">\r
+<Modifier ref="Rt"/>\r
+<Note>dorsally</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KM"/>\r
+<State ref="kM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="im"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="hN"><Note>below</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="kN">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="in"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="GO">\r
+<State ref="gO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO">\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="SO">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="ho">\r
+<Modifier ref="PU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="MP">\r
+<State ref="mP">\r
+<Modifier ref="Os"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QP">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qP">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp">\r
+<State ref="Np"><Note>, but not beaked</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qp">\r
+<State ref="rp">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+<Note>, remaining enveloped in the persistant inner involucral bracts</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Wp">\r
+<State ref="Xp">\r
+<Modifier ref="XS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AQ">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="tQ">\r
+<State ref="wQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xQ">\r
+<State ref="YQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="Fq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Uq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vq">\r
+<State ref="Wq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="yq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zq">\r
+<State ref="CR"><Note>with fragile pinnules distinctly flattened and shortly connate at base</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="ru">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Hypochaeris glabra L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="t"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="25"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="80"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="vb"/>\r
+<State ref="wb">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+<State ref="Zb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="cc"/>\r
+<State ref="Dc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fc"/>\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="zc"/>\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD">\r
+<State ref="HD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="lD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+<State ref="OD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="qD"/>\r
+<State ref="rD"/>\r
+<State ref="SD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bd"/>\r
+<State ref="dd"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YF">\r
+<State ref="Af"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="wk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="13"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="gL">\r
+<State ref="HL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KM"/>\r
+<State ref="kM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="im"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="hN"><Note>below</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="kN">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="in"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn">\r
+<State ref="cO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO">\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hP">\r
+<State ref="IP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QP">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qP">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="WP">\r
+<State ref="wP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="cp">\r
+<State ref="Dp">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gp">\r
+<State ref="hp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mp"/>\r
+<State ref="op">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="tQ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="UQ"/>\r
+<State ref="wQ"><Note>, 4-6 mm long</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+<State ref="Fq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Uq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Wq"/>\r
+<State ref="Xq">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="xq">\r
+<Modifier ref="FU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="yq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zq">\r
+<State ref="CR">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Su">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lactuca saligna L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="y">\r
+<Modifier ref="vS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="65"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+<State ref="zb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC">\r
+<State ref="IC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+<State ref="PC"><Note>in the lower part</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"><Note>from near the base</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="OE"/>\r
+<State ref="PE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QE">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qE">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="RE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rE"/>\r
+<State ref="TE"/>\r
+<State ref="UE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="WE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wE"/>\r
+<State ref="xE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ee">\r
+<State ref="He"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="me"/>\r
+<State ref="oe">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+<Note>below</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ve">\r
+<State ref="we"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GF">\r
+<State ref="HF"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="IF">\r
+<State ref="iF"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QF">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qF">\r
+<State ref="rF"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="zI">\r
+<State ref="ei"><Note>with acute auricles</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="uj"/>\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK">\r
+<State ref="RK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wK">\r
+<State ref="XK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="11"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="16"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="Uk">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="gL">\r
+<State ref="HL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hl">\r
+<State ref="Jl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Ll"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="HM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="kM"/>\r
+<State ref="LM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Jm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+<Note>(often drying blue)</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="KN"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="sN">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+<Note>, reddish or bluish</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="SO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UO">\r
+<State ref="vO">\r
+<Modifier ref="GU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="Co"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Po">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ws"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="zo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="mq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Chung, K.-F. 2006: 39. <i>Lactuca</i> L. - Pp. 363-371 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.\r
+Feráková, V. 1977: The Genus <i>Lactuca</i> in Europe – Bratislava.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="su">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Launaea fragilis (Asso) Pau</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="40"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="60"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JB" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KB"/>\r
+<State ref="kB">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="sc">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"/>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="yc"/>\r
+<State ref="zc">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD">\r
+<State ref="HD">\r
+<Modifier ref="ut"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD">\r
+<Modifier ref="ut"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="WD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="RE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rE">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="TE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ee">\r
+<State ref="Ke">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="HI" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="hI"/>\r
+<State ref="II">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>apically</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="20"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="60"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="gL">\r
+<State ref="HL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="vL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="xL"/>\r
+<State ref="YL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hl">\r
+<State ref="Il"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+<State ref="ll">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bM">\r
+<State ref="CM">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="hM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+<State ref="um">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="16"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.4"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="2.2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.2"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="Pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Sn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="tn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="GO">\r
+<State ref="gO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO">\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3.9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8.2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="XO">\r
+<State ref="ZO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="Xo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="MP">\r
+<State ref="mP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nP">\r
+<State ref="PP">\r
+<Modifier ref="Os"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="RP">\r
+<State ref="vP"><Note>of hyaline papillae</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ip">\r
+<State ref="Kp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kp">\r
+<State ref="Lp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Sp">\r
+<State ref="sp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xp">\r
+<State ref="Zp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aQ">\r
+<State ref="BQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FQ">\r
+<State ref="HQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LQ">\r
+<State ref="lQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="QQ">\r
+<State ref="RQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="SQ">\r
+<State ref="sQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZQ">\r
+<State ref="Aq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="kq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="zq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="aR"/>\r
+<State ref="bR">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Kilian, N. 1997: Revision of Launaea Cass. (Compositae, Lactuceae, Sonchinae). – Englera 17.\r
+Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Launaea resedifolia</i>)</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Tu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Leontodon tuberosus L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="t"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="50"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ia"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="rb">\r
+<State ref="Sb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="gc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc">\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="fD"/>\r
+<State ref="iD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="QD"/>\r
+<State ref="rD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad">\r
+<State ref="dd"><Note>with 2-3 branched bristles</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GE">\r
+<State ref="gE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pk">\r
+<State ref="Sk"><Note>before anthesis</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="18"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="gL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="hL"/>\r
+<State ref="kL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"/>\r
+<State ref="nL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tL"/>\r
+<State ref="UL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Gl">\r
+<State ref="gl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="18"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="kN"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="TN">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+<Note>externally</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="in"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="GO">\r
+<State ref="gO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO">\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hP">\r
+<State ref="LP"><Note>, partly enveloped by the persistent inner involucral bracts</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="MP">\r
+<State ref="mP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qP">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="WP">\r
+<State ref="yP">\r
+<Modifier ref="PU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gp">\r
+<State ref="hp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mp"/>\r
+<State ref="op"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qp">\r
+<State ref="Rp"><Note>of lacerate, yellowish scales about 0.8 mm long</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Sp">\r
+<State ref="tp">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Wp">\r
+<State ref="wp">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AQ">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FQ">\r
+<State ref="fQ">\r
+<Modifier ref="PU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LQ">\r
+<State ref="lQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="oQ">\r
+<State ref="pQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tQ">\r
+<State ref="wQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xQ">\r
+<State ref="YQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZQ">\r
+<State ref="Aq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+<State ref="Hq">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Uq">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vq">\r
+<State ref="Xq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="yq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zq">\r
+<State ref="CR"><Note>, somewhat dilated into a scaly base</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Kupicha, F. K. 1975: 106. Leontodon – Pp. 671-678 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="tu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Picris rhagadioloides (L.) Desf.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="t"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="20"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="80"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pa">\r
+<State ref="ta"><Note>with 2-barbed bristles with some sparse woolly hairs</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="DC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ds"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC">\r
+<State ref="PC"><Note>with 2-4(-5)-barbed bristles intermixed with a much shorter indumentum</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc">\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD">\r
+<State ref="LD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rD"/>\r
+<State ref="SD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad">\r
+<State ref="dd">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>on both surfaces</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GE">\r
+<State ref="iE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="OE">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="PE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QE">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qE">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="WE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wE"/>\r
+<State ref="XE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Be" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="be"/>\r
+<State ref="Ce"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ee">\r
+<State ref="Ke"><Note>with short, rounded projecting auricles</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me">\r
+<State ref="re"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk">\r
+<Modifier ref="ot"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hl">\r
+<State ref="Il">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Ll">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="sl">\r
+<State ref="Tl">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul">\r
+<State ref="xl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="gM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="lM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="NM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="nM"/>\r
+<State ref="oM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM">\r
+<State ref="sM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+<State ref="em">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Hm">\r
+<Modifier ref="Os"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Jm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+<State ref="zm"><Note>externally</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="kN"><Note>near apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="jO"/>\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sO">\r
+<State ref="TO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ro">\r
+<State ref="ro"><Note>transversely</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="Yo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="MP">\r
+<State ref="mP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="WP">\r
+<State ref="yP">\r
+<Modifier ref="Tt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="cR">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="dR" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="eR"/>\r
+<State ref="fR"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="kR">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="LR">\r
+<State ref="nR"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OR">\r
+<State ref="oR"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Picris altissima</i>).\r
+Lack, H. W. 1975: 107. Picris – Pp. 678-684 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh (as <i>Picris altissima</i>)\r
+Strother, J. L. 2006: 58. Picris Linnaeus. – Pp. 302-303 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Uu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Picris cyprica Lack</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="t"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="50"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="70"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pa">\r
+<State ref="Ua"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+<State ref="Zb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="DC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Yt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc">\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="LD">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="QD">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="SD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GE">\r
+<State ref="iE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE">\r
+<State ref="nE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="WE">\r
+<State ref="wE">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="KK">\r
+<State ref="nK">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+<Note>at maturity</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk">\r
+<Modifier ref="ot"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="ll"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul">\r
+<State ref="Yl"><Note>with fulvous bristles</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="NM">\r
+<State ref="OM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM">\r
+<State ref="TM"><Note>with fulvous bristles</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="kN">\r
+<Modifier ref="Rt"/>\r
+<Note>towards apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="sN"/>\r
+<State ref="tN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sO">\r
+<State ref="TO">\r
+<Modifier ref="GU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Bo"/>\r
+<State ref="Eo">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ro">\r
+<State ref="ro"><Note>transversely</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="xo">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="pq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Lack, H. W. 1975: 107. Picris – Pp. 678-684 in: Davis, P. H. et al (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5 – Edinburgh.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="uu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Picris pauciflora Willd.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="t"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="20"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="50"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="DC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Yt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="pC"><Note>with 2-barbed bristles</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="qC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="hc">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Zc">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="fD"/>\r
+<State ref="HD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="mD">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="QD"/>\r
+<State ref="rD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad">\r
+<State ref="dd">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>on both surfaces</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="RE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rE"/>\r
+<State ref="SE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ee">\r
+<State ref="ge">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="KK">\r
+<State ref="nK"><Note>above, but abruptly constricted at apex in fruit</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK">\r
+<State ref="WK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Ll">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="ll"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul">\r
+<State ref="Yl"><Note>, with blackish tips</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+<State ref="gM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="sM"><Note>with blackish, green margins</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="QM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="kN"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="sN"><Note>externally</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sO">\r
+<State ref="TO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="Bo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ro">\r
+<State ref="ro"><Note>transversely</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="Yo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="pq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Vu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Scolymus hispanicus L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="80"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="eC">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+<Note>with very unequal, sharply spinose lobes</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="QC"/>\r
+<State ref="qC">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf">\r
+<State ref="Mf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf">\r
+<State ref="Rf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="xf"/>\r
+<State ref="Wf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="NG"/>\r
+<State ref="OG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qg">\r
+<State ref="rg">\r
+<Modifier ref="ot"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kJ">\r
+<State ref="MJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ">\r
+<State ref="vJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="uj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hK">\r
+<State ref="IK"><Note>, the heads sessile in the axils of the uppermost leaves</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="40"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="bM">\r
+<State ref="cM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="fM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="lM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wM">\r
+<State ref="XM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="im"><Note>almost totally enveloping the achenes and forming membranous-margined lateral wings</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN">\r
+<State ref="DN"><Note>below</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="14"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="qn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="18"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="qO">\r
+<Modifier ref="ot"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="RO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UO">\r
+<State ref="VO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Qq">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Pq"><Note>with a few (2-4) bristles</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Strother, J. L. 2006: 34. Scolymus Linnaeus und 35. Cichorium Linnaeus. – Pp. 220-222 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="vu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Scolymus maculatus L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="40"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="160"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pa" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="pa"/>\r
+<State ref="qa"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="eC"><Note>with deltoid, denticulate lobes</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC">\r
+<State ref="IC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ve">\r
+<State ref="ve">\r
+<Modifier ref="er"/>\r
+<Note>with white margins and veins</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf">\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Rf"/>\r
+<State ref="Sf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Xf"/>\r
+<State ref="Wf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ">\r
+<State ref="eJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="fJ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GJ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="kJ">\r
+<State ref="MJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="Pt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fj">\r
+<State ref="Gj"><Note>with white margins and nerves</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hK">\r
+<State ref="IK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="Vk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="gL">\r
+<State ref="HL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Nl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="bM">\r
+<State ref="cM">\r
+<Modifier ref="Pt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fM"/>\r
+<State ref="gM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="mM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="im"><Note>almost totally enveloping the achenes and winged all round</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN">\r
+<State ref="fN"><Note>with crispate, brown hairs</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="kn">\r
+<Modifier ref="ar"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="PO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UO">\r
+<State ref="VO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Oq"/>\r
+<State ref="Qq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r
+Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.\r
+Strother, J. L. 2006: 34. Scolymus Linnaeus und 35. Cichorium Linnaeus. – Pp. 220-222 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Wu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Scorzonera troodea Boiss.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Z">\r
+<State ref="Aa">\r
+<Modifier ref="Is"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="aC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ds"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC">\r
+<State ref="SC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GE">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QE">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qE">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="RE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rE"/>\r
+<State ref="tE">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="WE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wE"/>\r
+<State ref="ZE"/>\r
+<State ref="Ae"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Gf">\r
+<State ref="Kf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mG"/>\r
+<State ref="QG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ui">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"><Note>, much reduced</Note></Status>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ">\r
+<State ref="vJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="sL">\r
+<State ref="tL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL">\r
+<State ref="al"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Gl">\r
+<State ref="Hl"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hl">\r
+<State ref="Il"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="kN"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="sN"><Note>externally</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO">\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="Bo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hP">\r
+<State ref="IP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="18"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="WP" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="xP">\r
+<Modifier ref="PU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="yP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZP">\r
+<State ref="ap"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp">\r
+<State ref="mp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AQ">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FQ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="gQ"/>\r
+<State ref="hQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="iQ">\r
+<State ref="KQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Eq"/>\r
+<State ref="Fq"/>\r
+<State ref="hq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Pq">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>towards apex</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="pq"><Note>below</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="wu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Sonchus asper (L.) Hill</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="120"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="220"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="aC">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FC">\r
+<State ref="fC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC">\r
+<State ref="NC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+<State ref="UC"><Note>in the upper part</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mf"/>\r
+<State ref="mf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="21"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="40"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="pf"/>\r
+<State ref="Rf"/>\r
+<State ref="rf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Xf"/>\r
+<State ref="Wf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BG"/>\r
+<State ref="CG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"><Note>with a winged petiole</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG">\r
+<State ref="lG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="TG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tG"/>\r
+<State ref="uG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kJ">\r
+<State ref="MJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ZJ"/>\r
+<State ref="vJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zj">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RK"/>\r
+<State ref="uK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mk">\r
+<State ref="Pk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="25"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vl"/>\r
+<State ref="Xl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="GM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="lM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="jN">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>towards apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="sN"><Note>externally</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="kn"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="on"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+<State ref="RO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UO">\r
+<State ref="vO">\r
+<Modifier ref="GU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.75"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="1.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Ao">\r
+<Modifier ref="Xr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="ao">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+<Note>at the ribs and wings</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="ho">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Io">\r
+<State ref="Jo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Note>(Originally on Mean:) longitudinal</Note>\r
+<Modifier ref="Ws"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r
+Grierson, A. J. C. 1980: 59. Sonchus – Pp. 272-275 in: Dassayanake, M. D., Fosberg, F. R. Flora of Ceylon I – Washington, D.C.\r
+Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.\r
+Yatskievych, G. 2006: 46. Pyrrhoppapus DC. (flase dandelion), 47. Sonchus L. (sow thistle). – Pp. 382-387 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.\r
+Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Xu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Sonchus oleraceus L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="150"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FC">\r
+<State ref="fC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="NC">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="iC">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>or purple</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+<State ref="UC">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+<Note>at the uppermost nodes</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fc"/>\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mf"/>\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="pf"/>\r
+<State ref="rf">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Sf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vf"/>\r
+<State ref="Wf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"><Note>with a winged petiole</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="eg" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fg"/>\r
+<State ref="Hg">\r
+<Modifier ref="Is"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Qg">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qg">\r
+<State ref="Rg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tg" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tg"/>\r
+<State ref="vg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ZJ"><Note>with acute or obtuse, entire or denticulate auricles</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="vJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Bj">\r
+<State ref="bj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fj">\r
+<State ref="Hj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zj">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RK"/>\r
+<State ref="uK"/>\r
+<State ref="SK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mk">\r
+<State ref="Pk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="zL"/>\r
+<State ref="cl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hl">\r
+<State ref="Il"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="nl">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="hM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+<State ref="ym">\r
+<Modifier ref="ur"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="jN">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>towards apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="RO">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UO">\r
+<State ref="vO">\r
+<Modifier ref="GU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="Co"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="ho"><Note>transversely</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Note>(Originally on Mean:) longitudinal</Note>\r
+<Modifier ref="Ws"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tq">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Pq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r
+Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. <i>Compositae</i> (Part 1). – Kew.\r
+Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London.\r
+Tadesse, M. 2004: 25. Sonchus - Pp. 65-70 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala\r
+Yatskievych, G. 2006: 49. Tragopogon L. (goat’s beard) – Pp. 390-393 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="xu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Sonchus tenerrimus L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="20"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="aC"><Note>or terete near the base</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="dC">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>towards apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="iC"><Note>towards base</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="JC">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+<State ref="UC">\r
+<Modifier ref="FU"/>\r
+<Note>towards apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="Jc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YF">\r
+<State ref="Bf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf">\r
+<State ref="Mf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="25"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf">\r
+<State ref="rf">\r
+<Modifier ref="ut"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vf"/>\r
+<State ref="xf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG">\r
+<State ref="lG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="TG">\r
+<State ref="uG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gJ">\r
+<State ref="IJ"><Note>, sometimes divided into very narrow almost filiform lobes</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ZJ"><Note>with acute, projecting auricles</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="vJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK">\r
+<State ref="uK">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aL">\r
+<State ref="CL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gL">\r
+<State ref="LL">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+<Note>at base</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="zL"/>\r
+<State ref="cl">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="LM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN">\r
+<State ref="EN">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>towards apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="Pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="RO">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UO">\r
+<State ref="vO">\r
+<Modifier ref="GU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="Co"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="ho"><Note>transversely</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Fr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Oo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Note>(Originally on Mean:) longitudinal</Note>\r
+<Modifier ref="Ws"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Boulos, L. 1976: 166. Sonchus L. – Pp. 327-238 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Yu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lactuca tuberosa Jacq.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="75"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="120"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ia"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pa">\r
+<State ref="pa"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="Hc">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bf">\r
+<State ref="cf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="17"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Rf"/>\r
+<State ref="Uf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf">\r
+<State ref="zf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BG"/>\r
+<State ref="CG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="TG">\r
+<State ref="uG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ZJ"><Note>with projecting blunt or acute auricles</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="vJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Uj">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zj">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="45"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wK">\r
+<State ref="XK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="vL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="YL"/>\r
+<State ref="yL">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>often</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="gM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tm">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="AN">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="iN">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="14"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="sN"><Note>or red externally</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="In"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="16"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="17"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UO">\r
+<State ref="vO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="ho"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Io">\r
+<State ref="Jo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Hr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="no">\r
+<Modifier ref="Is"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="zo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aP">\r
+<State ref="BP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="bP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="GP">\r
+<State ref="gP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="tq">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Steptorhamphus tuberosus</i>.\r
+Jeffrey, C. 1975: 121. Steptorhamphus Bunge. - Pp. 775-776 in: Davis, P. H. & al. (ed.), Flora of Turkey 5. – Edinburgh (as <i>Steptorhamphus tuberosus</i>.\r
+Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="yu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Tolpis virgata (Desf.) Bertol.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="50"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="sC"/>\r
+<State ref="QC">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="jc">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bf">\r
+<State ref="Df">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="nf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="18"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wf"/>\r
+<State ref="xf">\r
+<Modifier ref="aU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BG"/>\r
+<State ref="dG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG">\r
+<State ref="OG">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qG">\r
+<State ref="RG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ui">\r
+<State ref="xi"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="CJ"/>\r
+<State ref="FJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="fJ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GJ">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="kJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="LJ"/>\r
+<State ref="nJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qJ">\r
+<State ref="RJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="xJ"/>\r
+<State ref="wJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="18"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wK">\r
+<State ref="XK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lL">\r
+<State ref="mL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sL">\r
+<State ref="uL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL">\r
+<State ref="Cl">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.3"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="DM">\r
+<State ref="dM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"><Note>(turning greenish on drying)</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="uN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="vN">\r
+<State ref="zN">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="An">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="an">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Cn">\r
+<State ref="cn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="gn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="oO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="Co"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Io">\r
+<State ref="jo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ro">\r
+<State ref="So"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZQ">\r
+<State ref="Aq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+<State ref="gq">\r
+<Modifier ref="br"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Uq">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vq">\r
+<State ref="Yq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="yq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="aR"><Note>with 4-8(14) bristles</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="bR"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1978: Flora Palaestina 3. – Jerusalem.\r
+Tadesse, M. 2004: 26. Tolpis - Pp. 70-71 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.\r
+Tutin, T.G. 1976: 150. Tolpis Adanson. – Pp. 306 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="Zu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Podospermum canum C. A. Mey.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="50"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="SC"/>\r
+<State ref="VC">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="sc">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"/>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="NE"/>\r
+<State ref="oE">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QE">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qE">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="RE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rE"/>\r
+<State ref="SE"/>\r
+<State ref="tE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oe"/>\r
+<State ref="Ne"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qF" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RF"><Note>and obtuse</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="SF"><Note>and acuminate</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="vL">\r
+<State ref="xL">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="al"/>\r
+<State ref="El"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ol">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Pl">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="fM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="kN"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="oO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO">\r
+<State ref="eo">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>in upper half</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="To">\r
+<State ref="uo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vo">\r
+<State ref="Wo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="Fq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="pq"><Note>almost to apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Scorzonera jacquiniana</i>.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="zu">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Tolpis barbata (L.) Gaertn.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="14"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="60"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pa" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Ra"/>\r
+<State ref="Qa"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ac">\r
+<State ref="ac"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="hc">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="nf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="pf"/>\r
+<State ref="Rf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vf"/>\r
+<State ref="Xf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="CJ"/>\r
+<State ref="dJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="fJ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GJ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="kJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="LJ"/>\r
+<State ref="nJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ">\r
+<State ref="xJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="KK">\r
+<State ref="nK">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+<Note>near apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wK">\r
+<State ref="XK"><Note>, 5-8 mm long</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Note>(Originally on UMethUpper:) and more</Note>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lL">\r
+<State ref="mL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="SL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="vL">\r
+<State ref="WL">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL">\r
+<State ref="Al">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Km"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+<Note>, the inner flowers often purple, usually turning greenish when dry</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN">\r
+<State ref="fN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="LN">\r
+<State ref="PN">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO">\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mo"/>\r
+<State ref="no">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hP">\r
+<State ref="IP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="MP">\r
+<State ref="mP">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QP">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qP">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="RP">\r
+<State ref="VP">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp">\r
+<State ref="mp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Sp">\r
+<State ref="sp">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AQ">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aQ">\r
+<State ref="DQ">\r
+<Modifier ref="wt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="oQ">\r
+<State ref="pQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="cR">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="dR">\r
+<State ref="GR"><Note>, occasionally with an additonal long bristle</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="HR">\r
+<State ref="hR"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="kR">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="LR">\r
+<State ref="MR"><Note>with 3-4 long bristles and some scales in a row at their base</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Strother, J. L. 2006: 49. Arnoseris Gaertner und 50. Tolpis Adanson. – Pp. 276-277 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="AV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Tragopogon porrifolius L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="60"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="125"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="150"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="dB">\r
+<State ref="EB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+<State ref="uC">\r
+<Modifier ref="FU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Lf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="mf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="20"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG">\r
+<State ref="bG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="GG"><Note>, expanded</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="lG"/>\r
+<State ref="MG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="TG">\r
+<State ref="VG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ui">\r
+<State ref="xi"><Note>, remote</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="fJ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qJ">\r
+<State ref="rJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ">\r
+<State ref="vJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AK">\r
+<State ref="aK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="KK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="nK"><Note>just below head</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="OK">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="85"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="110"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk">\r
+<Modifier ref="ot"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gL">\r
+<State ref="HL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lL">\r
+<State ref="OL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="rL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="40"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL">\r
+<State ref="zL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tm">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+<Note>toward the base</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="zm"/>\r
+<State ref="AN">\r
+<Modifier ref="Hr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="kN"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="14"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="Kn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="Pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="14"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="TO">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="tO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="zo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="bP">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="17"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+<State ref="eq">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="kq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="pq">\r
+<Modifier ref="Tt"/>\r
+<Note>, the outer series thicker than the inner</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew (as <i>Tragopogon sinuatus</i>)\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r
+Richardson, I. B. K. 1976: 162. Tragopogon L. (incl. Geropogon L.). – Pp. 322-325 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Soltis, P. S. 2006: 59. Tragopogon Linnaeus. – Pp. 303-306 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r
+Tadesse, M. 2004: 29. Tragopogon - Pp 73-74 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala.\r
+Yatskievych, G. 2006: 49. Tragopogon L. (goat’s beard) – Pp. 390-393 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="aV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Urospermum picroides (L.) F. W. Schmidt</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="20"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="50"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pa">\r
+<State ref="Ua"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="PC"/>\r
+<State ref="RC">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="hc">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="se">\r
+<State ref="Te"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf">\r
+<State ref="nf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf">\r
+<State ref="Uf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wf"/>\r
+<State ref="Xf"/>\r
+<State ref="vf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BG"/>\r
+<State ref="CG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="LG">\r
+<State ref="PG"><Note>below along the nerves</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ZJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>with acute or rounded projecting auricles</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="vJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="aL">\r
+<State ref="CL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gL">\r
+<State ref="KL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lL">\r
+<State ref="oL">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="rL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="13"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="22"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="SL">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="vL">\r
+<State ref="WL"><Note>, often with a dark violet margin</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hl">\r
+<State ref="Jl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Gm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Jm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="kN"><Note>towards apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="11"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="sN"><Note>towards apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Un">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="11"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="oO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UO">\r
+<State ref="vO">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Ao"/>\r
+<State ref="Co"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="ho">\r
+<Modifier ref="PU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="zo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aP">\r
+<State ref="BP"><Note>, about 0.3 mm diameter</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="bP">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="pq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. - Kew.\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r
+Sell, P. D. 1976: 157. <i>Urospermum</i> Scop. – Pp. 308 in: Tutin, G. & al. (ed.), Flora Europaea 4. – Cambridge.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="BV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis tectorum L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb">\r
+<State ref="vb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+<State ref="EC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FC">\r
+<State ref="fC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC">\r
+<State ref="HC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="PC">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="rC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Jc"/>\r
+<State ref="jc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="AD"/>\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="fD"/>\r
+<State ref="GD"/>\r
+<State ref="iD">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+<State ref="mD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD">\r
+<State ref="QD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"><Note>with a winged petiole</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Bd"/>\r
+<State ref="Ed"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BE"/>\r
+<State ref="bE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EE">\r
+<State ref="eE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="NE">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="oE">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="WE">\r
+<State ref="ae">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ee">\r
+<State ref="Ke"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="me"/>\r
+<State ref="ne"/>\r
+<State ref="Oe"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YF">\r
+<State ref="Af">\r
+<Modifier ref="AT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zj">\r
+<Note>(Originally on Max:) +</Note>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="70"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK">\r
+<State ref="UK">\r
+<Modifier ref="Hs"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="70"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="wk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="rL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="SL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="vL">\r
+<State ref="WL">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ir"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<Status code="DataUnavailable"/>\r
+<State ref="ml"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yl">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="yl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="fM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="lM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wM">\r
+<State ref="XM"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+<State ref="hm">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>round the pits</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.75"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="iN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="SN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Sn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn">\r
+<State ref="DO">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+<Note>with yellow on inner face</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="fo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="po">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="xo"/>\r
+<State ref="Yo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq">\r
+<Modifier ref="Hs"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="bV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis biennis L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"><Note>with a rosette of leaves in the first year</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="20"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="120"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb">\r
+<State ref="vb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="dC">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="EC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="HC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="iC">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>below sometimes</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="sC"/>\r
+<State ref="pC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ac" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ac"/>\r
+<State ref="Bc">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc">\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="25"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="hD"/>\r
+<State ref="iD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+<State ref="mD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD">\r
+<State ref="QD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"><Note>with a winged petiole</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Sd">\r
+<State ref="td"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aE">\r
+<State ref="DE">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="NE">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="oE">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="RE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rE">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="TE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Be" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="be"/>\r
+<State ref="ce"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me">\r
+<State ref="Pe"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YF">\r
+<State ref="Af">\r
+<Modifier ref="AT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zj">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="160"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="oK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="PK"/>\r
+<State ref="pK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tK"><Note>with yellow or black hairs</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="UK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="vL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="WL"/>\r
+<State ref="XL">\r
+<Modifier ref="Is"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL">\r
+<State ref="Cl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="ml"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vl"/>\r
+<State ref="yl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="hM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="KM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="NM">\r
+<State ref="OM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wM">\r
+<State ref="XM"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+<State ref="hm">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>around the pits</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Jm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="18"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="iN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3.75"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="5.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="on"/>\r
+<State ref="pn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Sn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.75"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="cO"/>\r
+<State ref="DO">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="fo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Hr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="oo">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="13"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="18"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="xo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="kq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="CV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="t"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="90"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="vb"/>\r
+<State ref="wb">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+<State ref="yb">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Zb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="EC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="HC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="JC">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>sometimes</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC">\r
+<State ref="PC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="AD">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="GD"/>\r
+<State ref="iD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+<State ref="mD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="QD"/>\r
+<State ref="rD"/>\r
+<State ref="sD">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"><Note>with a winged petiole</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Bd"/>\r
+<State ref="Dd"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Id" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="id"/>\r
+<State ref="Jd">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>sometimes</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="DE"/>\r
+<State ref="dE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EE">\r
+<State ref="eE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE">\r
+<State ref="oE">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Be">\r
+<State ref="be"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ee" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Ke"/>\r
+<State ref="Ge">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="me"/>\r
+<State ref="Re"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YF">\r
+<State ref="Af">\r
+<Modifier ref="AT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="65"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="RK"/>\r
+<State ref="UK"/>\r
+<State ref="uK">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="20"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="60"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+<State ref="vk">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="vL">\r
+<State ref="WL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="zL"/>\r
+<State ref="Cl"/>\r
+<State ref="cl">\r
+<Modifier ref="FU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hl">\r
+<State ref="Il">\r
+<Modifier ref="Xr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="ll"><Note>appressed to inner</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="hM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="iM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="JM">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="KM">\r
+<Modifier ref="Hs"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Km"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="iN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="SN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="In"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="on"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Sn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="cO"/>\r
+<State ref="DO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oO"/>\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="TO"/>\r
+<State ref="tO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="zO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Bo"/>\r
+<State ref="bo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mo"/>\r
+<State ref="mo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="xo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="cV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis nicaeensis Pers.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="25"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="110"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb">\r
+<State ref="vb">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bC"/>\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="HC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="iC">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>below</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC">\r
+<State ref="pC"><Note>below</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="jc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me">\r
+<State ref="re"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Gf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="if"/>\r
+<State ref="jf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf">\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="19"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf">\r
+<State ref="sf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wf"/>\r
+<State ref="Xf"/>\r
+<State ref="xf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG">\r
+<State ref="CG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fG">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="gG"><Note>with a winged petiole</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="iI">\r
+<State ref="LI">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="zI" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Di"/>\r
+<State ref="ei"><Note>with short or long acuminate auricles</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zj">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="UK"/>\r
+<State ref="uK">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="WK">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="50"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="60"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="tk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="rL">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="SL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="vL">\r
+<State ref="WL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hl">\r
+<State ref="Il"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="ll">\r
+<Modifier ref="Hs"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="hM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="lM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="SM"/>\r
+<State ref="TM">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="qM">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wM">\r
+<State ref="XM"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="em"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+<State ref="hm">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>around the pits</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="11"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="iN">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+<Note>above</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="SN">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="on"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Sn">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn">\r
+<State ref="DO">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="xo"><Note>, partly enveloped by the persistent inner involucral bracts</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="MP">\r
+<State ref="mP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="WP">\r
+<State ref="yP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="DV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis rubra L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="25"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="40"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="dB">\r
+<State ref="eB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="TB">\r
+<State ref="tB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="rb">\r
+<State ref="Sb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="vb"/>\r
+<State ref="wb">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+<State ref="yb"/>\r
+<State ref="Zb">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bC"/>\r
+<State ref="EC">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="sC">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="rC">\r
+<Modifier ref="UU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="Jc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc">\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="fD"/>\r
+<State ref="iD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+<State ref="mD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD">\r
+<State ref="QD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad">\r
+<State ref="ed"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GE">\r
+<State ref="iE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YF">\r
+<State ref="Af">\r
+<Modifier ref="Et"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AK">\r
+<State ref="aK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="40"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="pk">\r
+<State ref="Qk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="wk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="11"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Rl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vl"/>\r
+<State ref="vl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="fM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KM"/>\r
+<State ref="LM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="SM"><Note>outside</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="tM">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>inside</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Gm"/>\r
+<State ref="hm">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="16"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="17"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ym"/>\r
+<State ref="Zm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="5.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="iN">\r
+<Modifier ref="JU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3.7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="on"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Sn">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.75"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="GO">\r
+<State ref="gO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO">\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="MP">\r
+<State ref="mP"><Note>, enveloped by the persistent inner involucral bracts</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qP">\r
+<Modifier ref="yS"/>\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZP">\r
+<State ref="Cp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gp">\r
+<State ref="Hp"><Note>with about 10 ribs</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp">\r
+<State ref="Op"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Wp">\r
+<State ref="Xp"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zp">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="21"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AQ">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="iQ">\r
+<State ref="kQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="oQ">\r
+<State ref="PQ"><Note>with 15-20 ribs</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tQ">\r
+<State ref="wQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Eq">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Hq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="kq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="dV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis setosa Haller f.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="80"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="dB">\r
+<State ref="eB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="pB">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb">\r
+<State ref="vb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bC"/>\r
+<State ref="dC"/>\r
+<State ref="EC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FC">\r
+<State ref="fC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="HC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="iC">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="PC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Pt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ac">\r
+<State ref="Bc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="Jc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ee">\r
+<State ref="He"><Note>with a broadly winged petiole</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me">\r
+<State ref="Re">\r
+<Modifier ref="Tt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ve">\r
+<State ref="ve">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ir"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="lf">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Nf">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="30"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="sf">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="Tf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vf"/>\r
+<State ref="Xf"/>\r
+<State ref="xf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="BG">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="CG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qg" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rg"/>\r
+<State ref="sg">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tg">\r
+<State ref="tg"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ">\r
+<State ref="dJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="NJ"/>\r
+<State ref="lJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qJ">\r
+<State ref="rJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="ZJ">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>with acuminate auricles</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="vJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zj">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK">\r
+<State ref="vK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="25"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="110"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="wk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="rL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="SL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="sL">\r
+<State ref="uL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bl">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>inside</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="Dl"><Note>outside</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="ll"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="DM">\r
+<State ref="dM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="hM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+<State ref="hm">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>around the pits</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="SN">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="on"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Sn">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn">\r
+<State ref="DO">\r
+<Modifier ref="Cr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="jO"><Note>with the outer achenes sometimes absent or replaced by typical inner achenes</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="kO">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Note>(Originally on UMethUpper:) including beak</Note>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="Yo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="bP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="MP" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="mP">\r
+<Modifier ref="iT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="NP">\r
+<Modifier ref="Jt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nP">\r
+<State ref="OP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Np"/>\r
+<State ref="np"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="iQ">\r
+<State ref="KQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tQ">\r
+<State ref="wQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="EV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis vesicaria L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="120"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="dB" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="EB"/>\r
+<State ref="eB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="TB">\r
+<State ref="tB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="vb"/>\r
+<State ref="wb">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+<State ref="yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="EC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="HC"/>\r
+<State ref="kC">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>towards the base</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+<State ref="PC"/>\r
+<State ref="rC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc">\r
+<State ref="Gc">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Jc">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="jc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="AD">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="aD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="35"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="fD"/>\r
+<State ref="iD">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+<State ref="mD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="QD"/>\r
+<State ref="rD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD">\r
+<State ref="wD"><Note>with a winged usually reddish-purple petiole</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Bd"/>\r
+<State ref="Fd"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Id" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="id"/>\r
+<State ref="Jd">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Sd">\r
+<State ref="td"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EE">\r
+<State ref="eE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="OE"/>\r
+<State ref="oE"/>\r
+<State ref="PE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Be" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="be"/>\r
+<State ref="ce"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ee" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Ke"/>\r
+<State ref="Ge">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YF">\r
+<State ref="Af">\r
+<Modifier ref="Et"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zj">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="uK"/>\r
+<State ref="VK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="50"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="70"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="wk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="rL">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="SL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Cl"/>\r
+<State ref="cl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="Kl">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="hM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="LM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wM">\r
+<State ref="XM"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+<State ref="hm">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>around the pits</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="SN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hn">\r
+<State ref="In"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Xn" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="cO">\r
+<Modifier ref="CS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="DO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="JO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="jO"/>\r
+<State ref="kO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Io">\r
+<State ref="ko"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="oo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="bP">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mp" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Np"/>\r
+<State ref="np"><Note>, half enclosed in the inner involucral bracts</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="Op"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tQ">\r
+<State ref="wQ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+<State ref="Hq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r
+Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="eV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis bursifolia L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="t"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="35"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="dB">\r
+<State ref="EB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="rb">\r
+<State ref="Sb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Wb"/>\r
+<State ref="wb">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="bC"/>\r
+<State ref="EC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+<State ref="uC"/>\r
+<State ref="rC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ac">\r
+<State ref="ac"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="jc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc">\r
+<State ref="aD">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="25"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="GD"/>\r
+<State ref="ID">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+<State ref="mD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="QD"/>\r
+<State ref="rD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Bd"/>\r
+<State ref="ed">\r
+<Modifier ref="DU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ud">\r
+<State ref="Vd"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xd" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yd"/>\r
+<State ref="yd">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EE">\r
+<State ref="eE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE">\r
+<State ref="NE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YF">\r
+<State ref="Af">\r
+<Modifier ref="Et"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zj">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK">\r
+<State ref="UK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="60"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="11"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="gL" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="iL"/>\r
+<State ref="JL"/>\r
+<State ref="jL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hl">\r
+<State ref="Il">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl">\r
+<State ref="ll"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Rl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="fM">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="KM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="PM">\r
+<State ref="tM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wM">\r
+<State ref="XM"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="11"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+<State ref="wm">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>below</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="BN">\r
+<State ref="DN"><Note>towards the base</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2.3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="3.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="on"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Sn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="GO">\r
+<State ref="HO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Note>(Originally on UMethUpper:) including beak</Note>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Gr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="zo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="cP">\r
+<State ref="FP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GP">\r
+<State ref="gP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="FV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Lactuca sativa L.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="t"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="X"/>\r
+<State ref="x"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="30"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="120"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="dB">\r
+<State ref="eB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="aC">\r
+<Modifier ref="ns"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FC">\r
+<State ref="GC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="HC">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="mC">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="IC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ac">\r
+<State ref="Bc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bc">\r
+<State ref="Cc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="jc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Yc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Zc"/>\r
+<State ref="AD"/>\r
+<State ref="aD"/>\r
+<State ref="BD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="ED">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eD">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="FD" statemodel="Between">\r
+<State ref="fD"/>\r
+<State ref="iD">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KD"/>\r
+<State ref="MD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rD"/>\r
+<State ref="SD"/>\r
+<State ref="TD">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="tD" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wD"/>\r
+<State ref="XD"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ad">\r
+<State ref="Bd"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GE">\r
+<State ref="jE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="nE">\r
+<Modifier ref="ot"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="oE">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="WE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wE"/>\r
+<State ref="xE"/>\r
+<State ref="ZE">\r
+<Modifier ref="GS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Be" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="be"/>\r
+<State ref="de"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ee" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Fe"/>\r
+<State ref="Ge"/>\r
+<State ref="he"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me">\r
+<State ref="me"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zj">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="400"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="qK">\r
+<State ref="RK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wK">\r
+<State ref="XK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YK">\r
+<State ref="zK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ck">\r
+<State ref="Ek"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="7"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="35"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="rL">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="SL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="vL">\r
+<State ref="WL">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ir"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ul">\r
+<State ref="Vl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="fM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="LM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dm">\r
+<State ref="dm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="Hm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Jm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="12"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="14"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="UN">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="RO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UO">\r
+<State ref="vO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fo">\r
+<State ref="fo">\r
+<Modifier ref="aS"/>\r
+<Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Po">\r
+<Modifier ref="br"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="qo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ws"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="zo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="cP">\r
+<State ref="dP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="GP">\r
+<State ref="gP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="nq">\r
+<State ref="Sq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Sell, P. and Murell, G. 2006: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 4. – Cambridge.\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.\r
+Strother, J. L. 1975: 45. Lactuca Linnaeus - Pp. 259-263 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="fV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis nana Richardson</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Z">\r
+<State ref="Ba"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="20"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ga">\r
+<State ref="ha"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="PB">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="1"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="UB">\r
+<State ref="uB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="vb"/>\r
+<State ref="wb">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+<State ref="Zb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FC">\r
+<State ref="GC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OC">\r
+<State ref="oC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Hc"/>\r
+<State ref="hc"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="mE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oE">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="PE"/>\r
+<State ref="pE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="QE">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="qE">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="RE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rE"/>\r
+<State ref="UE"/>\r
+<State ref="uE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="WE" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wE"/>\r
+<State ref="XE"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Be" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="be"/>\r
+<State ref="De">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ee">\r
+<State ref="He"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Me">\r
+<State ref="me"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Ve" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="We">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+<Note>often</Note></State>\r
+<State ref="we"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="iI" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="JI">\r
+<Modifier ref="XS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="kI">\r
+<Modifier ref="xt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="rj"/>\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AK">\r
+<State ref="cK"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="eK">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="2"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="1.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="rL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="11"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="ZL">\r
+<State ref="zL"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="hl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Il"/>\r
+<State ref="Jl">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+<State ref="Ll">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="sl">\r
+<State ref="Tl"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="GM">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="gM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM">\r
+<State ref="LM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="wM">\r
+<State ref="XM">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+<Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="gm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Km"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="9"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="12"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="3.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="hN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="rN">\r
+<State ref="sN"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="Rn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Sn">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.9"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="1.1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="GO">\r
+<State ref="gO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="oO"/>\r
+<State ref="QO">\r
+<Modifier ref="uU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="wO">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="0.5"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="0.7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ir"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="13"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="Yo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="7"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="kq"/>\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<TextChar ref="RR">\r
+<Content>Bogler, D. J.: 36. Crepis Linnaeus. – Pp. 222-239 in: Flora of North America Editorial Com. (ed.), Flora of North America 19. – New York / Oxford.\r
+Babcock, E. B. 1947: The genus <i>Crepis</i> 2. – Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22.\r
+Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, <i>Compositae</i>, Tribe <i>Cichorieae</i>. – Enfield.</Content>\r
+</TextChar>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+<CodedDescription id="GV">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Crepis elegans Hook.</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+<SummaryData>\r
+<Categorical ref="Q">\r
+<State ref="T"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="w">\r
+<State ref="y"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="da">\r
+<Measure type="Min" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="15"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="25"/>\r
+<Measure type="Max" value="30"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Pa">\r
+<State ref="pa"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="dB">\r
+<State ref="EB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="JB">\r
+<State ref="KB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="pB">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="4"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="QB">\r
+<State ref="sB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UB" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="uB"/>\r
+<State ref="VB"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Vb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="wb"/>\r
+<State ref="Xb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="xb" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Yb"/>\r
+<State ref="Zb"/>\r
+<State ref="zb"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="AC">\r
+<State ref="bC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="gC">\r
+<State ref="lC">\r
+<Modifier ref="Hr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="vC">\r
+<State ref="yC"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Fc" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="fc"/>\r
+<State ref="Gc"><Note>in older plants, forming a dense obconical clump topped by a mass of flower heads</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="ic">\r
+<State ref="Jc"><Note>, dichotomously branched distally</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Gf">\r
+<State ref="Kf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="kf">\r
+<State ref="Nf"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Of">\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="6"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="of">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="uf" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Vf"/>\r
+<State ref="Xf">\r
+<Modifier ref="Pt"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aG">\r
+<State ref="BG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="EG">\r
+<State ref="gG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="TG" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="UG">\r
+<Modifier ref="tU"/>\r
+</State>\r
+<State ref="uG"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="bJ">\r
+<State ref="CJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="qJ">\r
+<State ref="rJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UJ" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="xJ"/>\r
+<State ref="wJ"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pj">\r
+<State ref="qj">\r
+<Modifier ref="AT"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Rj">\r
+<State ref="vj"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zj">\r
+<Note>(Originally on UMethUpper:) or more</Note>\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="10"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="100"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Jk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tk">\r
+<State ref="Uk"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="zk">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="8"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="AL">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="2"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="3"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="jl" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="Kl"/>\r
+<State ref="Nl"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="pl">\r
+<State ref="Ql"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="FM">\r
+<State ref="gM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="jM" statemodel="OrSet">\r
+<State ref="KM"/>\r
+<State ref="LM"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="NM">\r
+<State ref="nM"><Note>at apex</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="YM">\r
+<State ref="yM">\r
+<Modifier ref="eS"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="fm">\r
+<State ref="gm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Im">\r
+<State ref="Km"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="om">\r
+<State ref="pm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="sm">\r
+<Measure type="UMethLower" value="6"/>\r
+<Measure type="UMethUpper" value="8"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Tm">\r
+<State ref="tm"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="GN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="HN">\r
+<State ref="hN"><Note>with prominent transverse septa simulating minute protuberances</Note></State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="RN">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="nn">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="2.75"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="On">\r
+<State ref="Rn"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="Sn">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="1"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Quantitative ref="FO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="0.5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="GO">\r
+<State ref="gO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="OO">\r
+<State ref="QO"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="UO">\r
+<State ref="vO">\r
+<Modifier ref="Xr"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="WO">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="5"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="lo">\r
+<State ref="Mo">\r
+<Modifier ref="Ir"/>\r
+</State>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="so">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="10"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="wo">\r
+<State ref="zo"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="aP">\r
+<State ref="BP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="cP">\r
+<State ref="EP"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Dq">\r
+<State ref="dq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Quantitative ref="jq">\r
+<Measure type="Mean" value="4"/>\r
+</Quantitative>\r
+<Categorical ref="Kq">\r
+<State ref="Lq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+<Categorical ref="Mq">\r
+<State ref="Nq"/>\r
+</Categorical>\r
+</SummaryData>\r
+</CodedDescription>\r
+</CodedDescriptions>\r
+<Agents>\r
+<Agent id="projectauthors">\r
+<Representation>\r
+<Label>Unknown</Label>\r
+</Representation>\r
+</Agent>\r
+</Agents>\r
+</Dataset>\r
+</Datasets>\r
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<DataSets xmlns="http://www.tdwg.org/schemas/abcd/2.06">
+ <DataSet>
+ <TechnicalContacts>
+ <TechnicalContact>
+ <Name>Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem</Name>
+ <Email>biodiversitydata@bgbm.org</Email>
+ <Address>Koenigin-Luise-Str. 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany</Address>
+ </TechnicalContact>
+ </TechnicalContacts>
+ <ContentContacts>
+ <ContentContact>
+ <Name>Dr. Eckhard Willing</Name>
+ <Email>eisenwill@gmx.de</Email>
+ <Address>Augustenhof 14 06842 Dessau</Address>
+ </ContentContact>
+ </ContentContacts>
+ <Metadata>
+ <Description>
+ <Representation language="EN">
+ <Title>Herbarium Willing</Title>
+ <Details>The “Herbarium Willing” is a private Phanerogam collection of Eckhard Willing. The collection is focussed on Greece and central Europe and consists of more then 150.000 specimens which are successively inserted and barcoded at the BGBM (Herbarium B).</Details>
+ </Representation>
+ </Description>
+ <IconURI>http://www.bgbm.org/BGBM/icons/bgbmlog2.gif</IconURI>
+ <RevisionData>
+ <Creators>Herbarium Willing</Creators>
+ <DateCreated>2006-05-01T00:00:00</DateCreated>
+ <DateModified>2006-05-01T00:00:00</DateModified>
+ </RevisionData>
+ <Owners>
+ <Owner>
+ <Organisation>
+ <Name>
+ <Representation language="en">
+ <Text>Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem</Text>
+ <Abbreviation>BGBM</Abbreviation>
+ </Representation>
+ </Name>
+ </Organisation>
+ <Addresses>
+ <Address>Koenigin-Luise-Str. 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany</Address>
+ </Addresses>
+ <EmailAddresses>
+ <EmailAddress>biodiversitydata@bgbm.org</EmailAddress>
+ </EmailAddresses>
+ <URIs>
+ <URL>http://www.bgbm.org</URL>
+ </URIs>
+ </Owner>
+ </Owners>
+ <IPRStatements>
+ <TermsOfUseStatements>
+ <TermsOfUse language="en">
+ <Text>The use of the data is allowed only for non-profit scientific use and for non-profit nature conservation purpose. The data base or part of it may only be used or copied by the written permission from the legal owner.</Text>
+ </TermsOfUse>
+ </TermsOfUseStatements>
+ <Citations>
+ <Citation language="EN">
+ <Text>Willing, E. (Ed.) 1978 - (continuously updated): Herbarium collection of Eckhard Willing at the Herbarium Berolinense (B).</Text>
+ </Citation>
+ </Citations>
+ </IPRStatements>
+ </Metadata>
+ <Units>
+ <Unit>
+ <SourceInstitutionID>BGBM</SourceInstitutionID>
+ <SourceID>Herbarium Willing</SourceID>
+ <UnitID>B 10 0139747</UnitID>
+ <Identifications>
+ <Identification>
+ <Result>
+ <TaxonIdentified>
+ <HigherTaxa>
+ <HigherTaxon>
+ <HigherTaxonName>DICOTYLEDONEAE</HigherTaxonName>
+ <HigherTaxonRank>classis</HigherTaxonRank>
+ </HigherTaxon>
+ <HigherTaxon>
+ <HigherTaxonName>VALERIANACEAE</HigherTaxonName>
+ <HigherTaxonRank>familia</HigherTaxonRank>
+ </HigherTaxon>
+ </HigherTaxa>
+ <ScientificName>
+ <FullScientificNameString>Centranthus ruber</FullScientificNameString>
+ <NameAtomised>
+ <Botanical>
+ <GenusOrMonomial>Centranthus</GenusOrMonomial>
+ <FirstEpithet>ruber</FirstEpithet>
+ </Botanical>
+ </NameAtomised>
+ </ScientificName>
+ </TaxonIdentified>
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+ <Code>Fok 211</Code>
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--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Spectacular pinnate-leaved palms endemic to Lord Howe Island, where they occur in huge populations; distinctive in the robust pendulous spicate inflorescences and staminate flowers with large numbers of stamens.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Howea</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 1: 66 (1877)</citation>
+<type>Lectotype; Howea belmoreana; (C.Moore & F.Muell.) Becc.</type>
+<type_loc></type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Grisebachia</name>
+<author>Drude and H. Wendl.</author>
+<bibref>Drude and H. Wendl., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 1875: 55 (1875) (non Klotzsch 1838).</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype; Grisebachia belmoreana; (C.Moore & F.Muell.) H.Wendl. & Drude</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Denea</name>
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci.16: 395 (1926).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derived from Lord Howe Island, which in turn commemorates Admiral Lord Richard Howe (1726–1799).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, bare, conspicuously marked with close, horizontal or oblique leaf scars, the base sometimes expanded into a knob. Leaves pinnate, neatly abscising but not forming a crownshaft; sheath well developed, splitting longitudinally opposite the petiole, disintegrating into an interwoven mass of fine fibres; petiole short to moderately long, flattened or slightly channelled adaxially, abaxially ± angled, sparsely to densely scaly; rachis ± rounded to angled abaxially, adaxially angled, scaly as the petiole; leaflets numerous, single-fold, regularly arranged, curved or stiffly ascending, acute, acuminate or minutely bifid, adaxially with sparse scattered scales, abaxially ± glabrous or rather densely dotted with scales and bearing abundant floccose indumentum and ramenta along the midrib, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences interfoliar, sometimes becoming infrafoliar after leaf fall, short or almost as long as the leaves, spicate, solitary or compound with up to 3–8 borne together on a common axillary boss, erect at first, later pendulous, protandrous; peduncle ± elliptic in cross-section, much shorter than or ± equalling the rachis, densely scaly; prophyll tubular, membranous; peduncular bract inserted near to or some distance from the prophyll, enclosing the inflorescence until anthesis, ± membranous, tubular, later splitting down its length, disintegrating and falling, leaving a low collar; rachis robust, scaly, densely covered with spirally arranged, ± spreading, low, rounded or triangular, rigid, coriaceous bracts, each forming a lip to a floral pit, enclosing a triad of flowers, except at the very tips where pits enclosing paired staminate flowers; floral bracteoles ± sepal-like. Staminate flowers partially exserted one at a time from the pit at anthesis; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, usually keeled, ± rounded, the margins toothed; corolla with a stalk-like base ± as long as the sepals, and 3 ovate, valvate lobes; stamens 30–70 or more, filaments elongate, variously connate at the base for much of their length, the connective sometimes prolonged into a point, anthers elongate, ± latrorse; pistillode absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, asymmetric to pyriform; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate-rugulate, or granular-rugulate, especially on proximal face, aperture margin finely perforate-rugulate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 37–52 µm [2/2]. Pistillate flowers ± globular; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, the margins toothed; petals 3, distinct, basally strongly imbricate, the tips briefly valvate; staminodes 3–6, forming a low, irregularly lobed, membranous ring, or irregularly separated as triangular or bifid flanges; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, tipped with 3 short stigmas ± reflexed at anthesis, ovule laterally attached, campylotropous. Fruit ovoid, sometimes faintly ridged, 1-seeded, shiny dark green at first, turning dull yellowish-green or reddish-brown, perianth whorls persistent, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp rather thinly fleshy with abundant longitudinal fibres, endocarp cartilaginous, not adhering to the seed. Seed laterally attached, raphe extending 1/3 the length of the seed or less, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two easily distinguished species endemic to Lord Howe Island.</p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a,1998b), and fruit (Essig 2002). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Howea is strongly supported as monophyletic(Savolainen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in prep.). For relationships,see Linospadix. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Both species, but especially Howea forsteriana, are important as commercially grown ornamentals.</p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1939a). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The two species of Howea are the largest palms in theLinospadicinae. Howea belmoreana is distinguished by curvedleaves with erect leaflets and by a single spike in each leaf axil,while H. forsteriana has rather flat leaves with drooping leafletsand several spikes in each leaf axil. Flowers and fruits matureslowly so that several inflorescences in different stages areoften present on a single tree.
+Recent research has demonstrated that Howea speciated sympatrically on Lord Howe Island and is thus a rare convincing example of this controversial mode of speciation (Savolainen et al. 2006).
+</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kentia palms, Howea palms, sentry palms. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Howea forsteriana is abundant on the island in lowland forest on sandy areas; H. belmoreana can be found as scattered individuals with H. forsteriana, but becomes abundant at higher elevations up to about 450 m above sea level. Wind has been shown to be the primary pollinator, one of the few proven examples in the palms (Savolainen et al. 2006). </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Very variable small to very robust, solitary or clustered pinnate-leaved palms from Sulawesi eastwards to Fiji and Australia, with conspicuous crownshafts and often conspicuous praemorse leaflets; the inflorescences bear triads (and hence fruit) throughout the length of the rachillae.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 39: 180, 208 (1875).</citation>
+<type>Type; Hydriastele wendlandiana; (F.Muell.) H.Wendl. & Drude</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Adelonenga</name>
+<author>Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f.</author>
+<bibref>Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. pl. 3: 885 (1883).</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype; Adelonenga variabilis; (Becc.) Becc.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum</name>
+<author>Scheff.</author>
+<bibref>Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 135 (1876).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Gronophyllum microcarpum; Scheff.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 128, 131, 134 (1885).</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype; Gulubia moluccana; (Becc.) Becc.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubiopsis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 11 (1924).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Gulubiopsis palauensis; Becc.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 82 (1885).</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype; Leptophoenix pinangoides; (Becc.) Becc.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 32 (1877).</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype; Nengella montana; Becc.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Paragulubia</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 84 (1936).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Paragulubia macrospadix; Burret</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Siphokentia</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 198 (1927).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Siphokentia beguinii; Burret</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<bibref>Blume, Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 64 (1838) (non Kentia Adans. 1763).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Kentia procera; Blume</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Hydrias — water nymph, stele — column or pillar, perhaps referring to the erect slender stems of those species growing near water.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Small, moderate or tall, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stems erect, slender to robust, bare, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars. Leaves entire-bifid or pinnate, neatly abscising; sheaths elongate, forming a well-defined crownshaft, usually densely scaly or tomentose, and/or waxy, a ligule-like prolongation sometimes present opposite or at the base of the petiole; petiole short to long, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, usually conspicuously scaly; rachis adaxially channelled or angled near the base, distally angled, abaxially rounded, usually scaly as the petiole; leaflets regularly arranged, or grouped, pendulous or horizontal or ascending, straight or curved, single-fold or several-fold, the terminal pair usually broad, several-fold, the rest parallel sided or somewhat wedge-shaped, apically acute, bifid or conspicuously praemorse, adaxial and abaxial surfaces bearing scattered minute scales, abaxially sometimes with scattered ramenta along the main veins, sometimes also with bands of deciduous chaffy scales along major ribs, transverse veinlets conspicuous or obscure. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branching to 1–3 orders or rarely spicate, usually horsetail-like, protandrous or protogynous; peduncle short, winged at the base, sometimes becoming swollen; prophyll compressed, entirely enclosing the inflorescence in bud, 2-keeled, with a conspicuous apical beak, thin, papery when dry, glabrous or scaly, soon drying on exposure, splitting longitudinally on the abaxial face and abscising together with the peduncular bract; peduncular bract 1 rarely 2, similar to and entirely enclosed by the prophyll, tubular, enclosing the inflorescence in bud; subsequent bracts inconspicuous; rachis (where present) longer or shorter than the peduncle, bearing inconspicuous rachis bracts subtending few to many crowded, ± spirally arranged first-order branches, the proximal bearing a few branches or all unbranched; rachillae elongate, usually ± straight or curved, of ± equal length, tending to curve downwards, bearing throughout their length spirally arranged or opposite and decussate pairs of triads of cream-coloured or pinkish-tinged flowers, except at the very tip where bearing solitary or paired staminate flowers; rachilla bracts very inconspicuous, low, ± rounded. Staminate flowers fleshy, asymmetrical; calyx sessile or with a short stalk-like base, sepals 3, short, triangular, ± distinct or joined into a cup for ca. 1/2 their length; petals 3, fleshy, distinct, except at the very base, valvate except in Hydriastele palauensis where margins not meeting triangular, asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; in bud, 4–5 times as long as the calyx, narrow, triangular, 1 usually larger ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, foveolate, coarsely perforate-than the other 2; stamens 6–24, epipetalous, filaments very short, fleshy, rugulate or rarely scabrate verrucate, aperture margin similar; longest variously epipetalous and connate, anthers elongate, erect, basifixed, axis ranging from 33–70 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetragonal or latrorse, connective sometimes prolonged into a short point; pistillode tetrahedral [22/47]. Pistillate flowers globose or ± conical in bud, smaller absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus, brevi-, ± than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, rounded or triangular, broadly same length as long axis or, frequently, extended; ectexine semi-tectate imbricate or connate in a ring with 3 low triangular lobes; petals 3, and coarsely (rarely finely) reticulate, muri of reticulum sometimes distinct or connate, not more than to at least twice as long as the sepals, perforate, aperture margins similar; or pollen ellipsoidal or oblate-rounded or triangular, basally broadly imbricate or connate in a ring, apically rounded except for very small triangular valvate tips or with conspicuous triangular valvate tips, closely appressed in bud, the tips persisting or eroding into fibres in fruit; staminodes 3(–6), tooth-like, minute; gynoecium ± globose or ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, low, sessile or fleshy, reflexed, ovule laterally attached near apex of locule, hemianatropus (?always). Fruit globose to narrowly ellipsoidal, straight or curved, bright red to purplish-black, sometimes drying ridged, sometimes briefly beaked, stigmatic remains apical, perianth whorls persistent, the petal tips sometimes reflexed or appressed to the fruit; epicarp smooth or slightly pebbled, mesocarp thin, with abundant tannin cells, and longitudinal fibre bundles, endocarp thin, crustose or obsolescent. Seed ovoid or globose, laterally or basally attached with elongate or rounded hilum, raphe branches sparse, anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous or shallowly to deeply ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid with entire or minutely to strongly praemorse tips. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 47 species in Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, northern Australia, Fiji, Vanuatu and Palau. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Fruit (Essig 1982). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Hydriastele is moderately to highly supported as a monophyletic genus following the recent inclusion of three genera, Gronophyllum, Gulubia and Siphokentia, in synonymy (Baker and Loo 2004, Asmussen et al. 2006, Loo et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in prep.). The relationships of Hydriastele remain unclear, but it is worth noting that, in the most densely sampled studies, the genus does not resolve within the western Pacific clade of Areceae, despite its distribution (Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in prep.). Lewis and Doyle (2002) resolve Hydriastele as sister to the western Pacific clade. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Essig (1982) records the use of trunks for floorboards and side panels of houses in New Guinea. Stems have been split and used as spears. Several species are cultivated as ornamentals. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Baker and Loo (2004). See also Essig (1982), Baker et al. (2000d), Burret (1936a, 1936b) and Essig and Young (1985). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Fossil leaf material referred to Kentites (= Hydriastele) from the Tertiary of Italy (Bureau 1896) was placed in the synonomy of Phoenicites by Read and Hickey (1972). Any link with extant Hydriastele is almost certainly spurious, particularly as the generic name Kentia has been so misapplied in the past. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Uhl and Dransfield (1987) indicated that generic delimitation among the Papuasian members of Arecinae was problematic. In the first edition of Genera Palmarum, four Papuasian genera were assigned to Arecinae, together with Areca, Nenga, Pinanga and Loxococcus. Uhl and Dransfield placed emphasis on aspects of floral morphology that seemed to be correlated with protandry and protogyny. Species in which the pistillate flowers have large triangular petals closely adpressed in bud (Gronophyllum and Siphokentia) seemed to be protandrous, whereas those with inconspicuous rounded petals with minute triangular tips (Hydriastele and Gulubia) seemed to be protogynous. This apparently neat correlation was, however, based on very few observations of the sequence of flowering and was in the most part inferred. Furthermore, this delimitation resulted in genera of sometimes disparate habit. Recent phylogenetic studies (Loo et al. 2006) strongly support the monophyly of the Papuasian clade. Within the clade, however, only Hydriastele is monophyletic; Gronophyllum and Gulubia are polyphyletic with members of both genera resolving in a number of separate, highly supported groups with members of other genera within the clade. The position of Siphokentia is ambiguous but this genus, along with Hydriastele, is deeply nested within the clade. It has not been possible to find morphological characters that differentiate most of the groupings resolved in the molecular studies, and thus it is not possible to alter the generic delimitation to reflect the molecular phylogeny. For these reasons, we have followed Baker and Loo’s proposal (2004) to accept a single genus, for which the earliest name is Hydriastele. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Pinang salea (Hydriastele microcarpa). </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland to upland tropical rain forest. One species, Hydriastele rheophytica, occurs as a rheophyte in western New Guinea, and has very slender leaflets (Dowe and Ferrero 2000). Several species are recorded from limestone and others from ultramafic rock. Pollination has been studied by Essig (1973) who showed that curculionid beetles are probably the pollinators in H. microspadix. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele affinis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 62 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Kapaor; Beccari; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nenga affinis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 29 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix affinis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 82 (1885)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella affinis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 316 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum affine</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Essig and B. E. Young</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Essig and B. E. Young, Principes 29: 136 (1985)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele aprica</name>
+<author>(B.E.Young) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 62 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Sandaun, Telefomin; Essig and Young; 74082</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype LAE</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum apricum</name>
+<author>B. E. Young</author>
+<bibref>B. E. Young, Principes 29: 139 (1985)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele beccariana</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 292 (1928)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Noord R.; Versteeg; 1662</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotypes BO, L</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name></name>
+<author>(Burret) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 62 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Maluku, Halmahera, Soa Toberoe; Beguin; 1995</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype BO</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Siphokentia beguinii</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 198 (1927)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Siphokentia pachypus</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin- Dahlem 10: 199 (1927)</bibref>
+<type>Indonesia, Maluku, Halmahera, Weda; Beguin; 2349</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype Bt; isotype BO</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele brassii</name>
+<author>(Burret) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 63 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Western, Palmer R.; Brass; 7093</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotypes A, BRI, BO, L</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum brassii</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 205 (1939)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name></name>
+<author>(Dowe and M.D.Ferrero) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 63 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Sandaun, Bewani Mts; Dowe et al.; 514 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BRI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum cariosum</name>
+<author>Dowe and M. D. Ferrero</author>
+<bibref>Dowe and M. D. Ferrero, Palms 44: 161 (2000)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele carrii</name>
+<author>Burret,</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 326 (1936)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Central, Boridi; Carr; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele chaunostachys</name>
+<author>(Burret) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 63 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Sattelberg; Clemens; 526</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia chaunostachys</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 328 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum chaunostachys</name>
+<author>(Burret) H. E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) H. E. Moore, Gentes Herb. 9: 264 (1963)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele costata</name>
+<author>F. M. Bailey</author>
+<citation>Queensland Agric. J. 2: 129 (1898)</citation>
+<type>Australia, Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Somerset; Jardine; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BRI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum microcarpum</name>
+<author>Scheff.</author>
+<bibref>Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 153 (1876)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia costata </name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 36 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia costata</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 134 (1885)</bibref>
+<type>Indonesia, Aru Islands, Wokam; Beccari; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia costata var. minor</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 135 (1885)</bibref>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Arsus; Beccari; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia costata var. pisiformis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 136 (1885)</bibref>
+<type>Cultivated in Bogor Botanic Garden; Beccari; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga pisiformis</name>
+<author>Teijsm. ex Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Teijsm. ex Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 136 (1885)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia microcarpa</name>
+<author>(K. Schum. & Lauterb.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.</author>
+<bibref>(K. Schum. & Lauterb.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee: 207 (1900)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Finschhafen; Lauterbach; 751</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype L; isolectotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia costata var. microcarpa</name>
+<author>Lauterb. & K. Schum. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.</author>
+<bibref>Lauterb. & K. Schum. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee: 207 (1900)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia affinis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 58: 444 (1923)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, East Sepik, Hunstein Mts; Ledermann; 8228</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia costata var. gracilior</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 81 (1936)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Oriomo R., Woroi; Brass; 5887 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype BO, BRI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Hydriastele costata F. M. Bailey was first described by Beccari in 1877 as Kentia costata Becc. It was later transferred to Beccari’s genus Gulubia as G. costata (Becc.) Becc., the name and authority by which it has been widely known for many years (Beccari 1885). By coincidence, in describing H. costata in 1898, Bailey chose the species epithet costata quite independently of Beccari’s use of it. Although both H. costata and G. costata (syn. K. costata) refer to the same species, they are based on different types. Bailey was quite unaware of the duplication until Beccari personally brought it to his attention (Bailey 1909). Beccari (1910) indicated in print that the two names were synonymous, but this has been erroneously interpreted by Chapman (1991)as a recombination by Beccari of Bailey’s epithet in Gulubia to give an illegitimate later homonym G. costata (F. M. Bailey) Becc. However, Beccari’s words were, in fact, misconstrued by Chapman and merely indicated that H. costata was synonymous with his G. costata (Becc.) Becc. Thus, the combination G. costata (F. M. Bailey) Becc. has never been validly published. Several collections were cited in the protologue of Kentia microcarpa (K. Schum. & Lauterb.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb. We have selected a lectotype which we know to be extant in Leiden. Beccari’s hand-written label on the isolectotype fragment in Florence indicates that Warburg rather than Lauterbach was the collector, although all other details match the information in the protologue and on the lectotype in Leiden. The citation of Warburg
+as collector most likely represents an error made by Beccari in transcription.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele cyclopensis</name>
+<author>(Essig and B.E.Young) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 64 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Arfak Mts; Mayr; 24 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype Bt; isotype BO</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum cyclopense</name>
+<author>Essig and B. E. Young</author>
+<bibref>Essig and B. E. Young, Principes 29: 136 (1985)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix mayrii</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 709 (1933)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella mayrii</name>
+<author>(Burret) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 314 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Essig and Young (1985) established Gronophyllum cyclopense as a nomen novum to account for Nengella mayrii (Burret) Burret (syn. Leptophoenix mayrii Burret), a name that could not be recombined in Gronophyllum due to a pre-existing publication of the combination Gronophyllum mayrii (Burret) H. E. Moore (1963). In this account, we accept both taxa and recombine the name Gronophyllum cyclopense in Hydriastele accordingly.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele cylindrocarpa</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 64 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Vanuatu, Vanua Lava, Mt Garigona; Harland; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotype K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia cylindrocarpa</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 3: 156 (1910)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Siphokentia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Maturbongs</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.A.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Wanggai</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hambali</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">G.G.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 44(4) 175-181</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2000</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele dransfieldii</name>
+<author>(Hambali & al.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 64 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Biak; Maturbongs; 555</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K!; isotypi BO, MAN, L!, BH!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Siphokentia dransfieldii</name>
+<author>Hambali, Maturb., Wanggai and W. J. Baker</author>
+<bibref>Hambali, Maturb., Wanggai and W. J. Baker, Palms 44: 179 (2000)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Description for the basionym Siphokentia dransfieldii Hambali, Maturbongs, Wanggai & W.J. Bake</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The species is named for John Dransfield in recognition of his monumental contribution to the taxonomy of palms in Southeast Asia.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ombrush (Biak language).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a S. beguinii Burret staminibus pluribus, petalis floris pistillati crassioribus tuberculatis, stigmatibus brevioribus et fructu maiore differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary pleonanthic, moderately robust tree palm; stems up to 1,2 m tall, 5-12 cm diam.; internodes 3.0-1 1.5 cm long, nodal scars not always conspicuous. Leaves 6-10 in crown, pinnate, 1.3-3.0 m long (including petiole), neatly abscising; sheaths tubular, 35-80 cm long, covered with thin, finely floccose, dark brown indumentum; crownshaft well defined, up to 1'2O cm long and up to 20 cm diam.; petiole 10-65 cm long and 1.5-3.0 cm diam., channeled adaxially, rounded abaxially, indumentose at junction with sheath, otherwise with copious minute, dark scales; rachis somewhat arching, with adaxial longitudinal ridge, rounded abaxially, indumentose as sheath, indumentum sometimes more dense and coarse than on sheath, sometimes absent with only scattered scales remaining, indumentum possibly lost with age; blade variously divided into 1-19 fold leaflets, typically including 3 pairs of multiple-fold leaflets, interspersed with very few pairs of single-fold leaflets; leaflet with praemorse apical margin, 65-130 cm long, 1.5-30 cm wide, individual folds 1.5-3.5 cm wide, terminal pair of leaflets always multiple-fold (ca. 10-14 folds) forming flabellum with cleft apex; Iamina with numerous minute brown dots on both sides, transverse veinlets inconspicuous, adaxial surface paler when dried, main veins with very few minute hairs adaxially and brown ramenta abaxially. Inflorescence infra'foliar, 37-41, cm long at anthesis, apparently growing to ca. 52 cm long in fruit, protandrous, branching to 1 order; peduncle 2-5 cm long, glabrous; prophyll 43-46 cm long, 5-8 cm wide, borne about half way up the peduncle, tubular, lanceolate, Z-keeled, membranous, glabrous, entirely enclosing the inflorescence, then splitting longitudinally and falling before staminate anthesis; peduncular bracts 1-3, first peduncular bract borne 8-10 mm above the prophyll, similar to the prophyll in shape and size, but lacking keels, remaining peduncular bracts inconspicuous and incomplete; rachis 1-2 cm long; rachis bracts inconspicuous, incompletely sheathing; rachillae 4-LI, 30-36 cm long at anthesis, apparently growing to ca. 49 cm long in fruit, 2.0-3.5 mm wide, borne at a very acute angle to the rachis, apparently rather stiff and straight, or pendulous when heavy with fruit, sometimes sinuous in distal-most portion, bearing triads in opposite and decussate pairs, except in distal-most and proximal-most portion of rachilla where arranged spirally, triads 4-6 mm apart; rachilla bracts very inconspicuous, low, rounded; floral bracteoles low, rounded, similar to rachilla bract. Staminate flowers 9-11 mm long, asymmetrical; sepals 3, greenish white, connate, triangular, 2 mm long; petals 3, white, briefly connate at the base, falcate, acuminate, much exceeding the calyx, 1 petal much larger than the others, 10-11 x 4-5 mm, smaller petals 9-10 x 2-3 mm; stamens 13-16 (very rarely as few as 9); filaments slender, ca. 0.5 mm long, sometimes briefly epipetalous near base of petal; anthers linear, 5-6.5 mm long, ca. 0.6 mm wide, basifixed, dehiscence latrorse, connective prolonged into an acute appendage, ca. 0.5 mm long; pollen unknown; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers ca. 9 x 5 mm long at anthesis, perianth apparently continuing to grow as fruit develops, flower scar 2.5-4 x,2-3 mm; calyx greenish white, synsepalous, forming cylindrical tube, ca. 3 mm long, ca. 5 mm wide, margin with 3 very short lobes; corolla white ca. 8.5 mm long, ca. 5 mm wide, sympetalous for half its length, with 3 free lobes, the two parts separated by a dark equatorial ridge (visible only in herbarium material); corolla lobes ca. 4 mm long, very thick, valvate, tightly closed during staminate anthesis, adaxial surface thrown into minute folds and tubercles, drytng after pistillate anthesis, becoming hard and brittle, and often caducous; staminodes 3-5(6?), minute, triangular; gynoecium white, 5.5 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, obovoid, uniloculaq uniovulate, locule located near the base of the ovary, ovary wall rather fibrous; stigmas 3, lobes less than 1 mm long, fleshy, slightly recurved, stigmatic surface forming deep, narrow invagination into the ovary wall at the iunction of the 3 lobes. Fruit obovoid, ca. 18 mm long, ca. 12 mm wide, with conspicuous woody discoid depression at apex, ca. 5 mm diam., stigmatic remains persistent in centre of depression, perianth persistent, corolla lobes becoming hardened with age and often caducous; epicarp smooth, thin, ripening through yellow to red when mature, with copious tannin bodies beneath; mesocarp fibrous, ca. 1 mm thick, but much thicker below stigmatic remains; endocarp very thin, adhering closely to seed; seed subglobose, ca. 8 x 7 mm, with small basal depression and shallow longitudinal groove; endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Papua. Biak Island. Reported from Supiori and Numfoor Islands by Biak islanders.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In forest on limestone between sea level and 310 m, often growing in very thin soils and occasionally in cracks in limestone.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Seed as substitute for betel nut, leaves for wrapping meat or sago.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA. Papua.B iak island: Sumberker Protected Forest, Sept. 1998, Maturbongs 551 (K!, MAN, BO, L!, FTG!); Sumberker Protected Forest, Sept. 1998, Maturbongs 553 (K!, MAN, BO, NY!); Sumberker Protected Forest, Sept. 1998, Maturbongs 555 (K!, MAN, BO, L!, BH!); Sumberker Protected Forest, Sept. 1998, Maturbongs 556 (K!, MAN, BO, AAU!); Adibai, eastern Biak, Sept. 1998, Maturbongs 557 (K!, MAN, BO); Sansundi village, North Biak Nature Reserve, Sept. 1998, Maturbongs 561 (K!, MAN, BO, AAU!); Sansundi village, North Biak Nature Reserve, Sept. 1.998, Maturbongs 562 (K!, MAN, BO); Sansundi village, North Biak Nature Reserve, Sept. 1998, Maturbongs 563 (K!, MAN, BO, FTG!); Sansundi village, North Biak Nature Reserve, Sept. 1998, Maturbongs 564 (K!, MAN, BO, NY!); Wari Village, northern Biak; Sept. 1.998, Maturbongs 566 (Kt, MAN, BO, BH!). CULIIVATED. Fairchild Tropical Garden: Plot 132, 91-182A, Oct. 7999, Zona 821 and 823 (FTG!), 826 (FTG!, K!); Conservatory, 92- 331, Oct. 7999, Zona 822 (FTG!, K!). Bogor: Private garden of G.G. Hambali, Hambali s.te. (K!). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele flabellata</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 64 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Ramoi; Beccari; 427</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella flabellata</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 34 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum flabellatum</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Essig and B. E. Young</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Essig and B. E. Young, Principes 29: 134 (1985)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele carrii</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Burret</author>
+<citation>(Becc.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 484 (1937).</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Geelvinck Bay; Beccari; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nenga geelvinkiana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 28 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Adelonenga geelvinkiana</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 82 (1885)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele gibbsiana</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 65 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Arfak Mts; Gibbs; 5951</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotypes K, L</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia gibbsiana</name>
+<author>Becc. in L. S. Gibbs</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in L. S. Gibbs, Fl. Arfak Mts: 91 (1917)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum gibbsianum</name>
+<author>(Becc.) H. E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) H. E. Moore, Gentes Herb. 9: 264 (1963)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele gracilis</name>
+<author>(Burret) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 65 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Western, Palmer R.; Brass; 7083</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype A</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella gracilis</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 206 (1939)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum gracile</name>
+<author>(Burret) Essig and B. E. Young</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) Essig and B. E. Young, Principes 29: 134 (1985)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele hombronii</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 65 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Solomon Islands, St. Georges Island; Hombron; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotype fragment FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia hombronii</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 3: 161 (1910). </bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele kasesa</name>
+<author>(Lauterb.) Burret</author>
+<citation>(Lauterb.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot.Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 484 (1937).</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, New Ireland, Namatanai; Peekel; 109</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychosperma kasesa </name>
+<author>Lauterb.</author>
+<bibref>Lauterb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 357 (1911)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Adelonenga kasesa </name>
+<author>(Lauterb.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Lauterb.) Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52: 26 (1914)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele kjellbergii</name>
+<author>(Burret) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 65 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Sulawesi, Palahari; Kjellberg; 912 </type>
+<type_loc>holotype B†</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum kjellbergii</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 203 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele ledermanniana</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 65 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, East Sepik, Hunstein Mts; Ledermann; 11229</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia ledermanniana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 58: 442 (1923)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum ledermannianum</name>
+<author>(Becc.) H. E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) H. E. Moore, Gentes Herb. 9: 264 (1963)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele lepidota</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>J. Arnold Arbor. 20:204 (1939)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Tarara; Brass; 8701A</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype A; isotypes BRI, L</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele longispatha</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 65 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, East Sepik, Sepik; Schultze; 323</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia longispatha</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52: 25 (1914)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia crenata </name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 58: 445 (1923)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, East Sepik, Hunstein Mts; Ledermann; 8449 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia obscura</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 58: 447 (1923)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, East Sepik, Ettapenberg; Ledermann; 9133</type>
+<type_loc>holotype B†</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia brassii</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin- Dahlem 12: 336 (1935)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea; Brass; 5457</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype BRI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele lurida</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 65 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua; Versteeg; 1388</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotype BO, K, L</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum luridum</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Nova Guinea 8: 207 (1909)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele macrospadix</name>
+<author>(Burret) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 65 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Bougainville Island, Kugumara, Buin; Kajewski; 1787</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype A</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Paragulubia macrospadix</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 84 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia macrospadix</name>
+<author>(Burret) H. E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) H. E. Moore, Principes 10: 88 (1966)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele manusii</name>
+<author>(Essig) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 65 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Manus Island, Mt Dremsel; Sands et al.; 2880</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype USF; isotype K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum manusii</name>
+<author>Essig</author>
+<bibref>Essig, Principes 39: 100 (1995)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele mayrii</name>
+<author>(Burret) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 65 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Cyclops Mts; Mayr; 658</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype BO</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia mayrii</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 707 (1933)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum mayrii</name>
+<author>(Burret) H. E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) H. E. Moore, Gentes Herb. 9: 265 (1963)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele micrantha</name>
+<author>(Burret) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 65 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Wandammen Mts; Mayr; 253 </type>
+<type_loc>holotype B†; isotype BO</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix micrantha</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 710 (1933)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella micrantha</name>
+<author>(Burret) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin- Dahlem 13: 314 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum micranthum</name>
+<author>(Burret) Essig and B. E. Young</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) Essig and B. E. Young, Principes 29: 136 (1985)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele microcarpa</name>
+<author>(Scheff.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 65 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, cultivated at Bogor Botanic Garden from seed collected in Ceram by Teijsmann;;</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype ?BO; isotype ?FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum microcarpum</name>
+<author>Scheff.</author>
+<bibref>Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 153 (1876)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In his protologue, Scheffer (1876) refers to material grown at Bogor Botanic Garden from seed collected by Teijsmann in Ceram. Type material has not yet been located in the Bogor herbarium. Two specimens in Florence may represent fragments of the type. The first, annotated "Nel Giard. Bot. di Buitenzorg [in Bogor Botanic Garden] Dr. Scheffer, 1877", is a likely candidate as a type duplicate, but the date does not conform precisely to the publication date of the protologue. The second, annotated "Amboina ad Hutumuri leg. Teijsmann ex. Herb. Bogor.", could be identified as type material, but the locality information does not match Scheffer's protologue. The existence and location of type material cannot be confirmed until a more thorough search has been made at the Bogor herbarium.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele microspadix</name>
+<author>(Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.) Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 484 (1937)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Hatzfeldhafen; Warburg; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia microspadix</name>
+<author>Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.</author>
+<bibref>Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee: 206 (1900)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Adelonenga microspadix</name>
+<author>(Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.) Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52: 26 (1914)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychosperma beccarianum</name>
+<author>Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.</author>
+<bibref>Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee: 208 (1900)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Fragments of both collections cited in the protologue of Hydriastele microspadix (Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.) Burret, Warburg s.n. from Schumannsfluss, exist in the Florence herbarium. We have chosen the former as lectotype because it is the more complete specimen. The specimen cited in the original literature of the nomen nudum Ptychosperma beccarianum Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb. was also collected by Warburg at Hatzfeldhafen. Fragments of the collection are held in Florence, as is a photograph of the Berlin specimen, which is now destroyed. We concur with Burret (1928) that the specimen is a mixed gathering, containing parts of both Hydriastele microspadix and Rhopaloblaste ceramica (Miq.) Burret.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele moluccana</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 66 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Maluku, Ternate; Beccari; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia moluccana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 35 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia moluccana</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 131 (1885)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele montana</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 66 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Arfak Mts; Beccari; s.n. </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella montana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 33 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum montanum</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Essig and B. E. Young</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Essig and B. E. Young, Principes 29: 134 (1985)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia beccarii</name>
+<author>F. Muell.</author>
+<bibref>F. Muell., Extra. Trop. P1. Ind.: 163 (1880)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele nannostachys</name>
+<author>W.J.Baker and Loo, </author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 66 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Sulawesi, Linkobale, Lake Towati; Kjellberg; 2232</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum microspadix</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 44 (1934)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A nomen novum is required here because a combination of the epithet in the genus Hydriastele, H. microspadix (Warb. ex K. Schum. and Lauterb.) Burret, already exists.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele oxypetala</name>
+<author>(Burret) W.J.Baker and Loo, </author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 66 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Cultivated in Bogor Botanic Garden ex Pulau Mangoeli, Maluku, Indonesia; Furtado; SFN 30929</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype ?SING</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum oxypetalum</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 474 (1937)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele palauensis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 66 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Palau; Ledermann; 14149</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; type photo FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubiopsis palauensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 11 (1924)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia palauensis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) H. E. Moore and Fosberg</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) H. E. Moore and Fosberg, Gentes Herb. 8: 455 (1956)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele pinangoides</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 66 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Ramoi; Beccari; 430 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nenga pinangoides</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 28 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix pinangoides</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 82 (1885)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum pinangoides</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Essig and B. E. Young</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Essig and B. E. Young, Principes 29: 135 (1985)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nenga calophylla</name>
+<author>K. Schum. and Lauterb.</author>
+<bibref>K. Schum. and Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Sfidsee: 208 (1900)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella calophylla</name>
+<author>(K. Schum. and Lauterb.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(K. Schum. and Lauterb.) Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52: 27 (1914)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Sattelberg; Lauterbach; 564</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; type photo FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix minor</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 1: 298 (1905)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella minor</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 315 (1936)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, San Giuseppe R.; Loria; 10</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum densiflorum</name>
+<author>Ridl.</author>
+<bibref>Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9: 232 (1916)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella densiflora</name>
+<author>(Ridl.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Ridl.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 316 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix densiflora</name>
+<author>(Ridl.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Ridl.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 205 (1936)</bibref>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Mt Carstenz; Kloss; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BM; isotype K</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix incompta </name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 58: 452 (1923)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella incompta</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 316 (1936)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, East Sepik, Ettapenberg; Ledermann; 9017</type>
+<type_loc>holotype B†</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix pterophylla</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa Processi Verbali 44: 131 (1934)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella pterophylla</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 316 (1936)</bibref>
+<type>Cultivated in Bogor Botanic Garden ex New Guinea; X D; 114</type>
+<type_loc>holotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix yulensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa Processi Verbali 44: 130 (1934)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella yulensis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 316 (1936)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Central; von Mueller; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>holotype MEL; isotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix macrocarpa</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 340 (1935)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella macrocarpa</name>
+<author>(Burret) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 316 (1936)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Central, Mafulu; Brass; 5299</type>
+<type_loc>holotype B†; isotype BRI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix brassii</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin- Dahlem 12: 339 (1935)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella brassii</name>
+<author>(Burret) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 316 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum leonardii</name>
+<author>Essig and B. E. Young</author>
+<bibref>Essig and B. E. Young, Principes 29: 134 (1985)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Western, Kubuna; Brass; 5631</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype A; isotypes BRI, BO, NY</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Leptophoenix microcarpa</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 342 (1935)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella microcarpa</name>
+<author>(Burret) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 316 (1936)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Central, Dieni; Brass; 3998</type>
+<type_loc>holotype B†; isotypes A, NY, BRI, BO</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella rhomboidea</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 207 (1939)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Western, Palmer R.; Brass; 7201</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype A; isotype BRI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Essig and Young (1985) accepted Gronophyllum leonardii, a nomen novum that they established to account for a name, Nengella brassii (Burret) Burret (syn. Leptophoenix brassii Burret), that could not be recombined in Gronophyllum due to a pre-existing publication of the name Gronophyllum brassii (Burret 1939). Having seen the type of Leptophoenix brassii, we are convinced that it falls within the wide range of variation that is encompassed by the complex species Hydriastele pinangoides, in particular in terms of leaf morphology, and we place it in synonymy accordingly.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele pleurocarpa</name>
+<author>(Burret) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 67 (2004)</citation>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella pleurocarpa</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 314 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum pleurocarpum</name>
+<author>(Burret) Essig and B. E. Young</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) Essig and B. E. Young, Principes 29: 136 (1985)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella calophylla var. montana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52: 27 (1914)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Madang; Schlechter; 16291</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype fragment FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele procera</name>
+<author>(Blume) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 67 (2004)</citation>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia procera</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<bibref>Blume, Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Neerl. 1: 65 (1838)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum procerum</name>
+<author>(Blume) H. E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>(Blume) H. E. Moore, Gentes Herb. 9: 265 (1963)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Areca procera</name>
+<author>(Blume) Zipp. ex Blume</author>
+<bibref>(Blume) Zipp. ex Blume, Rumphia 2: 95 (1843)</bibref>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua; Zippel; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype L</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele ramsayi</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo, </author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 67 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Northern Territory, Port Essington; Ramsay; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype MEL; isotype fragment FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia ramsayi</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 3: 159 (1910)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia ramsayi</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Becc., Webbia 4: 148 (1913)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum ramsayi</name>
+<author>(Becc.) H. E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) H. E. Moore, Gentes Herb. 9: 265 (1963)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele rheophytica</name>
+<author>Dowe & M. D. Ferrero</author>
+<citation>Palms 44: 195 (2000)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Idenburg R.; Brass; 13700</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype A; isotype L</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele rhopalocarpa</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 67 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Waria R.; Schlechter; 17466</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype FI (fragment), K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella calophylla var. rhopalocarpa </name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52: 28 (1914)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nengella rhopalocarpa</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 314 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum rhopalocarpum</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Essig and B. E. Young</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Essig and B. E. Young, Principes 29: 136 (1985)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele rostrata</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 484 (1937)</citation>
+<type>Cultivated in Bogor Botanic Garden ex New Guinea, V1 4; Furtado; SFN 31139</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype ?SING</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name></name>
+<author>(Burret) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 67 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Sulawesi, Posso Lake; Sarasin; 896 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum sarasinorum</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 202 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele selebica</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W.J.Baker and Loo, </author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 67 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Sulawesi, Kandari; Beccari; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nenga selebica</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 30 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gronophyllum selebicum</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 82 (1885)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele valida</name>
+<author>(Essig) W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 68 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Sandaun, Torricelli Mts; Essig; LAE 55099</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH; isotype L, LAE</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia valida</name>
+<author>Essig</author>
+<bibref>Essig, Principes 26: 169 (1982)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele variabilis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 483 (1937)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Ramoi; Beccari; PP426</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nenga variabilis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 26 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Adelonenga variabilis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 82 (1885)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nenga variabilis var. sphaerocarpa</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 27 (1877)</bibref>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Amberbakin; Beccari; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Hydriastele variabilis var. sphaerocarpa</name>
+<author>Becc.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 483 (1937)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele vitiensis</name>
+<author>W.J.Baker and Loo</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 68 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Fiji; Viti Levu, Moore and Phillips; 10543</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gulubia microcarpa</name>
+<author>Essig</author>
+<bibref>Essig, Principes 26: 173 (1982)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In this account, we transfer two accepted taxa that share the same species epithet, Gronophyllum microcarpum Scheff. and Gulubia microcarpa Essig, to the genus Hydriastele. We have maintained the epithet for the former taxon and herein provide a nomen novum for the latter.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele wendlandiana</name>
+<author>(F. Muell.) H. Wendl. & Drude</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 39: 209 (1875).</citation>
+<type>Australia, Northern Territory, Liverpool R.; Gulliver; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype MEL; isotypes BRI, K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia wendlandiana</name>
+<author>F. Muell.</author>
+<bibref>F. Muell., Fragm. 7: 102 (1870)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Hydriastele wendlandiana var. microcarpa</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. & Drude</author>
+<bibref>H. Wendl. & Drude, Linnaea 39: 210 (1875).</bibref>
+<type>Australia, Queensland, O’Connell R.; Nernst; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype ?MEL</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Hydriastele douglasiana</name>
+<author>F. M. Bailey</author>
+<bibref>F. M. Bailey, Queensland Agric. J. 1: 232 (1897)</bibref>
+<type>Australia, Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Somerset, Polo Creek; Jardine; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BRI; isotype ?K</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type of Hydriastele douglasiana F. M. Bailey was collected for Bailey by Jardine, but the material marked as the type in Brisbane is labelled as F. M. Bailey 18. Further examination of the material in Brisbane is required to confirm that the two alternative citations represent the same collection.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate single-stemmed pinnate-leaved palms with conspicuous crownshafts and often bottle-shaped trunks, from the Mascarene Islands; inflorescence is horn-like in bud and has many tubular bracts and flowers borne in acervuli.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Hyophorbe</name>\r
+<author>Gaertn.</author> \r
+<citation>De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum</citation> \r
+<type>Type; Hyophorbe indica; Gaertn.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Sublimia</name>\r
+<author>Comm. ex Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Comm. ex Mart., Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3: 164 (1838)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Sublimia vilicaulis; Comm. ex Mart.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Mascarena</name>\r
+<author>L.H. Bailey</author>\r
+<bibref>L.H. Bailey, Gentes Herb. 6: 71 (1942).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Mascarena revaughanii; L.H.Bailey</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Hys, hyos — pig, sow, phorbe — food, in reference to the past use of the fruits as pig food.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, moderate, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem in some species variously swollen, of ± uniform diameter in others, ringed with leaf scars, ± striate, grey. Leaves pinnate, neatly abscising; sheaths forming a prominent crownshaft; petiole short, robust, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially; rachis flat adaxially, rounded abaxially; leaflets acute to acuminate, single-fold, stiff, midrib prominent with 0–2(–3) evident veins on each side, ramenta prominent on the midrib beneath. Inflorescences infrafoliar, solitary, branched to 3–4 orders, horn-shaped and erect in bud, becoming ± horizontal, protandrous; peduncle stout, elongate; prophyll very short, tubular, caducous, opening at the apex; peduncular bracts 5(4–9), caducous, progressively opening apically, rachis prominent, slightly longer than the peduncle, first-order branches spirally arranged, divaricate, each with a short basal bare part; rachillae slender, elongate, pendulous at first, becoming divaricate; bracts subtending branches and rachillae not evident at anthesis. Flowers orange, yellowish, or white at anthesis, sometimes fragrant, borne in acervuli of a basal pistillate and 3–7 distal staminate, bracts subtending the acervuli and bracteoles subtending the flowers not evident at anthesis. Staminate flowers symmetrical or somewhat asymmetrical in bud; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate or basally connate; petals 3, valvate, briefly connate basally; stamens 6, filaments connate basally and adnate to the corolla or extending beyond the adnation in a tube, distally free, subulate, erect, anthers dorsifixed at or above the middle, bifid basally for 1/2 their length or more, emarginate or briefly bifid apically, latrorse; pistillode conic-ovoid and shorter than the stamens or sometimes minute, 3-lobed. Pollen ellipsoidal, asymmetric, infrequently oblate triangular; aperture a distal sulcus, infrequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, scabrate-perforate, aperture margin similar; narrow infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 38–58 µm; post-meiotic tetrads usually tetrahedral, occasional tetragonal or, rarely, rhomboidal [4/5]. Pistillate flowers symmetrical, ovoid; sepals 3, distinct and imbricate, or connate basally in a cupule, the lobes then slightly imbricate; petals 3, valvate or slightly imbricate, briefly connate basally; staminodes connate basally in a 6-lobed cupule, sometimes with minute abortive anthers; gynoecium trilocular, triovulate, with 3 recurved, minutely papillate stigmas at anthesis, ovary with septal nectary, ovules laterally attached, hemianatropous, arillate in Hyophorbe verschaffeltii. Fruit ellipsoidal to globose or obpyriform, orange to black, red, or brown, normally 1-seeded, with basal stigmatic remains, perianth persistent, thickened; epicarp smooth or drying somewhat roughened or minutely warty, mesocarp thin, fleshy, with numerous reddish tannin cells and flat fibres of various widths in more than one layer, endocarp thin. Seed ovoid to ellipsoidal or globose, the hilum small, basal, vasculature of few simple or little-branched strands radiating distally and laterally from the hilum, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral to apical. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid or rarely pinnate. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Five species endemic to the Mascarene Islands: one each on Rodrigues and Reunion, and three on Mauritius and Round Island. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaves and floral (Uhl 1978b, 1978c). Developmental studies have shown that the acervulus is an adnate cincinnus (Uhl and Moore 1978). Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Hyophorbe is monophyletic with high support (Cuenca and Asmussen-Lange 2007). The relationships among the five genera of tribe Chamadoreeae are still unclear despite the dense sampling in some studies. There is a discrepancy between phylogenies resulting from data from nuclear DNA and those from plastid DNA. Most studies that are based on nuclear data place Hyophorbe as sister to the rest of the Chamaedoreeae with moderate to high support (Thomas et al. 2006, Baker et al. in prep.), whereas Hyophorbe is sister to Wendlandiella with moderate support in studies based on plastid DNA (Asmussen et al. 2006, Cuenca and Asmussen-Lange 2007). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>These are important ornamentals, often commanding high prices in the horticultural trade. Some species apparently have poisonous cabbage, whereas the cabbage of others (e.g., H. amaricaulis) was eaten in the past despite being very bitter. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1978a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The combination of a prominent crownshaft, a horn-like inflorescence bud borne below the leaves, briefly connate but valvate petals, adnation and some connation of stamen filaments, connate staminodes, and large fruits distinguish Hyophorbe from the other genera of the Chamaedoreeae.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Bottle palms, spindle palm (Hyophorbe verschaffeltii). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>These handsome palms once covered the mountains and valleys of the Mascarene Islands. All species are now nearly extinct in the wild state but formerly were apparently palms of the forest to ca. 700 m altitude or perhaps of the coastal savannah (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis). The last is now restricted to a few individuals on the exposed rock of Round Island; the others occur on volcanic soils or on both volcanic soils and calcarenite limestones (H. verschaffeltii). Only a single tree of H. amaricaulis now remains, growing in the botanic garden at Curepipe, Mauritius, and relatively few individuals of the other four species can be found (Moore 1978a). </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small, solitary or clustering palms of South American rain forests, often with entire leaves or with broad pinnae: the staminate flowers have stamens adnate to the pistillode and the fruit has basal stigmatic remains.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Hyospathe</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author> \r
+<citation>Hist. nat. palm. 2: 1 (1823).</citation> \r
+<type>Type; Hyospathe elegans; Mart.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Hyo-from hys — pig, spathe — sheath or bract, derived from the vernacular name tajassu-ubi — pig leaf or pork palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small or rarely moderate, solitary or clustering, graceful, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem slender, ringed with conspicuous, sometimes oblique, rather distant leaf scars. Leaves regularly pinnate, entire and bifid, or bi- or trijugate; sheath usually forming a short to long crownshaft, not splitting opposite the petiole until shed, margin irregular, chartaceous, striate, adaxially grooved, glabrous, abaxially with scattered scales; petiole moderate, slender, abaxially rounded, with hairs or deciduous scales; rachis adaxially ridged, abaxially ridged or rounded, also scaly; leaflets lanceolate to falcate, pointed, often somewhat curved apically, alternate, single-fold, several-fold or many-fold, bearing scattered deciduous scales along abaxial ribs and sometimes basally on adaxial ribs, laterally, tapering to a rather blunt point, chartaceous, splitting surfaces similar or dissimilar in colour, midrib prominent, 1–2 pairs of dorsiventrally and apically to become bifid, inserted above the base of the parallel veins also conspicuous in some species, transverse veinlets peduncle; peduncular bracts 1–2, terete, much longer than or about as long conspicuous or obscure. Inflorescence solitary, branched to 1 order, branches as the prophyll, beaked, splitting abaxially, inserted somewhat above the stiff or pendulous; peduncle short or long, slender; prophyll 2-keeled prophyll; rachis much shorter to rarely longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts very short, obscure, subtending spirally inserted rachillae; rachillae slender, rather distant or crowded, moderate to short and stiff or long and pendulous, sometimes undulate apically, bearing spirally arranged triads of flowers nearly throughout and paired to solitary staminate flowers distally; floral bracteoles shallow, rounded. Staminate flowers lateral to the pistillate, sessile or stalked, narrow, elongate; sepals 3, united in a tube, adnate basally for at least 2/3 their length to the receptacle to form a stalk-like base, free tips short, broadly triangular; petals 3, distinct, narrowly ovate, asymmetical, curved basally, pointed distally; stamens 6, the 3 antesepalous with shorter filaments, free or shortly joined with the pistillode, the 3 antepetalous with filaments much longer, adnate to the pistillode nearly to its apex, filaments awl-shaped, anthers moderately long, dorsifixed near the base, latrorse, united throughout; pistillode narrowly ovoid with 2 stigmatic lobes. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely or coarsely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 34–39 µm [1/17]. Pistillate flower ovoid, shorter than the staminate; sepals 3, united in a cupule for ca. 2/3 their length, tips broad, pointed, striate; petals 3, distinct, ovate, moderately imbricate, striate, tips pointed; staminodes 6, small, strap-like; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, narrowed to a short tubular style, stigmas 3, recurved at anthesis, ovule basal, laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit ovoid to cylindrical, pointed, asymmetrical, black at maturity, stigmatic remains basal; epicarp smooth, lightly mottled, mesocarp fibrous, endocarp thin, crustaceous. Seed narrow, ovoid, ± pointed, hilum basal, raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo rather large, basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Six species ranging from Costa Rica to Peru. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>See Skov and Balslev (1989). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Hyospathe is monophyletic (Henderson 1999a). The genus is resolved as sister to the rest of the Euterpeae with moderate support (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review), or as sister to Neonicholsonia, Oenocarpus and Prestoea with low support (Henderson 1999a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>These palms would make handsome ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Skov and Balslev (1989), Henderson (2004), see also Henderson (1999a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>It seems surprising that their ornamental potential has not been exploited. The difference in length of antesepalous and antepetalous stamens and the adnation of the antepetalous filaments to the pistillode are distinctive and unusual in the family as a whole. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Hog palm, ubim palm (Hyospathe elegans). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In rain forest, in swamps or on dry ground at low elevations but also on the slopes of the Andes between 1000–2000 m.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hyospathe elegans</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 1 (1823)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, erect or sometimes decumbent with age, to 5 m tall and 2-3 cm in diameter, smooth, with distant leaf scars. Leaves 50-200 cm long, simple or pinnately divided, with up to 25 unequal to nearly equal pinnae on each side; leaf sheath closed, green; petiole channeled above. Inflorescence borne below the leaves, erect, pink at anthesis, red in fruit, branched to one order; peduncle 2-15 cm long; rachis 1-16 cm long; branches to 50, as long as or longer than the rachis. Fruits black, oblong, ca. 10-15 mm long and 3-7 mm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in Central and South America, southward to Bolivia, in the understorey of closed-canopy forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A variable species that includes several morphological types, differing in size, habit, stem development, and degree of dissection of the leaves. However, intermediate forms exist, linking these together (Skov & Balslev, 1989).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hyospathe macrorhachis</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 34 (1940)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems solitary or clustered, decumbent, with short internodes, to 2 m long and 2-3 cm in diameter, distally with persistent leaf-sheathes. Leaves 50-120 cm long, the blade divided into 3-7 broad, unequal pinnae on each side. Inflorescence borne among the leaves, red in fruit, elongate; peduncle 20-40 cm long; rachis 10-35 cm long; branches ca. 30, shorter than the rachis. Fruit black, globose, ca. 1 cm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to the E slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, where it is sometimes very abundant in the forest understorey.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Lower risk/least concern (Borchsenius & Skov 1999).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary or clustered dioecious fan palms, usually in the drier parts of Africa and Arabia, with outliers in western India and possibly Sri Lanka, rarely in rain forest areas, often with dichotomously branched stems, distinctive in the very spiny petioles and often irregularly shaped fruit with smooth endocarp and homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Hyphaene</name>\r
+<author>Gaertn.</author> \r
+<citation>Fruct. sem. pl.1: 28 (1788).</citation> Type: \r
+<type>Type; Hyphaene coriacea; Gaertn.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Cucifera</name>\r
+<author>Delile</author>\r
+<bibref>Delile, Descr. Egypte, Hist. nat. 1: 53 (1809).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Cucifera thebaica; (L.) Delile</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Douma</name>\r
+<author>Poir. in Duhamel</author>\r
+<bibref>Poir. in Duhamel, Traité arbr. arbust. (ed. 2) 4: 47 (1809).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Douma thebaica; (L.) Poir.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Doma</name>\r
+<author>Poir. in Lam.</author>\r
+<bibref>Poir. in Lam., Tabl. encycl. 4: t900 (1819)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Hyphaino – entwine, in reference to the fibres in the fruit wall.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Dwarf to large, solitary or clustered, spiny, pleonanthic, dioecious, acaulescent, creeping, shrubby or tree palms. Stem closely ringed with slightly raised leaf scars, usually branching several times by equal forking (dichotomy), rarely unbranched, and then sometimes the trunk ventricose; trunk surface in juveniles with a lattice of old leaf bases, later becoming bare. Leaves induplicate, costapalmate, marcescent, later abscising under their own weight; sheath soon becoming open, densely tomentose, later with a conspicuous triangular cleft below the petiole, margins fibrous; petiole robust, covered in caducous indumentum, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, the margins armed with robust, triangular, reflexed or upward pointing spines; adaxial hastula well developed, often asymmetrical, abaxial hastula absent; blade divided to about 1/3 its length along the adaxial ribs into single-fold segments, these further shallowly divided along the abaxial ribs; interfold filaments often conspicuous; blade surfaces frequently glaucous with abundant wax, and also bearing minute dot-like scales and caducous indumentum, particularly along the ribs, midrib prominent, longitudinal veins close, transverse veinlets inconspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, the staminate and pistillate basically similar, though the pistillate more robust and with fewer branches; peduncle bearing a basal, 2-keeled, tubular prophyll and usually 2 empty, tubular peduncular bracts with triangular limbs, bearing abundant caducous indumentum when young; rachis longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts like the peduncular but each subtending a first-order branch; first-order branches basally bare, semicircular in cross-section, ±included in the subtending bract, terminating, in the staminate inflorescence, in a group of 1–6 or rarely more rachillae, each subtended by a low bract, in the pistillate inflorescence terminating in 1–3 rachillae; rachillae catkin-like, bearing a tight spiral of rounded, densely hairy, striate bracts, connate laterally and partially adnate to the axis to produce pits, densely filled with a pile of hairs. Staminate flowers borne in a cincinnus of 3 flowers, embedded in the hairs, one flower emerging at a time, each bearing a small membranous bracteole; calyx tubular at the base with 3 elongate hooded, membranous lobes; corolla with a conspicuous stalk-like base almost as large as the calyx lobes, bearing at its tip 3 ovate, hooded, valvate, striate lobes; stamens 6, borne at the base of the lobes, the filaments ± connate at their swollen bases, tapering above, anthers medifixed, versatile, latrorse to introrse; pistillode minute, 3-lobed. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate-rugulate, with psilate supratectal gemmae, aperture margin similar but with fewer gemmae; infratectum columellate; longest axis 30–44 µm; post-meiotic tetrads usually tetrahedral, sometimes tetragonal or, rarely, rhomboidal [4/10]. Pistillate flowers borne singly with a bracteole in each pit, on a short densely hairy pedicel, the pedicel sometimes considerably elongating after fertilisation; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate, ± membranous, striate; petals 3, similar to sepals; staminodial ring epipetalous, 6-toothed, the teeth bearing sagittate, flattened, empty anthers; gynoecium globose, tricarpellate, triovulate, stigmas 3, short, septal nectaries present, opening by pores distally, ovules orthotropous, attached adaxially at the base of each carpel. Fruit borne on enlarged pedicel with persistent perianth segments, normally developing from 1 carpel, rarely 2 or 3, the fruit then 2- or 3-lobed, with basal stigmatic remains, the whole fruit very variable in shape, shouldered, distally expanded, usually asymmetrical, rarely ovoid or spherical; epicarp smooth, dull or shining, often pitted with lenticels, coloured various shades of brown, mesocarp fibrous, often aromatic, dry but sweet, endocarp well developed, hard, stony. Seed basally attached, endosperm homogeneous with a central hollow; embryo apical opposite a thinner area of the endocarp. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll simple, lanceolate, plicate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Numerous names have been published, but there are probably only about eight species distributed in the drier parts of Africa southwards to Natal, Madagascar, the Red Sea and the coasts of the Gulf of Eilat, Arabia, and western India. One species recorded for Sri Lanka may be an introduction. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Hyphaene is a highly supported monophyletic group (Bayton 2005). The genus is sister to Medemia with moderate to high support (Bayton 2005, Asmussen et al. 2006). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The doum palms are locally very important, particularly to subsistence farmers. The leaves are used for thatch and as a source of fibre for plaiting. The apex is often semi-destructively tapped to make palm wine. Wood can be used. The fruits provide an edible mesocarp and an endosperm, edible when young, but formerly used when mature as a source of vegetable ivory. All fallen parts of the palms are used as fuel. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1924) and Dransfield (1986). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>From the Upper Oligocene of Ethiopia (Chilga) a spiny petiole, Hyphaene kappelmanii, and an incomplete spiny petiole, Hyphaene sp., have been recovered (Pan et al. 2006). From the Indian Deccan Intertrappean of Maharashtra State (although the age span of these volcanic deposits is controversial, see Chapter 5) a petrified palm petiole, Palmocaulon hyphaenoides, is described by Shete and Kulkarni (1980); it shows many similarities to petioles of H. indica (= H. dichotoma). Endocarps supposed to be from the earliest Cretaceous (Aptian) of Egypt are compared to Hyphaene by Vaudois-Miéja and Lejal-Nicol (1987), although one endocarp (fig. 8 in that publication) looks notably Hyphaene-like. An Aptian age for the formation in which these fossils were found is questionable; it is probably much younger (Late Cretaceous) and further research on this matter is needed (Schrank 1992, pers. comm.). These fossils cannot be accepted as the earliest unequivocal palm fossils. From the Indian Deccan Intertrappean, fruit (Hyphaenocarpon indicum) is described by Bande et al. (1982). Gemmate pollen from the Neogene Cauvery Basin of southern India is published as a new species of Gemmamonocolpites: G. hyphaenoides (Ramanujam et al. 2001); unfortunately, the pollen is not illustrated or formally described so a critical appraisal is not possible. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinguished by the elongate costapalmate leaf, which is often silvery, by the lack of an abaxial hastula, by petiolar spines, and by the frequent presence of dichotomous branching, long, more or less slender inflorescences, and distinctive brown fruits. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Doum palms. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Hyphaene species tend to grow in arid or semiarid areas, in habitats where ground water is near the surface, e.g., along seasonal water-courses, coastal sand dunes and flats, and oases. In east Africa, H. compressa can be found inland at altitudes up to 1400 m above sea level. One species, H. guineensis, is found in coastal habitats in Gabon in areas with high rainfall. All species seem to be used by man; thus their distribution has been much influenced by destructive harvesting and accidental or deliberate planting. Elephants and baboons, among other wild animals, are responsible for seed dispersal. Bees have been observed visiting the flowers. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+ <mods:name>\r
+ <mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+ <mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+ <mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+ <mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+ </mods:name> \r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Hyphaene coriacea</name>\r
+<author>Gaertn.</author>\r
+<citation>De Fruct. 1: 28, t. 10 (1788)</citation>\r
+<bibref>J.Dransf., Fl. Trop. E. Africa: Palmae 29 (1986)</bibref>\r
+<type>; ?coll. Berkhey; </type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype TUB; isotype FI</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Hyphaene hildebrandtii</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38, Beibl. 87: 7 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 68 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<type>Near Beravi; Hildebrandt; 3052</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotypes K, P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Hyphaene baronii</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38, Beibl. 87: 7 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<type>Incolis "Befelatana"; Baron; 5923</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Hyphaene shatan</name>\r
+<author>Bojer ex Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Bojer ex Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 15 (1938)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 8, fig.2 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A common species at low altitudes in the West. This species occurs in continental Africa and some islands between Madagascar and Africa in the same habitat; it is one of the few palms which occurs both in Madagascar and elsewhere, but we believe it is native.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Satrana (Antankarana, Sakalava); Sata (Sakalava, fide Hildebrandt).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm, often seeming solitary, in groups of 2-6. TRUNK 1-6 m high, 10-20 cm diam., usually unbranched but occasionally branched, clothed in old leaf-bases, with distinctive criss-cross pattern. LEAVES 9-20 in the crown, porrect or spreading with the rachis recurved, to 1.8 m, and to c. 9 marcescent ones; sheath open, split at the base for up to 40 cm, 38-40 cm long, waxy, brown, with fibrous margins; petiole 60-97 cm long, proximally 4-6 x c. 3 cm, mid-way flattened, c. 2 cm wide with black triangular spines to 1 cm long and curved towards the distal end, distally 1-3.5 x 1.5 cm, pale brown, waxy, with scattered scales; adaxial hastula an oblique, erose fringe to 6 mm high; costa 27- 60 cm long; lamina c. 70 cm long, 112 cm wide, with 39-55 segments, the sinuses with conspicuous filaments, outer folds 31-48 x 1.2-2.6 cm, divided to the base or unsplit for 2-7 cm, more inner ones to 63-82 x 4-5 cm, unsplit for up to 20 cm, central folds 40-58 x 1.2-4 cm, unsplit for 7-9 cm, main veins 1-2, apices attenuate and bifid over 1-1.5 cm, midrib with dense to scattered dark brown and grey scales, the faint parallel minor veins with scattered reddish scales. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCES interfoliar, branched to 2 orders; rachillae solitary or in groups of 2-4, 9-36 cm long, 0.7-1.2 cm diam., the rachillar axes waxy and with reddish scales; bracts 2-3 x 3-3.5 mm, densely stellate-hairy. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals imbricate, 2.5-3 x 0.8-1.6 mm, narrowly obovate with a rounded apex; corolla greenish, the stalk 1-2 mm high, the lobes 2-2.8 x 1.5-1.8 mm, (slightly) spathulate and hooded, rounded; stamens with filaments 0.8-1.8 mm and thin, connate with their fleshy bases, anthers 1-1.8 x 0.6-0.8 mm, dorsifixed, versatile, yellow; pistillode not seen. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCES interfoliar, 60-120 cm long, branched to 1 order with 2-5 rachillae, pendulous in fruit; peduncle 43-56 cm long with 4-5 bracts; bracts 17-19 cm long and distally scaly; rachillae with the stalk c. 20 cm long, the fertile part 14-21 cm long, 0.8-1.2 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with the rachilla bract c. 2 mm high, c. 8 mm wide, inside near the base with dense hairs (?from the rachilla); pedicel 0.5-4 mm high, densely pubescent; sepals 3.5-4.5 x 2.2-3.6 mm; petals 2.5-3.7 x 2-3.2 mm, slightly obovate, obtuse with a ciliolate apex; staminodes connate at the base, 1.5-2 mm high, thin; ovary angular-globose, 3.2-3.5 x 2-3.3 mm. FRUIT irregularly top-shaped, 5-6 cm high, 4-6 cm diam., on a densely hairy pedicel up to 12 x 7 mm; mesocarp fibrous; endocarp hard, woody and fibrous. SEED c. 2.7 x 2.7 cm; endosperm homogeneous with central hollow.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Littoral or inland, in grassland or wooded grassland, especially on sand; slight slope or on the flat; able to withstand fire, and sometimes locally common; 1-300 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened: widespread and common.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaf fibres used in basketry, hat-making, rope-making. Palm heart edible. Sometimes used to make palm wine.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Antsiranana: Bay de Rigny, Sept. 1848 (fl.), Boivin 2282 (P). Iharana: 30 km NW of Daraina, June 1992 (fr.), Beentje 4694 (K, TAN). Analalava: Maromandia, June 1923 (fl.), Decary 2111 (P, TAN). Marovoay: Marovoay, sine die (fl.), Perrier 11952 (P); idem, Dec. 1926 (fl.), Perrier 17872 (K, P); 16 km W of Ampijoroa, Dec. 1991 (fl.), Beentje 4552 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Ambato Boeni: Anjiajia, Aug. 1952 (fl.), Bosser 3506 (P, TAN). Maevatanana: Tsinjorano near Ikopa R., July 1898 (fl.), Perrier 679 (P). Ihosy: Isalo, Oct. 1924 (fl.), Humbert 2856bis (P). Manja: Beravi, June 1879 (fl., y.fr.), Hildebrandt 3052 (K, P; type of H. hildebrandtii). Betioky: Beza Mahafaly Reserve near Fitanabo, May 1987 (juv.), Phillipson 1767 (P, TAN). LOCALITY UNCLEAR. NW Madagascar, Mananda to Mahabo (?), Sept. 1866 (fl.), Grandidier s.n. (P); N Madagascar, anno 1837 (fl.), Richard 144 (P). Without any locality: Lam & Meeuse 6135 (L, P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small solitary or clustered pinnate-leaved palms of the forest undergrowth of Malay Peninsula, southern Thailand, Sumatra and Borneo; often lacking crowshafts, always with praemorse leaflets or leaf margins, and the flowers borne in pits; stigmatic remains in the fruit are basal.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Iguanura</name>\r
+<author>Blume</author>\r
+<citation>Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 66 (1838).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Iguanura leucocarpa; Blume</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Slackia</name>\r
+<author>Griffith</author>\r
+<bibref>Griffith, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 468 (1845).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Slackia geonomiformis; (Mart.) Griff.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Iguana — a lizard, ura — tail, referring to the rachilla bracts that give a scaly appearance to the inflorescence axes of some species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small, solitary or clustered, acaulescent or erect, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stems rarely exceeding about 4 m in height, with very short to elongate internodes, leaf scars inconspicuous, stilt roots sometimes present. Leaves undivided and pinnately ribbed, with or without an apical notch, or regularly to irregularly pinnate, marcescent or neatly abscising; sheaths usually splitting opposite the petiole and persistent, not forming a crownshaft, or rarely neatly abscising and a crownshaft developed, variously tomentose, a tattering ligule sometimes present; petiole present or absent, variously indumentose as the rachis; expanding blades frequently reddish-tinged, leaflets single-or several-fold, the tips or margins in entire blades irregularly praemorse, the main ribs frequently bearing scales or hairs, scattered or in bands, the blade with conspicuous longitudinal veins, transverse veinlets inconspicuous. Inflorescences usually interfoliar or infrafoliar (in species with a crownshaft), solitary, protandrous, spicate or branching to 1 or 2 orders, emerging long before anthesis, erect at first, becoming curved or pendulous; peduncle very short to very long; prophyll 2-keeled, tubular, short, usually enclosed within the leaf sheath, frequently marcescent, often indumentose; peduncular bract attached a short distance above the prophyll, usually much exceeding it, otherwise similar, marcescent, rarely neatly abscising, subsequent peduncular bracts very inconspicuous; rachis usually much shorter than the peduncle; rachillae rarely exceeding about 20 in number, usually fewer, very slender to moderately robust, glabrous or densely tomentose, bearing distant or dense, spirally arranged triads, superficial or, more usually, sunken in pits, each subtended by a low rachilla bract, forming the lower lip of the pit, an upper lip sometimes also differentiated, the pits frequently bearing sparse or abundant hairs, distal-most bracts subtending paired or solitary staminate flowers; floral bracteoles very small, included within the pits; flowers opening singly, in pit-bearing species the flowers exserted one at a time. Staminate flowers sessile, ± globular in bud, symmetrical, abscising after anthesis usually leaving the calyx behind; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, membranous, ± striate, often keeled, often ciliate-margined, sometimes tomentose, scarcely exserted from the pit; petals 3, valvate, twice as long as the sepals, somewhat hooded, very briefly joined at the base; stamens 6, filaments slender, elongate, fleshy, inflexed in bud, anthers ± oblong, the margins sometimes undulate, ± versatile, latrorse; pistillode conspicuous, columnar, as long as the petals, fleshy. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally pyriform or lozenge-shaped, less frequently oblate triangular; aperture a distal sulcus, infrequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-channelled or finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 27–45 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral [5/18]. Pistillate flower ± globular, slightly larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, rounded, ± striate; petals 3, distinct, exceeding the sepals, broadly imbricate, with minute, triangular, valvate tips, ± striate; staminodes 6, slender, flattened; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, slightly asymmetrical, ± ovoid, stigmas 3, large, fleshy, reflexed, ovule laterally attached, hemianatropous. Fruit ovoid, ellipsoidal, bilobed, or narrowly spindle-shaped and straight or curved, or even flat and 5-pointed, smooth when fresh, smooth or ridged when dry, green, white, brownish or pink turning brilliant red at maturity, the stigmatic remains basal, perianth whorls persistent; epicarp smooth, shiny, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp well developed, woody, smooth or variously ridged, with a basal rounded operculum. Seed conforming to the shape of the endocarp, attached at one side near the base, the hilum ± circular, raphe branches spirally ascending, anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous or ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll ± entire, with praemorse margins, with or without a small apical notch. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 32 species in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula (including south Thailand) and Borneo, some of them very local and poorly known. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig et al.1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Iguanura has not beentested. The genus resolves in numerous alternative positions,all with low support (Lewis and Doyle 2001, Loo et al. 2006,Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Species of Iguanura areseldom used except in a casual way, e.g., the leaves may beused for thatching overnight shelters. Roots and fruit of I.wallichiana have been attributed with contraceptive properties(Burkill 1966). All species are very decorative, but appear tobe difficult to cultivate.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Kiew (1976, 1979); see also Lim (1998).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The small size and usual lack of a crownshaft help todistinguish this genus. The most remarkable feature of thegenus is undoubtedly the range of fruit shape. Although thegenus has been recently monographed; many species,including the type, are insufficently known and represented inherbaria by few specimens.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Pinang. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>All species are plants of the undergrowth of primary tropical rain forest and often occur gregariously; they may be found at altitudes from sea level to about 1200 m in the mountains. In Malaya, Iguanura wallichiana is extraordinarily widespread, yet in Sumatra, it is local, for no obvious reason. In Borneo, many taxa are known in only very restricted areas. Iguanura melinauensis and I. elegans are found in rich alluvial soil developed at the base of limestone hills, but are not confined to this habitat, neither do they appear to be true calcicoles. Ants, flies, bees and wasps are frequent visitors to the staminate flowers of I. wallichiana (Kiew 1972), but of these, ants seem to be the most consistent visitors of pistillate flowers. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>New species and records of Iguanura (Palmae) from Sarawak and Thailand</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Kiew</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 143-145</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Iguanura chaiana</name>
+<author>Kiew</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 144 (1979)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak; Chai; S33784</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Takes its name from the collector, Paul Chai.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>ab L palmuncula Becc. var. magna Kiew foliolis numerosis angustis et antheris non lobatis differt.
+Palma humilis, foliis foliola numerosa 1-2-costata angusta ferentibus; inflorescentia ramosissima.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Small palm with stem c. 3 m tall and 2 cm diam.; internodes to 1.25 cm long. Leaf sheath 16 cm long, tough and fibrous (? persistent), covered with a dense, reddish-brown tomentum; petiole 5 cm long; lamina 65-70 cm long with c. 27 pairs of narrow pinnae, 30 cm long and 1-2 cm broad with 1 or 2 main lateral veins. Inflorescences among the leaves to 60-75 cm long; with peduncle 35 cm long, densely tomentose; rachillae 9-11, the lowermost 25-40 cm long with 2-3 second-order branches; upper rachillae 16-20 cm long. Floral triads 2-4 mm apart. Staminate flowers yellow, calyx 1 mm long; corolla 2 mm long and ribbed; stamens with unlobed anthers, 1 mm long; pistillode columnar, 1 mm long. Pistillate flowers (immature) with calyx 1 mm long; corolla 1 mm long and ribbed; staminodes minute; ovary ovoid 0.75 mm long. Mature fruit unknown; immature fruit globose without ribs or ridges; epicarp minutely verrucose.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is distinguished by the combination of the numerous narrow leaflets and the much-branched inflorescence. Iguanura palmuncula Becc. var. magna Kiew has an inflorescence with 7-10 rachillae, the lowermost with second-order branching but the rachillae are much shorter (8-13 cm long) and the lamina is smaller (30-50 cm long) and has fewer (up to 5) pairs of pinnae; in addition the anthers are lobed and the fruit is strongly ridged. I. chaiana is known from a single specimen.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BORNEO: SARAWAK. 2nd Division, Bukit Ubah-Ribu, Ulu Sg. Kaup, Lubok Antu, Chai S33784 (holotype SAR).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>New species and records of Iguanura (Palmae) from Sarawak and Thailand</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Kiew</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 143-145</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Iguanura curvata</name>
+<author>Kiew</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 143 (1979)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak; Ashton; S17623</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet refers to the curvature of the fruit.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>ab L corniculata Becc. et I. polymorpha Becc. fructo porcato differt; ab L myochodoides Kiew fructu curvato distinguitur.
+Palma caespitosa, inflorescentia ramosa, rachillis longis; fructus porcatus, elongatus, ad apicem curvatus, 1*4 cm longus, 5-6 mm basi latus, apice 3 mm latus.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Caespitose palm with stem 1.5-3.5 m tall and 1.5 cm diam.; internodes 2.5 cm long. Leaf sheath tough and fibrous, 15 cm long, very densely rusty- tomentose; petiole 40-47 cm long; lamina 36-54 cm long with 3-5 pairs of pinnae; pinnae 21-28 x 2.5-8 cm, with lower veins and rachis densely rufous-hairy. Inflorescences borne among the leaves; prophyll as long as leaf sheath; second peduncular bract projecting 8 cm beyond the leaf sheath, densely brown-tomentose. Inflorescence to 49-57 cm long, with peduncle to 29 cm; rachillae 4-8 in number, 19-33 cm long, the lowermost rachillae sometimes with second-order branching. Staminate flower with calyx 1 mm long, corolla 3 mm long, ribbed; stamens with lobed anthers 1.5 mm long, tissue in the stomial region with conspicuous large raphides; pistillode columnar, 2.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers (immature) with calyx 1 mm long; corolla 2 mm long and ribbed; staminodes minute; ovary ovoid, 1.5 mm long. Fruit elongate, 1.5 cm long by 5-6 mm broad at the base, tapering to 3 mm at the apex, with 3 ribs on the dorsal side and 2 lateral ribs extending less than half way from the base of the fruit, apex curved towards the basal stylar remains; young fruit green, turning white and ripening red. Endosperm homogeneous, curved and smooth (without ribs).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>No other species of Iguanura has curved and ribbed fruits. The Malayan L corniculata Becc. and L polymorpha Becc. have curved fruits which are not ribbed and both these species have trapezoid pinnae (i.e. the lateral veins diverge from the midrib towards the margin). I. myochodoides Kiew from Sarawak has elongate ribbed fruits but they are not curved and its inflorescence has much shorter rachillae (7-9 cm long).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BORNEO: SARAWAK. Hose Mountains, Ulu Temalad, Mujong, Balleh, Ashton S 17623 (holotype K, fruit; SAR, sterile) and S 17625 (K, SAR, flowers). Bintulu, Sg. Kakus, Hirano and Hotta 159 (SAR). Kapit, Bukit Raya, G. Smith S27712 (SAR). Ulu Sg. Melinau, Chai et al. S37566 (SAR). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Robust solitary pinnate-leaved palm of humid rain forest in Central and South America, the stems with a dense cone of stilt roots and sometimes ventricose; leaflets are rhomboid, praemorse, longitudinally divided to give the whole leaf an ostrich-feather appearance; fruit has apical stigma remains and a lateral embryo.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Iriartea</name>\r
+<author>Ruiz and Pav.</author> \r
+<citation>Fl. peruv. prodr. 149 (1794).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Iriartea deltoidea; Ruiz and Pav.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Deckeria</name>\r
+<author>H. Karst.</author>\r
+<bibref>Linnaea 28: 258 (1857) (non Deckera Schultz [1834])</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Deckeria corneto; H. Karst.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Bernardo de Iriarte (1735–1814), Spanish diplomat.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, robust, often very tall, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious tree palm. Stem erect, ± bellied, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, bearing slender stilt roots forming a dense cone obscuring the stem base. Leaves rather few in number, pinnate, neatly abcising; sheaths forming a well-defined crownshaft; petiole rather short, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded; rachis adaxially angled, abaxially rounded; leaflets large, asymmetrically deltoid to elliptic, the proximal margin entire for ca. 1/3 its length then praemorsely toothed, the distal margin entire for a shorter distance, then praemorsely toothed, ribs conspicuous sometimes with scaly margins, the main ribs diverging from the base to the margin, the whole leaflet usually irregularly split into linear segments displayed in different planes giving the leaf a plumose appearance, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, pendulous, strongly curved in bud, branching to 1 order distally to 2 orders proximally, protandrous; peduncle massive, ± circular in cross-section; prophyll short, tubular, 2-keeled, apically open; peduncular bracts 8–12, spirally arranged, tubular, the proximal several short, soon splitting, the distal very long, tubular, enclosing the inflorescence, all bracts variously hairy, eventually deciduous, leaving conspicuous, close annular scars; rachis equalling or slightly longer than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged, minute, collar-like bracts; first-order branches digitately branched proximally, unbranched distally, bases of branches swollen; rachillae very long, moderately robust, bearing spirally arranged, slightly sunken, close triads throughout their length except at tips where bearing solitary or paired staminate flowers; rachilla bracts and floral bracteoles not evident. Staminate flowers ± symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, gibbous, rounded, imbricate, bearing deciduous, bristle-like hairs; petals 3, 3–4 times longer than the sepals, valvate, ± boat-shaped and curved, the tips rounded to acute; stamens 9–20, filaments very short, slender, anthers elongate, acute to mucronate apically, latrorse; pistillode minute or lacking. Pollen ellipsoidal, ± bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine intectate, closely to densely gemmate, gemmae often coalesced into larger units, sometimes with large well-defined gemmae, surrounded by smaller gemmae, aperture margin similar; longest axis 31–35 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers smaller than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate; petals 3, distinct, broad, rounded, imbricate except at the triangular valvate tips; staminodes to 12, very small, tooth-like; gynoecium globose, trilocular, triovulate, stigmas 3, low, only 1 ovule normally maturing, basally attached, form unknown. Fruit mostly globose, yellow when ripe, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp granular and fibrous, endocarp very thin. Seed globose, basally attached, hilum circular, raphe branches coarse anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll praemorse, undivided. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species, distributed from Costa Rica and Nicaragua southwards to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Roth 1990), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b, Avalos 2004), stamen development (Uhl and Moore 1980), gynoecium (Uhl and Moore 1971), seed (Roth 1990). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Iriartella. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The outer part of the trunk is extremely hard and durable and is used in the construction of dwellings and in making spears. Wallace (1853) records the use of swollen sections of the trunk as canoes (see also Johnson [1998]). Henderson et al. (1995) recorded the use of stems for coffins in the Choco region of Colombia. For medicinal uses, see Plotkin and Balick (1984). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson (1990). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Pinnate leaf fragments from the Miocene of Peru are described as Iriartites tumbezensis (Berry 1919b), although the author comments that this is, “…a convenient form-genus for the remains of fossil palms that appear to belong to tribe Iriarteeae, but whose exact generic identity is uncertain.” Furthermore, material described as Sabalites from the Tertiary of Venezuela (Berry 1921b) resembles a leaf of Iriartea, but these fossils need to be restudied. Gardner (1882) recovered an abundance of pinnate palm leaves from the Middle Eocene Bournemouth Freshwater Beds, which he considered to resemble Iriartea more than any other genus (Chandler 1963). A ‘palm nut’ from the Miocene of the Panama Canal Zone (Gatun) is described as being, “very close to the endocarp of Iriartea” (Berry 1921a) and a seed (Iriartea collazoënsis) recorded from the Middle Oligocene of Puerto Rico is considered to resemble closely those of Arenga and Iriartea (Hollick 1928). The anatomy of a large specimen ofstem wood, Palmoxylon iriarteum, from the West Indies(Antigua), in the collection of the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet,Stockholm, was described in detail by Stenzel (1897) whoconsidered it ancestral to Iriartea; no age is given. Comparisonsof palm stem wood or root to generic level should always beviewed with caution.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Iriartea is distinguished from Socratea by the denserather than open cone of stilt roots, the closed staminateflowers with fewer stamens, the clavate rather than spinosepollen, and the very different pollination syndrome describedby Henderson (1985).</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Stilt palm, horn palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Frequently gregarious in lowland tropical rain forest but reaching 1200 m, often as a distinct component of the forest canopy. Pollination is by bees (Henderson 1985). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Iriartea deltoidea</name>
+<author>Ruiz & Pav.</author>
+<citation>Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil.: 298 (1798)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem to 20 m tall and 20-40 cm in diameter, often swollen in the middle. Base supported by a 1-2 m tall cone of black stilt roots, these 3-5 cm in diameter. Leaves 4-6, 3-5 m long, bushy; pinnae numerous, longitudinally split, spreading in different planes, green on both sides. Inflorescence buds 1-3 m long, downwards curved, resembling a bulls horn. Inflorescence cream coloured in flower, the numerous pendulous branches to 1.5 m long, borne on a short curved axis. Fruits dull bluish black, globose, ca. 3 cm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central America to Ecuador W of the Andes, and in the W part of the Amazon region from Venezuela to Bolivia. Perhaps the most common native tree species in Ecuador, occurring in all provinces that include moist lowland areas.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Solitary or clustered, small pinnate-leaved palms of the forest undergrowth in the Amazon basin, distinctive in the undivided praemorse rhomboid leaflets, inflorescence branched to one order only and seed with apical embryo.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Iriartella</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<citation>Bonplandia 8: 103, 106 (1860).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Iriartella setigera; (Mart.) H. Wendl.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Cuatrecasea</name>\r
+<author>Dugand</author>\r
+<bibref>Dugand, Rev. Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 3(12): 392 (1940).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Cuatrecasea vaupesana; Dugand</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combines palm generic name Iriartea with the dimitutive suffix -ella: little Iriartea.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Usually clustered, slender, lightly armed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, stilt roots well developed at the base, internodes densely covered in scales, hairs, and sometimes sharp black bristles, becoming smooth in age. Leaves few, pinnate, neatly abscising; sheaths forming a crownshaft, sparsely to densely armed with solitary or clustered black bristles and abundant scales and hairs, sometimes with a short ligule; petiole well developed, ± rounded in cross-section; armed like the sheath; rachis adaxially angled, abaxially flattened, densely hairy; leaflets regularly arranged, distant, rhombic to trapezoidal, upper margins irregularly lobed and praemorse, distal pair of leaflets truncate, joined along the rachis, ribs numerous, conspicuous abaxially, ± parallel, scaly or rough hairy abaxially, sometimes also adaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar at first, becoming infrafoliar in fruit, branching to 1 order, protandrous; peduncle elongate, flattened, elliptic in cross-section; prophyll inserted near the base, tubular, 2-keeled, membranous, included in the leaf sheath, eventually disintegrating; peduncular bracts 3–5, exceeding the prophyll, similar but not 2-keeled, the proximal included within the leaf sheath, the distal exposed; rachis shorter than the peduncle, bearing minute triangular, incomplete, spirally arranged bracts each subtending a rachilla; rachillae slender, 3 to ca. 30, short to moderately long, bearing spirally arranged, close, slightly sunken triads throughout except at the very tip where bearing paired or solitary staminate flowers, rachilla bracts not evident. Staminate flowers borne in a close pair distal to the pistillate, symmetrical; sepals 3, rounded, keeled, distinct, imbricate or basally connate, both connate and distinct sepals found in different collections of Iriartella setigera; petals 3, distinct, oblong, valvate, about 3 times the length of the sepals; stamens 6, filaments very short, broad, fleshy, anthers oblong, basifixed, latrorse; pistillode absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; aperture comprising two parallel distal sulci, narrowly separated by an ectexinous bridge; ectexine, tectate, coarsely perforate, tectum between sulci and aperture margins similar or slightly less perforate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 22–26 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral [2/2]. Pistillate flowers smaller than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, broad, imbricate or basally connate, splitting into 3 in fruit; petals 3, imbricate basally with short triangular, valvate tips; staminodes 6, minute, tooth-like; ovary globular, trilocular, triovulate, tipped with 3 short, recurved stigmas, ovule form unknown. Fruit usually developing from 1 carpel, scarlet, orange, or brownish, ellipsoidal, stigmatic and carpellary remains basal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp slightly fleshy with few longitudinal fibres, endocarp thin. Seed ellipsoidal, attached basally, with loosely branched raphe and tannin network, endosperm homogeneous; embryo apical. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll shallowly bifid. Cytology unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species limited to the Amazonian drainage of Peru, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The mononophyly of Iriartella has not been tested. The relationships among the genera of Iriarteeae have been investigated in three studies that include all genera (Henderson 1990, Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review) to which readers are referred. There is no agreement between the results of these studies. Only one sister relationship, between Iriartella and Wettinia, is supported by bootstrap analysis (Asmussen et al. 2006). New analyses are required to elucidate this group. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>An infusion of leaf bases is used medicinally. Stems are hollowed out and used for the exterior tube of blow guns. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson (1990). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Similarities to Podococcus are of a superficial nature only. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Palma de cerpatana (Iriartella setigera). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Undergrowth palms of lowland tropical rain forests below 1000 m elevation. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Solitary moderate hermaphroditic fan palms of Amazonian rain forest, stems becoming bare; leaves are discolorous, with the blade divided by a central deep split and petiole base split; stamens are numerous and the fruit minutely roughened.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Itaya</name>\r
+<author>H.E. Moore</author> \r
+<citation>Principes 16: 85 (1972).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Itaya amicorum; H.E. Moore.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named after the River Itaya, a tributary of the Amazon near which the genus was discovered.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palm. Stem smooth (drying roughened), bare except for fibrous remains of sheaths and a lattice of long persistent, split petioles below the crown. Leaves spreading, induplicate, palmate; sheaths short, fibrous, split opposite the petiole, persisting as fibrous margins on the bases of the petioles; petiole elongate, unarmed, the base prominently split, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially near the base, becoming biconvex and rhomboid in section distally, margins obtuse; adaxial hastula deltoid, often large, basally grooved, abaxial hastula narrow; blade held in one plane, thin, orbicular, divided to ca. 3/4 the radius at the middle, each half again deeply divided into several (4–7) elongate, wedge-shaped, 4–7-fold segments, these very shallowly divided apically into briefly bifid, 1-fold segments, abaxially lighter, midribs very prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets of 2 sizes very prominent. Inflorescences interfoliar, elongate, curved, branched to 3 orders basally, to 1 order distally; peduncle terete; prophyll short, 2-keeled, abaxially split, peduncular bracts ca. 5, bases tubular, apices inflated, acute, coriaceous, persistent, larger than the prophyll, marcescent, lightly tomentose, split on one side; rachis about as long as the peduncle, tapering, ± angled, tomentose; first-order branches each subtended by a persistent, marcescent bract similar to the peduncular bracts but progressively smaller and the upper-most scarcely tubular at the base, the branches ± flattened, adnate to the rachis often nearly to the succeeding bract; rachillae short, rather distant, slightly sinuous, each subtended by a linear acute bract, rachillae bearing spirally arranged, solitary flowers, each on a very short pedicel subtended by a small acute bract. Flowers creamy-white; sepals 3, connate in an acutely 3-lobed cup; petals 3, connate ca. 1/2 their length, the 3 lobes rounded and erect at anthesis, probably valvate in bud; stamens 18–24, one or two opposite each sepal, the remainder opposite the petals, filaments connate basally in a fleshy tube less than 1/2 their length, slightly adnate to corolla basally, fleshy and ± awl-shaped distally, anthers exserted at anthesis, oblong, dorsifixed at the middle, versatile, bifid at apex and base, latrorse; gynoecium of 1 carpel, eccentrically ovoid, narrowed to a slender curved style and oblique papillose stigma, ovule hemianatropous, attached adaxially at the base, the short funicle bearing a large oblique aril. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, aperture margin finely perforate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 36–41 µm [1/1]. Fruit oblong-ovoid or subglobose with eccentrically apical stigmatic remains; epicarp minutely granular-roughened and with minute perforations, mesocarp thick, white, dry, with anastamosing fibres and a peripheral layer of sclerosomes, endocarp not differentiated. Seed oblong-ovoid, hilum elliptic, subbasal, raphe branches ascending-spreading, endosperm homogeneous; embryo eccentrically basal. Germination remote-tubular (Chavez 2003); eophyll undivided, elliptic. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species, known from a few localities in Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Uhl 1972c), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Uhl 1972b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Roncal et al. (2008) resolve Itaya as sister to all Cryosophileae except Chelyocarpus with low support. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Itaya is a promising horticultural subject because of its large and handsome leaves much resembling those of Licuala species, its moderate stature, and creamy-white inflorescences and flowers. </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1972). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Itaya appears to be most closely related to Chelyocarpus and Cryosophila. It differs, however, in the connation and adnation of sepals and petals, in its numerous stamens, in its unicarpellate gynoecium, and in the presence of two phloem strands in central vascular bundles of the petiole. The split in the petiole base has been commented on for Thrinax by Read (1975). It is an immediately recognizable field character but is not useful with herbarium material, which usually lacks leaf bases.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Itaya amicorum occurs in rain forest at low elevations. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Spectacular stemless or short-stemmed hermaphroditic palms of the forest undergrowth in South Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo, instantly recognisable by the large diamond-shaped undivided leaf; fruits are corky warted.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Johannesteijsmannia</name>
+<author>H.E. Moore</author>
+<citation>Principes 5: 116 (1961).</citation>
+<type>Type; Johannesteijsmannia altifrons; (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) H.E.Moore</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Teysmannia</name>
+<author>Rchb.f. and Zoll. in Zoll.</author>
+<bibref>Rchb.f. and Zoll. in Zoll., Linnaea 28: 657 (1858 [‘1856’]) (non Teysmannia Miq. [1857]).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for Johannes Elias Teijsmann (1808–1882), Dutch gardener and botanist at the Buitenzorg Botanical Garden, Java (now Kebun Raya Indonesia, Bogor).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, armed, acaulescent or short-trunked, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palms. Stem very short, decumbent, or erect, ringed with close leaf scars. Leaves large, entire, diamond-shaped, subpinnately ribbed, marcescent; sheath tubular at first, later drying and disintegrating into an interwoven mass of fibres; petiole well developed, ± triangular in cross-section, adaxially flattened, armed along the margins with small, sharp teeth, caducous tomentum present on very young petioles; adaxial hastula present on developing leaves, oblique, disappearing before leaf expansion; costa extending almost to the leaf apex, more prominent abaxially than adaxially; blade subpinnately ribbed, glabrous or the abaxial surface densely covered with white indumentum, lower margins thickened, armed with teeth like the petiole, the upper margins alternately notched, notches short along abaxial ribs, long along adaxial ribs, giving margins an irregularly stepped appearance, and perhaps representing highly reduced induplicate leaflets, midrib raised abaxially, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, short, usually partly obscured by leaf litter, branching to 1–5 orders; peduncle well developed, usually curved, tomentose; prophyll tubular, ± inflated, 2-keeled, usually densely tomentose; peduncular bracts conspicuous, up to 7 in number, cream at first, later cinnamon-brown, tubular, ± inflated, distichous in origin but all and the prophyll splitting along the side nearest the ground, allowing the inflorescence to curve; rachis shorter than the peduncle, the branches subtended by minute triangular bracts, the branches tending to form a condensed mass; rachillae 3–6, very thick, or very numerous and slender, glabrous or tomentose, bearing spirally arranged, minute, apiculate bracts subtending flowers, the flowers solitary or in groups of 2–4 arranged in a cincinnus with minute bracteoles, on a short tubercle, or ± sessile. Flowers cream-coloured, strongly scented; calyx cup-shaped with 3 low, glabrous, triangular lobes; corolla divided to 2/3 or almost to the base into 3 thin or very thick, fleshy, triangular, glabrous, sometimes densely papillose, valvate lobes; stamens 6, epipetalous, filaments very broad, fleshy, angled, connate basally to form an androecial ring, abruptedly narrowed to short, very slender, distinct tips, anthers minute, rounded, introrse; gynoecium tricarpellate, the carpels distinct at the base, united by their tips in a common slender elongate style, stigma dot-like, ovule basally attached, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric or slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, scabrate, finely perforate, or perforate; aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 20–32 µm [4/4]. Fruit rounded, usually developing from 1 carpel, but sometimes 2 or 3 carpels developing, the fruit then 2 or 3-lobed; epidermis of fruit dying early in development, the mesocarp then cracking to produce thick, corky, pyramidal warts at maturity, chestnut brown in colour, endocarp moderately thick, crustaceous. Seed basally attached, endosperm homogeneous, but penetrated by a convoluted mass of seed coat at the base; embryo lateral. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll simple, plicate, minutely dentate at the tip. Cytology: 2n = 34.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Four species, one widespread but very local in south Thailand, West Malaysia, Sumatra, and the western part of Borneo, the other three endemic to West Malaysia, where they are also very local. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997),floral (Morrow 1965). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Preliminary analyses show that Johannesteijsmanniais monophyletic (Look 2007). The genus is placed as sister toLicuala (Uhl et al. 1995) or as sister to Pholidocarpus with lowsupport (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used for thatch and shelters.</p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1972b).</p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinguished by the striking diamond-shaped leavesand the structure of the inflorescence. Similar to Licuala butdiffering in inflorescence and leaf shape, and in hooked teethon the lower margins of the leaf blade. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Daun payung. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>These magnificent palms are plants of the undergrowth of primary rain forest, and seem very intolerant of disturbance; in Sarawak Johannesteijsmannia altifrons appears confined to some facies of ‘kerangas’ (heath forest); elsewhere, it seems less restricted but avoids wet valley bottom soils. Johannesteijsmannia magnifica and J. lanceolata are plants of hillslopes and J. perakensis is a plant ofhillslopes and ridgetops. The distribution is remarkably disjunct,species being absent from apparently suitable forest.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Dioecious pinnate-leaved palm of Juan Fernandez Island off the coast of Chile. Similar to Ceroxylon and Oraniopsis but distinct in the combination of complete prophyll, distinct petals, consistently 6 stamens and the eccentrically subapical stigmatic remains.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Juania</name>\r
+<author>Drude</author>\r
+<citation>Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 1878 (1): 40 (1878).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Juania australis; (Mart.) Drude ex Hook.f.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for the island of Juan Fernandez.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, moderate, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious palm. Stem stout, leaf scars oblique, internodes shorter above middle and very short at the crown, green, very smooth, with slight bloom. Leaves reduplicately pinnate, erect at first, then spreading; sheath fibrous, splitting opposite the petiole, not forming a crownshaft, covered with scaly tomentum when young; petiole much shorter than the rachis, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, with small brown scales; rachis triangular in cross-section, ridged adaxially, slightly rounded abaxially; leaflets narrow, single-fold, relatively short, bifid at tips, stiff, smooth, midribs more prominent adaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences interfoliar, solitary, usually 2 developed each year, the remainder aborting, branched to 2 orders at least proximally; peduncle elongate; prophyll short, tubular, laterally keeled, flat, open apically; peduncular bracts 3, similar to the prophyll, the second the largest and enclosing the third in bud, both the second and third larger than and inserted at some distance above the prophyll and first bract, all tubular and ± dorsiventrally compressed in bud, splitting abaxially at anthesis, becoming pendulous, persistent in fruit and at length marcescent; rachis elongate, longer than the peduncle, bearing numerous, spirally arranged branches, those at the base once-branched into short stiff rachillae, distal branches less divided or undivided, each branch and rachilla subtended by a small, sometimes adnate bract, bracts often lacking distally. Flowers white, solitary, open from early in development, briefly pedicellate, the pedicel subtended by an acute bract, the individual flowers usually with a bracteole on the pedicel. Staminate flowers with 3 sepals, united in a 3-lobed cupule, the lobes acute, about as long as to longer than the tube; petals 3, distinct, ± asymmetrical, ovate-acute, imbricate basally, separated above and shorter than the stamens in bud and at anthesis; stamens 6, the filaments distinct, anthers basifixed, versatile, emarginate to bifid apically, sagittate but the locules not divergent basally, latrorse; pistillode minute, ovoid, with trifid apex. Pollen ellipsoidal, asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate-rugulate, aperture margin broad scabrate and finely perforate; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 33–40 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers with 3 sepals, united in a 3-lobed cupule, the lobes, or some of them, as long as the tube; petals 3, distinct, imbricate basally and separated above in bud and in flower; staminodes 6, awl-shaped, distinct, lacking abortive anthers; gynoecium ovoid-attenuate, trilocular with 3 ovules, only 1 normally maturing, stigmas 3, short, recurved, ovules pendulous, hemianatropous. Fruit globose or nearly so, orange-red at maturity with eccentrically subapical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, mesocarp succulent and ± orange, with a few, flat, longitudinal, unbranched, whitish fibres adjacent to the very thin, cartilaginous endocarp, this adherent to the seed. Seed globose with mostly simple or forked vascular strands ascending from the base, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral in lower 1/3 or near the base. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll lanceolate, entire. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species on Juan Fernandez Islands.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, stem (Tomlinson 1969), root (Seubert 1996b)and flowers (Uhl 1969b). Single phloem strands in largevascular bundles of the petiole. Patterns of floral vasculatureare similar to those of Ravenea and Ceroxylon (Uhl 1969b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Ceroxylon.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The apex is edible. In the past, the wood was used for walking sticks, cabinet work, and carvings.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1969e). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Juania is threatened in its habitat by introduced goats.It has proved rather difficult to grow and remains very rareboth in the wild and in cultivation.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Juania palm, chonta palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring on steep slopes and ridges in lower andupper montane forest at altitudes of 200–800 m above sealevel, most abundant above 500 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>The Chilean Wine palm, native to Central Chile, and one of the most massive of all palms; the peduncular bract is smooth and there are 18 stamens in the staminate flowers.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Jubaea</name>\r
+<author>Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. and Kunth</author>\r
+<citation>Nova gen. et sp. 1: quarto edition 308; olio edition 247 (1816) (‘1815’).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Jubaea spectabilis; Kunth</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Molinaea</name>\r
+<author>Bertero</author>\r
+<bibref>Bertero, Mercurio Chileno 13: 606 (1829), (non Comm. ex Juss. 1789).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Molinaea micrococos; Bertero</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Micrococos</name>\r
+<author>Phil.</author>\r
+<bibref>Phil., Bot. Zeit. 17: 362 (1859).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Micrococos chilensis; (Molina) Phil.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Honours Juba II (ca. 50 BC–24 AD), king of Numidia 29–25 BC.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Massive, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, very stocky, eventually bare and marked with close, oblique leaf scars and vertical cracking. Leaves pinnate, many in the crown, neatly abscising in mature-trunked individuals; sheaths soon disintegrating into fibres and eventually becoming open; petiole short to long, sometimes hardly distinguishable from the sheath, edged with disintegrated leaf sheath fibres except near the tip where almost smooth, adaxially flattened, abaxially rounded or angled, bearing thin or thick white wax or glabrous; rachis stiff or gently curving, proximally adaxial face flattened, angled distally, abaxially rounded, bearing scattered caducous scales distally; leaflets numerous, single-fold, close but irregularly grouped, held ± all in the same plane, linear, very stiff, the tips often with a reflexed hook-like flange representing a fragment of the rein, irregularly obliquely bifid or regularly bifid, thinly glaucous, adaxially bearing caducous scales along the main vein and very few scattered scales and wax on the blade surface, abaxially with abundant caducous scales and bifid ramenta throughout the length of the main vein, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, large, branching to 1 order, protandrous; peduncle elongate, ± circular in cross-section, maroon when fresh, covered in dense, caducous tomentum; prophyll short, tubular, 2-keeled, opening distally, becoming fibrous with age; peduncular bract inserted near the prophyll, much exceeding it, enclosing the entire inflorescence until shortly before anthesis, tubular, woody, with a short solid beak, at anthesis splitting down ± the entire length, expanding and becoming cowl-shaped, adaxially smooth, glabrous, creamy-yellow when fresh, abaxially not grooved, only faintly striate, densely covered in soft, brown tomentum; rachis shorter than the peduncle, bearing numerous, elongate, spreading, spirally arranged rachillae, each subtended by a short, inconspicuous triangular bract; rachillae maroon, swollen at the very base and with a short basal bare portion, above which bearing numerous, spirally arranged triads in the proximal ca. 1/5–1/4 and paired or solitary staminate flowers distally, the distal-most rachillae sometimes entirely staminate; floral bracteoles very small. Staminate flowers slightly asymmetrical; calyx with a solid, elongate, stalk-like base and 3, narrow, triangular keeled lobes; petals 3, much longer than the calyx, distinct, valvate, ± boat-shaped with triangular tips; stamens ca. 18, filaments slender, fleshy, elongate, cylindrical, apically inflexed, anthers medifixed, versatile, ± rectangular, latrorse; pistillode small, trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal, frequently elongate, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 46–54 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers globular, only slightly larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, broadly imbricate, the outermost ± keeled; petals 3, distinct, rounded, broadly imbricate except at the short triangular valvate tips; staminodal ring low, ± shallowly lobed, forming a collar surrounding the gynoecium; gynoecium trilocular, triovulate, ± broadly ovoid, stigmas closely appressed, ovules hemianatropous, laterally attached to the ventral angle of the locules. Fruit usually 1-seeded, orange-yellow, ± ovoid, with a short beak and apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thick, fleshy, sweet, endocarp smooth, thick, bony, with 3 low crests and 3 pores lateral below the equator. Seed basally attached, closely adhering to the endocarp, endosperm homogeneous with large central cavity; embryo opposite one of the endocarp pores. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species, now much restricted and threatened in central Chile; widely cultivated in warm temperate regions. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, readily identified by the anatomy of the lamina and showing some resemblances to Butia (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Butia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Formerly trunks of Jubaea were felled and tapped for wine and sugar, the yield from a single trunk being prodigious. The palm is a widespread and important ornamental in dry warm temperate regions. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Glassmann (1987). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Subfossil endocarps, Paschalococos disperta (Dransfield 1991a), were described from a cave floor on Easter Island (Poike Peninsula) by Dransfield et al. (1984). Although represented only by endocarps, these are sufficiently well-preserved to determine them as belonging to the Attaleinae, and very closely related to Jubaea. However, until more remains of the extinct palm become available, it is impossible accurately to equate the palm with any known extant genus (Dransfield 1991a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Jubaea chilensis is one of the most massive palms. It differs from Butia in the lack of spines on the petioles, in having stalked rather than sessile staminate flowers, and in having more than six stamens; and from Jubaeopsis in its solitary habit and stalked staminate flowers with connate sepals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Chilean wine palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Growing on sides of ravines and ridges in dry scrubby woodland. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Clustering palm with short erect stems that frequently branch dichotomously, native to southeastern South Africa, staminate flowers with 7–16 stamens.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Jubaeopsis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Webbia 4: 171 (1913).</citation> \r
+<type>Type; Jubaeopsis caffra; Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derived from the palm generic name Jubaea and -opsis — similar to, in reference to the similarities in floral and fruit structure.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stems erect, branching at the base and also aerially by forking, bearing leaf sheath remains distally, eventually becoming bare, marked with close leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, arranged in 5 vertical rows, marcescent or neatly abscising; sheaths tubular, soon disintegrating into an interwoven mass of fibres; apparent petiole short to elongate, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, glabrous, the margins bearing the remains of leaf sheath fibres, or becoming smooth; rachis ± straight or curved, adaxially channelled near the base, angled distally, abaxially rounded or flattened; leaflets numerous, single-fold, close, regularly arranged, except at the very tip, stiff, held in one plane, linear, the tips mostly asymmetrically 2-lobed, except at the leaf tip where acute or sometimes hooked, thinly glaucous, adaxial surface bearing scattered, minute, dot-like scales, abaxially with scattered dot-like scales, and a few large brown ramenta along the main vein, transverse veinlets conspicuous, sinuous. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, branching to 1 order, shorter than the leaves, protandrous; peduncle elongate, round in cross-section; prophyll short, tubular, 2-keeled, enclosed within the leaf sheaths, splitting apically; peduncular bract inserted near the prophyll, tubular and entirely enclosing the inflorescence until shortly before anthesis, later splitting longitudinally along the abaxial face and expanding, becoming cowl-like, woody, smooth, abaxially somewhat striate but not grooved, apically with a short, laterally flattened beak; rachis usually shorter than the peduncle, bearing numerous, spirally arranged, rather distant, spreading rachillae, each subtended by a low triangular bract; rachillae elongate, swollen at the very base and with a short or long basal bare portion, above which bearing few to numerous spirally arranged triads, Distribution of Jubaeopsis distally bearing paired or solitary staminate flowers; rachilla bracts and floral bracteoles small, inconspicuous. Staminate flowers rather large, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin asymmetrical, sessile; sepals 3, distinct, unequal, imbricate, ± triangular, similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 63–81 µm [1/1]. Pistillate keeled; petals 3, distinct, very unequal, much larger than the sepals, flowers ovoid, only slightly larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, boat-shaped with triangular tips, valvate; stamens (7–)8–16, filaments broad, rounded, with pointed tips, imbricate, somewhat irregularly slender, fleshy, ± cylindrical, apically inflexed, anthers linear, basally keeled; petals 3, distinct, ± twice as long as the sepals, broad, rounded, sagittate, dorsifixed, introrse; pistillode small, irregularly trifid. Pollen imbricate except at the short valvate triangular tips; staminodal ring ellipsoidal, frequently elongate, usually with either slight or obvious collar-like, very briefly toothed or consisting of several irregular tooth-asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, like lobes; gynoecium ± ovoid, trilocular, triovulate, stigmas 3, very short, ± triangular, ovules hemianatropous, laterally attached. Fruit 1-seeded, brown at maturity, globose with a short apical beak, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thin, fibrous, only slightly fleshy, easily separated from the endocarp at maturity, endocarp thick, bony, with 3 vertical grooves, the pores lateral just below the equator. Seed basally attached, somewhat irregular in shape, endosperm homogeneous with a large central cavity; embryo lateral, next to one of the endocarp pores. Germination remote tubular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 160–200.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species confined to the coastal reaches of two rivers in South Africa. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). See Robertson (1976a) for anatomy and development of fruit and seed. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Jubaeopsis is sister to all other members of the Attaleinae except Beccariophoenix (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The endosperm may be eaten. Because of its rarity, Jubaeopsis caffra is sought after as a collector’s item. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>For a discussion of morphology seeRobertson (1976b). See also Beccari (1913a) and Glassman(1987).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Jubaeopsis is the only member of Attaleinae in Africa,remarkable for its dichotomous stems and high chromosomenumber.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Pondoland palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Jubaeopsis caffra grows gregariously on the steep north, rocky banks of the rivers, near sea-level. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Tall pinnate-leaved palms from New Caledonia with broom-like inflorescences.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Kentiopsis</name>
+<author>Brongn.</author>
+<citation>Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad.Sci. 77: 398 (1873).</citation>
+<type>Lectotype; Kentiopsis oliviformis; (Brongn. & Gris) Brongn.</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Mackeea</name>
+<author>H.E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>H.E. Moore, Gentes Herb. 11: 304 (1978).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Mackeea magnifica; H.E.Moore</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derived from the generic name Kentia, named for William Kent (1779–1827), one-time curator of the botanic gardens at Buitenzorg, Java (now Kebun Raya Bogor) with opsis — resembling, from a presumed resemblance to Kentia Blume.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, tall, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, thick basally, grey, ringed with ± somewhat prominent, rather close leaf scars and with exposed roots at the base. Leaves pinnate, erect or spreading, neatly abscising; sheaths forming a prominent crownshaft; petiole channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially; leaflets regularly arranged, lanceolate, acute to acuminate, single-fold, adaxially glabrous and with wax, abaxially densely covered with small punctiform scales and abundant ramenta along ribs, midrib prominent, marginal ribs second in size to midrib, numerous secondary ribs conspicuous abaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to (2)–3–(4) orders basally, 1–2 orders distally, protandrous; peduncle very short, variously tomentose; prophyll and peduncular bract caducous, prophyll completely encircling the peduncle and enclosing the peduncular bract, briefly beaked, flat, keeled laterally, rather thin, chartaceous, both surfaces densely covered in whitish deciduous tomentum; peduncular bract like the prophyll but lacking keels; rachis elongate, longer than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged, low, rounded, ± ruffled bracts subtending the branches and rachillae; rachillae rather slender to stout, about equal in length, straight or curved, usually glabrous, bearing spirally arranged prominent, rounded, lip-like bracts subtending flowers borne in triads of 2 staminate and a pistillate nearly throughout the rachillae, a few paired or solitary staminate flowers present distally; bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flower low, unequal, rounded, not sepal-like. Staminate flowers symmetrical or somewhat asymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, ± deltoid, ± acute, imbricate basally, scarcely higher than wide; petals 3, valvate, angled, acute; stamens 11–38, shorter than, equalling or exceeding the petals, filaments erect at the apex in bud, anthers erect in bud, linear, dorsifixed, emarginate apically, bifid basally, latrorse, the connective elongate; pistillode nearly as high as the stamens (lacking, according to Beccari), with an attenuate, sometimes briefly trifid apex. Pollen ellipsoidal or oblate triangular, slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 39–52 µm [1/4]. Pistillate flowers symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate with valvate apices; staminodes 3, small, tooth-like, borne at one side of the gynoecium, or 6 and connate in a ring; gynoecium pseudomonomerous, with 3 prominent, recurved stigmas, unilocular, uniovulate, ovule pendulous. Fruit ellipsoidal, red or purplish at maturity with apical or subapical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, drying minutely pebbled, mesocarp consisting of a shell of pale, short, ellipsoidal sclereids over pale parenchyma with a few included longitudinal fibres and at maturity a layer of tannin cells adjacent to flat, anastomosing fibres adherent to the endocarp, endocarp thin, fragile, not operculate. Seed ellipsoid or pyriform, attached by an elongate hilum, the raphe branches numerous, anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid, seedlings sometimes displaying saxophone growth, sometimes with distichous leaves. Cytology: 2n = 32</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Four species in New Caledonia. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Uhl and Martens 1980), root (Seubert 1998a,1998b) and fruit (Essig and Hernandez 2002). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Kentiopsis has been resolvedwith low to moderate support (Baker et al. 1999a, Pintaud1999a, Asmussen et al. 2000). The genus has been placed as sisterto Actinokentia (Baker et al. in review) or alternatively as sister toa clade of Chambeyronia and Actinokentia (Pintaud 1999a).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Several of the species are becoming widespread in cultivation. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Pintaud and Hodel (1998a).</p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Kentiopsis is distinct from other members of theArchontophoenicinae in its asymmetrical staminate flowerswith angled petals and markedly unequal bracteolessurrounding the pistillate flower. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>No common names recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>One species, Kentiopsis pyriformis, is found on ultramafic rock while the other three are found on schistose rocks. Kentiopsis oliviformis grows in forest transitional to semihumid forest and K. piersoniorum grows on exposed wet shrubby vegetation onmontane ridges. All four species tend to grow gregariously, forming spectacular colonies. Kentiopsis magnifica is the tallest and stateliest palm in New Caledonia. For further details, seePintaud and Hodel (1998).</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Kentiopsis, a Genus Endemic to New Caledonia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pintaud</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.-C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 42(1) 32-33, 41-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Kentiopsis magnifica</name>
+<author>(H.E.Moore) Pintaud & Hodel</author>
+<citation>Principes 42: 42 (1998)</citation>
+<type>; MacKee; 26471</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Mackeea magnifica</name>
+<author>H. E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Gentes Herb. 11:304 (1978)</bibref>
+<bibref>Moore & Uhl, Allertonia 3(5): 324-325 (1984)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Moore (1978) chose the epithet because K. magnifica is one of the tallest and stateliest palms of New Caledonia</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Emergent palm. Trunk to 25 m tall, 25 cm dbh. Leaves B-9, spreading; sheath 0.8-0.9(- 1.5) m long, initially covered with blackish-centered, white-margined scales; petiole 20 cm long, minutely covered with brown-centered pale-margined scales of trichomes concrescent toward center; rachis ca. 2.25 m long, densely covered by similar scales; pinnae to 55 on each side, dark green on both surfaces and coriaceous, with numerous veins especially prominent abaxially, median pinnae 74-80 x 2.4-5 cm, the lowermost continuing into lorae to 2 m long, all arranged in one plane, although leaves in upper part of crown often twisted so pinnae oriented vertically (but still in one plane). Inflorescences 45-55 cm long, spreading, branched to three orders; peduncle 6.5-9 cm long, densely covered especially proximally with small brown-centered scales with long diverging white trichomes along margins; prophyll and first peduncular bract 5l-55 cm long, densely tomentose-floccose abaxially; rachis l6-17.5 cm long, scarcely scaly, with 15-20 angled branches; rachillae 27-44 cm longo waxy glaucous and glabrous. Flowers in triads nearly to apex of rachillae; bract subtending triad prominent, rounded, liplike; staminate flowers brown in bud, white inside, symmetrical, 12 mm diameter and l0 mm high at anthesis; stamens 32-38, exceeding petals, connate basally in a conspicuous ring, filaments 5 mm long, equalling petals, subulate, awl-shaped, straight at apex, anthers 3.5 mm long, linear-oblong, introrse, connective large, dark; pistillode less than half as high as filaments, conic, 3-lobed; outer bracteole surrounding pistillate flower ring-like, equalling triad bract, inner one twice as high, partly surrounding flower, both brown.; pistillate flowers B X 6 mm at anthesis, gynoecium 5 mm high, ovoid, stigmatic lobes prominent, white; staminodes 2-3. Fruits 2.2 X 1.2 cm, red, perianth brown, stigmatic remains apical; mesocarp with longitudinal fibers adherent to endocarp only basally; endocarp glossy, with longitudinal groove and round basal invagination. Seeds 15-16 X 9 mm, bullet-shaped, truncate basally. Leaves of juvenile individuals distichously arranged; "saxophone" type establishment growth lacking. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kentiopsis magnifica occurs in an area of about l0 X 1-4 km along Col d'Amos and the Pam Penninsula ridge at the north end of New Caledonia where it grows in dense populations at 300-600 m elevation. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Ecology: Kentiopsis magnifica is an emergent tree in remnant rain forest on schists in many small, close but mostly separate valleys. Associated palms include Basselinia gracilis, Cyphophoenix elegans, and Moratia cerifera. Phenology: Anthesis occurs from March through June; fruits mature from December through March. Flowers are visited by bees that have nests in the forest while the ant Polyrhachis guerini feeds on the stigmas of pistillate flowersr also. a verv abundant Tetranichydae mire feeds on the fleshy inflorescence branches and flowers. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable (Jaffré et al. in press). Although K. magnifica occurs gregariously in numerous populations, its range is quite limited and the remnant forest habitat is fireprone. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinguishing features of Kentiopsis magnifica include the thick indument of brown scaly-concrescent trichomes on the petiole, rachis, and peduncle; bright red to chocolate-brown expanding leaf with pinnae held in one plane (initially vertically) and stamens connate in a ring in the proximal 1/3. "Saxophone" type establishment growth is not present but eccentric root development does occur. Leaves are distichously arranged in juvenile plants and petioles are covered by a dense brown tomenttm. Kentiopsis magnifica is very similar to K piersoniorum in inflorescence architecture and morphology but quite different in floral structure. Taxonomic history: H. E. Moore, Jr. (1978) named and described Mackeea magnifica as a monotypic genus, stating that it differed from Kentiopsis, also monotypic at the time, by its symmetrical staminate flowers, mesocarp fibers adnate only basally to the endocarp, and short, trifid pistillode. These characters proved to be quite variable from species to species within the New Caledonian Archontophoenicinae with the wider series of specimens now available for study and thus are not sufficiently significant to maintain Mackeea as a distinct genus. Moore also stated that Mackeea was distinctive by the conspicuous layer of tannin cells overlaying the endocarp but Kentiopsis oliviformis was ambiguously described as having or lacking a layer of tannin cells in Moore and Uhl (1984). K. oliaiformis has, in fact, a layer of tannin cells like the three other members of the genus. On the other hand, Moore did not say anything about the connation of stamens in a ring, a unique character.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Specimens examined, additional to those cited in Moore & Uhl (1984). NEW CALEDONIA. Upper Mayavetch valley, 550 m elev., 20˚l8'S, 164˚23'8E, 29 Apr. 1995 (stam. fl.), J.-C. pintaud & I.-L. Aubé 175 & 176 (K), 177 (NY), 1ZB & 179 (NOU),180 (K) (all juv.); Col d'Amos, 550 m elev., 20˚l8'S, 164˚26'E, 13 Jun. 1995 (ster.), J.-C. Pintaud & M. Olivier 215 (K); Upper Mayavetch valley 550 m elev., l8B Sept. 1995 (juv.), J.-C. Pintaud 281 (NOU),282 (NY); id., 17 Mar. 1996 (stam. fl.), J.-C. Pintaud & D.R.Hodel 339( K, NY); Col d'Amos 550 m elev., 29 Apr. 1996 (stam. fl.), J.-C. Pintaud. & J.-P. Tivollier 346 (NY); Mayavetch, 550 m elev., 6 Jun. 1996 (pist. fl.), J.-C. Pintaud & D. R. Hodel 373 (NOU). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Kentiopsis, a Genus Endemic to New Caledonia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pintaud</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.-C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 42(1) 32-33, 41-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Kentiopsis oliviformis</name>
+<author>(Brongn. & Gris) Brongn.</author>
+<citation>Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 77: 398. 1873</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Le Palmae della Nuova Caledonia: 18. 1920</bibref>
+<bibref>Moore & Uhl, Allertonia 3(5):324-325. 1984</bibref>
+<type>; Vieillard; l281</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia oliviformis</name>
+<author>Brongn. & Gris</author>
+<bibref>Brongn. & Gris, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 11: 313. 1864</bibref>
+<bibref>Brongn. & Gris, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. V. 2: 16I. 1864 ('oliaveformis)</bibref>
+<bibref>Vieillard, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie II. 6:229. 1873</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The epithet means olive-shaped, and refers to the shape of the fruits.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Emergent palm. Trunk to 30 m tall, 25 cm dbh, gray, base thickened. Leaves 8-10, ascending to spreading; sheath to 1.1 m long, initially densely covered with ± concrescent white-translucent appressed trichomes, becoming grayish with age, glabrescent; petiole to 10 cm long; rachis to 3 m long, initially with same indument as sheath; pinnae 40-55 on each side, median ones 8B0-105 X 4-6 cm, basal ones continuing into lorae, all ± drooping, shining dark green adaxially, paler abaxially. Inflorescences erect to ascending, branched to three orders; peduncle 7-10 cm long; prophyll and first peduncular bract 60-70 X 20 cm, with deciduous brown-centered white-floccose scales becoming puncticulate; rachis to 35 cm long, bearing stellate scales; branches ca. 18, bearing same scales; rachillae to 30 cm long, ± glabrescent; bracts subtending branches and rachillae low, rounded, ± ruffled. Flowers in triads nearly to apex of rachillae, bract subtending triad prominent, rounded, liplike; bracteoles surrounding pistillate flowers low, unequal, rounded to pointed, not sepal-like; staminate buds 5.5-6.5 mm high, very asymmetrical, pointed; stamens 34-37, slightly shorter than petals, filaments 2 mm long, straight and not attenuate apically, anthers 2.8-3 mm long, linear, latrorse, emarginate apically, bifid basally, connective elongate, large, black; pistillode nearly as high as stamens, columnar, attenuate to a sometimes briefly trifid apex; pistillate flowers 5.5-7 mm high, staminodes 3, gynoecium 4.8 X 3.5 mm, ± diamond- shaped. Fruits l4-17 x 8-9 mm, red; stigmatic remains apical; mesocarp with flat fibers adherent to endocarp throughout. Seeds ll-13 X 6 mm, ellipsoid. Leaves of juvenile individuals spirally arranged; "saxophone" growth present. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kentiopsis oliviformis is restricted to central New Caledonia at low elevations (10-300 m), from Farino to Col des Roussettes on the west side and from Canala (not recently seen) to Kouaoua on the east side.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Ecology. A gregarious species, Kentiopsis oliviformis is an emergent tree in transitional, semi humid Aleurites forest only, where it occurs on schists and basalts often mixed with serpentine colluvium. In valley bottoms in the Tindéa-Boghen area, there are numerous populations, each nearly forming a pure stand of 0.1-1 ha (usually on flat land along a temporary stream)o within which there is no regeneration due to continuous leaf fall from tall (25-30 m), mature trees. Regeneration occurs only on the periphery of each stand where mature trees are more widely spaced. Mature trees become even more widely spaced farther out from the center of each populationt hen disappeara ltogetheor n adjacenth illsides and valley slopes. In the Koh region of Kouaoua under a more humid climate, but also around Farino, K. oliviformise scapes from valley bottoms and is scattered on well-drained hill slopes. Phenology. Anthesis occurs from November through December; fruits mature from February throughM arch. Seeds germinate immediately after dispersion. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Kentiopsis oliviformis is endangered (Jaffté et al. in press). All populations are in areas under agricultural pressure; none have normal regeneration. In the Tendéa-Boghen area with several populations exceeding 1000 individuals, regeneration is very low due to cattle grazing; dramatic population reduction is expected here. The government of the South Province of New Caledonia has established an experimental, fenced area near Boghen to exclude cattle from one stand of K. oliviformis. However, these measures need to be greatly expanded to protect these and other populations adequately. Clearing of forests and harvesting trees for the edible cabbage or palm heart have much reduced populations near Kouaoua, La Foa, and Bourail. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Kentiopsis oliviformis is distinctive within tne genus by the very asymmetrical staminate flowers, not glossy in bud, the bracteoles not sepal-like and mesocarp fibers adherent to endocarp throughout. Other distinguishing features include the dense white indument on the leaf sheath, petiole, rachis, bracts and peduncle, bright, pale green expanding leaf and erect inflorescencesw ith scarcely divergent rachillae. "Saxophone" type establishment growth is present. Leaves are spirally arranged in young juvenile plants and petioles have prominent dark brown scales becoming marginally more and more white-fimbriate and finally white-floccose with age of the plant. Taxonomic history: A. Brongniart and A. Gris (1864) nameda nd described Kentia olivaeformis from an incomplete collection of Vieillard from Canala lacking leaves and male flowers. Brongniart (1873) transferred the species to Kentiopsis and listed a more complete collection, Balansa 766 near Nera River at Bourail. This population still exists but is much reduced as this area is now converted to agricultural land. Vieillard reported the vernacular name of Kipe for this species in Canala and said it exceeded 30 m tall and outgrew the coconuts from which K. oliviformis differed only by the small red fruits. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Additional specimens examined NEW CALEDONIA. Boghen Valley, Mecounia, 100 m elev., 2I˚37'S, 165˚39'E ,9 Nov. 1995 (stam. fl.), J-C. Pintaud, S. Blancher, M. Grouzis & f. Jaffré 292 (NOU); id. 7 Mar. 1996 (fr.), J.-C. Pintaud 324 (leg. J.-M. Veillon, S. Blancher & M. Boulet), (BH, BRI, K, NY, P); Houé-Moindou Valley, Tindéa, 150 m elev. 21˚39'S, 165˚43'E, 27 May 1996 (ster.), J.-C. Pintaud, R. Gatefait & N. Natiello 358 (K, NOU, NY); id. 359 (juv.) (P). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Kentiopsis, a Genus Endemic to New Caledonia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pintaud</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.-C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 42(1) 32-33, 41-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Kentiopsis piersoniorum</name>
+<author>Pintaud & Hodel</author>
+<citation>Principes 42: 45 (1998)</citation>
+<type>New Caledonia, Mont Panié, 570 m elev, 20˚34'S, 164˚48'E, 29 Dec. 1995; Pintaud; 309</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus P; isotypus BH</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The epithet honors the Pierson families, Robert and Geneviéve of Tontouta and their sons and daughters-in-law, Jean and Chantal, and Gilles and Marie-Christine of Noum6ao who have gone to exceptional measures to increase our knowledge of New Caledonia palms and encourage and support our work leading to a book on this island's extraordinary palms. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>K. magnificae (H. E. Moore) Pintaud & Hodel affinis sed folliis valde recurvatis, pinnis erectis, vaginis purpurascentibus vel purpureisviridibus glabrescentibus ceraceis albis, staminodiis 6, filamentis basaliter distinctis, pistillodiis circa fila aequantibus differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Emergent palm. Trunk 10-15 m tall or more, 18-25 cm dbh, gray, sometimes with an expanded base. Leaves l0-12, sharply recurved; sheath 80-120 cm long, purplish-green to purple obscured by a layer of bright glaucous wax and dotted with tiny brown scales abaxially, only slightly splitting opposite petiole and there bearing small auricles 1 cm long; petiole 12-18 cm long, rachis 2.2-2.3 m long, petiole and rachis purplish, soon glabrescent but covered initially by a dense, short white tomentum; pinnae 35-40 on each side, median ones 110 X 3-4.5 cm, proximal 2 pairs continuing into lorae, all straight, narrowly acute, coriaceous, l-ribbed, ascending in a narrow V, adaxially waxy, glaucous-green, midrib bearing abaxially twisted brown ramenta on proximal l/2 to 3/4 of the pinnae. Inflorescences 80-100 cm wide, spreading, branched to three orders, all parts except flowers and bracts strikingly glaucous and discretely spotted with minute, brown scales; peduncle short, encircling half the trunk; prophyll 60-70 X 20 cm, acute, with marginal wings 2-5 cm wide; first peduncular bract 60-70 X 15-18 cm. rostrate. both bracts densely covered abaxially with brown indument; rachis 30 cm long, main branches 6-10 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, ± rounded, swollen at base; bracts subtending branches small, triangular proximally, reduced to a low ridge distally; rachillae 100-200 or more, 35 cm long, 0.5 cm diameter, straight to reflexed, rounded, glabrous. Flowers in triads in proximal 2/3-3/4 of rachilla, bract subtending triads a thin, sharpedged, rounded shelf 1.5-1.75 mm high; flowers glossy, dark brown in bud, flowering basipetally; staminate flowers in bud 9.5 X 4.5 mm, bullet-shaped, slightly asymmetrical; calyx 4 X 6 mm, cupular, triangular, sepals cup-shaped, rounded or truncate apically, strongly angled abaxially; petals 8 X 4.5 mm, long-ovateo connate in basal l/4-1/3, pink adaxially; stamens 35-38, exceeding petals, filaments 5 mm long, slender, white, attenuate apically, straight or inflexed, free or nearly so, anthers 4-4.5 mm long, slender, dorsifixed 1.5 mm from base, connective narrow tanniniferous; pistillode 3.5-4 mm high, 2/3 as high to equalling filaments, conic basally, attenuate apically; outer bracteole surrounding pistillate flower conspicuous, 2.5 mm high, inner bracteole very large, sepal-like, 4.5 mm high, only partly surrounding flower on one side, rounded; pistillate flowers at anthesis 10 X 5 mm, ovoid-elongate; calyx 5 X 5.5 mm, cupshaped, sepals broadly rounded apically; petals cup-shaped, acute apically; staminodes 6, * thick, connate basally and forming a crownlike ring 0.6 mm high; gynoecium 6 X 4 mm at anthesis, ovoid, stigmatic lobes thick, blunt, straight at anthesis, recurved later, angled, ovule pendulous. Fruits 17-23 x 9-10 mm, cylindrical and smooth when fresh, purplish, drying bulletshaped and pebbled, fruiting perianth 6.5 mm high, stigmatic remains apical; mesocarp with a layer offlat, mostly separate, longitudinal fibers included in a thick layer of tannin cells; endocarp thin. Seeds 10-15 x 6.5-7 mm, bullet-shaped but truncate at both ends, endosperm homogeneous. Seedling with deeply bifid eophyll, lobes narrowly lanceolate to 15 cm long, with prominent nerves adaxially; trunkless juvenile individuals with spirally arranged leaves; saxophone growth absent. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kentiopsis piersoniorum occurs in a very limited area on the east slope of Mt Panié where it mainly occupies one valley and adjacent hills and ridges at (400)500-800(1000) m elevation </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Ecology. Kentiopsis piersoniorum grows as an emergent, gregarious, dominant, exposed tree in shrubby to forested vegetation on steep slopes and ridges on schists. Associated palm species include Basseliniaa elutina, Chambeyronial epidota, Moratia cerifera, and Brongniartikentia lanuginosa. Mass germination occurs in the dense stands. Phenology. Anthesis occurs from November through April; fruits mature from August through October. The two aceessible individuals from which all collections have been made (including Moore's) at 570 m elevation on the trail to the summit of Mt Panié have flowered once in two years (1995-1996), and the large proportion of sterile individuals in the main population on the opposite ridge southward suggests that flowering may be normally biennial or even more infrequent, with the production of only a single inflorescence each time.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Status is low risk but conservation dependant (LRcd, proposed according to IUCN [1994]). Although very abundant at the place where it occurs, K. piersoniorum is restricted to several hundred hectares of forest only. The population of K. piersoniorum is afforded some protection, especially against fire, since it occurs entirely in the Mt Panié Botanical Reserve where its habitat is undisturbed and difficult to access. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Kentiopsis piersoniorum is an impressive and spectacular palm. The sharply recurvedo grayish leaves and glaucous crownshaft are remarkable, even among the many palm species with recurved leaves on Mt Panié and the strikingly glaucous color of the inflorescence contrasts aesthetically with the glossy brown buds, pink petals, white filaments and yellow anthers of the staminate flowers. Unfortunately for visitors, the breathtaking populations of K. piersoniorum are hardly accessible. Kentiopsis piersoniorurn is distinctive by the complete staminodial ring but also by its low rate of reproduction and long delay (one month) between anthesis of staminate and pistillate flowers in the same triad. Kentiopsis piersoniorum resembles K. magnifica in inflorescence morphology, both species having stout glaucous and sparsely scaly branches, glossy-brown buds and unequal bracteoles, the inner one sepal-like, but they differ markedly in flower shape and structure, leaf shape, and indument. The two species occur about 50 air kilometers apart. Taxonomic history: H. E. Moore, Jr. first collected this species in 1971. Despite vegetative differences, Moore assigned it to Mackeea rnagnifica, basinghis decision on his incomplete collection consisting only of immature fruits. We were able to collect this palm in flower in 7995-I996,the more complete material showing it to be a distinct species. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Additional specimens examined. NEW CALEDONIA. East slope of Mont Panié, 600-700 m elev., 2O˚34' S, 164˚48' E, 23 June 1971 (fr.), H. E. Moore, Jr., H. Brinon, M. Schrnid & J.-M. Veillon 9968 (BH, NOU); Mont Panié, on trail to summit, in open shrubby vegetation dominated by Araucaria montana, 570 m elev., 12 Jun. 1995 fiuv.), J.-C. Pintaud & M. Oliaier 208 (NOU, NY, P); 211 (ster.) (P); id. 26 Jil. 1995 gw.), J.-C. Pintaud & P.-O. Albano 238 (P); id. 77 Ian. 1996 (pist. fl.), J.-C. Pintaud 318 (BH, BRI, K, NY, P); id. 18 Mar. 1996 (pist. fl.), J.-C. Pintaud 341 (leg. D. R. Hodel),( NOU); id. 5 Jun. 1996 fiuv.), J.-C. Pintaud & D. R. Hodel 367 (NOU). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Kentiopsis, a Genus Endemic to New Caledonia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pintaud</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.-C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 42(1) 32-33, 41-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Kentiopsis pyriformis</name>
+<author>Pintaud & Hodel</author>
+<citation>Principes 42: 49 (1998)</citation>
+<type> New Caledonia, Goro, mouth of Kuebini River. 50 m elev., 22˚ 16' S, 167˚ E, 6 Dec. 1995; J-C Pintaud & D. R. Hodel; 303</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus P; isotypi BH, BRI, K, NOU, NY</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The epithet means pear-shaped, and refers to the unusual and distinctive shape of the seeds.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Kentiopsis oliviformi (Brongn.& Gris) Brongn. affinis sed foliorum vaginis glabrescentibus ceraceis cupreis vel vinosis, inflorescentiis effusis ramis principalibus angulatis, floribus masculis symmetricalibus, staminibus ll-20 differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy to emergent palm. Trunk l0-18 m tall, 1O-22 cm dbh, brown becoming gray, sometimes enlarged or bulging at the base, adventitious roots visible. Leaves 7-12, ascending to spreading, moderately recurved or nearly straight; leaf sheath 70-130 cm long, coppercolored or purplish red, with a thin cover of glaucous- white wax and minutely puncticulate with tiny brown lacerate scales abaxially, splitting in the distal 1/4-1/3 opposite petiole and there bearing small auricles 1 cm long or terminatirrg on petiole with two wings l0 cm long; petiole 20-45 cm long (some times to 2.6 m long in trunkless juveniles), glabrescent, green or reddish to purplish; rachis 2.5-3 m long, petiole and rachis variously covered initially by thin feltlike indument of brown-centered, white-margined scales; pinnae 40-58 on each side, median ones 110-130 X 5-8 cm, proximal two pairs continuing into lorae, all acute, coriaceouso one-ribbed, ascending and held in open V or borne in one plane and flat to slightly pendulouso green and glossy adaxially, midrib and sometimes secondary ribs bearing abaxially membranous, medifixed ramenta in groups of 2-20. Inflorescences 1-2, 60-100 cm wide, spreading, branched to four orders; peduncle 6-10 cm long; prophyll 40-50 X 20 cm, splitting into two halves; first peduncular bract 50-60 X 15-18 cm, beaked, slightly exceeding the prophyll, both bracts pale green or dark purple, glabrescent to variously tomentose abaxially; rachis 30-40 cm long with l0 main branches 2-10 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, sharply angled, dorsiventrally flattened, brownish green to bright purple; peduncle and rachis with thin indument of browncentered, white-margined minute scales; bracts subtending branches small, triangular-obtuse to acuminate and finally reduced to a ridge; rachillae 100-400, slender, 20-30 cm long, 0.5 cm diameter, folded and mucilaginous in inflorescence bud, rounded, glabrescent, very pale green to cream-colored in bud, becoming brown or dark purple. Flowers in horizontal triads'rof a central pistillate flower flanked by two medianlateral earlier-opening staminate flowers; triads in proximal 2/3 and sometimes nearly to apex of rachillae, paired staminate flowers only distally, or sometimes paired staminate flowers on unisexual rachillae; bracts subtending triads a thin, rounded, sharp-edged lip to 1 mm high; staminate flowers in bud 6 x 3.5-4 mm, glossy brown, almost symmetrical; calyx 2.5 mm high and 3.5 mm in diameter, cupular, sepals keel-like, truncate or broadly rounded apically; petals ovate, boat-shaped, spreading at anthesis, adnate to the receptacle basally and with a swollen pulvinus just above, pinkish adaxially; stamens 11-20, just exceeding petals, filaments free or nearly so, 2.5 mm long, slender, slightly fluted, white, straight, and not attenuate apically, anthers 2-2.5 mm long, slender, dorsifixed 1/3 up from base, connective white, not tanniniferous; pistillode 1-1.5 mm high, much shorter than filaments and petals, conical to columnar and fluted or rarely spindle-shaped; outer bracteole surrounding pistillate flower l-2.5 mm hign, sepal-like or not, inner bracteole 2.75 mm high, always sepal-like, sometimes forming a tube with the outer bracteole; pistillate flowers 5-6 X 3-4.5 mm, rhomboid and laterally compressed or globose-ovoid; calyx 4-4.5 X 4-4.5 mm, cupularo sepals strongly bowl-like to cupshaped; petals bowl-like to cup-shaped, scarcely exceeding or much exceeding sepals; staminodes 3, 0.5-0.9 mm high, toothlike, thin, membranous; gynoecium 4-5.5 X 2.5-3 mm, stigmatic lobes recurved, angled, laying between corolla lobes or shorto erect; ovule laterally attached or pendulous. Fruits to 17 X 7 mm, oblong, purplish pink, fruiting perianth 6 X B mm, stigmatic residue subapical; mesocarp with abundant, mostly elongate, but at times wandering or reticulate fibers not adherent to endocarp, tannin cells in a thick layer between fibers and endocarp; endocarp whitish, fragile. Seeds 10-12 X 5-6 mm, pyriform, rarely -t ellipsoid, hilum elongate, lateralo raphe branches mostly longitudinal, anastomosing little, slightly embedded. Bifid leaves 5-6 before first pinnate leaf; trunkless juvenile individuals with distichously arranged leaves, becoming spirally arranged with age, petioles glabrous, glossy reddish to dark purple; "saxophone" growth present. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kentiopsis pyriformis ranges from along the east coast of New Caledonia south of Yaté, where it occurs in a fringe of forest 20 km long and 100-500 m wide from Touaourou to Goro villages at 5-100 m elevation, inland to the southwest about 11.5 air kilometers distant in remnant patches of forest at about 200 m elevation, at the southern end of Monts Nengone, near Port Boisé. The main population is at Goro on a steep, unstable, rocky slope above the mouth of Kuebini River. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Ecology. A more or less gregarious, subcanopy to canopy species, Kentiopsis pyriformis is found in lowland rain forest on ultramafic rocks, both on oxydic colluvium on flat land and steep, rocky, eroded slopes of peridotitic mountains and hills. The largest and more gregarious population at the Kuebini River near Goro grows with other palms including Actinokentia diaaricata,, Basselinia pancheri, Clinosperma bracteale, and Cyphokentia macrostachya. The population near Port Boisé is much smaller and the individuals more scattered. Associated palms there include A. divaricata, B. gracilis, B. pancheri, Chambeyronia nmacrocarpa. Phenology. Flowers usually occur from November through February with a l5-day delay between anthesis of staminate and pistitlate flowers in the same triad; fruits mature from April through June.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Status is critically endangered (proposed). Occupying less Ihan 2 ha, the main population of K. pyriformis at the Kuebini River is unprotected and consists of less than a hundred trunked individuals. Fire severely affected the entire population about 1980, destroying nearly all saplings and damaging trunks of many mature individuals. Despite an abundant and regular production of readily germinating seeds, regeneration remains extremely low due to the difficulty of seedling establishment in an unusually steep, rocky, unstable habitat. In March 1996, Cyclone Beti caused the fall of at least 25% of the adults, nearly all of them more windprone since the earlier fire destroyed protective vegetation and damaged trunks. In one group of eight adults, the cyclone felled seven of them. Farther north along the coast at Touaourou, the forest is restricted to a narrow fringe inland from the road and next to the mountains. Here, burning, clearing for gardens and homes, and recent road improvements and rural electrification have all taken a toll on the forest. Also, native inhabitants probably harvested the palms, perhaps for the edible palm heart or cabbage and/or construction, since not one adult tree has been observed there. Some other small groups composed of a few adults and juveniles occur south of Goro where they are affected by landslides and stream erosion. The Port Boisé population is known from ca. 20 adult trees, less than a hundred juveniles with trunks, and numerous saplings, which locally dominate the understory, and is partly, although marginally, included in a botanical reserve. Felling of trees for construction and edible palm heart has decimated this population. Jean-Marie Veillon (personal communication) reports that as a forestry officer in the 1970s, he cited people for illegal cutting of palms in the Botanical Reserve. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Since each of the two collected populations of Kentiopsis pyriformis (Kuebini River and inland near Port Boisé) has conspicuous differences, some explanation is needed to justify their inclusion in a single, variable species. The two populations have the same major structural characteristics, both in vegetative and reproductive morphology. Distichous and glabrous juvenile stages associated with saxophone growth, highly branched inflorescences with flattened and sharply angled branches, slender rachillae, symmetrical flowers arranged horizontally in the triad, staminate flowers with sharply costate sepals, rather few stamens with short filaments not attenuate apically, white connectives and short pistillodes, pistillate flowers with three staminodes born within one petal, and pyriform seeds are constant and diagnostic characters. Purplish-pink fruits with subapical stigmatic remains and distinctive, elongate, wandering, reticulate mesocarp fibers may also prove to be good diagnostic characters, although mature fruits are yet unknown from populations near Port Boisé where only pyriform seeds removed from seedlings have been found so far. The most striking differences in vegetative morphology concern the habit of the palm and characters of the leaf sheath. Individuals from the coastal population have only 7-8 recurved leaves with a copper-colored sheath bearing small auricles at apex, and pinnae held straight in an open V, while individuals of the inland population have 10-12 spreading leaves with attractive, purplish to burgundy sheaths lacking auricles, terminating in wings, and flat to slightly drooping pinnae. However, exploration in July 1996, south of Goro and on the eastern side of Port Bois6 mountains not previously visited has uncovered additional populations of Kentiopsis pyrifurmis with a mix of vegetative characters and sometimesin termediatef orms,w hich show that these features are quite variable and, in fact, lead nearly to a continuum between the two collected populations. In reproductive morphology, the coastal and inland populations differ mainly in the shape of the pistillate flowers (rhomboid or ovoid) and surrounding bracts (forming a tube or not) and other pistillate structures such as stigmas (recurved or straight) and ovule attachment (lateral or pendulous), but we have made only one collection with pistillate flowers at each location, and thus we do not know the possible variability of these structures. Taxonomic history. Lucien Lavoix, an ardent palm enthusiast, first noticed this palm and brought it into cultivation in the early I970s, using seedlings removed from the Port Boisé population. Donald R. Hodel saw the species in the forest at Touaourouin 1977, and suspected it might be a new species. However, Kentiopsis pyriformis remained undocumented until we made the only collections of mature, flowering trees in 1995-1996, relying on information from Raymond Lavoix, son of Lucien, and several members of Association Chambeyroni at the New Caledonia Palm Society. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Additional specimens examined. NEW CALEDONIA. Coastal locations: Touaourou, edge of the rain forest, l0 m elev., 22˚ 12' S, 166˚ 58' E, 26 Apr. 1995 (ster.), J.-C. Pintaud, 174 (leg. T. Tonnelier M, . Dumas & R. Laaoix), (NOU); Goro, mouth of Kuebini River, 50 m elev., 22˚ 16' S, 167˚ E, 5 May 1995 (fr.), J.-C. Pintaud & M. Dumas 190 (NOU, NY); id. 26 May 1995 (juv.), J.-C. Pintaud & C. Pierson 203 (NOU), 2Oa Q); id. l0 Sept. 1995 (buds), J.-C. Pintaud & M. Dumas 265 (BH NOU, P); id.6 Dec. 1995 (stam. {1.), J.-C. Pintaud, & D. R. Hodel 304 (BH, BRI, K, NOU, NY, P); id. 4 Jan. 1996 (pist. fl.) J, .-C. Pintaud, T. Jaffre & J,-M. Veillon 310 (BH, K, NY); id. 4 May 1996 (fr.), J.-C. Pintaud & M. Durnas 348 (BH, BRI, K, NOU, NY, P); Kaa Drumia south of Goro, 50 m elev., 22˚ 19' S, 167˚ E, 26 Jun. 1996 (old infru.), J.-C. Pintaud 374 (leg. J-M Veillon), (NOU); inland location: South of Mts Nengone, near Port Boisé, 200 m elev., 22˚ 20' S, 166˚ 55' E, 26 May 1995 (juv.), J .-C.P intaud & C. Pierson 200 & 201 (P), 202 (K, NY); id. l0 Dec. 1995( buds & pist. fl,.), J .-C.Pintaud, & D. R. Hodel 306 (BH, BRI, K, NOU, NY, P); id. 13 Jan. 1996 (juv.), J.-C. Pintaud & M. Dumas 316 (P); i d. 12 Feb. 1996 (seeds,) J .-C. Pintaud, 325 (leg. R. Lauoix) (NOU). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Spectacular solitary short-stemmed dioecious fan palm of southern Thailand, distinctive in the large strongly discolorous leaf, the tubular rachilla bracts with much tomentum and the large fruit covered in short papillae.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Kerriodoxa</name>\r
+<author>J. Dransf.</author> \r
+<citation>Principes 27: 4 (1983).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Kerriodoxa elegans; J. Dransf.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combines doxa — glory, with the name of the most prolific collector of Thai plants, Arthur Francis George Kerr (1877–1942).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, acaulescent or erect, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious palm. Stem very short, becoming erect, obscured by marcescent leaf bases, eventually becoming smooth, marked with very close leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, palmate, marcescent; sheath splitting opposite the petiole, not encircling the stem, not fibrous; petiole well developed, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, the margins hard and very sharp, surfaces bearing caducous indumentum; adaxial hastula conspicuous, abaxial hastula absent; blade regularly divided along adaxial ribs for ca. 1/4–1/3 radius into single-fold segments, thin, narrow, almost herbaceous, adaxially glabrous except for caducous, scurfy indumentum along the ribs, abaxially covered with dense white indumentum, midribs evident abaxially, transverse veinlets conspicuous, interfold filaments present in expanding leaf, soon disintegrating. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, emerging from a cleft on the abaxial surface of the sheath that subtends it, staminate and pistillate dissimilar. Staminate inflorescence becoming curved, copiously branched to 4 orders, the whole inflorescence very condensed and congested, creamy-white at first, becoming brown with age; peduncle short; prophyll tubular, concealed within leaf sheaths; rachis longer than the peduncle, bearing up to 15 bracts, tubular near the insertion, distally with a ± expanded triangular limb, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely tomentose; first-order branches adnate to the inflorescence axis to just below the following bract, decreasing in size distally; all axes densely tomentose, each branch above the first-order subtended by a somewhat undulate tubular bract with a triangular apiculate limb; rachillae very slender, somewhat zigzag, bearing spirally arranged, tubular bracts with undulate margins and short, triangular, apiculate limbs, each subtending a low spur bearing 2 flowers and a minute triangular bracteole. Staminate flowers very small, ± symmetrical, creamy-yellow at anthesis; calyx with a basal, 3-angled tube densely covered in pale tomentum, and 3 narrow, triangular, apiculate, keeled, ± glabrous lobes with somewhat undulate margins; corolla stalk-like at the base, 3-angled, lobes 3, triangular, the margins and abaxial surfaces papillose, adaxial surface somewhat wrinkled; stamens 6, borne in 2 whorls, the antesepalous filaments free, the antepetalous joined together at the base and partly adnate to the petals, filaments ± equal in size, elongate, gradually tapering, anthers oval, latrorse; pistillode absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate to semitectate, reticulate with frequently interrupted angular, occasionally spinulose, muri, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 22–33 µm [1/1]. Pistillate inflorescence erect, much more robust than the staminate, and less congested, branching to 2 orders only; peduncular bracts and rachis as in the staminate inflorescence but larger; first- and second-order branches appearing articulated, because of dense tomentum on axes and the truncate, ± glabrous bracts; rachillae somewhat zigzag, bearing low bracts with short triangular tips and glabrous margins, each subtending a short, densely tomentose spur, bearing a pair of flowers; bracteoles, if present, obscured by tomentum. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate, creamy-yellow at anthesis; calyx forming a densely tomentose tube tipped with 3 short, narrow, triangular, glabrous lobes; corolla base stalk-like, densely tomentose, tipped with 3 triangular lobes, spreading at anthesis, glabrous, the margins ± translucent, denticulate or papillose; staminodes 6 with and stigmatic remains persisting at the fruit base, corolla base enlarging elongate filaments and flattened empty anthers; gynoecium of 3 (rarely 4) after fertilization; epicarp orange-yellow, covered in low pustules, carpels, distinct at their tips, connate at the middle, stigmas short, outward mesocarp thick, soft and spongy, endocarp thin. Seed basally attached, curving; ovule laterally attached, anatropous. Fruit 1- or rarely 2-seeded, endosperm shallowly ruminate; embryo subbasal. Germination remote-relatively large, spherical, concave depressed at base, the abortive carpels ligular; eophyll broad lanceolate, apically lobed. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species known from twolocalities in peninsular Thailand. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1997).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Chuniophoenix.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>No local uses have been recorded but the ornamentalpotential is great and, since its rediscovery and description, thepalm has become widespread in cultivation.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1983).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is an astonishingly beautiful palm. The inflorescence in Kerriodoxa is most unusual, developing within the leaf base of the subtending leaf and then breaking out through an abaxial cleft. This morphology is similar to that in Salacca but has not been studied developmentally. The tubular rachilla bracts, the stalk-like base of the corolla and the basally fused carpels are shared with other members of the subtribe, but dioecy is not. \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Kerriodoxa elegans grows gregariously in the undergrowth of rather dry evergreen foreston slopes of hills at altitudes of ca. 100–300 m above sea level. Little is known of its natural history.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Clustering high-climbing and aerially branching pinnate-leaved hapaxanthic rattan palms of Southeast Asia and Malesia; the sheaths end in an elaborated ocrea and leaflets are usually rhomboid and praemorse at their tips; flowers are hermaphroditic and borne singly in catkin-like rachillae.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia</name>\r
+<author>Blume</author>\r
+<citation>Rumphia 2: 166 ([‘1836’] 1843).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Korthalsia rigida; Blume</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamosagus</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author>\r
+<bibref>Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 22 (1844). Mart.) (see H.E. Moore 1963c).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Pieter Willem Korthals (1807–1892), Dutch botanist and explorer in Indonesia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender to moderate, clustered, spiny, high-climbing and aerially branching, hapaxanthic, hermaphroditic rattan palms. Stem eventually becoming partly bare, the inner epidermis of the leaf sheaths tending to adhere to the stem surface, internodes elongate, nodal scars often very uneven, shallowly hollowed, aerial branching possibly due to equal forking (dichotomy), basal suckering leaf opposed at 130° from the petiole in at least one species. Leaves pinnate, with a cirrus; sheath tubular, sometimes splitting longitudinally opposite the petiole, unarmed, or variously armed with spines, usually with abundant scales and floccose indumentum; knee absent; ocrea always well developed, unarmed or variously spiny, tightly sheathing, or expanded into a loose funnel-shaped net of fibres, or sheathing but distally grossly swollen to form an ant nest-chamber, or diverging from the stem with inrolled margins, also forming an ant chamber; petiole present or absent; rachis and cirrus armed with scattered and grouped, reflexed grapnel spines; leaflets relatively few, single-fold, linear, lanceolate to rhomboid, praemorse, often densely white indumentose beneath, regularly arranged, distant, very rarely a single pair only, frequently borne on short pseudopetiolules (‘ansae’), midrib inconspicuous, the main veins radiating from the leaflet base, transverse veinlets conspicuous or obscure. Inflorescences produced simultaneously in the axils of the most distal few, frequently reduced leaves; sometimes bursting through the leaf sheaths, rarely unbranched, usually branching to 1–2 orders; peduncle adnate to the internode above the subtending leaf; prophyll 2-keeled, tightly sheathing, usually included within the leaf sheath, sometimes subtending a branch; rachis much longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts tubular, tightly sheathing, sparsely armed or unarmed, frequently densely covered with indumentum; bracts on first-order branches similar to rachis bracts; rachillae usually distant, rarely aggregated into a head, cylindrical, and catkin-like, bearing a few empty basal bracts and a tight spiral of imbricate bracts, connate laterally to each other, or, more rarely, distinct, the rachillae then with a looser appearance, each rachilla bract forming a pit, usually densely filled with multicellular hairs, and including a 2-keeled membranous bracteole, densely hairy on the abaxial surface, a minute triangular bracteole, and a single flower. Flowers apparently protandrous; calyx tubular at the base, with 3 valvate lobes distally; corolla tubular basally with 3 valvate lobes apically, circumscissile in fruit at the level of the ovary equator, carried up on the top of the developing fruit, disintegrating or persisting to mature fruiting; stamens 6–9, borne at the mouth of the corolla tube, filaments fleshy, elongate, anthers short to elongate, introrse or latrorse; gynoecium tricarpellate, triovulate, rounded, scaly, style conical or narrow pyramidal with 3 stigmatic lines, ovule anatropous, basally attached. Pollen spheroidal; apertures either equatorial di-porate or presumed meridional zonasulcate; ectexine intectate, psilate clavae or gemmae, striate and/or spinulose gemmae, or granular and interspersed with long pointed or apically branched spines, occasionally vertically ridged, aperture margins similar to surrounding ectexine; longest axis 25–60 µm [12/26]. Fruit globose to ovoid, 1-seeded, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp covered with vertical rows of reflexed, imbricate scales, mesocarp thinly fleshy, sweet, endocarp not differentiated. Seed attached basally, seed coat thin, not fleshy, endosperm homogeneous or ruminate, with a conspicuous pit; embryo lateral. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll undivided or bifid, margins praemorse. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 26 species, centred on the perhumid areas of the Sunda Shelf with outliers north as far as Indochina, Burma, and the Andaman Inlands, and southeastward to Celebes and New Guinea. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1996a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Korthalsia has not been tested. For relationships, see Korthalsiinae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Species of Korthalsia produce very hard durable canes much used in local basketware and for binding in house construction. The cane, however, is disfigured by large irregular nodal scars and the inner epidermis of the sheaths closely adheres to the cane surface; these two cane features are responsible for the limited importance of Korthalsia in the rattan trade. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1981a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Dicolpate clavate pollen apparently referable to present-day Korthalsia, K. rigida or K. laciniosa (Muller 1979), has been recorded from the Upper Miocene of northwestern Borneo. However, Thanikaimoni (1970) described the pollen of both of these species as diporate and more or less spheroidal (see also Harley and Baker 2001). Nevertheless, it is highly probable that the fossil pollen does represent a species of Korthalsia, but this cannot be confirmed without access to the fossil grain or images. The small clavate zonasulcate Paravuripollis first described by Rao and Ramanujam (1978) from the Miocene Quilon beds of Kerala State, India, closely resembles the pollen of some of species of Korthalsia. Paravuripollis is well known from a number of Tertiary sites in Kerala State (Ramanujam 1987, Ramanujam et al. 1991b, 1992, Ramanujam and Rao 1977, Rao and Ramanujam 1978). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Korthalsia is distinguished by the solitary hermaphroditic flowers borne in catkin-like rachillae and by hapaxanthy. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ant rattans; for Malay names see Dransfield (1979a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>All species are confined to lowland and hill tropical rain forest and are absent in montane forest. Most species have, however, a very wide ecological range, and although abundant in primary forest, also seem to be peculiarly well adapted to withstanding forest disturbance: they are a conspicuous feature of old secondary forest or regenerated logged forest. It has been suggested that the hapaxanthic habit may be an adaptation to colonizing secondary habitats (Dransfield 1978b). A few species have very narrow ecological limits, e.g., Korthalsia concolor, which seems to be confined to forest on ultrabasic rock in Sabah, Borneo. Several species in which the ocrea is inflated or divergent from the stem have very close associations with ants. The ants husband aphids on young tissue within the ocreas of the distal portion of the stem, using the older dry ocreas as brood chambers; in some species (e.g., K. robusta and K. hispida), the ants produce alarm signals by banging their mandibles on the dry ocreas. The significance of the ant–rattan relationship has not been fully investigated, but there is much to suggest that the relationship provides protection of the rattan against herbivores (Dransfield 1981a). Bees have been observed visiting the flowers of K. laciniosa, and Southern pied hornbills (Anthracoceros convexus) feed on the ripe fruit of the same species (Rubeli in Dransfield 1981a).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Synopsis of the Genus Korthalsia (Palmae: Lepidocaryoideae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 163-194</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1981</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Korthalsia angustifolia</name>
+<author>Bl.</author>
+<citation>Rumphia 2: 172 (1843)</citation>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (2nd Edit.): 211 (1845)</bibref>
+<bibref>Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 3: 77 (1855)</bibref>
+<bibref>Miq., De Palm. Arch. Ind. 15, 26 (1868) (excluding syn. K. flagellaris and var. fl gracilis)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc. in Malesia 2: 70 (1884) (excluding syn. K. flagellaris)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 18(2): 119 (1918)</bibref>
+<bibref>Merr., Bibl. Enum. Bornean Pl.: 71 (1921) (excluding var. gracilis)</bibref>
+<bibref>Heyne, Nutt. P1. Ned. Ind.: 346 (1922)</bibref>
+<type>Borneo, S Kalimantan, Sg. Dusun; Korthals & Muller; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype L; isotype fragment FI</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Confined to S and Central Kalimantan</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Apparently found only along the banks of large rivers on alluvial soils, in regions subject to subtidal influence (non-saline water) and periodic prolonged flooding.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>K. angustifolia is vegetatively very similar to K. cheb and K. scortechinii, and in leaflet shape is perhaps intermediate between the two; it is, however, ecologically quite isolated, K. cheb and K. scortechinii both being plants of lowland and hill Dipterocarp forest. K. scortechinii, besides being Malayan rather than Bornean, has ocreas bearing numerous short triangular spines. K. cheb has distinctly broader leaflets than in K. angustifolia, and its ocrea is of a much stiffer texture. However, the only clear cut vegetative difference is the abundance of floccose white indumentum with black scales on the young ocreas of K. angustifolia as opposed to the absence of floccose white indumentum and presence of black scales in K. cheb. Unfortunately, there is still very little herbarium material of K. cheb and K. angustifolia.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Synopsis of the Genus Korthalsia (Palmae: Lepidocaryoideae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 163-194</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1981</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Korthalsia bejaudii</name>
+<author>Gagnep. ex Humbert</author>
+<citation>Not. Syst. 6: 152 (1937)</citation>
+<bibref>Gagnep. ex Humbert, Fl. Gen. Indo-China 6: 1000 (1937)</bibref>
+<type>Cambodia, Kompong-cham; Bejaud; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotype P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is known only from two sheets in Paris; there are no accom- panying fieldnotes to indicate habitat, or distribution in Cambodia. Gagnepain distinguished this taxon from K. laciniosa based on the nature of the ocrea and the primary inflorescence bracts. I have examined the type and isotype and agree that in details of ocrea it is distinct from K. laciniosa; however I can see no significant differences in the inflorescence. Whereas the ocrea of K. laciniosa is usually much larger than 10 cm, is armed with scattered or few spines, and disintegrates into a weft of fibres, that of K. bejaudii is very short and truncate (not exceeding 4 cm), does not apparently disintegrate, and is armed with crowded flattened spines near the tip. The leaflets are described as concolorous, and this would be a further character separating it from K. laciniosa, but the leaflets may be concolorous through old age-there are certainly traces of indumentum on the abaxial leaflet surfaces. In the absence of further material, K. bejaudii is retained as a distinct species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Synopsis of the Genus Korthalsia (Palmae: Lepidocaryoideae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 163-194</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1981</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Korthalsia brassii</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>J. Arn. Arb. 20: 191 (1939)</citation>
+<bibref>Essig, Palm Fl. New Guinea Prelim. Anal.: 13 (1977)</bibref>
+<type>New Guinea, Palmer River; Brass;6864</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype ?B; isotype BM, L</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Burret based his new species on beautiful complete material, so there is much less difficulty in interpreting it than is usually the case with his species. Korthalsia is represented in New Guinea by two taxa which appear to be very distinct based on the herbarium material available to me. Specimens with tattered fibrous ocreas bearing laminar spines, and with inflorescences with laciniate first-order bracts and first-order branches bearing crowded rachillae with ciliate bracts and very inconspicuous indumentum are equated with K. zippelii. Specimens with entire triangular-tipped ocreas unarmed or bearing short triangular spines, with inflorescences with + entire first-order bracts and first-order branches bearing lax rachillae with entire bracts and very conspicuous indument match the type of K. brassii. One specimen, Zieck NGF 36204 in Leiden, has all the features of K. brassii but the inflores- cence is congested-though this may be due to damage to the apex. On the basis of the characters enumerated above, K. brassii appears to be a very distinctive species, but it would be useful to have more material to illustrate the range of variation of the two taxa. Mention should also be made of a specimen of an anomalous New Guinea Korthalsia which seems not to fit either K. zippelii or K. brassii. This is C. L. Leefers BW 5377 in L, from 'Bodem, Subdivision Sarmi, Division Hollandia', from forest on clay derived from serpentine. The specimen is sterile and bears a marked resemblance to a slender juvenile of Korthalsiajala, in having loose net-like ocreas. I have seen no fertile material corresponding with this juvenile; it may represent a juvenile form of K. zippelii or a distinct species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Synopsis of the Genus Korthalsia (Palmae: Lepidocaryoideae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 163-194</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1981</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Korthalsia celebica</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 130 (1918)</citation>
+<type>Celebes, Kurosalimbo; Noerkas; 483</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BO; isotype FI</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>All specimens of this species known to Beccari are sterile; two recent collections (G. G. Musser T8, and Dransfield & Mogea JD 3837) are fertile and so a description of the inflorescence and fruit is given below. Inflorescences produced from nodes up to 4 from tip; each inflorescence to 60 cm bearing 4-6 partial inflorescences to c 20 cm, each bearing up to 4 distant slender pendulous rachillae. Rachillae with a basal non- floriferous portion to 3 cm mostly obscured by the subtending tubular bract, and a floriferous portion to 75 x 4 mm, dark brown in colour and with conspicuous bracts. Rachilla bracts broad triangular projecting to 1.5 mm beyond the dull dark brown rachilla indumentum, which is thus somewhat obscured; alveolus c. 2 mm diam. Flower to 4 x 2 mm; calyx tubular in proximal half (1 mm) with broad rounded lobes to 1 x 1.5 mm; corolla tubular in proximal 1 mm, with three petals to 2.5 x 1 mm; stamens and pistil diseased in available specimens. Ripe fruit ovate to slightly obovate to 17 1/2 x 15 mm, tipped with minute stigmatic remains; scales mid-brown, dull, slightly darker edged, arranged in 15 vertical rows; seed ovate to 13 x 11 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate and also penetrated by chalazal fovea; embryo lateral.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Celebes, recorded from S, Central and N Celebes and from Mangole in the Sula Archipelago E of Central Celebes</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Growing in lowland forest on steep slopes in Bolaang Mongondow, N Celebes.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In describing K. celebica, Beccari suggested its relationships were with the Palawan endemic, K. merrillii. The inflorescence of K. celebica is, however, quite different, and much more akin to that of K. rigida. In fact there is little in inflorescence, flower and fruit structure apart from the smaller size of K. celebica, to separate the two species. There is, however, apparently one consistent vegetative difference; the ocrea of K. celebica is up to 7 times as long as broad and is distinctly reticulate in the distal portion, whereas in K. rigida it is usually relatively much shorter, abruptly truncate and is irregularly erose rather than distinctly reticulate. Furthermore, vegetative shoots of K. celebica tend to be much more slender than those of K. rigida and rarely exceed 12 mm diam.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia cheb</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Malesia 2: 67 (1884)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 118 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 190 (1981)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 25 (1984)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Cheb - Italian spelling of a local name, keb</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wae duru (Pen.), rua (Bid.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust clustering and branching rattan climbing to 40 m. Stem without sheaths to 2 cm diam., with sheaths to 3 cm diam., internodes to 20 cm long. Sheaths bright green, ± unarmed except for a few short spines to 2 mm, bearing caducous brown scales, but ± completely covered by the ocrea of the preceding leaf, ocrea very large and conspicuous, tightly sheathing just above the petiole then greatly inflated, the inflated portion to 25 x 4.5 cm, bearing few scattered short triangular spines to 5 mm with broad bases to 10 mm, and thin buff indumentum; ants abundant. Leaf to 2.25 m including the cirrus to 1 m; petiole to 10 cm in young shoots, ± absent in exposed stems; leaflets to 7 on each side of the rachis, large diamond-shaped, to 30 x 15 cm borne on stalks to 1 cm; upper leaflet surface bright green, lower buff-coloured. Inflorescence to c. 75 cm, bearing numerous rachillae to 18 x 0.8 cm, rachillae dull mid brown tomentose. Ripe fruit somewhat oblong, 1.5 x 1 cm covered in 18 vertical rows of straw-coloured scales. Seed 12 x 8 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Very local, known from a few collections from the 1st Division. Elsewhere in Sabah, W., S., and E. Kalimantan, apparently always very local. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>It occurs in hill dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to 800 m, usually in humid valleys.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a medium-sized rotan merah.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>K. cheb is a very distinctive species with its very large inflated ocreas and broad diamond-shaped leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia concolor</name>\r
+<author>Burr.</author>\r
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Card. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 736 (1942)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 177 (1981).</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Concolorous, the leaflets the same colour on both surfaces</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, clustering and branching, high-climbing rattan reaching high into the forest canopy. Stem without sheaths c 6 mm diam. (to 15 mm in young suckers) with sheaths to 9 mm; internodes to 12 cm. Sheaths bright green, with very sparse spines (except on suckers) and very thin caducous grey indument; chocolate-coloured scales present on young sheaths, but these quickly falling. Ocrea tightly sheathing, to c 4 cm ± unarmed, ± entire except for network of fibres opposite the leaf rachis. Leaf to 30 cm only on exposed shoots (to 75 cm on young shoots) including cirrus to 15 cm; petiole very short or absent; leaflets concolorous about 5 on each side, the largest to 12 x 4 cm with an ansa c 1 cm. Inflorescences rarely exceeding 35 cm, with few rachillae, to 8 x 0.6 cm, conspicuously reddish brown tomentose. Fruit ovate, c 2 x 1.7 cm covered in 15 vertical rows of rich brown scales; seed c 1.5 x 1 cm with deeply ruminate endosperm. Eophyll simple concolorous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Confined to forest on ultrabasic rock in the lowlands; not known outside Sabah.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>During field work in 1979, it was found only In forest on ultrabasic rock at Pulau Sapi and at Silam. It is probably more widespread as ultrabasic rock is so frequent in Sabah.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Probably too rare to be of much significance.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Korthalsia concolor is a rare rattan which until recently was known only from the type collected by Ramos (No. 1490) from "Sandakan". It is a distinctive species, being unlikely to be confused with any other due to its very slender habit and concolorous leaflets; old leaves of K. rigida lose their indument and may appear to be superficially concolorous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia debilis</name>\r
+<author>Bl.</author>\r
+<citation>Rumphia 2 : 169 (1843)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 122 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 176 (1981)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 22 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Weak</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender rattan with stems climbing to 20 m, branching in the canopy. Stem without sheaths to 4 mm diam., with sheaths to 8 mm diam., internodes c. 10 cm long. Sheaths dull green, bearing very few scattered, short triangular spines or unarmed, and with abundant deciduous black scales; ocrea tightly sheathing, to c. 2 cm long, net-like and bearing short spines. Leaf cirrate to c. 60 cm long including the cirrus to c. 35 cm, and short petiole 2-5 cm; leaflets 3-5 on each side of the rachis, with or without short stalks, rather narrow rhomboid, up to c. 15 × 4 cm, the distal margins praemorse, upper surface usually shining green when fresh, lower surface covered with grey indumentum. Inflorescences produced from the topmost 1-3 nodes, small and rather inconspicuous, each with 3-4 slender rachillae to 90 × 4 mm, the rachilla tomentum pale grey brown. Fruit not known. (Fig. 2).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A poorly known rattan, questionably recorded from scattered localities throughout Brunei. Elsewhere in Kalimantan, Sarawak and Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>The few records from Brunei have been from mixed dipterocarp forest on gentle slopes and ridges in the lowlands and up to 870 m above sea level.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>K. debilis is poorly known and can only be separated with confidence from slender forms of K. rigida when fertile. However the net-like ocrea seems to be consistently present whereas, in K. rigida it is normally truncate.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Bt.Belalong, Dransfield J. 7142; Amo, Bt.Retak, Wong 830; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 23; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 35.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia echinometra</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Malesia 2: 66 (1884)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot Gard. Calcutta 18(2): 115 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 47 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 188 (1981)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 22 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 28 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Spiny pudenda</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Keruk, Wi Wisro (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust clustering and branching rattan climbing to 40 m. Stem without sheaths to 2 cm diam., with sheaths to 3 cm. diam., internodes rather short to 12 cm. Sheaths bright green, sparsely armed, almost completely covered by the ocreas; ocrea to 10 × 5 cm, grossly swollen, densely covered with long black spines to 6 cm long; ants abundant within the ocreas. Leaf to 1.8 m including the cirrus to 70 cm and petiole to 10 cm or more. Leaflets numerous, c. 25 on each side of the rachis, narrowly elongate, to 30 × 3 cm, dark green on the upper surface, chalky- white beneath, praemorse only in the distalmost 3-6 cm. Inflorescences to c. 60 cm long, with up to 15 rachillae in each; rachillae to 20 × 1.5 cm, reddish-brown tomentose. Mature fruit ovoid, 2.5 × 1.5 cm, covered in 18-21 vertical rows of reddish- brown scales. Seed to 15 × 10 mm; endosperm ruminate. Seedling leaf bifid with narrow leaflets. (Fig. 6, Pl. 2C, 2D).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Very widespread throughout Brunei. Elsewhere widespread in Borneo, Sumatra and the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>It occurs in lowland and hill dipterocarp forest up to 1000 m above sea level.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Much sought after for use, split, in basket weaving and for basket frames.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>K. echinometra is perhaps the commonest species of the genus. It is a very distinctive species, though confusingly like a rattan other than a species of Korthalsia when viewed from a distance. The very spiny swollen ocrea and narrow leaflets are diagnostic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Sungai Liang, Sungei Liang Arboretem, Wong 143. TEM: Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6721; Batu Apoi, Bt.Gelagas (Bt.Suang), Simpson 2365. Without prov.: BRUN 15126.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia ferox</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Malesia 2: 73 (1884)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 138 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 178 (1981)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 17 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 91 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Fierce</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Selika (Dus.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust clustering and branching rattan climbing high into the forest canopy; stem without sheaths to 2 cm diam. or more, with sheaths to 4 cm diam., internodes to c. 30 cm. Sheaths dull green with caducous chocolate-coloured scales and abundant triangular pale brown spines, but usually quite obscured by the ocrea of the preceding leaf; ocrea closely sheathinguntidily tattering, densely armed with pale to dark brown spines to 6 cm. Leaf to 2.5 m including cirrus to 1 m and petiole to 30 cm; leaflets 6-8 on each side of the rachis, broad diamond-shaped, the largest to 30 × 15 cm, on stalks to 1 cm, bright green on the upper surface, whitish or orange-brown on the undersurface. Inflorescences produced from the topmost up to 5 nodes, robust, to 50 cm, with many pendulous rachillae to 10 × 1.2 cm, reddish-brown hairy. Fruit somewhat top-shaped, 2 × 1.2 cm covered in 15 vertical rows of reddish brown scales. Seed 1.5 × 9 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf strongly discolorous. (Fig. 3).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Local, known from scattered localities. Widespread in Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>K. ferox is one of the largest species in the genus and occurs in lowland and hill dipterocarp forest up to c. 300 m altitude.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a large durable cane; leaves used for temporary thatch.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>It is the only species with large closely sheathing tattering and spiny ocreas.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 28. TUT: Lamunin, Ladan Hills F.R., Dransfield J. 6884; Rambai, Tasek Merimbun, Bernstein 131.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Korthalsia flagellaris</name>
+<author>Miq.</author>
+<citation>J. Bot. Néerl. 15 (1861)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 143 (1918)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Mal. Pen. 42 (1979)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 180 (1981)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 20 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 25 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Bearing a whip</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Danan (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust clustering and branching rattan with stems climbing to 40 m or more, confined to peat swamp forest. Stems without sheaths to 2.5 cm diam. or more, with sheaths to 4 cm or more, internodes to 30 cm, longer in juveniles. Sheath ± unarmed, dull reddish-brown, covered in caducous black scales and pale brown hairs; ocrea tightly sheathing, unarmed, covered in scales and indumentum as the sheaths, tending to split opposite the petiole. Mature leaf to 2.5 m including the cirrus to 1 m and petiole to 15 cm. Leaflets 8-20 on each side of the rachis, borne on long stalks, narrow, to 30 × 4.5 cm, dark bluish-green on the upper surface, brownish on the undersurface, with frequent bands of deciduous chocolate-coloured scales. Inflorescences to 75 cm, highly branched; rachillae numerous, to 12 × 0.7 cm, dull brown tomentose. Fruit to 20 × 12 mm, covered in 19-21 vertical rows of straw-coloured scales. Seed 12 × 9 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf entire; juvenile leaves often very large and entire with blades reaching 100 × 30 cm. (Fig. 4, Pl. 1A).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Throughout the peat-swamps of Brunei at low elevations. Elsewhere throughout Borneo, Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>K. flagellaris is confined to peat swamp forest where it is often the most conspicuous rattan.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a good quality rotan merah.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>It is unmistakable with its robust habit, narrow leaflets that quiver in the wind and tightly sheathing, ± unarmed ocreas.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Sungai Liang, Labi Road, Dransfield J. 6727. Without prov.: BRUN 15069.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia furcata</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12(2): 120 (1918)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield in Kew Bull. 36: 192 (1981)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Forked</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender rattan with stems climbing to 20 m, branching in the canopy. Stem without sheaths 2-3 mm diam., with sheaths 4-6 mm diam., internodes c. 10 cm in mature climbing stems, much shorter in juvenile shoots. Sheaths pale brown, armed with scattered triangular spines to 1.5 mm long and with scattered deciduous black scales between the spines; ocrea inflated, c. 20 x 11 mm, armed as the sheaths, usually ant- infested. Leaf cirrate to 65 cm long including the cirrus; petiole short, rarely exceeding 2 cm in mature stems, longer in juveniles, cirrus to 65 cm; leaflets usually 2 only, one on each side of the rachis, rarely with an extra basal leaflet on one side, the major leaflets 10- 25 x 2.5 - 5 cm with praemorse tips, the upper surface bright to dark green, the lower surface covered in a dense layer of white indumentum, transverse veinlets conspicuous on the upper surface. Inflorescences produced from the topmost 1 - 2 nodes, each with 1 -2 rachillae only;rachillaec. 18 x 0.8 cm. Young fruit c .6x8 mm covered in 17 vertical rows of chestnut brown scales. Seedling leaf bifid (Fig. 10).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A very rare rattan known only from two collections - the type from West Kalimantan and one from G Gaharu in Serian District.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>K. furcata was found growing in a valley bottom in forest transitional between hill dipterocarp forest and kerangas at 350 m altitude on G Gaharu.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane appears to be of good quality though very slender.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>It is similar to K. rostrata but can be distinguished immediately by the leaf which has a single pair of leaflets, rarely with an extra single leaflet on one side.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia furtadoana</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 185 (1981), Ratt. Sabah 28 (1984)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>C.X. Furtado, important palm botanist at Singapore Botanic Gardens, active 1930-1960</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, clustering, high-climbing rattan, branching in the canopy, to 20 m or more. Stem without sheaths 5-8 mm diam., with sheaths 8-10 mm diam., internodes 8-15 cm. Sheaths mid to pale green, armed with scattered triangular black spines 1-4 mm and caducous dark scales. Ocrea inflated, 3-7 × 1.2-1.5 cm, armed with sparse triangular black spines to 4 mm; ants usually abundant. Leaf to 105 cm including cirrus to 60 cm and petiole to 7 cm; leaflets 4-6 on each side of the rachis, generally rather narrow rhomboid, to 20 × 7 cm, borne on short stalks to 3 mm, upper leaflet surface bright green, whitish indumentum beneath; transverse veinlets close, fine, conspicuous. Inflorescences usually only 2 produced, each usually with 4 or fewer rachillae; rachillae robust, 14-17 × 1.5-2 cm, not tomentose in appearance, the rachilla bracts conspicuous. Fruit ovoid, to 20 × 12 mm, covered in 21-22 vertical rows of reddish brown scales. Seed to 12 × 9 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf bifid. (Fig. 8).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A local rattan found scattered in Brunei at altitudes up to 550 m above sea level. Elsewhere widespread throughout the northern part of Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>K. furtadoana occurs sporadically in lowland forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not specifically recorded but it has a durable slender cane.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>It is distinctive when fertile, but is much more difficult to determine when sterile. For differences between this species and closely related K. rostrata, see under the latter.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Johns 7282; Amo, Stockdale 68; Amo, Wong 1326; Batu Apoi, Selapon, Dransfield J. 7477. TUT: Lamunin, Ladan Hills F.R., Dransfield J. 6875.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia hispida</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Malesia 2: 72 (1884)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 154 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Gard. Bull. Singapore 26: 239-244 (1973)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen 50 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 192 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 30 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 37 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Hispid</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Asas, Wi Semut (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate rattan with stems to 30m branching in the canopy; stem without sheaths to 1.5 cm diam., with sheaths to 2.5 cm diam., internodes to 12 cm long. Sheaths bright green, with deciduous chocolate-coloured scales, sparse black spines to 2.5 cm and sparse black brittle spicules; ocrea very conspicuous to c. 25 × 5 cm, diverging from the stem at an acute angle, the two edges inrolled, armed with black spines to 2.5 cm, abundant black brittle spicules and deciduous chocolate-coloured scales; ants usually abundant and very noisy. Leaf to 1.5 m including cirrus to 75 cm and petiole to 20 cm; leaflets up to 7 on each side of the rachis, very shortly stalked, to 25 × 10 cm, bright green on upper surface, whitish beneath. Inflorescences produced from topmost 2-4 nodes, crowded but not forming a head; bracts densely covered in chocolatecoloured scales and black spicules; rachillae few, large, to 20 × 1.5 cm, with conspicuous bracts. Fruit rounded to somewhat oblong, to 2.2 × 1.9 cm, shortly beaked, covered in 15 vertical rows of reddish-brown scales. Seed ovoid to 1.4 × 1.2 cm; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 9, Pl. 1B).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from scattered localities throughout Brunei at altitudes up to 300 m above sea level. Elsewhere throughout Borneo though never common; very local in Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>K. hispida tends to occur in disturbed forest on steep slopes - e.g. on old land slips or along steep-sided river valleys in lowland and hill dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to 900 m above sea level.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known, though it probably has properties similar to other Korthalsia species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Labi, Wong 540; Labi, Wong Kadir, Coode 7231. TEM: Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 31; Batu Apoi, Selapon, Dransfield J. 7494. TUT: Lamunin, Ladan Hills F.R., Wong 1663.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia jala</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 183 (1981)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 22 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 28 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Latinised from the Malay for a casting net</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Danan (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust clustering and branching rattan climbing high into the forest canopy with stems to 60 m long; stem without sheaths to 4 cm diam., with sheaths to c. 6 cm diam., usually less, internodes to c. 20 cm. Sheath ± unarmed basally, in upper part rather densely armed with brittle flat pale brown spines to 20 × 2 mm and abundant pinkish brown indumentum and chocolate-coloured scales; ocrea very large and conspicuous, expanded, funnel-shaped, net-like, to 30 cm long, enclosing the stem, the mouth c. 15 cm diam., pale brown, spiny in the lower part. Leaf to 2.75 m long including the cirrus to 1 m and petiole to 40 cm; leaflets broadly rhomboid to 33 × 19 cm, c. 7 on each side of the rachis, with rather short stalks, bright green on the upper surface, chalky-white beneath. Inflorescence to 75 cm, highly branched; rachillae to 11 × 0.6 cm, dark brown tomentose. Ripe fruit not known. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 5, Pl. 2B).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Local in the lowlands. Elsewhere widespread in Sabah, rare in Sarawak; endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>K. jala occurs in mixed dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to 400 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a large rotan merah.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>It is a wonderful and unmistakable rattan; the strange net-like ocrea may give protection to the stem apex.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6712. TUT: Lamunin, Ladan Hills F.R., Wong 515; Lamunin, Ladan Hills F.R., Wong 516</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Korthalsia laciniosa</name>
+<author>(Griff.) Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 3(ed. 1): 212. 1838</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 475. 1893</bibref>
+<bibref>Basu, Rattans in India Monogr. Rev.: 24. 1992</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Led beth</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, medium diameter rattan. Stem branching, 25 m or more, with sheaths 2.1 cm in diameter,without sheaths 1.7 cm. Leaf 1.2 m long, cirrate: sheaths brown or red with very few spines to 0.6 cm long, disintegrating into embracing fibres; knee absent: ocrea very prominent, elongate, originally dry and membraneous but very soon distintegate into filaments: petiole very short: adaxial side of the rachis with two rows of spines; spines 0.7 cm long; leaflets 22 x 12 cm, equidistant, cuneate-rhomboid, irregularly toothed, dark green above, pale below, narrowed to a short petiole. Inflorescence large, twice or thrice branched; primary and secondary sheaths not tightly sheathing,distal end papery; rachilla densely tomentose; flowers arranged in longitudinal rows. Fruit widely depressed ovate, ca, 2 x 1.5 cm; scales in 13 vertical rows, orange red; endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widely spread all over South Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Maps 7 and 10).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering October-November. Fruiting April - May.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used in furniture industry.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mannarghat, South Andamans, 3.4.92, fr., Vijayakumaran 6625(KFRI); 4 th Km., Little Andamans, 13.4.1992, fr., Vijayakumaran 6634 (KFRI); Great Nicobar, 10.4.93, fr., Renuka and Vijayakumaran 7041 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia lanceolata</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Malay. Forester 41 (1978) 325</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Lanceolate - referring to the leaflets</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan dahan</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering high climbing rattan branching in the canopy. Stem without sheaths about 1.5 cm in diameter, with to about 1.8 cm. Internodes about 12 cm, longer in juvenile stems. Sheaths pale grey green when fresh, drying dull pale brown, inerm except for two vertical rows of short triangular spines to 3 mm long in a position lateral to the leaf insertion; pale grey indumentum thinly present on leaf sheath; caducous black scales abundant on young sheaths; ocrea short, tightly sheathing to 2 cm high, truncate, with margins thinly coriaceous, dark brown, somewhat tattered. Whole leaf including cirrus about 1 m in length; cirrus about 45 cm; petiole not exceeding 1.5 cm in mature climbing stems, about 5 mm wide; rachis with recurved black, pale bulbous-based hooks on the lower surface, these intergrading with clustered grapnel hooks on the cirrus. Leaflets up to 13 on each of the rachis, narrowly lanceolate, the first 3 very crowded at the base of the rachis, more distant above, the longest, 30 cm long by 2 cm wide, the fourth from the base; leaflet surface dark green above somewhat paler below, drying dull green brown above, and very slightly paler below; margins inerm; praemorse margins to 5 cm long only. Uppermost leaves subtending inflorencences with leaflets much shorter. Inflorescences produced from top 3 nodes, to 60 cm long with up to 6 partial inflorescences each bearing about 6 pendulous slender rachillae to 13 cm long by 0.4 cm wide, with mid-brown bracts and hairs. Flowers and fruit unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak: endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>This species is known from two collections from Kledang Saiong near Ipoh and one from G. Bintang Hijau Forest Reserve, Ulu Selama, growing, in both localities, in hill Dipterocarp forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>K. lanceolata is close to K. rigida but may be distinguished by the narrow lanceolate leaflets, the leaflets being much more reminiscent of those of K. scortechinii and K. echinometra these last two, however, have greatly swollen ocreas.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Synopsis of the Genus Korthalsia (Palmae: Lepidocaryoideae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 163-194</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1981</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Korthalsia merrillii</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 128 (1918)</citation>
+<bibref>Becc., Philip. J. Sci. 14: 342 (1919)</bibref>
+<bibref>Brown & Merr. in Brown, Minor Products Philip. Forests 1: 212 (1920)</bibref>
+<bibref>Merr., Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 1: 146 (1922)</bibref>
+<type>Philippines, Palawan, Malampaya Bay; Merrill; 9410</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype PNH†; isotype FI</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to Palawan, where it appears to be frequent in the area near Puerto Princesa (pers. obs.).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>This species seems to be confined to soils derived from ultrabasic rock</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Ripe fruit of this species were not available to Beccari. A more recent collection from Palawan (Reynoso PNH 87810) in Kew and Leiden consists of stems bearing leaves and infructescences which certainly belong to K. merrillii, and loose ripe fruit. The fruit are mentioned in the accompanying field notes so there is strong likelihood that they belong to K. merrillii; however they are so extraordinary in scale structure, that, though they are obviously Korthalsia fruits I hesitate to ascribe such characters as a specific diagnostic feature, when they may only be a monstrous development. New fruiting material is required. The fruit in the Reynoso collection are described thus: Fruit 18 x 14 mm diam., abruptly tipped by the stigmatic remains to 1.5 x 0-5 mm; scales pale shiny brown, arranged in 14-15 vertical rows, the mid line of each scale being very deep, with the area of scale on either side strongly convex; scale tip deeply impressed into the mid line of the scale beneath. These curious, deeply grooved scales have not been noted in any other species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia paucijuga</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 121 (1918)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield in Kew Bull. 36: 174 (1981)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Few pairs, i.e. of leaflets</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender rattan with stems climbing to 20 m, branching in the canopy. Stem without sheaths c. 5 mm diam., with sheaths to c. 10 mm diam., internodes c. 10 cm, longer in juvenile stems. Sheaths dull greenish-brown, bearing very few short triangular spines to c. 2 mm, or unarmed and with abundant deciduous.black scales; ocrea tightly sheathing, usually very short, scarcely more than 5 mm in mature stems, the free margin somewhat irregular. Leaf to 60 cm including the cirrus to 30 cm; petiole absent', leaflets 3 (rarely 4) on each side, broadly rhomboid with praemorse distal margins, often stalked, the middle leaflets c. 15 x 7 cm, the upper surface dark green, the undersurface with grey-white indumentum and minute scattered brown scales. Inflorescences produced from topmost c. 3 nodes; inflorescence bracts somewhat inflated, the rachillae few but held rather close together, c. 50 - 70 x 3 - 4 mm, the bracts rather conspicuous, the floral pits with very few hairs. Mature fruit rounded or top-shaped, c. 10 mm diam., with a short beak, and covered in 17 vertical rows of yellow-brown, darker-tipped scales. Seed ovoid c. 8 x 6 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf undivided with praemorse margins (Fig. 2).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>An infrequently collected rattan recorded from the 1st and 3rd Divisions. Elsewhere in Kalimantan and Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>K. paucijuga appears to be confined to peat swamp forest at low elevations.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is fine and durable and were it more frequent, would be of greater importance.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>For differences between it and K. rigida see under the latter species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia rigida</name>\r
+<author>Bl.</author>\r
+<citation>Rumphia 2: 167 (1843)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 18(2): 124 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13: 315 (1951)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 38 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 172 (1981)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 15 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 19 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Rigid</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Dahan (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate rattan, clustering, frequently branching in the canopy, climbing to 50 m or more. Stem without sheaths to 2 cm diam., usually less, with sheaths to 2.5 cm, internodes to 20 cm or more. Sheaths dull green, densely covered with persistent grey indumentum and deciduous chocolate-coloured scales, and sparsely armed with triangular spines to 10 mm, rarely densely armed (juvenile shoots); ocrea to c. 4 cm long, tightly sheathing, ± truncate with a narrow tattering margin, rarely splitting, usually unarmed. Leaf to c. 1.5 m long, including the petiole to 10 cm and cirrus to 75 cm. Leaflets c. 5-7 on each side of the rachis, shining dark green on upper surface, bluish-grey beneath, the longest to 15 × 8 cm, borne on a short stalk to 2.5 cm, chocolatecoloured scales occasionally present on ribs on the undersurface. Inflorescences produced from topmost up to 12 nodes, highly branched to 80 cm, bearing c. 8 partial inflorescences on each side, each with about 10 rachillae; rachillae slender, inconspicuously tomentose, to 150 × 5 cm, dull dark brown. Fruit rounded, c. 1 cm diam., with 15 vertical rows of dark green to dull brown scales. Seed c. 8 mm diam., irregularly ruminate. Seedling leaf simple, dark shiny green on upper surface, grey beneath. (Fig. 1, Pl. 2A).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout Brunei at altitudes up to about 500 m above sea level. Elsewhere throughout Borneo, Palawan, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and south Thailand.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>K. rigida is found in lowland and hill dipterocarp forests at altitudes up to 900 m but appears to avoid peat swamp forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Mainly local use.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>It may be confused with the closely related K. paucijuga, not yet recorded for Brunei, but the latter is much more slender, has no petiole, only 3-4 leaflets on each side of the rachis and a very small inflorescence with inflated primary bracts.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6579.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia robusta</name>\r
+<author>Bl.</author>\r
+<citation>Rumphia 2: 170 (1843) (in part, other parts = K. laciniosa Griff, ex Mart.)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 148 (1918) (excluding synonym K. hispida Becc.)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36:190 (1981)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 30 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>K. squarrosa</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Philip. J. Sc. (Bot.) 4: 620 (1909)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 152 (1918)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>K. macrocarpa</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 49 (1918)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Robust</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wi asas (Ib.), waeperah (Pen.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust clustering and branching rattan climbing to 30 m or more. Stem without sheaths to 2.5 cm diam., with to 3.5 cm diam., internodes to 20 cm. Sheaths mid green with scattered black spines to 1 cm and abundant floccose chocolate- and buff-coloured scales; ocrea very conspicuous, to 30 x 7 cm, pale brown, diverging from the stem at an acute angle, the margins tending to inroll, armed with abundant black spines to 2 cm and floccose chocolate coloured scales; ants usually abundant and very noisy. Leaf to 3 m long including the cirrus to 1.75 m and petiole to 20 cm; leaflets to 10 on each side of the rachis, broad rhomboid, to 25 x 10 cm, bright green on upper surface, whitish beneath. Inflorescences congested at the stem tip, forming a large club- like mass to 40 cm diam., bracts large and somewhat inflated; rachillae robust, to 15 x 3 cm, covered in conspicuous triangular bracts. Mature fruit to 4 x 2.5 cm, tipped by stigma to 6 mm, and covered in 18 vertical rows of mid brown scales with darker intramarginal bands and straw-coloured margins. Seed to 2.5 x 1.5 cm; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 11).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout the lowlands of Sarawak. Elsewhere widespread in Borneo; uncommon in Sumatra, also in Palawan.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>K. robusta is particularly abundant in disturbed alluvial forest especially on the banks of slowly flowing rivers.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Coarse rotan merah.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>It and K. hispida together stand apart from other species of the genus by virtue of their ocreas which do not enclose the stem but diverge from it at an acute angle. K. robusta is easily distinguished from K. hispida by the absence of minute black spicules on the sheaths, ocreas and bracts, and by the very congested inflorescences' K. hispida and K. robusta are noisy rattans; ants in the ocreas when disturbed make a strange rustling noise by banging their abdomens against the dry ocreas. Ants in one ocrea are ± in unison, followed by ants in the next ocrea and so on. When disturbed too much the ants rush out, and, like those of other ant species of Korthalsia are very fierce, thus making this rattan very unpleasant and difficult to collect.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Korthalsia rogersii</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12(2): 131. 1918</citation>
+<bibref>Basu, Rattans in India Monogr. Rev.: 26-27. 1992</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering.very small diameter rattan. Stem 20 m long or more, with sheaths 0.7 cm in diameter,without sheaths 0.4 cm. Leaf upto 1 m long, cirrate; sheath light green, sparingly armed with spines; spines 1 cm long; knee absent; ocrea prominent, fibrous; petioles 15 cm long, margins armed below with 2 rows of recurved spines to 0.4 cm long; cirrus armed below with whorls of recurved spines to 0.3 cm long; leaflets 13 x 6.5 cm, equidistant, cuneate-rhomboid, irregularly toothed, dark green above and pale below, narrowed to a short petiole. Inflorescence 15 cm long; primary sheath tubular, unarmed; secondary sheaths obliquely truncate; rachillae 3-5 cm long. Fruits obovoid, turbinate ca. 1.8 x 1.5 cm; scales light yellow with reddish brown margin, channelled in the middle.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Distributed in Radhanagar and Diglipur in North Andamans and Havlock island in South Andamans. (Map. 10)</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Not known</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not much used.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>During recent survey the inflorescence and fruits could not be collected. The description of reproductive parts is basedon Basu (1992).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Diglipur, North Andaman, 27.4.92, Vijayakumaran 6638 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia rostrata</name>\r
+<author>Bl.</author>\r
+<citation>Rumphia 2: 168 (1843)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 34: 29 (1979), 36: 184 (1981)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 25 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 33 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Korthalsia scaphigera</name>\r
+<author>Griff. ex Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Griff. ex Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (2nd Edit.): 211 (1845)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2):112 (1918) </bibref><bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 47 (1979)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Beaked</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Merah (Dus.), Wi Semut (Ib.), Wi Cit (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering high-climbing and branching rattan, to 20 m or more. Stems without sheaths 6-9 mm diam., with sheaths 8-15 mm diam., internodes to 10 cm. Sheaths dull green with scattered short black-tipped spines to 2 mm; ocrea rarely exceeding 3 × 2 cm, inflated armed, with very short scattered spines to 3 mm; ants abundant. Leaf to 1.1 m including the cirrus to 60 cm; petiole short to well-developed, 3-15 cm; leaflets 3-7 on each side of the rachis, generally broad rhomboid, to 20 × 10 cm borne on short stalks to 3 mm, rarely (see below) narrow lanceolate, to 22 × 2 cm, upper leaflet surface dark green, lower surface whitish. Inflorescences borne on up to 4 topmost nodes, to 50 cm, bearing up to 10 rachillae; rachillae slender c. 8 × 0.7 cm, densely brown tomentose. Fruit to 2 × 1.2 cm, somewhat obovoid, covered in 15-18 vertical rows of orangey-brown scales. Seed c. 1.5 × 0.8 cm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf bifid. (Fig. 7).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A common rattan found throughout Brunei at altitudes up to 850 m above sea level. Elsewhere widespread throughout Borneo (but rather rare in Sabah), Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and South Thailand.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>K. rostrata occurs in a variety of habitats including lowland and hill dipterocarp forest and kerangas.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Durable slender rattan for binding purposes, used mostly in local handicrafts.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>In Sabah it is partially replaced by K. furtadoana, which differs in the usually few, thick rachillae with conspicuous bracts and the conspicuous fine close transverse veinlets in the leaf. Both species are recorded for Brunei, and there may occasionally be problems in identifying sterile material. In Temburong District and in parts of neighbouring Sarawak, K. rostrata occurs as a distinctive form with lanceolate rather than rhomboid leaflets. There are only a few collections. Although the leaflet shape seems so distinctive, it is otherwise identical to K. rostrata. This form is particularly noticeable on the slopes of Bukit Belalong.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Wong 495; Sungai Liang, Sungei Liang Arboretem, Wong 137. TEM: Amo, Stockdale 19; Amo, Wong 1738; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 14; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Dransfield J. 7064; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Dransfield J. 7150.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna. Vol. IV.</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">de Guzman</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.D.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Natural resources Management Center, Minstry of Natural Resources and university of Phillipines</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1986</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Korthalsia scaphigeroides</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Philipp. J. Sci., C 4: 619 (1909)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ant Palm (Engl.); Kaporigid (Pil.).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Rather slender, the sheathed stem apparently 15-18 mm in diameter. Ochrea elongate-elliptic, ventricose 9 to 10 cm long, 2 cm broad, thinly coriaceous, armed with small scattered, short, rigid prickles. Leaves with a slender biconvex, flattened petiolar part, about 20 cm long, 4 mm broad, with rather obtuse and smooth edges, armed claws, rachis in the intermediate portion armed almost regularly with ternate claws, leaflets distinctly ansate, narrowly rhomboid-cuneate, broadest above their middle, 15 to 20 cm long, 4 to 5 cm broad, rather accurately praemorse-dentate in the upper margins and produced at the summit into an acuminate point, green above, white beneath, with about 7 primary costae. Spadix unknown. The leaf-sheaths of this palm is interestingly inhabited by colonies of ants. The seeds, so far, is the means of its propagation.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Mindanao (Agusan, Surigao, Zamboanga), Basilan. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Growing in primary forests at low altitudes.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Indeterminate.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>It can be used as those of Daemonorops and Calamus in furniture and basket making.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia scortechinii</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 475</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card., Calcutta 12 (3) (1918) 118</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 68</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 13 (1951) 321</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Rev. Father Scortechini - plant collector in Perak, 1845 - 1886</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan dahan, rotan semut</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering high-climbing rattan branching in the forest canopy. Stems often more than 20 m tall, by 1.0 - 1.5 cm in diameter without sheaths, 1.5 - 2.0 cm with sheaths. Inter-nodes to about 25 cm long below, much shorter near inflorescences above. Sheaths dull green rather sparsely spiny ± entirely covered by the elongate inflated ocrea; ocrea dull pale brown up to about 20 cm long by 4 cm in diameter, shorter and proportionally wider on sheaths by the inflorescences, covered with scattered short spines, not exceeding 8 mm in length and usually much less, and caducous chocolate-coloured scales, sometimes almost unarmed. Ants usually abundant in ocrea. Whole leaf up to 2.5 m on juvenile stems, usually shorter on mature climbing stems; petiole about 10 cm, cirrus up to about 1.25 m; up to 11 leaflets on each side, rather narrowly rhomboid, up to 30 cm long by 5 cm wide, the upper V* only praemorse, dark dull green above, whitish below but not densely so. Up to 6 of the uppermost nodes producing inflorescences, each with up to 10 flower bearing branches to 25 cm long by 8 mm in diameter. Flowers not known. Mature fruit described by Furtado as being 20 mm long by 9-11 mm wide, covered in 16-18 vertical rows of scales.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Singapore: Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Apparently widespread and possibly overlooked, in lowland and hill Dipterocarp forest up to 900 m altitude (at Genting Highlands), apparently favouring lower hillslopes rather than ridge tops.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane apparently durable but of poor appearance.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>K. scortechinii has been confused with K. echinometra', the latter species has highly inflated, less elongate ocrea armed with shining massive spines to 8 cm long, and bears even more narrowly lanceolate leaflets. Furthermore K. echinometra seems to be a plant of ridge-tops or poor soils rather than lower hillslopes. I have never seen the two species growing together.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Korthalsia tenuissima</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Malesia 2 (1886) 275</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1839) 476</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta (3) 132</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 69</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 13 (1951) 324</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Tenuissima - very slender</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan dahan tikus</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender high climbing rattan reaching to 60 m in canopy, producing v slender ultimate branches. Juvenile shoots and suckers with stem to 9 mm in diameter with sheaths, with to 1.1 cm, with internodes to 70 cm long. Sheaths dull green, armed with oblique reflexed spines convex above, with scattered chocolate scales beneath and on rest of leaf sheath. Ultimate branches to 4 mm in diameter without sheaths, with to 6 mm, with much shorter internodes, rarely exceeding 15 cm in length, with very sparsely armed sheaths. Ocrea short to 3 cm long closely sheathing entire and green except for a tattered fringe 2-4 mm high. Lower leaves to 75 cm long with up to 6 broadly triangular leaflets to 14 cm long by 7 cm wide; upper leaves very much smaller to 40 cm long with no petiole, and cirrus to 20 cm and 5-6 leaflets on each side, to 10 cm long by 5 cm wide. Leaflets only faintly dis-colorous (? always - see notes) pale yellowish grey green. Inflorescences produced from topmost 1-4 nodes, consisting each of a single rachillae to 13 cm long by 8 mm wide, usually less. ± ripe fruit to 10 mm in length, 8 mm in diameter. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Selangor: endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>This species is found in both lowland forest and on steep slopes in hill Dipterocarp forest at altitude of 50-500 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Good rattan for fine twine but too rare to be of much significance.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Korthalsia tenuissima is a very rare rattan known from the type collection made by Kunstler in Perak (Kunstler 4057) and from recent collections made in Sg. Buloh in Selangor, and Kledang Saiong, Kinta Hills and G. Bubu Forest Reserves in Perak. The recent collections differ from the type in the leaflets being more or less the same colour above as below rather than being discolorous. Despite this difference I still regard all the material as belonging to one species. This species is found in both lowland forest and on steep slopes in hill Dipterocarp forest at altitude of 50-500 m. K. tenuissima is a very distinctive rattan. The peculiar convex spines on the juvenile sheaths, the extremely slender ultimate branches, and the inflorescences reduced to single rachillae at each node are all very characteristic. In absence of inflorescences it might be confused with extremely slender forms of K. rigida but the peculiar convex spines are absent in the latter.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Synopsis of the Genus Korthalsia (Palmae: Lepidocaryoideae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 163-194</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1981</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Korthalsia zippelii</name>
+<author>Bl.</author>
+<citation>Rumphia 2: 171 (1843);</citation>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (2nd Edit.): 211 (1845)</bibref>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (2nd Edit.): 343 (1849)</bibref>
+<bibref>Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 3: 76 (1855)</bibref>
+<bibref>Miq., De Palm. Arc. Ind.: 26 (1868)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc. in Malesia 1: 87 (1877), 2: 69 (1884)</bibref>
+<bibref>K. Schum. & Laut., Fl. Deut. Schutzg., Nachtr.: 61 (1905)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 145 (1918)</bibref>
+<bibref>Essig, Palm Fl. New Guinea Prelim. Anal.: 13 (1977)</bibref>
+<type>New Guinea, Lobo; Zippel;</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype L</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Korthalsia zippelii var. aruensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 147 (1918)</bibref>
+<type>Aru Is., Giabu-lengan; Beccari; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Korthalsia sp.</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Malesia 1: 87 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Korthalsia sp.</name>
+<author>Hemsley Voy.</author>
+<bibref>Hemsley Voy. Challenger Bot. 1(3): 225 (1885)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus zippelii</name>
+<author>Bl.</author>
+<bibref>Bl. in Rumphia 2: 171 (1843)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus plicatus</name>
+<author>Zipp. ex Bl.</author>
+<bibref>Zipp. ex Bl. in Rumphia 2: 171 (1843)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>K. zippelii is evidently widespread in the lowlands of New Guinea.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p> The laciniate primary bracts of the inflorescence, and the very crowded scarcely tomentose rachillae make this a distinctive species. For differences between this species and K. brassii see below.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Short or acaulescent pinnate-leaved palms endemic to the rain forests of Queensland, Australia; distinctive in the spicate inflorescences and staminate flowers with 9–12 stamens.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Laccospadix</name>\r
+<author>Drude and H. Wendl.</author>\r
+<citation>Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 1875: 59 (1875).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Laccospadix australasicus; H. Wendl. and Drude.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Lakkos — pit, spadix — branch or frond, but in botany, inflorescence, referring to the spicate inflorescence with pits.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary or clustering, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, becoming bare, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, marcescent; sheaths soon splitting opposite the petiole, bearing scattered scales, the margins becoming fibrous; petiole long, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, bearing scattered scales; rachis curved, scaly like the petiole; leaflets numerous, single-fold, conspicuously plicate, acute or acuminate, adaxially and abaxially with minute scattered scales, abaxially with conspicuous ramenta along the main ribs, transverse veinlets not visible. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, protandrous, unbranched; peduncle winged at the base, erect, elongate, bearing scattered caducous scales; prophyll inserted at the base of the peduncle, flattened, tubular, 2-winged, ± included within the leaf sheaths, tending to disintegrate into fibres apically; peduncular bract 1, inserted near the tip of the peduncle, enclosing the spike in bud, splitting longitudinally, deciduous at anthesis; rachis ± equalling the peduncle, pendulous, bearing a slightly spiralled series of prominent, rounded bracts forming the lower lips of the floral pits; floral pits enclosing triads except at the apex where enclosing paired or solitary staminate flowers only, flowers exserted one at a time; floral bracteoles 3, ± sepal-like. Staminate flowers borne on very short flattened pedicels, ± symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, keeled, ± chaffy, with irregular margins; petals 3, ± twice as long as the sepals, distinct, triangular-ovate, valvate, marked within by anther impressions; stamens 9–12, erect, filaments very short, anthers ± elongate, basifixed, latrorse; pistillode minute, trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal, asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate-rugulate, or finely granular-rugulate, especially on proximal face, aperture margin finely perforate-rugulate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 36–42 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers ± globular; sepals 3, distinct, ± chaffy, with irregular margins; petals similar to but longer than sepals, distinct, broadly imbricate except at the valvate, triangular tip; staminodes 3, small, ± triangular; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, ovoid-ellipsoidal, tipped with 3, short, recurved stigmas, ovule attached laterally near the base, campylotropous. Fruit ellipsoidal when fresh, red at maturity, perianth whorls persistent, the stigmatic scar apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thin, fleshy, overlying stout longitudinal fibres, endocarp thin, adherent to seed. Seed laterally attached with short oblong hilum, the raphe ± extending the length of the seed, the raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One variable species widespread in tropical rain forest in northeastern Queensland, Australia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig 2002). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Linospadix.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>There is no recent publishedassessment of infraspecific variation.</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>A very attractive palm because of the long spikes ofred fruits.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Atherton palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring in shaded, humid rain forest on mountain rangesand table lands at altitudes of 800–1400 m above sea-level.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Clustering high-climbing pinnate-leaved rattan palms of Equatorial West Africa; sheaths densely armed; hapaxanthic and hermaphroditic, the flowers are borne in pairs, with leathery perianths but not inflated.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Laccosperma</name>
+<author>(G. Mann and H. Wendl.) Drude</author>
+<citation>Bot. Zeit. 35:632, 635 (1877).</citation>
+<type>Type; Laccosperma opacum; Drude</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus subgenus Laccosperma</name>
+<author>G. Mann and H. Wendl.</author>
+<bibref>G. Mann and H. Wendl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 24: 430 (1864).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ancistrophyllum</name>
+<author>(G. Mann and H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. (non Göpp. 1841) in Kerch.</author>
+<bibref>(G. Mann and H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. (non Göpp. 1841) in Kerch., Les Palmiers: 230 (1878).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum; (P.Beauv.) G.Mann & H.Wendl.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus subgenus Ancistrophyllum</name>
+<author>G. Mann and H. Wendl.</author>
+<bibref>G. Mann and H. Wendl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 24: 432 (1864). </bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ancistrophyllum subgenus Laccosperma</name>
+<author>(G. Mann and H. Wendl.) Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f.</author>
+<bibref>(G. Mann and H. Wendl.) Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3: 937 (1883).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ancistrophyllum subgenus Ancistrophyllum</name>
+<author>Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f.</author>
+<bibref>Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3: 937 (1883).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neoancistrophyllum</name>
+<author>Rauschert</author>
+<bibref>Rauschert, Taxon 31: 557 (1982).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Neoancistrophyllum secundiflorum; (P.Beauv.) Rauschert</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Laccos — hole or pit, sperma — seed, referring to the deeply pitted seeds of some of the species.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustered, spiny, high-climbing, hapaxanthic, hermaphroditic, rattan palms. Stem sometimes branching aerially, eventually becoming bare, with long internodes, circular in cross-section, sucker shoots apparently axillary. Leaf pinnate with a cirrus; sheath strictly tubular, variously armed with scattered spines and abundant caducous indumentum; ocrea conspicuous, split opposite the leaf, scarcely sheathing, sometimes slightly inflated with inrolled edges and ant-infested, unarmed or armed like the sheath; knee absent; petiole present, usually armed with scattered or grouped spines abaxially and along margins, and frequently indumentose, rarely unarmed; rachis armed like the petiole; cirrus armed with reflexed spines and bearing neat pairs of reflexed acanthophylls; leaflets few to very numerous, 1–4-fold, entire, linear to sigmoid, regularly or irregularly arranged, often fiercely armed with short spines along the margins and the main ribs, midribs prominent adaxially, transverse veinlets conspicuous or inconspicuous. Inflorescences produced simultaneously in the axils of the most distal few frequently reduced leaves, branched to 1 order; peduncle enclosed within the leaf sheath and emerging from its mouth or bursting through the sheath, not adnate to the internode, ± hemispherical in cross-section; prophyll strictly tubular, 2-keeled, enclosed within the leaf sheath; peduncular bracts 1–3; rachis longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts distichous, strictly tubular with a triangular limb, without spines, sparsely indumentose, becoming tattered, each subtending a pendulous or spreading rachilla; rachilla prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, included within the subtending bract, rachilla bracts distichous, tubular with apiculate, triangular limb, striate, sparsely indumentose, the margin sometimes ciliate, each, except sometimes for the basal 1–2, subtending a flower cluster. Flowers very rarely borne in triads, usually in dyads, sometimes solitary towards the tips of the rachillae, the flower cluster bearing a tubular 2-keeled prophyll and 0, 1, or 2, 2-keeled bracteoles (depending on the number of flowers); calyx slightly to strongly stalk-like at the base, often bent at right angles, incompletely divided distally into 3 triangular striate lobes; corolla tubular at the very base, divided above into 3 oblong, narrow, triangular, valvate lobes; stamens 6, borne at the very base of the corolla, filaments distinct, much swollen, angular, scarcely narrowed at the connective, anthers medifixed, oblong, latrorse; gynoecium tricarpellate, triovulate, ovary covered with scales, those at the base of the style minute, spine-like, style elongate, 3-angled, stigma minute, pyramidal, ovules basally attached, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely to coarsely perforate, or rugulate-reticulate, aperture margin finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 37–75 µm [4/5]. Fruit 1-seeded (?always), tipped with the base of the style, the rest of the style usually breaking off early in fruit development, the perianth whorls persistent; epicarp covered in vertical rows of reflexed scales with fringed margins, mesocarp fleshy and sweet at maturity, endocarp not differentiated. Seed attached subbasally at one side, ovoid and laterally flattened, or rounded and deeply scalloped, with a very shallow to very deep lateral pit, seed coat apparently sometimes fleshy, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral, opposite the pit. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Five species confined to humid rain forest of West Africa and the Congo Basin. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, stem, root (Tomlinson 1961).</p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Laccosperma is strongly supported asmonophyletic (Baker et al. 2000a, 2000c). It is resolved as sisterto Eremospatha with moderate support (Baker et al. 2000a,2000b, Asmussen et al. 2006).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems are used as a source of cane.</p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Sunderland (2001, 2007).</p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Very rarely in Laccosperma, triads of hermaphroditicflowers are present and bract arrangement indicates asympodial nature for the triad and the dyad.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names numerous and varied throughout the area of occurrence (Sunderland 2001).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Apparently most abundant in rain forest on swampy soils.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Nomenclatural notes on Laccosperma and Ancistrophyllum (Palmae: Lepidocaryoideae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 455-457</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1982</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Laccosperma acutiflorum</name>
+<author>(Becc.) J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 37: 456 (1982)</citation>
+<type>; Preuss; 1232</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ancistrophyllum acutiflorum</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Webbia 3: 255 (1910)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Nomenclatural notes on Laccosperma and Ancistrophyllum (Palmae: Lepidocaryoideae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 455-457</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1982</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Laccosperma robustum</name>
+<author>(Burret) J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 37: 457 (1982)</citation>
+<type>; Mildbraed; s.n. </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ancistrophyllum robustum</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burr. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 746 (1942)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Solitary moderate dioecious tree fan palms of the Mascarene Islands, distinctive in the the sculptured endocarp.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Latania</name>\r
+<author>Comm. ex Juss.</author> \r
+<citation>Gen. pl. 39 (1789).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Latania borbonica; Lam.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Cleophora</name>\r
+<author>Gaertn.</author>\r
+<bibref>Gaertn., Fruct. sem. pl. 2: 185 (1791).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Cleophora lontaroides; Gaertn.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Latinisation of the common name, latanier, used in Mauritius.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, mostly unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious, tree palms. Stem erect, rough, marked with spiral, elliptic leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, costapalmate, marcescent in young individuals, abscising cleanly in trunked specimens; sheath narrow, inserted at an angle, asymmetrical, angled, with a flange toward the lower side, split horizontally at the base, smooth or densely tomentose; petiole robust, long, adaxially deeply channelled near the base, distally flattened, abaxially rounded, adaxial surface smooth, abaxial surface densely floccose, margin smooth or with a few shallow teeth; adaxial hastula short but conspicuous, triangular or rounded, abaxial hastula absent; blade divided to ca. 1/3–1/2 its length along adaxial folds into regular, stiff, single-fold segments, these shortly bifid or not, acute to acuminate, abaxial costa and ridges of folds often densely floccose, midribs prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences interfoliar, staminate and pistillate superficially dissimilar. Staminate inflorescence with elongate peduncle, elliptic at base in cross-section, adaxially channelled, thin distally; prophyll short, wide, tubular basally, 2-keeled, with a sharp pointed limb about equal in length to the tubular base, abaxially densely floccose; peduncular bracts 1–2–several, loosely sheathing, resembling the prophyll but with a single keel; rachis longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts like the peduncular; first-order branches short, not exceeding subtending bracts, flat, often wide, crescentic in cross-section, branched digitately at the tip to form several (1–14) rachillae; rachillae short or long, spike-like, terete, bearing short, crowded tubular bracts, each bract connate laterally with proximal and distal bracts to form a pit enclosing a single staminate flower. Staminate flowers each bearing a stiff cupular bracteole; calyx tubular basally, 3-lobed, irregularly rounded, thicker distally; corolla with a stalk-like base carrying the rest of the flower out of the pit and 3 spathulate lobes; stamens 15–30 or more, filaments short, slightly tapering, anthers basifixed, latrorse; pistillode columnar, ovarian part slightly expanded. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-channelled, or rugulate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 34–50 µm [3/3]. Pistillate inflorescence with prophyll, peduncular, and first-order bracts similar to staminate, but first-order branches fewer, each bearing only 1 or 2 rachillae; rachillae wider, longer, sheathed in fewer, larger tubular bracts, lower-most and distal bracts empty, central bracts, each subtending a pistillate flower, bracts tightly surrounding base of flower but not forming pits. Pistillate flowers fewer, globose, much larger, widely spaced in a 2/5 phyllotaxy, solitary, each bearing 2 stiff, cupular, imbricate, ± connate bracteoles; sepals 3, stiff, imbricate, rounded; petals like the sepals; staminodes 6–9, connate in a low lobed cupule, vestigial anthers sometimes present; gynoecium globose, trilocular, triovulate, style expanded, stigma undeveloped, locules uniovulate but 2 lateral bodies beside the ovule, ovule orthotropous. Fruit usually developing from all 3 carpels, large, oblong or obovoid, stigmatic area apical or subapical, usually 3–(1–2)-seeded, (4 carpels often present); epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp comprising 3 separate pyrenes, hard, tanniniferous, pyrenes obovoid, variously ridged and sculptured, sculpturing diagnostic for species. Seed almond-shaped, smooth, basally attached, endosperm homogeneous; embryo apical. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll digitate. Cytology: 2n = 28.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species in the Mascarene Islands. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1997), floral (Uhl and Moore 1971, only gynoecium studied). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Latania is a strongly supported monophyletic group that is resolved as sister to a clade of Lodoicea, Borassus and Borassodendron with moderate support (Bayton 2005, Asmusen et al. 2006). For interspecific relationships, see Bayton (2005). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves have been used as thatch and the trunk as a source of wood; the young seeds are said to be edible. All species are handsome ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore and Guého (1984). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Latania is remarkable for the diversity in the sculpturing of the pyrenes; however, the adaptive significance of the pyrene form is not known. Gynoecial structure is similar to that of Corypha and Nannorrhops but carpel walls are much thicker. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Latan palms, latanier. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Once common on coastal cliffs, savannahs, and ravines, the species are now almost extinct in the wild, but are widely cultivated in botanic gardens where they appear to hybridise freely. Some native trees of Latania loddigesii are present on Round Island. Latania lontaroides, endemic to Reunion, is occasionally left in fields as isolated individuals whereas L. verschaffeltii, endemic and widespread on Rodrigues, is reduced to isolated individuals and a small population at Fond la Bonté above Baie aux Huîtres. There may be a few native L. loddigesii remaining on Mauritius.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Spectacular pinnate-leaved canopy palm from northeastern Madagascar, distinctive in the staminate flower with many stamens and the large corky-warted fruit, the endocarp with a basal button, the seed shallowly ruminate with apical embryo.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Lemurophoenix</name>\r
+<author>J. Dransf.</author> \r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 46: 61 (1991).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Lemurophoenix halleuxii; J. Dransf.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Lemur — lemur, phoenix — general name for a palm, in reference to its Malagasy vernacular name, hovitra varimena, the red lemur palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Massive solitary unarmed monoecious pleonanthic tree palm. Trunk bare, ringed with leaf scars. Leaf reduplicately pinnate; sheath tubular, forming a prominent crownshaft, bearing wax and scales; petiole rather short, channelled adaxially, rounded or ridged abaxially, densely covered with caducous chocolate-brown scales; rachis adaxially somewhat channelled near the base, ridged distally, abaxially rounded or flattened, scaly as the petiole; leaflets regularly arranged, numerous, linear-lanceolate, long acuminate except near the tip where bifid; adaxial leaflet surface glabrous, abaxial bearing a few large dark brown ramenta near the base on the main vein and more numerous small ramenta on secondary veins, pale brown peltate scales abundant on all veins; transverse veinlets not visible. Inflorescence infrafoliar, branched to 3 orders, the whole inflorescence exposed long before anthesis, protandrous; peduncle moderate in length; prophyll splitting along one side; peduncular bract longer than the prophyll; first-order branches widely spreading, the basal few branched to the third order, the distal-most branched to the second order or unbranched; rachillae numerous, elongate, pendulous or spreading, somewhat swollen, with flowers partially embedded in shallow pits; rachilla bracts rather obscure, forming the lower lip to the pits; floral bracteoles minute, included in the pits. Flowers borne in triads of a central pistillate and two lateral staminate for about two-thirds the rachilla length, and in pairs of staminate flowers in the distal third. Staminate flower in bud ± bullet-shaped; sepals 3, ± distinct, minutely connate at the base, imbricate, strongly keeled and gibbous; petals 3, ± distinct in bud, valvate, boat-shaped, adaxially grooved, glabrous, later the floral receptacle greatly enlarging carrying the petal bases above the calyx, the petals becoming reflexed by a swollen pulvinus at the petal bases; stamens 52–59, borne on the dome-shaped receptacle, filaments terete, straight or contorted in bud, rarely filaments partially connate, anthers frequently rather irregular in outline due to close-packing in the bud, basally sagittate, medifixed, latrorse; pistillode columnar, hidden among the filament bases. Pollen ellipsoidal, slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, or perforate and micro-channelled and rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 52–60 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flower known only in immature bud; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, unequal, rounded; petals 3, distinct, basally strongly imbricate, with triangular valvate tips; staminodes 10–12, minute, tooth-like or strap-shaped, distributed evenly around the gynoecium; gynoecium pseudomonomerous, ovoid, stigmas apical, as yet scarcely developed, ovule heminanatropous, basally attached. Fruit large, usually borne in abundance, globose, the epicarp cracked polygonally into low corky warts, stigmatic remains basal; mesocarp rather spongy, easily separable from the endocarp; endocarp spherical, with a basal heart-shaped pale brown button; endosperm very shallowly and sparsely ruminate; embryo apical. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species known from two localities in north-eastern Madagascar, </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Dypsis. Note that the phylogeny with the greatest sampling of Dypsis species places Lemurophoenix as sister to the rest of the Dypsidinae (Baker et al. in prep.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1991b) and Dransfield andBeentje (1995b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>A spectacular large palm distinctive in its corky-wartedfruit and multistaminate staminate flowers.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Hovitra vari mena.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring on hill slopes in humid rain forest at elevations of 250–450 m above sea level. Seeds exported by seed merchants in the late 1990s suggest that there may be a second species with a smaller fruit lacking corky warts. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Lemurophoenix (Palmae: Arecoideae), a new genus from Madagascar</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1991</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Lemurophoenix halleuxii</name>
+<author>J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 46: 62 (1991)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar; Dransfield et al.; JD 6453</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, NY, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>"Hovitra vari mena"</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma pergrandis, formosis- sima solitaria caule usque 20 m et columna coronae roseo-griseata usque 1.5 m longa; rachis folii usque 4.25 m longa foliolis c. 60 utrinsecus regulariter dispositis; inflorescentia usque 2 m longa pedunculo usque 50 cm; bracteae (prophyllum et bractea peduncularis) extus carmesinae intus cremeae; rachillae c. 110, usque 40 cm longae, cremeae demum virides; flos masculus alabastro 8 x 4 mm, petalis anthesin reflexis, staminibus receptaculo tumido portatis; fructus c. 50 mm diam.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Immense tree palm. Trunk to 20 m tall, at base c. 1 m diam., higher up c. 50 cm diam., pale brown, leaf scars c. 10 cm apart. Leaf to 4.5 m long; crownshaft c. 1.5 m long, c. 50 cm diam., the leaf-sheath greyish pink when newly exposed, bearing scattered dark brown peltate scales and abundant white wax; petiole to 25 cm long, c. 10 cm wide and 5 cm thick at the base; leaflets very regular, c. 60 on each side of the rachis, stiff, rich dark green, c. 6 cm distant, linear-lanceolate, the proximal c. 65 x 2 cm, in mid leaf c. 95 x 6 cm, decreasing abruptly in size to 17 x 0.7 cm near the tip; rachis when young bright crimson, young blade flushed red. Inflorescence very robust, c. 2 m long; peduncle c. 50 cm long, grossly swollen and winged to c. 35 cm wide at the base, decreasing to 10 x 4.5 cm near the insertion of the first branch, the surface densely covered with rough brown scales; prophyll and peduncular bract abaxially bright crimson, cream-coloured within; prophyll to 90 cm, splitting along one side, inserted c. 15 cm above the base of the peduncle; peduncular bract to 120 cm long, inserted c. 10 cm above the prophyll insertion; first-order branches c. 12-15, the basal devoid of branches in the basal 20-25 cm, to 4-5 cm thick; rachillae c. 110, cream-coloured at anthesis, becoming green, to 40 cm long, c. 8-9 mm diam., somewhat swollen, with flowers partially embedded in shallow pits c. 6-10 mm apart, rachilla surface minutely papillose and scaly; rachilla bracts c. 2 x 8 mm, fleshy. Staminate flower-bud pale greenish brown, c. 8 x 5 mm, at anthesis the flower with a spread of c. 14 mm; sepals connate in the basal 0-8 mm, c. 3.5 x 6 mm, c. 2 mm thick at the keel, the margin minutely ciliate, otherwise glabrous; petals c. 7 X 3 mm, pale brown, later the floral receptacle carrying the petal bases c. 4 mm above the calyx, the petals becoming reflexed by a pulvinus to 1.5 mm thick at the petal bases; stamens 52-59, borne on the receptacle c. 4-5 mm wide, filaments 2-4 x 0.1 mm, anthers c. 2 x 0.5 mm; pistillode, c. 1.5 x 0.2 mm, hidden among the filament bases. Pistillate flower in immature bud, c. 4-5 mm diam.; sepals c. 3.5 x 4.5 mm diam.; petals c. 3.5 mm long; staminodes 10-12, 0.4 x 0-2 mm; gynoecium c. 2.5 X 1.5 mm. Fruit chestnut brown, globose, at maturity c. 50 mm diam., the epicarp cracked into corky warts less than 1 mm high and 2.5 mm across; mesocarp c. 8 mm thick, whitish; endocarp spherical, c. 33 mm diam., 1 mm thick, deep brown, with a basal heart-shaped pale brown button c. 11 x 11 x 7 mm. Eophyll flushed reddish-brown when newly emerged.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lemurophoenix halleuxii occurs in a steep-sided valley below the long ridge-top leading eastwards from the village of Sahavary. The valley is at about 350-450m above sea level. There is a great abundance of different palms in the forest here, yet there is little peculiar about the habitat. Furthermore, Lemurophoenix does not occur in similar valleys nearby. As one drops down from the crest of the ridge, suddenly one becomes aware of immense palms in the forest canopy in the valley bottom, the huge greyish-pink crownshafts and vast bunches of fruit standing out amidst the surrounding green. There are about 30 mature individuals and about 20 juveniles in various stages of development. Beneath the mature trees lie thick carpets of bare endocarps, either newly fallen or rotting. Seedlings are distinctive but very scarce. It appears that there is little effective dispersal and very limited regeneration and it is difficult to imagine which extant Malagasy animal might be capable of dispersing the rather large diaspore. It is not known to occur anywhere else in the vicinity of Maroantsetra or on the Masoala Peninsula.
+The horticultural potential of this palm could be very great indeed. It has the stature of the Caribbean royal palm, Roystonea oleracea, but has the added attraction of the wonderfully pink-tinged grey crownshaft. As a specimen tree for tropical gardens or for avenues it would be spectacular indeed, if it is amenable to cultivation. Unlike the easily cultivated Malagasy palms Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, C. madagascariensis, Bismarckia nobilis and Neodypsis decaryi, Lemurophoenix occurs in one of the warmest and wettest parts of the island so it may be less tolerant than these others, now so widespread in cultivation. Lemurophoenix halleuxii, as "Red-Lemur Palm", is now well known to the more avid palm collectors throughout the world and every year large quantities of ripe seed from the only known population are harvested and exported. The removal of seed, if it continues at this rate, will ultimately affect the regeneration of the palm and endanger its survival.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The most difficult problem still requiring solution is the affinities of this majestic palm. The pinnate leaf and the arrangement of flowers in triads of a central pistillate and two lateral staminate clearly indicate that it belongs to subfamily Arecoideae (Uhl and Dransfield 1987). The reduplicate vernation, the presence of only two large bracts in the inflorescence (the prophyll and a peduncular bract) and the pseudomonomerous gynoecium (i.e., a gynoe- cium with a single fertile locule but with vestiges of two further locules) further narrow the affinity to tribe Areceae, but to which subtribe of this, the most variable of tribes in Arecoideae, the palm is most closely related is not obvious. The corky-warted fruit is present in Manicariinae and two genera of Iguanurinae (Sommieria and Pelagodoxa), but the former has trilocular, triovulate gynoecia while the fruits of genera in the latter subtribe (which consists of genera with pseudomonomerous gynoecia) have a conspicious operculum in the endocarp that is lacking in the "red-lemur palm" Besides, such corky-warted fruits are found in several quite unrelated palm genera (see Uhl and Dransfield 1987) suggesting that this epicarp condition may have arisen several times in the evolutionary history of the family, Multistaminate flowers occur in many arecoid subtribes and the ontogeny of multistaminy is various (Uhl and Moore 1980), again suggesting that the presence of more than six stamens may have arisen several times. One of the most curious features is the internal fruit structure. The endocarp bears a basal heart-shaped button which seems to represent the sclerified vascular supply next to the chalaza. Such a structure is also present in Orania and Halmoorea in the Oraniinae (and in members of subfamily Phytelephantoideae); however, members of Oraniinae are tricarpellate and triovulate and are vegetatively and in inflorescence structure both rather uniform and quite different from the red-lemur palm. Apart from the presence of more than six stamens, the staminate flowers do bear a resemblance to those of larger members of the quintessentially Madagascar subtribe Dypsidinae, but, without drastically altering the circumscription of the Dypsidinae, an otherwise apparently very natural group, the "red-lemur palm" cannot be included. It may be necessary to create a new monotypic subtribe for this very distinctive new genus, but even so this does not solve the problem of which subtribe of Areceae is the sister group. A greater understanding of the relationships will require developmental study and may be helped by cladistic studies in progress (Dransfield and Uhl, in prep.) and until then I defer the subtribal placement.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>MADAGASCAR. Maroantsetra, Andranofotsy River, Sahavary, hills east of village, Andilampananina, primary forest, deep narrow valley at 350-450 m, 23 Oct. 1986, Dransfield, D. N. Cooke, A. Rakotozafy,J. H. Beach, P. P. Lowry and G. Jean JD 6402 (BH, K, MO, NY, P, TAN); 10 Feb. 1988, DransJield, A. J. Henderson and M. Staniforth JD 6453 (holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, NY, P, TAN). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Remarkable pinnate-leaved palms from Amazonia, the stems covered by long fibres or a broad network of fibres, the fruit lens-shaped or egg-like, with basal stigmatic remains.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Leopoldinia</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author> \r
+<citation>Hist. nat. palm. 2: 58 (1824).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Leopoldinia pulchra; Mart.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for Maria Leopoldina Josephina Carolina of Habsburg (1797–1826), Archduchess of Austria and Empress of Brazil, whose father sponsored an expedition to Brazil during which Martius collected palms.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious (Leopoldinia pulchra) rarely dioecious according to Spruce [1871] palms. Stems erect, covered with marcescent leaf sheath fibres, eventually becoming bare, internodes short, at the base of the stem with abundant adventitious roots. Leaves pinnate, marcescent; sheath with a triangular ligule-like projection opposite the petiole, densely tomentose, the whole expanding and drying into an elegant interwoven mesh of broad flattened fibres, the margins remaining entire, or the whole disintegrating into extremely long black fibre bundles (‘piassava’) which hang down and obscure the stem; petiole well developed, adaxially flattened or convex, abaxially rounded or ± angled, bearing abundant, caducous scales; rachis longer than the petiole, adaxially angled, abaxially rounded or flattened, scaly as the petiole; leaflets single-fold, linear, acuminate or minutely bifid, numerous, regularly arranged, somewhat plicate, concolourous or discolourous, adaxially glabrous, abaxially bearing ramenta along the midrib, particularly near the base, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, solitary, much shorter than the leaves, branching to 4 orders, the whole densely brown-tomentose, staminate inflorescences alternating with pistillate, or proximal rachillae pistillate and the distal staminate, or each rachilla pistillate at base, staminate at the tip or, rarely, plants apparently dioecious; peduncle elongate, partially obscured by subtending leaf sheaths, narrow-crescentic in cross-section; prophyll borne considerably above the base, tubular, narrowly elliptical in outline, 2-winged, ± membranous, splitting down its entire length early in development, circumscissile near the base, leaving a low membranous collar; peduncular bract 1, like the prophyll, also early caducous; rachis usually much shorter than the peduncle; first-order branches rather slender, each subtended by a very small, low, membranous, triangular bract; second, third, and fourth-order branches slender, tending to be somewhat divaricate or sinuous; rachillae rather slender, very densely tomentose, the flowers partially immersed in tomentum, where pistillate flowers borne on separate rachillae, the rachillae more robust than the staminate, pistillate flowers apparently solitary or in triads, staminate flowers usually paired or solitary. Staminate flowers very small, ± globular, bearing a striate chaffy bracteole; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate, ± striate; petals 3, distinct, valvate, ± triangular-ovate, marked on adaxial face by impressions of anthers; stamens 6, very small, filaments very short, connate only at the very base, rather broad, ± inflexed at the tip, anthers ± oval in outline, latrorse; pistillode barrel-shaped. Pollen ellipsoidal, slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, surface very finely granular, finely perforate, or perforate and slightly rugulate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 21–26 µm [1/3]. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, ± hooded, the margins ± toothed; petals 3, distinct, valvate; staminodes 6, distinct, very small, short, flat and ± truncate; gynoecium trilocular, triovulate, ± pyramidal, stigmas 3, rather obscure, sessile, ovule form unknown. Fruit dull red at maturity, ovoid, slightly flattened laterally, or strongly lenticular or disciform, 1-seeded, developing from 1 carpel, perianth whorls persisting, stigmatic and sterile carpellary remains basal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp composed of several complex reticulate systems of thick anastomosing fibres, embedded in fleshy parenchyma, the fibres becoming more numerous and closer towards the centre of the fruit, endocarp thin, smooth internally. Seed rounded or lenticular, attached opposite the stigmatic remains, with a vertical hilum running across one of the lateral faces, endosperm homogeneous; embryo subbasal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid, the segments very slender. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species, confined to west Brazil, Amazonian Colombia, and southern Venezuela. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Leopoldinia has not been tested. For relationships, see Leopoldinieae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The stems of L. pulchra are used as fence posts and the fruits of L. major burned to produce a salt substitute. However, the most useful species is undoubtedly L. piassaba; its leaves are used as thatch and the mesocarp crushed with water makes a creamy drink. Commercially, this species is important as a source of piassava, which is used for a variety of purposes from rope making to brooms (Putz 1979). See also Plotkin and Balick (1984) for medicinal uses. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson (1995); see also Guanchez and Romero (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a remarkable genus in many respects, combining as it does a triovulate ovary with some unusual vegetative features. Most striking is the presence of two quite different leaf sheath types in the same genus; in one, the sheath is composed of a broad network of fibres, whereas in the other, there is conspicuous development of long free black fibres (piassava). The fruit shape is also variable. Kubitski (1991) postulated the dispersal of L. major and L. pulchra by fish, whereas L. piassaba is probably dispersed by terrestrial animals. \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Jara palms, piassava palm (Leopoldinia piassaba). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>All species are recorded from low lying, periodically flooded, tropical rain forest. Spruce (1871) records Leopoldinia pulchra and L. major from the banks of black-water rivers and on stony islands and L. piassaba from low sandy flats.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Clustering unarmed palms of South America with slender erect stems and palmate leaves with segments of varying width; inflorescences small with staminate and pistillate rachillae bearing solitary flowers at each bract.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Lepidocaryum</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author> \r
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 49 (1824).</citation> \r
+<type>Lectotype; Lepidocaryum gracile; Mart.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Lepidos — scale, caryon — nut, referring to the scaly fruits.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious, undergrowth palms. Stem erect, colonial by slender rhizomes, partly obscured by marcescent leaf sheaths above, becoming bare basally, with rather short internodes and inconspicuous nodal scars. Leaves small, reduplicately palmate; sheath splitting opposite the petiole, frequently covered with very dense, caducous tomentum; petiole conspicuous, ± rounded in cross-section except at the base where channelled adaxially; hastulae mostly absent, a low crest sometimes present adaxially; blade flabellate or ± orbicular with a very short costa, divided along a few abaxial folds to the insertion into few broad or narrow single-fold or compound, spathulate, acuminate segments, tips sometimes bristly, blade surfaces similar in colour, midribs more prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets conspicuous, rather distant and somewhat sinuous; young leaves sometimes reddish-tinged. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, the staminate and pistillate superficially similar, branched to 2 orders; prophyll tubular, closely sheathing, 2-keeled, with 2 short triangular lobes; peduncle elongate, bearing several (ca. 6) closely sheathing tubular bracts with short triangular limbs; rachis longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts like the peduncular, but tending to split at the tip, each subtending a first-order branch; first-order branches few, rather short, bearing a basal, tubular, 2-keeled prophyll and sometimes 1 empty tubular bract, and distichously arranged, tubular, triangular-tipped bracts, each subtending a rachilla; staminate rachilla short, becoming recurved, with a basal, membranous, striate, 2-keeled prophyll and few (up to 12) distichous, membranous, apiculate, cup-shaped bracts, each, including sometimes the prophyll, subtending a solitary staminate flower bearing a 2-keeled bracteole, or a pair of staminate flowers enclosed within a 2-keeled, explanate bracteole, one of the pair bearing a second bracteole; pistillate rachilla usually very short, sometimes scarcely exserted from the subtending bract, bearing a basal, membranous, 2-keeled, striate prophyll and few (up to ca. 8) distichous, membranous, cup-like, apiculate bracts, each, including sometimes the prophyll, subtending a solitary pistillate flower, bearing a 2-keeled bracteole and a minute, ovate, flattened second bracteole. Staminate flowers symmetrical; calyx tubular, briefly 3-lobed, ± striate; petals much exceeding the calyx, basally connate, the tips valvate; stamens 6, borne at the very base of the petals, filaments thick, fleshy, ± angled, the anthers small, basifixed, latrorse; pistillode minute or short, columnar. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine intectate, surface very finely granular, interspersed with bottle-shaped spines set in, and loosely connected to, cavities in a wide foot layer, bulging noticeably inward beneath each spine, the inner face of the foot layer clearly lamellate, aperture margin similar; longest axis 28–41 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate; calyx tubular, 3-lobed, splitting somewhat irregularly after fertilization; corolla much exceeding the calyx, tubular in basal ca. 1/3, with 3 elongate, valvate lobes; staminodes 6, adnate to the base of the corolla lobes, the filaments somewhat angled, the empty anthers minute; gynoecium incompletely trilocular, triovulate, ± rounded, covered in vertical rows of reflexed scales, style conical, briefly 3-lobed, ovule anatropous, ?basally attached. Fruit rounded or oblong, usually 1-seeded, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp covered in vertical rows of reflexed reddish-brown scales, mesocarp thin, endocarp not differentiated. Seed attached near the base at one side, with a shallow furrow along the raphe, testa ?fleshy, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 30.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species with three varieties, distributed in the wetter parts of Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1996a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Lepidocaryum is strongly supported as sister to a robust clade comprising Mauritia and Mauritiella (Baker et al. 2000a, 2000b, in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used as thatch. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson (1995), Henderson et al. (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Monosulcate spiny pollen grains resembling those of Lepidocaryum gracile (‘or Nuphar luteum’) are described from the Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) of Gabon (Boltenhagen 1967). The size of the grains (28–41 µm) is more comparable to Lepidocaryum pollen than to pollen of N. luteum (>45 µm). Furthermore, unlike Lepidocaryum, Nuphar is associated with cold or cool climates; Salard-Cheboldaeff (1978, 1981) associated Echimonocolpites rarispinosus (44–45 µm long axis) from the Lower Eocene of Cameroon with Lepidocaryum, although this is an uncertain comparison. The pollen grains of Mauritia, although similar morphologically, are much larger (54–65 µm) than those of Lepidocaryum. Neither Lepidocaryum nor Mauritia are present in the African continent today, although Mauritia has a notable pollen fossil record in Africa. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Lepidocaryum is the smallest member of the subtribe in terms of habit and inflorescence, but the three genera, Mauritia, Mauritiella, and Lepidocaryum, are clearly very closely related. \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Poktamiu. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Growing in the undergrowth of lowland tropical rain forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small to moderate pinnate-leaved palm known only from mountain forest on Lord Howe Island; leaf sheaths not forming a crownshaft, the inflorescences interfoliar, apparently unisexual, but both sexes borne on the same plant.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Lepidorrhachis</name>\r
+<author>(H. Wendl. and Drude) O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<citation>J. Heredity 18: 408 (1927) (‘Lepidorhachis’).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Lepidorrhachis mooreana; (F.Muell.) O.F.Cook</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Lepis — scale, rhachis — spine or backbone, referring to the scaly leaf rachis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem thick, short, green, prominently ringed with close leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, ascending; sheath inflated at the base, deeply split opposite the petiole, not forming a distinct crownshaft, densely brown-scurfy toward the apex and petiole; petiole short, shallowly channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, densely brown-scurfy; rachis adaxially channelled to ridged, abaxially rounded, densely tomentose; leaflets regularly arranged, alternate, single-fold, acute, stiff, ascending from the rachis, the midrib and 2–3 secondary nerves on each side prominent adaxially, margins thickened, bearing scales along ribs on both surfaces, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences apparently unisexual, interfoliar in bud, becoming infrafoliar at anthesis, branched to 3 orders basally, fewer distally, densely covered with basifixed, twisted, simple to forked or tattered, brown, membranous scales; peduncle very short; prophyll usually incompletely sheathing, 2-keeled, open apically, apparently completely encircling at the base; peduncular bract tubular, beaked, exserted from the prophyll; rachis longer than the peduncle, bearing short, wide, acute bracts subtending rather distant, spirally arranged branches and rachillae; rachillae short, bearing paired or solitary staminate flowers or solitary pistillate flowers, the flowers superficial, each subtended by an acute bract. Staminate flowers slightly asymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate basally, keeled, ± rounded apically; petals 3, distinct, slightly asymmetrical, about twice as long as the sepals, strongly nerved when dry; stamens 6, filaments distinct, inflexed in bud, anthers oblong in outline, latrorse; pistillode narrowly cylindrical, expanded apically, slightly longer than the stamens in bud. Pollen grains ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally lozenge-shaped; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-channelled, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 32–44 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, broadly rounded and imbricate; petals 3, distinct, imbricate with briefly valvate apices, strongly nerved when dry; staminodes 3, on one side of the gynoecium; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, subglobose, stigmas recurved, ovule pendulous, probably hemianatropous. Fruit globose or nearly so, red at maturity, stigmatic remains lateral in the upper 1/3–1/4; epicarp smooth, drying granular over included sclerosomes, mesocarp fleshy, thin, with included longitudinal fibres except along the rapheal region, endocarp thin, fragile, operculate. Seed globose, with elongate raphe, hilum apical, short, elliptic, vasculature prominent, branched, the branches anastomosing abaxially, endosperm homogeneous; embryo subbasal. Germination and eophyll unrecorded. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species on Lord Howe Island.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Gynoecium with many bundles of sclereids peripherally (Uhl unpublished); leaf anatomy not studied, and fruit (Essig et al. 1999).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The sister relationships of Lepidorrhachis remain unresolved (Asmussen et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>A handsome ornamental. The fruit is favoured by invasive rats and must be protected. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Green (1994) and Baker and Hutton (2006). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The rather short stout stem, ascending leaflets, lack of a crownshaft, sheath with copious buff indumentum and red fruits are characteristic. The restriction of this palm to high elevations on Lord Howe Island makes it particularly vulnerable to climate change. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Little mountain palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found only in low mossy forest at high elevations.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Very small to moderate, solitary or clustered, hermaphroditic or dioecious fan palms of Southeast Asia to the western Pacific and Australia, usually immediately recognisable by the leaf being divided along the abaxial folds all the way to the petiole into wedge-shaped segments; there are a few species with undivided leaves.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Licuala</name>
+<author>Thunb.</author>
+<citation>Kong. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 3: 286(1782).</citation>
+<type>Type; Licuala spinosa; Wurmb</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pericycla</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 2: 47 (1838 [‘1836’]).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Pericycla penduliflora; Blume</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dammera</name>
+<author>Lauterb. and K. Schum. in K. Schum. and Lauterb.</author>
+<bibref>Lauterb. and K. Schum. in K. Schum. and Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee 201 (1900 [‘1901’]).</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype; Dammera ramosa; K.Schum. & Lauterb.</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Latinization of the vernacular name, leko wala, supposedly used for Licuala spinosa in Makassar, Sulawesi.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Very small to moderate, solitary or clustered, acaulescent to shrubby, rarely tree-like, armed or unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic (very rarely dioecious) palms. Stem very short and subterranean, creeping or erect, ringed with close leaf scars, partly obscured by remains of leaf sheaths, sometimes bearing short bulbil-like shoots at the nodes. Leaves palmate, marcescent; leaf sheath disintegrating into a weft of fibres, the margin sometimes remaining as a broad, ligule-like ribbon or tongue; petiole adaxially channelled near the base, rounded or channelled distally, abaxially rounded or angled, armed along margins with close sharp teeth or triangular spines, or unarmed, caducous indumentum often abundant; adaxial hastula well developed, usually triangular, abaxial hastula absent; blade entire or split variously along the abaxial ribs to the very base to produce single to multiple-fold, wedge-shaped reduplicate segments, these in turn with very short splits along the abaxial folds and slightly longer splits along adaxial folds, the central segment usually entire, sometimes bifid, sometimes borne on a stalk-like extension, the ribs often with caducous indumentum, transverse veinlets usually conspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, much shorter to much longer than the leaves, very varied in aspect and degree of branching, from spicate to branched to 3 orders; peduncle short to very long, bearing a basal, 2-keeled tubular prophyll, and 0–5 or more, similar, tubular, closely sheathing or inflated, glabrous or tomentose, peduncular bracts; rachis bracts subtending usually distant, first-order branches adnate to the inflorescence axis above the bract mouth; subsequent orders of bracts minute; first-order branches spicate or branched further; rachillae few to ca. 30 or more, crowded or spreading, glabrous to variously scaly or hairy, bearing spirally arranged, distant or very crowded flowers. Flowers solitary or in groups of 2–3, sessile or borne on short to long spurs, each subtended by a minute triangular bract; calyx sometimes stalk-like at the base, tubular, truncate, irregularly splitting, or with 3 neat triangular lobes, glabrous or variously hairy; corolla usually considerably exceeding the calyx, tubular at the base, divided into 3 rather thick, triangular, valvate lobes, glabrous to variously hairy, usually marked near the tip on the adaxial face with the impressions of the anthers; stamens 6, epipetalous, the filaments distinct, somewhat flattened, or united into a conspicuous tube tipped with 6 equal, short to moderate teeth bearing erect or pendulous anthers, or androecial ring 3-lobed, 3 anthers borne on short distinct filaments, 3 borne at the sinuses between the lobes, anthers rounded or oblong, very small to moderate, latrorse; gynoecium tricarpellate, glabrous or variously hairy, carpels wedge-shaped, distinct in the ovarian region, united distally in a long, slender columnar style tipped with a minute dot-like stigma, ovules basally attached, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually bisymmetric; aperture an extended distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, psilate, scabrate, perforate, perforate-rugulate, foveolate or finely reticulate, aperture margin slightly finer or similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 28–50 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetragonal or decussate [32/134]. Fruit globose, ovoid, narrow, straight, spindle-shaped or curved, perianth whorls usually persistent, 1–3 discrete carpels developing, abortive carpels frequently carried with the stigmatic remains at the tip of the fertile carpel, otherwise remaining at the base; epicarp frequently brightly coloured, dull or shining, rarely corky-warted, mesocarp fleshy, somewhat fibrous, thin to thick, endocarp thin, crustaceous. Seed basally attached, endosperm homogeneous or rarely ruminate, penetrated by a smooth or greatly lobed intrusion of seed coat, in species with spindle-shaped fruit the intrusion running ± the length of the seed in the middle; embryo lateral. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll strap-shaped, plicate, ± truncate and minutely lobed at the apex. Cytology: 2n = 28.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 134 species, ranging from India and southern China through Southeast Asia to Malesia, Queensland, the Solomon Islands and New Hebrides, the greatest diversity being in Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and New Guinea. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Preliminary analyses show that Licuala is monophyletic (Look 2007). Uhl et al. (1995) place the genus as sister to Johannesteijsmannia. Baker et al. (in review) and Asmussen et al. (2006) found low support for a sister relationship between Licuala and a clade comprising Johannesteijsmannia, Pholidocarpus and Pritchardiopsis. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves of some species are used for thatching and for making sleeping mats. The sword leaf of some may be used for wrapping food before or after cooking. Smaller stems are used for walking sticks and larger ones as palisades in building. Many species are highly decorative but appear generally to be slow growing. Pith and stem apices are edible. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1931) and Furtado (1940). The latter provides the most recent attempt at a subgeneric and sectional delimitation. See also the thorough revision for Peninsular Malaysia by Saw (1997). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>From the Indian Deccan Intertrappean (although the age span of these volcanic deposits is controversial, see Chapter 5), Ambwani (1983) reports palm wood, Palmoxylon shahpuraensis, from Madhya Pradesh. He considers it comparable to a number of species of Licuala, although wood identifications to genus should always be viewed with caution. Silicified fruits, Palmocarpon coryphoidium, which, “come very close to some species of Pritchardia and Licuala specially [sic] the latter” (Shete and Kulkarni 1985) are reported from the Deccan Intertrappean of Maharashtra. Again, the generic affinity of these fossil fruits remains doubtful. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Easily recognizable by the wedge-shaped marginally reduplicate segments of the leaves of most species. Those with undivided leaves (Licuala grandis and L. orbicularis) are unlikely to be confused with other palms. The species examined differ from other coryphoid palms in having large transverse fibre-sclereids in the mesophyll of the leaf; in some epidermal characters, they resemble Pholidocarpus, Livistona and Johannesteijsmannia.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Licuala palms, palas. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>The species are mostly plants of the forest undergrowth; some are gregarious and lend a distinctive appearance to certain forest types, others are very local and occur as scattered individuals. A few species, e.g., L. calciphila, are strict calcicoles; L. spinosa, the most widespread species, occurs in forest on the landward fringe of mangrove and L. paludosa is common in peat swamp forest. A remarkable feature of some Bornean forest types is the abundance of Licuala spp. that grow sympatrically.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small or clustering undergrowth palms of rain forest in New Guinea andeastern Australia, with spicate inflorescences with the peduncular bractinserted far above the prophyll at the base of the flower-bearing part ofthe inflorescence; seed with ruminate endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Linospadix</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. in H. Wendl. and Drude</author> \r
+<citation>Linnaea 39:177, 198 (1875).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Linospadix monostachyos; (Mart.) H.Wendl.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Bacularia</name>\r
+<author>F. Muell. ex Hook.f.</author>\r
+<bibref>F. Muell. ex Hook.f., Bot. Mag. 6644 (1882)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Bacularia monostachya; (Mart.) F.Muell.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Linon — flax or thread, spadix — branch or frond, but in botany, inflorescence,referring to the slender spicate inflorescence.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to very small, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic,monoecious palms. Stem erect, slender, eventually becoming bare, Distribution of Linospadixconspicuously ringed with leaf scars. Leaves bifid to pinnate, neatlyabscising or marcescent, a crownshaft not well developed; sheaths soon surfaces, transverse veinlets usually obscure. Inflorescences solitary,splitting opposite the petiole, bearing scattered scales, the margins often interfoliar, ± erect, protandrous, unbranched; peduncle winged at thebecoming fibrous, a tattering ligule sometimes present; petiole ± absent base; prophyll inserted near the base of the peduncle, tubular, 2-or very short to long, usually scaly; rachis very short to long; blade bifid keeled, ± included within the subtending leaf sheath, persistent,with acute, acuminate or lobed tips, or divided into 1–several fold becoming tattered and fibrous; peduncular bract 1, inserted in theleaflets, the leaflets regular or irregular, acute, acuminate, bifid or distal part of the peduncle or at its very tip, tubular, ± beaked, ±irregularly lobed and praemorse, often bearing minute scales on both enclosing the spike in bud, soon splitting longitudinally, deciduous; spike short to elongate, variously scaly, bearing dense to lax, spirally arranged, broad, ± triangular bracts forming the lower lips of very shallow floral pits, each bearing a triad except at the tip where bearing solitary or paired staminate flowers, the flowers exposed, not enclosed by the pit; floral bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers ± sessile, ± symmetrical, both of a triad apparently developing ± at the same time; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, ± keeled; petals 3, distinct, about twice as long as the sepals, with very thick valvate tips, internally marked with stamen impressions; stamens 6–12 erect, filaments very short, anthers dorsifixed, ± linear, apically acute, basally ± sagittate, latrorse; pistillode very small, minutely 3-pointed. Pollen ellipsoidal, slightly asymmetric to lozenge-shaped; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, or coarsely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 24–41 µm [3/9]. Pistillate flowers eventually much larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate; petals 3, distinct, slightly exceeding the sepals, with broad imbricate bases and conspicuous, thickened, triangular, valvate tips; staminodes 3–6, irregularly lobed and tooth-like; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, ± ovoid, with 3 short stigmas, becoming recurved, ovule laterally attached near the base, hemianatropous (?always). Fruit ellipsoidal to spindle-shaped, rarely curved, bright red (?always) at maturity, perianth whorls persistent, the stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thin, fleshy, with thin fibres next to the endocarp, endocarp very thin, closely adhering to the seed. Seed subbasally attached, the raphe extending ca. 1/3 the seed length, or less, the branches free or anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Nine species, two species in New Guinea, the rest in Australia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig 2002). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Linospadix is strongly supported as monophyletic (Savolainen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in prep.) and also highly supported as sister to a moderately supported clade of Howea and Laccospadix (Savolainen et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in prep.). An alternative, less robust phylogeny places Howea as sister to a clade of Laccospadix and Linospadix (Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems of Linospadix monostachyos have been used as walking sticks. The ‘cabbage’ is edible and the mesocarp, though thin, is pleasantly acid to taste. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dowe and Ferrero (2001) and Dowe and Irvine (1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Linospadix is immediately distinguished from the smaller species of Calyptrocalyx by the insertion of the peduncular bract towards the apex of the peduncle just below the flower-bearing portion of the spike, and by the fact that the bract is caducous. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Walking stick palms. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Minute to small palms of the undergrowth of tropical rain forest, especially at higher elevations. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Linospadix in Australia, with the Description of a New Species</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dowe</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.L.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Irvine</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.K.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 41: 192-197, 211-217</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Linospadix apetiolatus</name>
+<author>Dowe & A.K.Irvine</author>
+<citation>Principes 41: 215 (1997)</citation>
+<type>Australia. Queensland. Cook District. Mt. Lewis, off forestry road 27 km from Rex Hwy., 100 m E of Ranger's hut, 16˚28'S, 145˚16'E, 1220 m, 24 Aug. 1996; Dowe 0369, Ferrero & Smith; </type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus BRI; isotypi K, QRS</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>In reference to the lack of a petiole on the leaf.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma parva caespitosa a speciebus affinibus petiolo semper carenti et habendo basi folia surcularia magna bifida differt; aliquot formae ubi adultae retinent folia magna bifida vel alioquin folia partim secescerunts ed apice magno bifido praedita; perianthium segmentis viridibus; flores staminatis ub anthesil ate aoerientes 9-12 staminibus praediti; fructus cylindrici flavi rubrive sub maturitate.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering small palm. Stems 1-6, 2-5 m tall, 15-25 mm diam.; internodes elongate, green; vegetative aerial growths from nodes common; crown with 6-14 leaves. Leaves 30-90 cm long by l0- 20 cm wide, simply bifid or with broad bilobed terminals and evenly segmented laterals on both sides of midrib and broader pinnae or with one lobe entire and running the length of the rachis and the other lobe segmented into pinnae; dull or semiglossy light green above, lighter green below, with a metallic sheen on both surfaces; midrib very prominent on both surfaces; secondary veins prominent on both surfaces; petiole absent or rarely very short to 3 cm long; lamina thick, opaque to partially translucent, when backlit under 10X magnification with scattered circular clear "cells" to 0.1 mm wide linearly parallel to midrib and veins. Inflorescence to 80 cm lons. Staminate flowers squatly bullet-shaped in bud, 2.8-4 mm long; petals with conspicuous longitudinal striations, apex shortly acute to rounded, green at anthesis, widely opening at anthesis; stamens 4-7; connective not extending beyond the anthers; pistillode lacking. Fruit elongate/cylindrical, 10-15 X 5-6 mm, yellow or red at maturity; epicarp moderately rugose when fully mature. Seed elongate/ellipsoid 9-10 X 3-4 mm. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Confined to Mts. Spurgeon and Lewis, above 800 m elevation, on soils derived from granite in Simple Microphyll Vine forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Listed as K (Queensland Herbarium 1994) but here proposed as rare.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type specimen for L. apetiolata is Dowe 0369, Ferrero & Smith collected from Mt. Lewis, at 1220 m elevation. It represents some of the variation that occurs in the species, particularly those forms in which the leaves are bifid, with one lobe entire and running the full length of the rachis, the other lobe segmented into pinnae. Some forms retain the bifid leaf into maturity while others have leaves which are evenly pinnate though with the apical segments united to remain strongly bilobed, and the basal pinnae either slightly broader or much broader than the laterals.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative Specimens; QUEENSLAND: Cook District. Mt. Spurgeon, rock site N side of junction of Platypus Ck. and Mossman R., 16˚30'S, 145˚15'E, 1300 m, 9 Dec 1972, Webb & Tracey 11328 (QRS); M t. Spurgeon near Christensen's Clearing, Zarda LA, TR 142, 16˚30'S, 145˚10'E, 1150 m alt, 24 Sept, Irvine 639 (QRS); Mt. Lewis, SFR 143, North Mary LA., 16˚30'S, 145˚15'E, 1000 m, 12 Feb 1975, Irvine 1159 (QRS); Mt. Lewis, Carbine LA, SFR 143, 16˚29'S, 145˚15'E, 1200 m alt., 25 Jan 1995, Gray 5934 [spirit No 11980] (QRS); Mt. Lewis, 15 km from Rex Hwy., 16˚35'S, 145˚15'E, 900 m alt., 13 Feb 1996, Dowe 0262,0264 & 0270 (BRI, FTG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Linospadix in Australia, with the Description of a New Species</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dowe</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.L.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Irvine</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.K.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 41: 192-197, 211-217</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Linospadix microcaryus</name>
+<author>(Domin) Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 331 (1935)</citation>
+<type>Australia, Queensland, Harvey's Ck., 1889; Bailey; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BRI[AQ75431]</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Bacularia microcarya</name>
+<author>Domin</author>
+<bibref>Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 85: 499 (1915)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Bacularia sessilifolia</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa, Mem. 44: 133 (1934)</bibref>
+<type>Australia, Queensland, Cook District, Russell R., 1886; Sayer; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Type Fl</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Bacularia sessilifolia var. multisecta</name>
+<author>Becc. ex Martelli</author>
+<bibref>Becc. ex Martelli, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 42: 30 (1935)</bibref>
+<type>Not designated.</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>In reference to the small fruit.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering small palm. Stems l-6, to 3 m tall, 7-25 mm diam., internodes elongate, green; crown with 5-9 leaves. Leaves 28-70 cm long, irregularly segmented with united pinnae, segments with broad bases, or regularly pinnate; petiole 1-23 cm long, 3-6 mm wide; pinnae 3-23 per leaf, 11-36.5 cm long, by 0.9-7.4 cm wide, semiglossy, lettuce to mid-green above, sometimes dark green when in deep shade, lighter green below; midrib and secondary veins prominent on both surfaces; terminal pair broader than adjacent laterals and often basal pair broader than laterals; lamina, when backlit under 10X magnification, with numerous scattered clear elongate "cells" 0.5-1 mm long linearly parallel to midrib and veins. Inflorescence to B0 cm long. Staminate flowers globose to squatly bullet-shapedi n bud, 2-5 mm long; petals three times the length of sepals, apically rounded, without longitudinal striations, cream/dull yellow at anthesis, not widely opening; stamens 8-12; connective not extending beyond the anther. Fruit globose to turbinate, 5-9 X 5-a mm, yellow-orange, or pink to red at maturity; epicarp smooth. Seed subglobos.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>From Mts. Spurgeon and Lewis to just south of Innisfail, most common on the lower slopes of Mts. Bartle Frere and Bellenden-Ker, and the Malbon Thompson Range, from near sea level to 1600 m elevation, in rain forest on granite, or occasionally on basalt and metamorphics.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare (Queensland Herbarium 1994). This designation could be revised to Common: distribution covers an area of approximately 120 km in length and the species is common throughout this range.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Bailey's 1889 collection from Harvey's Creek (BRI [AQ75431]), cited by Domin in his 1915 protologue, is the type specimen for Linospadix microcarya. This species is the most common Linospadix in the Mt. Bellenden-Ker and Mt. Bartle Frere area. Linospadix microcarya stands apart from the other species due to some unique features: the leaf lamina contains elongate clear "cells" that are visible under 10X magnification, fruit is turbinate (infrequently globose), and staminate flowers do not open widely at anthesis.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative specimens. QUEENSLAND: Cook District, Mt. Spurgeon, Platypus Ck., 20 Sep 1936, White s.n. (BRI, QRS); Summit of Mt. Spurgeon, 1300 m, 12 Aug 1971, Stocker 780 (BRI, QRS); TR 140, Cow LA., 16˚30'5, 145˚10'E, 1150 m, 27 Sep 1973, Irvine 654 (QRS); Mt. Lewis, SFR 143, North Mary LA., 1000 m, 16˚30'S, 145˚16'E, 4 Oct 1973, Irvine 662 (QRS); Mt. Lewis, 15 km N of Rex Hwy., 16˚30'S, 145˚15'E, 900 m alt., 13 Feb 1996, Dowe 0260 (BRI,FTG); Mt. Lewis, 9 km from Rex Hwy., on Mt. Lewis Rd., 16˚35'S, 145˚16'E,350 m alt., 5 Apr 1996, Dowe 0319 (BRI, FTG); Harvey's Ck., l7˚15'S, 145˚55'E,,100 m, 3l Oct 1974, Irvine 1033 (BRI, QRS); Boonjee SFR 1230, 17˚25'S, 145˚45'E, 720 m, 23 Jan 1973, Irvine 445 (QRS). North Kennedy, head of Culla Ck., 1.4 km S of Cooroo Peak, 14 km NW of South Johnstone, l7˚3l'S, 145˚53'E, 60 m alt., Oct l9BB, JessupG JM2559, Guymer & McDonald (BRI). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Linospadix in Australia, with the Description of a New Species</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dowe</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.L.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Irvine</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.K.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 41: 192-197, 211-217</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Linospadix minor</name>
+<author>(W.Hill) Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 330 (1935)</citation>
+<type>Australia, Queensland, Bellenden-Ker Ranges, undated; Hill; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype MEL [79769]</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Areca minor</name>
+<author>W.Hill</author>
+<bibref>W.Hill, Rep. Brisbane Bot. Gard. 1874: 6 (1874)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia minor</name>
+<author>(W.Hill) F.Muell.</author>
+<bibref>(W.Hill) F.Muell., Fragm. 8: 235 (1874)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Bacularia minor</name>
+<author>(W.Hill) F.Muell.</author>
+<bibref>(W.Hill) F.Muell., Fragm. 11: 58 (1878)</bibref>
+<bibref>F. M. Bailey, Queensl. fl. 5: 1679. 1902</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Bacularia intermedia</name>
+<author>C.T.White</author>
+<bibref>C.T.White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 47: 83 (1935 publ. 1936)</bibref>
+<type>Australia, Queensland, Mowbray R., 2l Jan 1932; Brass; 1975</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BRI [AQ24160]</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for its smaller stature as compared to L. monostachya, the only other species known at the time of its description.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering small palm. Stems l-5 m tall, 7-20 mm diam.; internodes elongate, green; crown with 7-12 leaves. Leaves to 110 cm long; irregularly segmented with united pinnae; segments with broad bases, or regularly pinnate with narrow pinnae; petiole 3.6-51 cm long, 1-4 mm wide; pinnae 3-24 per leaf, semiglossy dark green above, lighter green below, midrib prominent on both surfaces, veins not prominent on lower surface; lamina chartaceous, irregularly corrugated, when backlit under 10X magnification, with scattered, circular clear "cells" to 0.1 mm wide linearly parallel to midrib and veins. Inflorescence to 80 cm long. Staminate flowers squatly bullet-shaped in bud, to 3 X 2 mm wide; petals apically rounded, with conspicuous longitudinal striations, green at anthesis, not widely opening; stamens 7-20, attached at different levels in the staminal cluster; connective not extending beyond the anther; anther lobes irregular or uneven. Fruit elongate/cylindrical, 8-18 X 3-8 mm, yellow or red at maturity, epicarp irregularly rugose when fruit is fully mature. Seed elongate/ellipsoid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Recorded from the southern McIlwraith Range where it has limited distribution, and abundantly from just south of Cooktown (Mt. Amos area) to Mission Beach (Licuala State Forest) and as far inland as Windsor Tableland. Reported in New Guinea, but identification is not certain. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>From sea level to 1200 m elevation, in rain forest on basalt, granite, and metamorphics.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Although Hill (1874) did not mention a specific collection in his protologue, his collection from Bellenden-Ker (MEL [79769] is here chosen as the lectotype. Linospadix minor is the most vegetatively variable species in the genus. Plants may be sparsely or densely clustered, and leaves may be small to large with few to many segments.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative Specimens. QUEENSLAND: Cook District. Leo Ck., upper Nesbit R., 420 m alt., 16 Aug 1948, Brass 19868 (BRI); Upper Nesbit R., 13˚26'S, 143˚10'E, 400 m, Sep 1974, Webb & Tracey 13472 (BRI, QRS); TR 14, 13˚40'S, 143˚20'E, 450 m, 2l Sep 1972, Irvine 364 (QRS); Leo Ck., TRl4, 13˚44'S, 143˚23'E, 360 m alt., 19 Jun 1995, Forster 16845 (BRI); McIlwraith Range, head of Lankelly Ck., 13˚52'S, 143˚20'E, 600 m alt., Oct 1969, Webb & Tracey 9527A (BRI); Annan R., upper Parrot Ck., 400 m alt., 17 Sep 1948, Brass 20271 (BRI); TR 146, Tableland LA., 15˚45'S, 145˚15'E, 700 m, 8 Jul 1975, Irvine l488 (QRS); Daintree NP, Olivers Ck., 50 m alt., 13 Feb L996, Dowe 0256 (FTG); TR 55, Whyanbeel, 16˚20'S, 145˚20'E, 220 m, 25 Jul l975, Irvine 1458 (QRS); Mt. Lewis, 15 km from Rex Hwy., 16˚35'S, l45˚l5'E, 900 m alt., 13 Feb 1996, Dowe 0263 (FTC): SFR 143, Little Mossman LA., 16˚35'S, 145˚2O'E, 350m, 15 Apr 1975, Irvine 1324 (QRS); SFR 1137, Jurs Ck., 17˚55'S, 146˚05'E, 15 m, 3l Oct 1974, Irvine 1045 (QRS); Licuala SF, Licuala Forest Drive, 1 km from Tully/Mission Beach Rd., 17˚56'S, 146˚03'E, 40 m alt., 16 Feb 1996, Dowe 0283 (BRI, FTC). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Linospadix in Australia, with the Description of a New Species</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dowe</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.L.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Irvine</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.K.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 41: 192-197, 211-217</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Linospadix monostachyos</name>
+<author>(Mart.) H.Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 39: 199 (1875)</citation>
+<type>Lectotype: Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: T. 155. figure 4. 1837.</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Areca monostachya</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 178 (1838)</bibref>
+<bibref>F. Muell., Fragm. 5: 49. 1865</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Bacularia monostachya</name>
+<author>(Mart.) F.Muell.</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) F.Muell., Fragm. 7: 103 (1870)</bibref>
+<bibref>Bentham, Fl. Austral. 7: 136. 1874</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kentia monostachya</name>
+<author>(Mart.) F.Muell.</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) F.Muell., Fragm. 7: 82 (1870)</bibref>
+<bibref>F. M. Bailey, Queensl. fl. 5: 1679. 1902</bibref>
+<bibref>Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 20(85): 499. 1915</bibref>
+<bibref>Evans & Johnson, Contrib. NSW Herb. 21: 6. 1962</bibref>
+<bibref>Stanley & Ross, Fl. South-east Queensl. 3: 270. 1989</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>In reference to the inflorescence being a single spike.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Walking-stick palm.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary small to moderate palm. Stem 1.3-6 m tall,2-5 cm diam.; internodes elongate, green to grey with age; crown with 5-10 leaves; leaf bases persistent immediately below crown. Leaves to 130 cm long, irregularly segmented with united or single pinnae, or regularly pinnate with single pinnae; petiole 24-80 cm long, 5.5-8 mm wide; pinnae 10-30 per leaf, to 30 cm long, 5-200 mm wide, glossy mid- to dark green above, lighter green below, truncate with toothed apices; midrib and veins prominent on both surfaces; lamina, when backlit under 10X magnification, has numerous circular clear "cells" to 0.1 mm wide, linearly parallel to midrib and veins. Inflorescence to 100 cm long; peduncle 30-60 cm long; prophyll 20-30 cm long; rachis to 50 cm long. Staminate flowers pointed in bud, angular/pyramidal, 6-13 mm long; petals rigid, apically pointed, acutely heeled, green at anthesis, not widely opening at anthesis, 6-13 X 7-10 mm, with deep longitudinal striations in the dried state; stamens 8-12; connective apiculate and extending beyond attachment of anthers; anthers subulate. Fruit globose to ovoid to elongate/cylindrical1, 2-15 X 5-10 mm, red at maturity; epicarp smooth. Seed elongate/ellipsoid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>From just north of Gympie (Qld)- Home Logging area-at 26˚05'S to John's Mt. just north of Taree (NSW) at 31˚30'S.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In rain forest from sea level to 1200 m elevation, primarily on basalt soils, less common on metamorphics and alluvial soils. Phenology: Fruiting December to June.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened or rare.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Stem once used for walking-sticks and umbrella handles.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Martius' (1837) protologue for L. monostachya (as Areca monostachya) refers to an unnumbered A. Cunningham collection from the Hastings River, New South Wales. This collection appears to be no longer extant, and therefore Martius' illustration Tab. 155. figure 4 has been designated here as the lectotype. Linospadix monostachya is a common species occurring in the rain forests of southern Queensland and northern New South. It is the largest species of the genus in Australia, and is distinguished by pointed angular/pyramidal staminate buds, mature flowers that are approximately twice the size as those in other species, globose fruit, and solitary habit. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative specimens. QUEENSLAND: Wide Bay. Home Logging Area, SF 502, N of Cympie, 26˚05'S, 152˚43'E, 170 m alt., 5 Oct 1993, Bean 6681 (BRI); Moreton. Mooloolah R., Jowarra Reserve, on Track #1, 1 km from start, 26˚50'S, 152˚55'E,20 m alt., 1 Apr 1996, Dowe 0305 (BRI); Main Range NP, SW side of Mt. Bell, Terriot Brook, 28˚l3'S, 152˚29'E, 880 m alt. 9 Aug 1995, Forster 17409 (BRI): Mt. Barney, saddle between peaks, 28˚17'S, 152˚41'E, I 100 m alt., 7 Oct 1992, Forster 11909 (BRI). NEW SOUTH WALES: Mt. Warning, SE slopes, on track to summit, 28˚25'S, 153˚20'E, 600 m alt., 3l Mar 1996, Dowe 0302 (BRI, FTG); Mt. Warning, SE slopes, on track to summit, 28˚25'S, 153˚20'E, 850 m alt., 31 Mar 1996, Dowe 0303 (BRI, FTG); Whian Whian SF, 1953-58, Webb & Tracey s.n. (BRI); Byron Bay, 28˚30'S, 153˚30'E, 30 Nov 1970, Bell 311 (BRI); Brunswick R., main arm, 27 Aug 1936, White 10516 (BRI); Dorrigo SF, 830 m alt., 4 Oct 1930, White 7472 (BRI); John's R., Jul 7915, Boorman s.n. (NSW [47061]). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Linospadix in Australia, with the Description of a New Species</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dowe</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.L.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Irvine</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.K.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 41: 192-197, 211-217</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Linospadix palmerianus</name>
+<author>(F.M.Bailey) Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 331 (1935)</citation>
+<type>Australia ,Queensland, Mt. Bellenden-Ker, 700 m, 1889; Bailey; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype BRI [AQ77548]</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Bacularia palmeriana</name>
+<author>F.M.Bailey</author>
+<bibref>F.M.Bailey, Rep. Exped. Bellenden-Ker: 61 (1889)</bibref>
+<bibref>Synop. Queensl. FI., 3rd Supplement 77. 1890</bibref>
+<bibref>Queensl. fl. 5: 1680. 1902</bibref>
+<bibref>Comp. Cat. Queensl. Pl. 573, figure 554. 1913</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Linospadix aequisegmentosus</name>
+<author>(Domin) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Domin) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 331 (1935)</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype: Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 85: T. l8. figures 1-8. 1915.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Bacularia aequisegmentosa</name>
+<author>Domin</author>
+<bibref>Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 85: 500 (1915)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for Edward Palmer, M. L. A., of whom Bailey wrote "indebted for much useful information as to the uses made by the aboriginals of our indigenous plants."</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering small palm. Stems 1-6, to 2 m tall, 8-20 mm diam.; internodes elongate, green; crown with 8-12 leaves. Leaves regularly segmented with united pinnae, most often with two segments either side of rachis, infrequently simply bifid, segments with broad bases, or regularly and finely pinnate; petiole 5.5-13 cm long; pinnae 2-24 per leaf, dull to semiglossy dark green above, lighter green below; midrib prominent on both surfaces, veins numerous and prominent on both surfaces, terminal pinnae broader than laterals; lamina, when backlit under 10X magnification, with numerous circular clear "cells" to 0.1 mm wide, linearly parallel to midrib and veins. Inflorescence to 60 cm long. Staminate flowers squatly bullet-shaped in bud, glabrous, to 3 X 2 mm; petals apically rounded, green at anthesis, not widely opening, deeply striated in the dried state; stamens 6-9; connective not extending beyond the anthers; anthers oblong. Fruit elongate/cylindricall, 0 -15 cm X 5-7 mm, yellow or red at maturity; epicarp smooth or with barely discernible rugose appearance. Seed elongate/ellipsoid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Confined to Mts. Bartle Frere and Bellenden-Ker.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In rain forest, on granite, metamorphics, and occasionally on shallow basalts overlying metamorphics from 300 to 1600 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare (Queensland Herbarium 1994)</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In the protologue for this species, Bailey refers to the distribution of this species on Mt. Bartle Frere ". . . the base of the leading spur, at about 2 000 feet, and from that to the summit of the south peak, an altitude of over 5 000 feet." Of what were possibly many specimens collected from this area, at least two are extant: BRI [AQ75548] from Meston's Spur at high elevation and MEL [unnumbered] from "the base of the mountain" to quote Bailey's hand-written notes attached to this collection. The former is chosen here as the lectotype as it best represents the taxon as interpreted in this work.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative Specimens. QUEENSLAND: Cook District. Mt. Bellenden Ker, ridge between cableway and north peak, l7˚I5'S, 145˚51'E, 1500 m alt., 3 Sep 1986, Clarkson 6569 (MBA, QRS); Mt. Bellenden-Ker, I7˚16"S, 145˚52'E, 1500 m, 20 Dec 1994, Gray 5873 (QRS): Summit of Bellenden-Ker, Centre Peak, l4O0 m, undated Webb & Tracey 13688 (QRS); Mt. Bartle Frere, from the base of the mountain, undated (1889?), Bailey s.z. (MEL); Mt. Bartle Frere summit walking track, 17˚22'S, 145˚45'E, 750 m alt., 15 Feb 1996, Dowe 0276 (BRI, FTG); 25 Aug 1996, Dowe 0370 & Smith (BRI); Boonjee, SFR 755, l7˚30'S, 1I45˚40'E, 680 m, 8 Jul 1971, Dockrill 189 (QRS). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Usually tall, single-stemmed fan-palms of the Horn of Africa and Arabia, and Himalayas to Australia; there are a few dwarf species; most are hermaphroditic but a few dioecious species are known.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Livistona</name>\r
+<author>R. Br.</author> \r
+<citation>Prodr. 267 (1810).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Livistona humilis; R.Br.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Saribus</name>\r
+<author>Blume</author>\r
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 2: 48 (1838 [‘1836’]).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Saribus rotundifolius; (Lam.) Blume</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Wissmannia</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 73: 184 (1943).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Wissmannia carinensis; (Chiov.) Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Honours Patrick Murray, Baron Livingstone, who laid out a garden on his estate at Livingstone, west of Edinburgh, Scotland, in the latter part of the seventeenth century.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender (rarely) to robust, solitary, armed or unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic (rarely dioecious), shrub or tree palms. Stem erect, obscured at first by persistent sheaths, later becoming bare or covered with persistent petiole bases, conspicuously or obscurely ringed with leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, palmate or costapalmate, marcescent or deciduous under their own weight, a skirt of dead leaves sometimes developing; sheath disintegrating into a conspicuous interwoven, often cloth-like, reddish brown mass of broad and fine fibres; petiole well developed, grooved or flattened adaxially, rounded or angled abaxially, sparsely covered with indumentum or not, expanded and sometimes bulbous at the occasionally persistent base, the margins unarmed or armed with inconspicuous to robust horizontal spines or teeth; adaxial hastula well developed, abaxial hastula poorly developed or absent; blade divided along adaxial ribs to varying depths to form single or, very rarely, multiple-fold segments, these further divided for a short to long distance along abaxial folds near the tip, rarely the adaxial splits almost reaching the hastula and the costa, the segments then all single-fold and very fine; segments stiff or pendulous, interfold filaments sometimes present, scattered caducous indumentum present along ribs, wax sometimes present on the abaxial surface, more rarely waxy on both surfaces, midribs conspicuous, transverse veinlets obscure or conspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, solitary, branched to 5 orders, sometimes immediately trifurcating to give 3 equal ‘inflorescences’ enclosed within a common prophyll, each branch with its own prophyll (e.g. L. rotundifolia); peduncle elongate; prophyll 2-keeled, tubular, closely sheathing, variously covered with indumentum or not, frequently tattering at the tip; peduncular bracts 1–few, tubular, like the prophyll; rachis usually longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts variously covered with indumentum, each subtending a first-order branch; bracts of subsequent orders generally inconspicuous; rachillae erect, pendulous or divaricate, glabrous or hairy, usually numerous, bearing spirally arranged flowers, singly or in cincinni of up to 5, sessile or on low tubercles or slender stalks, each group subtended by a minute rachilla bract and each flower bearing a minute bracteole. Flowers small to very small, usually cream-coloured; calyx with receptacle often producing a short, broad stalk, tubular above, tipped with 3 triangular lobes, these sometimes imbricate at the very base, glabrous or hairy; corolla shallow, tubular at the base, apically with 3 triangular, valvate lobes; stamens 6, epipetalous, the filaments connate to form a fleshy ring, tipped with short, slender distinct filaments, anthers medifixed, rounded or oblong, latrorse; gynoecium tricarpellate, the carpels wedge-shaped, distinct in the ovarian region, connate distally to form a common, slender style, with an apical, dot-like or minutely 3-lobed stigma, ovule basally attached, anatropous; where dioecious, anthers or ovules not developing but otherwise as in the hermaphroditic. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric, occasionally slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, psilate and sparsely perforate, finely perforate, perforate, perforate-rugulate, foveolate or finely reticulate, aperture margin sometimes slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 19–37 µm [10/33]. Fruit usually developing from 1 carpel, globose to ovoid, pyriform, or ellipsoidal, small to medium-sized, variously coloured, green, scarlet, blue-green, blue-black, black or dark brown, stigmatic remains apical, sterile carpel remains basal; epicarp smooth, dull or shining, often with a wax bloom, mesocarp thin or thick, fleshy or dry, somewhat fibrous, usually easily separated from the bony or woody endocarp. Seed ellipsoidal or globose, basally attached, hilum circular or ± elongate, raphe branches few or lacking, endosperm homogeneous, penetrated laterally by a variable, frequently convoluted intrusion of seed coat; embryo lateral. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll lanceolate, plicate, minutely toothed apically. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 35 species, ranging from the Horn of Africa and Arabia (Livistonia carinensis), to the Himalayas and Ryukyu Islands, south through Indochina and Malesia to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Australia, where there is a great diversity of species. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (L. australis and L. chinensis; Tomlinson 1961),roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965); stegmata(Killmann and Hong 1989).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Livistona has not beentested. Livistona is resolved as sister to the rest of the Livistoninaewith low support (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Many are planted as ornamentals. Leaves of severalspecies are used for thatch, their segments for umbrellas, andfibres for rope and cloth. Trunks have been used for wood.The ‘cabbage’ of L. australis is edible.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1931). See also Dransfield and Uhl (1983b). The genus has recently been revised by John Dowe (in prep.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Leaves from India, Maharashtra State, were described as Sabalophyllum livistonoides (Bonde 1986b) and compared with Livistona (although the age span of the volcanic deposits in which they were found is controversial, see Chapter 5). Reid and Chandler (1933) report seeds, Livistona (?)minima [sic], from the Eocene (London Clay); and a seed, L. atlantica, is described from Germany, Middle Eocene (Geiseltal) (Mai 1976: the diagnosis for L. minima [Reid and Chandler 1933] is emended). From the Czech Republic, Turów, Lower Miocene, a seed, L. australis, is reported (Czeczott and Juchniewicz 1975). Stem wood, Palmoxylon, is difficult to identify to generic level; however, the Deccan Intertrappean beds of India (Maharashtra State) have yielded P. livistonoides (Prakash and Ambwani 1980) and P. arcotense (Ramanujam 1953), both of which are compared with Livistona. It needs to be stated that the generic attribution of all of these records is doubtful. Pollen (Jarzen 1978) from the Maastrichtian of Canada (Saskatchewan) is comparable to that of Livistona, and at least some of the small perforate or finely reticulate monosulcate pollen grains described by Khin Sein (1961) from southern England, Lower Eocene (London Clay) are probably assigned correctly to Livistona. Small monosulcate grains from palm flower compression fossils, Palmaemargosulcites fossperforatus, recovered from the Middle Eocene oil shales of Messel, Germany, are compared with pollen of a number of coryphoid genera, including Livistona (Harley 1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>A large and variable genus distinguished by flower structure, in particular by the gynoecium of three carpels connate only by their styles, by united sepals, by petals with internal grooves, by the usually small fruits with apical stigmatic remains and basal carpel remains, by seed with homogeneous endosperm, and by a large intrusion of seedcoat. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Cabbage palm (Livistona australis), Chinese fan palm (L. chinensis), serdang (West Malesian species). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>The ecology is very varied. There are species adapted to fresh water and peat swamp forest (L. saribus), montane forest (L. tahanensis and L. jenkinsiana), undergrowth of tropical rain forest (L. exigua), dry savannah woodland (L. humilis and L. lorophylla), canyon Species are frequently gregarious, the tallest species often occurring in spectacularly beautiful groves (e.g., L. rotundifolia in Celebes and elsewhere).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Wissmannia (Palmae) reduced to Livistona</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.W</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 199-200</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1983</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Livistona carinensis</name>
+<author>(Chiov.) J.Dransf. and N.W.Uhl</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 38: 200 (1983)</citation>
+<type>N. Somalia, Carin, Uncud; Chiovenda; 1027</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Hyphaene carinensis</name>
+<author>Chiov.</author>
+<bibref>Chiov., Flora Somala 1: 319, plate 40, figs. 3 and 4 (1929)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Wissmannia carinensis</name>
+<author>(Chiov.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Chiov.) Burret in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 73: 184 (1943)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A dwarf Livistona (Palmae) from Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 759-762</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1977</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Livistona exigua</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 31: 760 (1977)</citation>
+<type>Borneo (Brunei); Ashton; BRUN 5513</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, BO, L, SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a ceteris speciebus Livistonae ampli- tudine minima, caule usque 1.3 m alto, 2.-5 cm diametro, folio minimo 50 cm diametro, in foliola latitudinis variabilis irregulariter diviso, inflorescentia erecta rigida minuta 30-40 cm alta, rachillis paucissimis trichomatibus inflatis dense tectis, floribus minutis circiter I mm diametro, sepalis extra trichomatibus inflatis dense tectis, fructu parvo 9 mm diametro, differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Small forest undergrowth palm. Stem ? solitary or ? clustered (no details known) to 1.3 m tall by circa 2.5 cm in diameter. Leaves apparently about Io in the crown; leaf sheath dull dark brown, extending 12.5 cm next to the petiole and to 30 cm opposite the petiole where it forms a papyraceous tongue, shiny within, tattering to form a close network of fibres enclosing the base of the leaves and inflorescences; petiole to 60 cm long by 6 mm wide below, tapering to 3 mm near the lamina insertion, spiny along the margins in the lower third, with spines blackish-brown, c. 4 mm long and 5 mm distant, reflexed and with slightly swollen bases, the petiole surface with scattered caducous pseudoparenchymatous peltate scales ab- and adaxially; lamina with a spread of circa 50 cm, the adaxial hastula conspicuous to 5 mm wide and 2-3 mm high, unarmed, of variable dissection (3 individuals examined) with 20-30 adaxial ribs split into 10-13 apparently moderately stiff leaflets of varying width ranging from compound leaflets with 2-6 folds to single fold leaflets (e.g. one leaf with one outer compound leaflet 5 folds wide followed by 3 single fold leaflets, followed by one compound leaflet 3 folds wide followed by one single fold leaflet followed by central compound leaflet 5 folds wide), the primary divisions of the lamina to within 2-3 cm of the hastula, the single folds 1-1.5 cm wide in mid-lamina and tapering to very fine tips split into two teeth by a split c. 1.5 cm deep, the ad- and abaxial ribs with scattered dark brown caducous pseudoparenchymatous scales, transverse veins prominent, the abaxial surface of the lamina with scattered scales, adaxial surface with very few. Inflorescence between the leaves, variable in size, possibly elongating with age, 30-40 cm in all, with peduncle 20-25 cm below the first partial inflorescence, the first partial inflorescence diverging just above the leaf sheath; bracts 4, the first 2-keeled and empty, bilobed at the top, to 18 cm long, dark brown with pale brown scurfy indumentum along the keels, minutely longitudinally striate, subsequent bracts similar and each subtending a partial inflorescence; partial inflorescences with branches up to the second order, the whole partial inflorescence to 7 cm long, usually less; axis and rachillae densely covered with inflated indumentum and papillae, appearing very rough under magnification; rachillae 6-10 in each partial inflorescence, to 6 cm long, apparently stiff, digitate, densely covered in flower groups, each subtended by a fimbriate bract c. 0.2 mm high; flowers usually paired, one of the pair older than the other, each subtended by a minute fimbriate bracteole, scarcely distinguishable amongst the inflated indumentum, the flower pair (in dry material) somewhat sunk within the rachilla. Flowers hermaphrodite, minute, c. I mm in diameter at anthesis. Sepals 3, joined for about half their length to form a short tube c. 0.3 mm high with lobes c. 0.2 mm high, rounded, fimbriate, densely covered with inflated indumentum without. Petals 3, glabrous, broadly triangular, c. 0-4 mm high, joined for about 1/4 of their length to form a very short basal ring. Stamens 6, minutely epipetalous, glabrous, to c. 2 mm high, joined by their swollen filament bases; anthers minute; pollen yellowish. Gynoecium of 3 closely adpressed free carpels joined apically to form a style c. 0.2 mm long, glabrous. Fruit (apparently almost mature) globose, c. 9 mm in diameter with remains of calyx, corolla and androecium basally and marked with a line running from apex to base; epicarp smooth; mesocarp c. 1.5 mm thick with numerous tannin cells; endocarp c. 0.3 mm thick. Seed (not quite mature) covered by thin brown integument with convoluted mass (postament) penetrating at the chalazal end.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from a single collection from Borneo (Brunei).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Dr. P. S. Ashton (pers. comm.) recalls that the area where the palm grew is on shallow podsolic sands in forest ecotonal between mixed Dipterocarp and Heath forest on Miocene and Pliocene sandstones belonging to the Belait formation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This palm would probably make an extremely attractive subject for cultivation and it is to be hoped that it can be recollected.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BORNEO. Brunei, Belait District, Ulu Ingei, yellow sandy soil, low hill circa 6o m altitude, Aug. 1959, Ashton BRUN 5513 (K, holotype; BH, BO, L, SAR, isotypes).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>The famous double-coconut of the Seychelles Islands, a dioecious massive tree palm distinctive in the huge leaf lacking a hastula and the enormous bilobed endocarp.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Lodoicea</name>\r
+<author>Comm. ex DC.</author> \r
+<citation>Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2(46): 171 (1800).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Lodoicea callypige; Comm. ex J.St.Hil.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Honoring Louis XV of France (latinised as Ludovicus).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, often tall, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious, tree palm. Stem erect, slightly expanded at the base, inconspicuously ringed with leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, costapalmate, marcescent, later abscising under their own weight; sheath soon splitting opposite the petiole and a triangular cleft developing at the petiole base; petiole robust, deeply channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, abaxial surface with minute black dots, irregularly tomentose, margins fibrous basally, rough to smooth distally; hastulae absent; costa long, tapering, reaching nearly to the end of the blade; blade about as long as the petiole, stiff, basally wedge-shaped, divided ca. 1/4–1/3 its length into single-fold segments, these shortly bifid, free ends often drooping, adaxial surface shiny, smooth, dull abaxially with thick indumentum along abaxial ridges, midribs prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets long, conspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, massive, shorter than the leaves, pendulous, staminate and pistillate markedly dissimilar. Staminate inflorescence with short, narrow peduncle, often unbranched, ridged, terminating in a single rachilla or 2–3 digitately arranged rachillae; prophyll short, 2-keeled throughout its length, split ventrally but with a long closed triangular tip; peduncular bracts 1 (or more?), obscuring the peduncle, completely tubular, split ventrally above the center leaving a long solid pointed beak; rachillae massive, catkin-like, bearing several large empty, imbricate cup-like bracts basally, above these bearing spirally inserted, very tough leathery bracts, connate laterally and distally to form large pits, each containing a recurved cincinnus of 60–70 staminate flowers. Staminate flowers each bearing a fibrous bracteole; sepals 3, connate in an asymmetrical tube, tips distinct, imbricate, irregular; corolla with a long stalk-like base and 3 elongate lobes, unequal in width, not closed laterally around the androecium, tips of lobes thick, rounded, imbricate; stamens 17–22, borne on the surface of an elongate receptacle, filaments short, wide, variously angled, anthers elongate, tips reflexed, latrorse; pistillode columnar, trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal and bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate-rugulate; aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 61–68 µm [1/1]. Pistillate inflorescence unbranched with prophyll and 2(–3 or ?several), tubular peduncular bracts, split ventrally, with long pointed tips like those of the staminate inflorescence; rachilla a direct extension of and about as long as the peduncle, short, wide, zigzag, tapered distally, bearing several empty incompletely sheathing, cupular bracts, subsequent bracts completely sheathing, large, each subtending a pistillate flower. Pistillate flowers, the largest flowers in the palms, each sessile, ovoid, bearing at the base 2 lateral, large, cupulate bracteoles; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, leathery, rounded, thicker basally; petals 3,as sepals; staminodes triangular, low, briefly connate basally with several(–11) pointed tips; gynoecium ovoid, tricarpellate, trilocular with a central trilobed septal nectary, stylar regions wide, triangular,fibrous, stigmas 3, short, becoming reflexed, ovules beaked, apparently orthotropous, laterally winged and with 2 lateral bodies, perhaps vestigial ovules. Fruit very large, ovoid and pointed, 1(–3)-seeded; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fibrous, endocarp comprising one to three 2-lobed, thick, hard pyrenes. Seed, the largest known, 2-lobed, endosperm thick, relatively hard, hollow, homogeneous; embryo apical in the sinus between the 2 lobes. Germination remote-tubular, tube remarkably long, reported to reach ca. 4 m; eophyll shallowly lobed. Cytology: 2n = 34.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species in the Seychelles Islands.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1997), seed (Werker 1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Lodoicea is resolved as sister to a clade of Borassodendron and Borassus with moderate support (Bayton 2005, Asmussen et al. 2006). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used locally as thatch and plaiting, wood as palisades and water-troughs, seeds for dishes and vegetable ivory, and down from young leaves for stuffing pillows. The sale of nuts to tourists is an important source of revenue. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1942). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Recognisable by the huge, more or less diamond-shaped leaf in juvenile stages, by the lack of hastulae on both surfaces, and when present, by the huge and bizarre inflorescences, flowers, fruits and seeds. Important historically because of the many legends involving the huge seeds, and as an oddity.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Coco-de-Mer or double coconut. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lodoicea today is restricted to hill slopes and valleys of Praslin and Curieuse but formerly may have occurred on adjacent islets. It does not reach coastal plains or main ridges. Edwards et al. (2002) suggest that the huge seed, the largest in the plant kingdom, may be an adaptation to establishment in shade or to sibling rivalry on an isolated island. Both hypotheses assume that Lodoicea evolved from a Borassus-like palm adapted to a drier and more savannah-like climate than that experienced by Lodoicea today.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary pinnate-leaved palm from rain forest in Sri Lanka, with conspicuous crownshaft, praemorse leaflets and asymmetrical staminate flowers with 12 stamens; the seed is deeply ruminate.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Loxococcus</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 39: 185 (1875).</citation>
+<type>Type; Loxococcus rupicola; (Thwaites) H.Wendl. & Drude</type>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Loxos — slanting, kokkos — seed, referring to the oblique development of fruit and seed.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, rather slender, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, sometimes slightly swollen at the base. Leaves stiff, pinnate, neatly abscising; sheaths forming a well-defined crownshaft, bearing sparse scales; petiole usually very short, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, sparsely scaly; rachis adaxially becoming angled distally, abaxially rounded; leaflets mostly single-fold except for the terminal pair and, rarely, the basal pair, regularly arranged, generally rather stiff and coriaceous, linear, close, the apices praemorse, truncate or oblique, glabrous adaxially, abaxially paler with very thin, white, caducous indumentum and conspicuous ramenta along the midrib near the base, midrib prominent, transverse veinlets not visible. Inflorescences infrafoliar, rather short, stiff, spreading, branching to 2 orders basally, to 1 order distally, apparently protandrous; peduncle short, the base bulbous and with 2 clasping wings; prophyll borne just above the base of the peduncle, narrow, ovate, beaked, laterally 2-keeled, entirely enclosing the inflorescence until leaf fall, then splitting longitudinally, bearing abundant, scattered scales; peduncular bract borne just above the prophyll, much shorter than the prophyll, lanceolate, acuminate, apparently not completely sheathing the inflorescence, incompletely encircling the peduncle, scaly as the prophyll; 1 or 2 small, triangular, acuminate, open, peduncular bracts sometimes present; rachis stiffly projecting upward, much longer than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged small, triangular, acuminate bracts subtending branches and rachillae; rachillae rather flexuous, short, stout, deep crimson at anthesis, glabrous, bearing spirally arranged, very small, low, triangular bracts subtending flower groups, flowers borne in triads for 1/2–3/4 the rachilla length, with solitary or paired staminate flowers distally; floral bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers somewhat asymmetrical, ± fleshy; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, broadly triangular, keeled, the margins minutely toothed; petals 3, elongate, unequal, briefly connate basally, valvate, tips triangular; stamens 12, filaments short, slender, distinct, anthers ± sagittate at the base, elongate, latrorse; pistillode ± conical, domed, or 3-angled with 3 short slender appendages (?vestigial stamens). Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, psilate-perforate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 40–44 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers ± globular; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, short, broad, keeled; petals 3, distinct, imbricate, the tips minutely valvate at anthesis, about twice as long as sepals; staminodal ring low, membranous, with ca. 9, irregular, triangular lobes; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, spherical, stigmas 3, reflexed apically, ovule laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit reddish-brown at maturity, ± spherical with a short, broad, slightly eccentric beak tipped with the stigmatic remains, perianth whorls persistent; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thin with numerous longitudinal, pale fibres, becoming free basally after disintegration of epicarp, endocarp thin, not adhering to the seed. Seed globose, basally and laterally attached with a ± circular, basal, slender, lateral hilum running ± the length of the seed, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal. Germination and eophyll not recorded. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species in Sri Lanka. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Fruit (Essig andYoung 1979). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>It is striking that this Indian Ocean palm resolvesas sister to the western Pacific clade with moderate support (Looet al. 2006, Baker et al. in prep.). Loxococcus has also been poorlysupported as sister to Hydriastele (Baker et al. in review).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Seed is rarely used as asubstitute for betel.</p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari and Pichi-Sermolli (1955).</p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Loxococcus is a rather poorly known genus. Thoughhandsome, it seems to be in only a few collections. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Dotalu. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>On cliffs, rocks and steep slopes in humid rain forest at altitudes of 300–1600 m. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Graceful undergrowth palms from eastern Brazil with distinctive slender discolorous leaflets and fruit in which the pericarp splits longitudinally when ripe, exposing the endocarp.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Lytocaryum</name>
+<author>Toledo</author>
+<citation>Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo ser. 2. 2(1):6 (1944).</citation>
+<type>Type; Lytocaryum hoehnei; (Burret) Toledo</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Glaziova</name>
+<author></author>
+<bibref>Mart. ex Drude, in Mart., Fl. bras. 3(2): 295 (1881) (non Bureau 1868).</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype; Glaziova martiana; Glaz. ex Drude</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Microcoelum</name>
+<author></author>
+<bibref>Burret and Potztal, Willdenowia 1: 387 (1956).</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype; Microcoelum martianum; (Glaz. ex Drude) Burret & Potztal</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Lyton — loosened, caryon — nut, referring to the way that the fruit coat splits away from the endocarp at maturity.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, short, rarely exceeding 3 m, at first obscured by leaf sheath remains, later bare, closely ringed with leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, marcescent, graceful; leaf sheaths densely light or dark brown-hairy, with a triangular ligule-like projection opposite the petiole, later disintegrating into a fibrous network and splitting; petiole very short to elongate, adaxially flat to rounded, abaxially rounded or angled, fibrous along the margins, also with scattered thin indumentum and some coarse dark hairs; rachis neatly curved, usually bearing conspicuous, dark, coarse hairs adaxially; leaflets single-fold, numerous, slender, often extremely so, linear, close and regularly arranged, the tips asymmetrical, soft in texture, the adaxial surface dark green, abaxial surface covered with grey or pale brownish indumentum, with few to numerous ramenta along the midrib, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, branching to 1 order, protandrous; peduncle short to elongate, elliptic in cross-section, sparsely to densely tomentose; prophyll tubular, flattened, 2-keeled, usually mostly concealed by the leaf sheaths, opening distally, becoming fibrous in age, light or dark brown tomentose; peduncular bract elongate, inserted just above and much longer than the prophyll, coriaceous to ± woody, entirely enclosing the inflorescence until shortly before anthesis, splitting longitudinally along the abaxial face and expanding, adaxial surface glabrous, smooth or tomentose, ± grooved, abaxial surface deeply grooved, densely light or dark brown-tomentose; rachis usually shorter than the peduncle, sparsely to densely tomentose like the peduncle, bearing numerous, spirally arranged rachillae, each subtended by a minute triangular bract; rachillae eventually widely spreading, slender, sparsely tomentose, somewhat zigzag, with a short to long basal bare portion, above which bearing few triads proximally and paired or solitary staminate flowers distally, the distal-most rachillae shorter and sometimes entirely staminate; rachilla bracts and floral bracteoles inconspicuous. Staminate flowers small, ± symmetrical, sessile or borne on brief, slender pedicels; calyx with or without a solid, short to long stalk-like base, and 3, membranous, keeled, narrow triangular, acute lobes; petals 3, distinct, valvate, ovate-triangular, acute, thinly coriaceous with scattered, caducous, dot-like scales; stamens 6, filaments slender or basally thickened, very briefly epipetalous, elongate, ± inflexed, anthers slender, ± oblong, basally sagittate, apically sometimes pointed, medifixed, versatile, latrorse; pistillode conspicuous, about 1/2 the height of the filaments, trifid or minute. Pollen ellipsoidal, frequently elongate, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely or coarsely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin may be slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 34–54 µm [2/2]. Pistillate flower larger than the staminate, ± pyramidal; sepals 3, distinct, triangular, broadly imbricate, coriaceous, keeled, the tips ± hooded or not; petals ± equalling the sepals, 3, distinct, broadly imbricate at the base, abruptly narrowed at ± the midpoint to broad or narrow, tapering, valvate tips; staminodal ring thinly fleshy, irregularly 6-toothed or truncate; gynoecium ± pyramidal, trilocular, triovulate, brown-hairy, with a very short to long style and 3 stigmas appressed in bud, ovules laterally attached to the central axis, form unknown. Fruit globose to ovoid, 1-seeded, tinged pink or reddish, with a short beak and apical stigmatic remains; epicarp ± smooth, mesocarp thin, ± fibrous, it and the epicarp dehiscing along 3 vertical sutures to expose the endocarp, endocarp thin, rather fragile, marked with 3 vertical lines externally, internally with 3 shining broad bands, endocarp pores lateral near the base. Seed laterally attached with broad lateral hilum, endosperm homogeneous (Lytocaryum weddellianum) or deeply ruminate (L. hoehnei), with or without a central hollow; embryo basal opposite an endocarp pore. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll pinnate. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two closely related species restricted to south-east Brazil. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Lytocaryum has not been tested. The genus is resolved as sister to Syagrus romanzoffiana with high support (Gunn 2004); however, there is low support for an alternative placement as sister to Attalea (Baker et al. in review). </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Lytocaryum weddellianum is an important pot palm, sold in large quantities in Europe. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>See Glassman (1987). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The only difference between Microcoelum and Lytocaryum is the nature of the endosperm; otherwise the two taxa are very similar. Thus, Microcoelum is placed in synonymy. Lytocaryum, in the present sense, has a combination of characters unusual in the subtribe Butiinae. Lytocaryum is separated from Syagrus by its distinctive leaves with abundant rachis tomentum, its strongly versatile anthers, fruit with epicarp and mesocarp dehiscing by vertical sutures; and its thin rather fragile endocarp.
+</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names not recorded. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found in shady forest at altitudes of 800–1800 m. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Acaulescent palm of Central and South America with large mostly undivided leaf, held erect and instantly recognisable by the net-like prophyll and peduncular bract that cover the entire inflorescence; fruit corky-warted.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Manicaria</name>\r
+<author>Gaertn.</author> \r
+<citation>Fruct. sem. pl. 2(3): 468 (1791).</citation> Type: \r
+<type>Type; Manicaria saccifera; Gaertn.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Pilophora</name>\r
+<author>Jacq.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jacq., Fragm. Bot. 32: t. 35, 36 (1802) (‘1809’).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Pilophora testicularis; Jacq.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Manicarius — of sleeves or gloves, in reference to the peduncular bract.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem rather short, erect or leaning, sometimes dichotomously branched, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, enlarged and with a mass of roots evident basally. Leaves very large, marcescent, pinnate, undivided or variously divided to or part way to the rachis, sometimes with separated leaflets; sheath splitting opposite the petiole, becoming narrow and deeply channelled distally, margins with many fibres; petiole long, deeply channelled adaxially, keeled abaxially, covered with small, rough scales abaxially; leaflets where blade divided single-fold, narrow, elongate, tips pointed, shortly bifid, midribs very prominent adaxially, intercostal ribs also prominent, hairs present or absent, scales usually present along ribsAdam et al. 2007, Jouannic et al. 2005) abaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, Additional figures: Glossary figs 7, 20. protandrous, branched to 1–4 orders; peduncle short, rounded in section, rather slender, covered in dense dark red tomentum; prophyll long, tubular, somewhat bulbous basally, tapering to a solid tip, completely enclosing the inflorescence, flexible, net-like, composed of thin, interwoven fibres; peduncular bract (?always present) like the prophyll but inserted near the middle of the peduncle, a few long, fibrous, incomplete peduncular bracts present above the first; rachis longer than the peduncle bearing spirally arranged, rather long, narrow, pointed bracts each subtending a rachilla; rachillae short to moderate, rather crowded, glabrous or with deciduous, dark red tomentum; rachilla bracts stiff, pointed, subtending basally a few (1–3) triads followed by closely appressed staminate flowers, each with a prominent stiff, pointed bracteole, flowers somewhat sunken, rachilla bracts and floral bracteoles persistent, surrounding rounded, shallow floral insertions giving a characteristic pattern to the rachillae after flowers are shed. Staminate flowers slightly asymmetrical, obovoid in bud; sepals 3, broadly rounded, united basally for nearly 1/3 their length, imbricate where distinct, thick basally, margins thin and variously notched; petals 3, more than twice as long as the sepals, united with the receptacle to form a solid base, adnate to stamen filaments basally, lobes distinct, thick, valvate, grooved adaxially; stamens 30–35, filaments terete, moderate in length, variously coiled in bud, anthers elongate, dorsifixed above the base, introrse, connective tanniniferous; pistillode lacking. Pollen ellipsoidal or oblate triangular, with slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, or perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin broad, psilate-perforate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 32–40 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers shortly ovoid in bud; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, truncate, margins variously notched; petals 3, unequal, thick, valvate; staminodes ca. 15, linear, flat, thin; gynoecium triangular in cross-section, obovoid, truncate, trilocular, triovulate, bearing 3 central, linear, connate styles ending in 3 linear stigmas, ovules laterally attached, anatropous. Fruit large, rounded, 1–3-lobed, 1–3-seeded, stigmatic remains subbasal; epicarp obsolescent at maturity, outer mesocarp woody, covered in wart-like projections, inner mesocarp spongy, tanniniferous, endocarp thin, smooth. Seed rounded, basally attached, raphe branches sunken, parallel, sparsely branched, endosperm homogeneous, hollow; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single variable species occurring from Central America, across Trinidad, the Orinoco Delta, and the Guianas to the lower Amazon River. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 196l). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see tribe Manicarieae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Makes excellent thatch. Intensively used as food, raw material, and medicine by South American Indians (Plotkin and Balick 1984). The inflorescence bracts have been used as caps (Wilbert 1980a) and the leaves as sails (Wilbert 1980b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>The leaf fossil genus Manicarites (M. dantesianus) from the Tertiary of Italy (Bureau 1896) was placed in the synonomy of Phoenicites by Read and Hickey (1972). A silicified fruit, Manicaria edwardsii, was described from Mexico (Kaul 1946). A fruiting palm inflorescence compared with Manicaria (Weber 1978) from the lower Maastrichtian of northeastern Mexico is possibly the earliest record of a floral structure described to date. However, Weber (1978) stated that, “The fossil inflorescence will be described elsewhere as a new genus.” The publication of the new genus has not yet been traced and so its affinity with Manicaria cannot be assessed. Two monosulcate palm pollen types have been recovered from the Pliocene, Gatun Lake Formation, Panama (Graham 1991). The first of these types, which is asymmetrical and scabrate tectate, is compared with pollen of Aiphanes, Reinhardtia and Manicaria. It is a very common arecoid pollen type and difficult to place. Of the suggested genera, Reinhardtia is the most probable. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Very striking and remarkable palm especially with regard to the huge, often more or less entire leaves, the trilocular, triovulate gynoecium and the warty fruits. The resemblance of the gynoecium to that of phytelephantoid palms is noteworthy. Stems may branch dichotomously (Fisher and Zona 2006). </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sleeve palm, monkey cap palm, tenudie. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring in freshwater swamps near the coast, sometimes occurring as large dense stands.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Manicaria saccifera</name>
+<author>Gaertn.</author>
+<citation>Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 468 (1791)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, to 10 m tall, 15-20 cm in diameter. Leaves 3-6 m long. Inflorescence borne among the leaves, to 60 cm long. Fruits 35 cm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>As the genus. Recorded only once in Ecuador, near the confluence of R�o Santiago and R�o Cayapas in the NW part of the country. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Robust squat litter-trapping palms from rain forest in Madagascar, remarkable for their condensed unisexual inflorescences, found among the leaf sheaths, but with both sexes found on the same tree.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Marojejya</name>\r
+<author>Humbert</author>\r
+<citation>Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 6: 92 (1955).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Marojejya insignis; Humbert</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named after the Marojejy Massif in northeast Madagascar, whence the palm was first collected and described.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Stout, solitary, unarmed, monoecious, pleonanthic palms. Stem erect, obscurely ringed with leaf scars, internodes short, sometimes with short root spines. Leaves numerous, massive, pinnate or ± entire, the crown often filled with fibres; sheath with or without rounded auricles; petiole absent or thick and wide at the base, gradually tapering to the rachis, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, densely covered with caducous, dense brown scales; rachis adaxially deeply channelled, abaxially rounded basally, becoming laterally channelled distally, densely scaly at the base, blade undivided for ca. 1/4 to the entire length, where not entire, distally irregularly divided into, 1–several-nerved, obtuse leaflets with decurrent bases, the blade eventually splitting irregularly, abaxially with scattered irregular bands of caducous, chocolate-brown scales, numerous fine, longitudinal veins between the major ribs, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences unisexual (but see below), hidden among the leaf bases beneath debris, branching to 1 order, staminate and pistillate inflorescences basically similar but staminate with more numerous slender and longer branches; peduncle large, slightly flattened, short, densely covered in dark brown scales; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, strongly flattened, splitting longitudinally, thinly coriaceous, bearing numerous caducous, dark brown scales; basal peduncular bract similar to the prophyll but smaller, subsequent peduncular bracts numerous, crowded, spirally arranged, incomplete, acute to acuminate, stiff, ± erect, gradually diminishing in size distally; rachis shorter than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged rachillae, each subtended by a conspicuous, acute or acuminate bract; staminate rachillae ± equal in length, stout, catkin-like, somewhat flexuous, densely covered in brown tomentum; rachilla bracts conspicuous, paired, narrow, triangular, subtending densely crowded, paired staminate flowers except near the base and at the tip where solitary staminate flowers present, flowers abortive at the very base, rarely a few pistillate flowers present at the base (as a monstrosity), distal bracts forming pits; floral bracteoles 2, well-developed, acute, ciliate margined. Staminate flowers rather small, somewhat asymmetrical due to close packing; sepals 3, free, unequal, narrow, ovate, keeled, chaffy, ciliate margined, tending to be widely separated; petals 3, ± boat-shaped, valvate, coriaceous, connate basally for 1/3 their length and adnate to the receptacle; stamens 6, filaments basally connate, the distinct portions flattened, tapering, elongate, inflexed at the tip, anthers medifixed, ± versatile, latrorse; pistillode small, 3 lobed. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally lozenge-shaped, pyriform or oblate triangular; aperture a distal sulcus, infrequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar, or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 34–37 µm [2/2]. Pistillate rachillae shorter, thicker, and fewer than the staminate, densely brown tomentose, bearing crowded, spirally arranged, triangular bracts forming the lower lips of shallow pits, each pit bearing 3 membranous bracteoles, 2 very small abortive staminate flowers and a large solitary pistillate flower. Pistillate flowers much larger than the staminate, obpyriform, somewhat asymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, somewhat chaffy, ovate with triangular tips, ± striate; petals 3, distinct, similar to the sepals but larger and with short, triangular, valvate tips; staminodes 6, narrow, triangular; gynoecium gibbous, unilocular, uniovulate, gradually tapering to 3, large, triangular, recurved stigmas, ovule large, pendulous, campylotropous. Fruit asymmetrically globular, perianth persistent, stigmatic remains forming a large lateral beak; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thin, granular, endocarp composed of several layers of broad, soft anastomosing fibres closely adhering to the seed. Seed irregularly rounded, flattened, or ± kidney-shaped, smooth or grooved and ridged, subapically attached, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal, opposite the fruit attachment. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid, with or without a petiole. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species endemic to the rain forests of Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), ovule with distinct tannin and fibrous and vascular bundle layer around locule, ovule unusually large (Uhl unpublished). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Marojejya is highly supported as monophyletic (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in prep.). For relationships, see Dypsis. Note that Marojejya and Masoala form a monophyletic group in an analysis of morphological characters (Lewis 2002), but have never been resolved as sister taxa in molecular phylogenies (Lewis and Doyle 2002, Loo et al.2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Much prized ornamentals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield and Beentje (1995b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>These are litter-trapping palms. In Marojejya darianii,the leaf sheath auricles tightly enclose the base of the crown,preventing rain water from escaping; adventitious roots growfrom the internodes into the resulting tank of water and debris.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ravin-be (Malagasy). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring on hill slopes and in swamps in tropical rain forest from sea leavel to about 900 m altitude.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+ <mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Marojejya darianii</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf. & N.W.Uhl</author>\r
+<author>Principes 28, 4: 151, figs. 1-3 and cover (1984)</author>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Maroantsetra; Darian; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype BH; isotype K</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>Ever since its discovery in 1983 this has been one of the most sought-after of all Madagascar palms. Tales of the presence of a huge entire-leafed palm growing in the hills near Maroantsetra began circulating in the early 1980s, and through dogged persistence Californian palm enthusiast Mardy Darian, with the help of Jean Gerard and Dominique Halleux, tracked it down. JD can remember the excited phone calls from Mardy Darian describing it. The first description that appeared in Principes (Dransfield & Uhl 1984a) was based on fragments and photographs, sent by Mardy Darian. These could not prepare one for the sheer size and beauty of the palm as it grows in a small peat swamp in the hills above Sahavary. This locality is now well known and large quantities of seed have been exported. We do not know of the fate of most of these, but some juvenile plants are growing well in private collections in Queensland, Australia. Although it is so spectacular, Marojejya darianii is undoubtedly a difficult palm to grow for most of us. It is also one of the most threatened palms of Madagascar. We have heard recent rumours of the presence of this palm in forest near Toamasina, but we have seen neither photographs nor material to verify this.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ravimbe ("big leaf", Betsimisaraka).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, monoecious medium-sized tree palm of great beauty. TRUNK 8-15 m tall, 15-35 cm diam., when young covered in leaf bases and then appearing wider, when older becoming bare with warty lumps, pale grey-brown, very obscurely ringed; internodes short, with scattered short spine-like adventitious roots. LEAVES 20–30 in the crown, stiffly erect, entire, bifid, pinnately ribbed, becoming tattered with age; sheath bright green with 2 conspicuous large rounded auricles, 10–12 cm wide; petiole absent; rachis c. 15 cm wide near base, spongy in texture, abaxially covered in white indument, adaxially glabrous; blade 3.5–5 m, bifid in apical 20–50 cm or sub-praemorse, proximally with margins decurrent into the sheath, gradually widening, 1–1.2 m wide at widest point at 66%, multi-fold, each fold with a distinct midrib and faint veins, margins finely serrate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially with abundant pale floccose scales on ribs, with scattered minute dotlike scales on blade. INFLORESCENCE with peduncle c. 50 cm long; peduncular bract and prophyll membranous. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE with peduncle distally c. 3 x 2.8 diam.; rachis c. 8 cm long, with c. 35? closely packed erect rachillae; rachilla catkin-like, c. 18–25 cm long, 7–8 mm across, apparently bearing flowers to the tip; bracts c. 2 x 1.75 mm, spirally arranged, congested, horizontally inserted, joined laterally and forming pits c. 2 mm across and deep, the free tips apiculate, distally pointing, the exposed part densely tomentose except at the tip, the tip extending between the staminate flowers; floral bracts minute. STAMINATE FLOWERS c. 3.5 x 2 mm; bract long-acuminate, the acumen c. 1.5 mm long; sepals 1.3–2.4 x 1-1.3 mm, acute, slightly keeled, the margins very finely serrate, 1 sepal usually slightly wider than the others; petals connate at the base for c. 0.8 mm, ± boat-shaped, 1.8–2 x 1.5-1.7 mm; stamens with filaments awl-shaped, long and slender, c. 2–2.5 mm, united at the base with the pistillode, the antesepalous inserted lower than the antepetalous, anthers medifixed, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, latrorse, ± exserted at anthesis; pistillodes 3, irregularly joined, c. 0.75 mm long. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE with peduncle c. 50 cm long, ± circular in cross-section, distally 5 x 3.5 cm diam.; bracts not available, but some small (c. 2 x 1.5 cm) non-tubular bracts near the apex of the peduncle; rachis 6–10 cm long, with c. 48 closely set, catkin-like rachillae, most erect but the proximal first spreading and then more distally curving upwards; rachillae ± equal, 10–16 cm long, 0.9–1.3 cm diam., bearing spirally arranged bracts united laterally and basally to form pits; pits c. 4.5 mm across; rachilla bracts triangular, apiculate, c. 3 x 4 mm, at first apparently closing the pit, becoming reflexed; abortive staminate flowers 2, very small, concealed within the pit, lateral to the pistillate, floral bracteoles 2–6, triangular, 2–4 x 2–3.5 mm; sepals (in young fruit) 4–5 x 3.5–4.4 mm; petals (in young fruit) 7–7.5 x 5–6.5 mm; staminodes flat, triangular, ?possibly basally connate for < 0.2 mm, 1.2–1.7 mm high. FRUIT pink when young, turning green and then red, obovoid, to 20–25 x 15–22 mm; endocarp fibrous, the fibres anastomosing and densely set. SEED obovoid, 20–23 x 12–15 x 10–12 mm, the surface covered with deep, broad, mostly longitudinal, anastomosing grooves, with rounded base and obtuse apex; endosperm homogeneous with slight intrusions corresponding to the grooves in the seed-coat; embryo lateral to the hilum. EOPHYLL bifid, epetiolate, with long-decurrent blade margins. </p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from a single site near Maroantsetra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Upland swamp in valley bottom; 400-450 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Known only from a single site, which is not protected.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Sahavary, anno 1983 (seed), Darian s.n. (Holotype BH; isotype K); idem, Oct. 1986 (fl., yfr.), Dransfield et al. JD6399 (K, P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1988 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6452 (K, P, TAN); 10 km N of Sahavary, April 1989 (fr.), Du Puy & Du Puy s.n. (K, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+ <mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Marojejya insignis</name>\r
+<author>Humbert</author>\r
+<citation>Mém. Inst. Sc. Madag. sér. B, 6: 94, fig.1, pl. 28 (1955)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, E slopes of Marojejy Mts; Humbert; 23632</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotype K</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is one of the grandest palms of Madagascar. First discovered in 1949 on the spectacular mountain massif of Marojejy, it has now been found to occur throughout the length of the eastern rain forests. There is even a handsome individual growing in the Parc de Tsimbazaza in Antananarivo opposite the Herbarium building. This is a rather massive, litter-trapping palm. The species name is Latin for "outstanding" or "remarkable".</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Menamoso, Beondroka (Tsimihety); Maroalavehivavy (the female Beccariophoenix), Betefoka, Besofina, Hovotralanana, Mandanzezika (Betsimisaraka); Fohitanana, kona (Tanala).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary tree palm. TRUNK 2-8 m, 14-40 cm diam. (with sheath remnants up to 50 cm), obscurely ringed; distal part (c. 1 m) of trunk, covered in sheath/petiole remnants, often with zigzag roots of other plants visible; internodes brown, 1.5-2.5 cm, nodal scars c. 1 cm. Superficial roots sometimes present. LEAVES 15-20, spirally arranged, 4-5 m long, held porrect in shuttlecock mode, marcescent; sheath glabrous, 40-94 cm long, attenuate towards the blade, without auricles or with clear auricles to 6 x 5 cm, abaxially densely red-tomentose to almost glabrous, bright green to cherry-red, distally (together with the proximal part of the lamina) litter- and water-accumulating with aerial roots penetrating the litter, soon splitting opposite the petiole, the margins often fibrous, the margins with conspicuous robust parallel veins, those of the auricles sinuous or arching; (apparent?) petiole 0-143 cm, adaxially channelled with sharp edges to flat, 4-9 x 3-6.5 cm diam., in older leaves with scattered scales; rachis 3-5.8 m long, in midleaf 1.5-3 cm wide and keeled, abaxially with scattered chocolate-coloured to reddish scales (up to 5 x 1 mm) in shallow depressions or ± glabrous; either with the lamina entire in proximal quarter, multi-fold, outer margin 1.5-2 m long, 20-30 cm wide and more distally regularly pinnate, with (22, Amby) 30-60 leaflets on each side of the rachis, or with the leaf regularly pinnate with 59-84 leaflets on each side of the rachis, and nearly all leaflets single-fold, stiff or slightly arching, in one plane, green, the proximal 36-80 x 0.4-2.6 (-7.5) cm (the basal two occasionally 2-fold), the median 75-120 x 2-5 (-15) cm (interval 2-7.5 cm), distal 28-52 x 1-7 cm, connate for 2.5-12 cm, main veins 1-10, fold interfaces with medium-sized reddish scales (floccose whan young, with minute reddish dots or not visible ly reddish-tomentellous; prophyll 26-35 x 6.5-15 cm, with small scattered scales, split over its length, adnate for 3 cm; first peduncular bract inserted at c. 8 cm from the base of the peduncle, 34-45 x 5-15 cm, with a beak 2-4 cm or not beaked at all, with scattered scales; non-tubular peduncular bracts 9-15, decreasing in size from base to apex of the peduncle, 2-31 x 1.2-7 cm; rachis 8-18 cm, densely reddish-tomentellous, with 16-50 rachillae; rachillae 5-12 cm long, with a short bare base to 1.5 cm long and 7-13 x 4 mm diam. with a few narrowly triangular sterile bracts, the rest c. 12 mm diam., very densely set with solitary pistillate flowers; bracteoles two, 3-6 x 3-4 mm, acute, very similar to the sepals. PISTILLATE FLOWERS green to creamcoloured; bracteoles 2-6 x 2.3-6 mm, the largest very similar to the sepals; sepals imbricate, slightly asymmetrical (more so in fruit), broadly ovate with slightly thickened, darker apex, the margins ciliolate, 5-8 x 4.5-7.5 mm, with slightly ragged edges; petals broadly ovate with small fleshy triangular apices, 7-16 x 5-12 mm; staminodes slender, 1-1.7 mm, sometimes connate for up to 0.2 mm, in fruit connate with the fruit base and carried upwards for up to 1 mm; pistil 9-12 x 4-6 mm, styles to 2 mm long, papillose adaxially. FRUIT bright to dark plum red to purplish turning black, irregularly obovoid, 18-21 x 11-20 x 10-14 mm, with a pronounced style boss to 5 mm high, this either subapical to almost sub-basal; mesocarp fleshy, 1-1.5 mm thick; endocarp fibrous, 14-16 x 12-16 mm, the fibres parallel near the base, anastomosing distally, without a beak. SEED subglobose, 11-14 x 10-15 x 9-10 mm, with homogeneous endosperm; embryo basal. EOPHYLL bifid, with a long petiole (> 13 cm).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread, from Marojejy to Andohahela.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland to mid-altitude rain forest; ridgetop or steep slopes, (70-) 350-1150 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Despite its wide distribution, the size of individual populations is small, and we estimate the total number of individuals at less than two thousand. Cutting for palm-heart continues.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Palm-heart eaten.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This palm, described as late as 1955, remained very poorly known until it was recollected by Harold Moore in 1971. Since then, numerous collections of Marojejya-like palms have been made from the Marojejy mountains in the north to Andohahela in the south. At first, every collection from a new area appeared to differ in some way from the type, as well as from each other. Features such as the presence or absence of a petiole, combined with the presence or absence of auricles, and the dissection of the leaf have proved to be extraordinarily variable. We even found such variation within populations. For a time we felt there were at least two separate taxa, but upon careful examination of the now ample material we have been forced to admit that all this variation occurs within a single taxon, M. insignis.\r
+<SPECIMENSSEEN>. Andapa: Mt Beondroka, March 1949 (ster.), Humbert 23424 (K, P); Marojejy East peak slopes, March 1949 (fr.), Humbert 23632 (K, L, P, type); idem, Oct. 1988 (old infl.), Miller et al. 3508 (K); idem, Nov. 1989 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6754 (K, TAN). Maroantsetra: Sahavary, Oct. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6404 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1988 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6462 (K, P); idem, Feb. 1988 (old infl.), Dransfield et al. JD6484 (K, TAN). Toamasina: Ankiririryra Forest, March 1971 (fl.), Moore 9901 (P); Betampona, Oct. 1991 (fl.), Beentje 4499 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Beentje 4500 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Moramanga: Anranomenabe, Nov. 1986 (ster.), Dransfield et al. JD6432 (K, P, TAN); Mantady, Dec. 1991 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4547 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Beentje & Andriampaniry 4551 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Ifanadiana: Ambinanindrano, Nov. 1991 (fl., fr., seedling), Beentje 4533 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, July 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4733 (K); idem, Jan. 1993 (y.fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4804 (K). Manakara: Amby, May 1992 (old infl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4663 (K, MO, TAN); idem, July 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4725 (K, MO, TAN). Tolanaro: Andohahela, Dec. 1989 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6775 (K, P, TAN); idem, (old infl.), Dransfield et al. JD6778 (K, TAN).</SPECIMENSSEEN>\r
+<SIGHTRECORD>S. Andranomifotitra valley (reported in protologue), Ambatasoratra slopes (reported). Mananara Avaratra (Beentje & Dransfield).</SIGHTRECORD></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Robust squat litter-trapping palms from rain forest in Madagascar, with lax erect bisexual inflorescences, and fruit with apical stigmatic remains.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Masoala</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille série 5. 1(1): 8 (1933).</citation> \r
+<type>Type; Masoala madagascariensis; Jum.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named after the Masoala Peninsula in northeast Madagascar whence the palm was first collected and described.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, short, covered with remains of the leaf sheaths. Leaves large, reduplicately pinnate, erect, forming a shuttlecock-like litter-trapping crown, marcescent; sheaths tubular, sparsely tomentose, attenuate distally, the margins smooth, elongate auricles sometimes present; petiole absent or very short, adaxially deeply channelled, abaxially rounded, sparsely tomentose; rachis adaxially ridged, abaxially rounded or flattened; leaflets numerous, regularly arranged, linear, single-fold except at the very tip where sometimes 2-fold, or irregular, broad, composed of many folds, the midribs strong, the tips briefly bifid, adaxially glabrous, abaxially minutely dotted, bearing several large, brown ramenta along the midrib, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary (very rarely possibly multiple; Dransfield and Beentje 1995b), interfoliar, branching to 2 orders, protandrous or protogynous; peduncle elongate, semicircular or crescent-shaped in cross-section, sparsely tomentose; prophyll inserted some distance above the base of the peduncle, large, flattened, narrow, elliptical, beaked, strongly 2-keeled, coriaceous, sparsely tomentose, splitting longitudinally along the abaxial face, persistent; peduncular bract similar to the prophyll but not 2-keeled, caducous or persistent, incomplete peduncular bracts several, membranous, relatively large, triangular, open; rachis shorter or longer than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged, short triangular bracts each subtending a first-order branch; proximal first-order branches with a short bare portion, distally bearing 1–2 branches; rachillae ± straight, rather thick, elongate, bearing spirally arranged, very slightly sunken triads, each subtended by a thick, coriaceous, low triangular bract through most of the rachilla length, or bearing more crowded, more sunken pairs of staminate flowers towards the rachilla tips, or distal rachillae entirely staminate; floral bracteoles conspicuous, ± triangular. Staminate flowers symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, coriaceous, triangular, strongly keeled; petals 3, distinct, triangular, about 3 times as long as the sepals, coriaceous; stamens 6, filaments slender, distinct or briefly connate at the base, anthers elongate, basifixed, latrorse; pistillode columnar, deeply grooved, ± equalling the stamens in length. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally oblate triangular; aperture a distal sulcus, less frequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, finely perforate-rugulate or foveolate, aperture margin similar, or finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 35–55 µm [2/2]. Pistillate flowers ovoid, much larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, triangular, keeled, coriaceous, shiny; petals 3, distinct, imbricate with valvate tips, triangular, coriaceous, striate; staminodes 6, distinct, tooth-like; gynoecium ovoid, with a conspicuous beak, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, large, triangular, appressed in bud. Fruit ellipsoid, yellowish brown at maturity (Masoala madagascariensis), beaked and with stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth; mesocarp fleshy; endocarp composed of coarse longitudinal fibres. Seed depressed globose, basally attached; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species known in eastern Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Masoala is moderately supported as monophyletic (Asmussen et al. 2006). For relationships, see Dypsis and Marojejya. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Sometimes used for thatch; growing point edible. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield and Beentje (1995b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Jumelle and Perrier (1945) describe a strong, truncate, undulate margined staminodal cupule to 3 mm high surrounding the ovary but we have found no trace of this; we attribute the supposed staminodal ring to possible differential shrinkage of the wall of the ovary. Like Marojejya spp., the two species of Masoala are litter-trapping palms. Superficially similar to Marojejya, the genus is distinguished by lax bisexual rather than congested unisexual inflorescences and by symmetrical fruit with apical stigmatic remains. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kona</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In tropical rain forest at low elevations. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+ <mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Masoala kona</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 425 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Ifanadiana: 3 hrs walk E of Tsaratanana, March 1991; Beentje and Andriampaniry; 4437</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A new species with a leaf resembling that of Marojejya insignis, but in the inflorescence clearly congeneric with Masoala madagascariensis, though it is much smaller than that species. The name derives from the local name for this plant.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kona, kogne (Tanala)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>A M. madagascariensi statura minore foliis irregulariter pinnatis segmentis proximalibus latis, inflorescentia paucis rachillis floribus pistillatis semper proximalibus et floribus staminatis semper distalibus differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 1.2-9 m, the whole or in older trees the upper part with persistent leaf bases, c. 35 cm diam. when covered in old leaf bases, 13-20 cm diam. when bare; internodes 1-2 cm long, dark brown, nodal scars 1-2 cm high; wood hard. LEAVES spirally arranged, marcescent, 13-17 living ones in the crown, erect, plus 5-15 dead ones; sheath litter-accumulating, c. 28 x 24 cm, abaxially yellow-brown to red-brown with dense red-brown tomentum, adaxially yellow-brown; auricles and petiole absent, though an apparent petiole of up to 30 cm may be present; proximal part of leaf litter-accumulating; rachis 2.8-4.5 m long, proximally 3-4.6 x 1-3 cm diam. and channelled with a central ridge, in mid-leaf c. 1.5 cm wide and keeled, with scattered scales abaxially; leaflets 6-15 on each side of the rachis, the proximal large and multi-fold, 165-250 x 13-24 cm and attached to the rachis for up to 1.5 m, the more distal ones irregularly alternating between thin single-fold and wide multi-fold leaflets, 73-130 x 2.5-16 cm (interval 6-12 cm), distal pair 55-88 x 4-16 cm, connate for 8-18 cm, main veins 3-5 in single-fold leaflets, with scattered scales on minor veins, apices in distal pair long-dentate over 1.5-4 cm, in others acute. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, erect, 0.7-1.2 m long, branching to 1 or 2 order(s), possibly occasionally multiple (personal observation under difficult circumstances, HB 4437), protogynous (HB 4525); peduncle 22-56 cm long, 2.2-3 x 1.3-2.2 cm diam., with dense red-brown scales; prophyll c. 32 cm long, c. 9 cm wide, with scattered scales; peduncular bracts 3 (always?) 20-62 cm long, 7-8 cm wide, with dense red-brown scales and a beak of up to 2 cm, the most proximal inserted only a few mm from the base of the peduncle and sub-woody; rachis 27-30 cm long, with 0-3 branched and c. 10 unbranched first order branches; rachillae dark brown, 22-60 cm long, with pistillate flowers occupying the proximal half to two-thirds of its length and single or paired staminate flowers the distal part; the interface between the two sexes mixed, not sharp, and occasionally with some triads here; also most pistillate buds at an early stage appearing to be flanked by staminate buds which later abort. STAMINATE FLOWERS yellow, the sepals 4.5-5.5 x 2.8-3.8 mm, keeled, acute, with ragged edges; petals connate for 2-3.3 mm, free parts 5-6 x 3.2-4.6 mm, with fleshy and thickened proximal margins; stamens and pistil connate for the proximal 2-3 mm with the petals; stamens equal, the filaments 2.2-3 x 1.2-1.3 mm, fleshy with wider base, angular, anthers 3-3.7 x 1.2-1.4 mm, dorsifixed, latrorse, slightly versatile, the locules slightly divergent; pistillode 4.5-5 x 1.5-1.6 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with 4 bracts, 2.8-6 x 3-6 mm; between innermost bracts and sepals there is a ring of up to 2 mm high, thin, ?glandular hairs; sepals 7-10 x 5.5-7.5 mm, not keeled; petals 11-18 x 6-14 mm, with laciniate margins; staminodes 6, connate for the proximal 0.1-0.3 mm, triangular and flat, 0.6-1 mm high; ovary 12-15 x 5-6 mm, trifid for c. 3 mm, the inner surfaces papillose. FRUIT only seen empty, ellipsoid, 25-40 x 12-14 mm, topped by the persistent style/stigma mass. EOPHYLL deeply bifid; scale leaves two.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Ifanadiana area.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Mid-altitude low-canopy rain forest; steep to slight mid slopes or near ridge crests, on sandy/quartz soils; 450-550m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. The species is confined to a small area; populations are small, and the forest in this area is disappearing steadily, due to shifting cultivation.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>A leaf of this taxon, when stuck in a bamboo pole is thought by some to ward off thunder-clouds.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ifanadiana: 3 hrs walk E of Tsaratanana, March 1991 (bud), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4437 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1991 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4524 (K, MO, TAN); idem, Nov. 1991 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4525 (K, MO, P, TAN); Ambinanindrano, Jan. 1993 (old infl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4799 (K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1994 (old infl.), Beentje & Dransfield 4839 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+ <mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Masoala madagascariensis</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 5, 1 (1): 8 (1933)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 16 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H.Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 52, fig. 14 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Masoala Peninsula, Marambo, Oct. 1912; Perrier; 11938</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>Until 1986, M. madagascariensis was known only from very incomplete material preserved in the Paris Herbarium, material that gave little indication of its appearance and relationships. In Genera Palmarum, Masoala was included within the Arecoid palms in an uncertain position, but as the book went to press, new material was collected. We have now seen this remarkable palm in several localities, from the Marojejy Massif southwards to the Bay of Antongil. M. mada gascariensis is a squat but rather massive litter-trapping palm of the most humid forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kase, Hovotralanana, Mandanozezika (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 3.5-10 m, 30-35 cm diam. when covered in sheath remnants, 14-20 cm diam. for clean trunk; internodes 2-5 cm, pale brown; nodal scars faint; wood hard. LEAVES 20-31 per crown, porrect to spreading, held in shuttlecock mode, stiff, 3-4 m long, tending to be held on edge, marcescent, litter-accumulating at base, with aerial roots penetrating the litter; sheath 45-50 cm long, open, rather undulate, bright green, glabrous or with scattered brown indument, with large lateral auricles to 2 m long (JD6738) running into the reins or scarcely auricled (JD6770), long-attenuate into glabrous green apparent petiole, to 80 cm long or absent, proximally 25 cm wide, distally 5.5 x 2.5 cm diam., flat or slightly convex adaxially, with somewhat embedded scattered scales; rachis c. 3.9 m long, in mid-leaf c. 1.4 x 2.2 cm diam., keeled, abaxially with scattered small red glands/scales; leaflets mostly regular, plane, stiff, ± porrect, 55-70 on each side of the rachis, bright green, the most proximal pendulous and in groups of 4, proximal 71-117 x 1-4.5 cm, median 65-88 x 2.7-5.6 cm (interval 3-6 cm), distal 28-66 x 2.2-2.8 cm, main veins 4 rather faint, next to a clear midrib, abaxially on the midrib with a few large (6-12 mm long) red-brown laciniate ramenta, and on the minor veins with scattered small red glands, apices attenuate and slightly bifid, the distal pair joined for 3-5 cm and with acute to dentate apices less than 1 cm wide. INFLORESCENCE inter-foliar, arching and then erect, 0.7-1.3 m long, branching to 2 orders at base, with arching rachillae; multiple inflorescence primordia once observed (JD6738); peduncle 50-120 cm long, 2.5-8 x 1.3-4 cm diam., densely red-pubescent; prophyll 50-98 x 9-16 cm, borne at 8-10 cm above the base of the peduncle, bright pale green, tomentose when young, with scattered brown scales when older; peduncular bract 80-104 cm long, c. 8 cm wide, apparently circumscissile, not or hardly beaked, with few scattered scales; non-tubular peduncular bracts at regular intervals, spirally inserted, the proximal 17-22 x 6.5-8 cm, the 4 to 5 subsequent ones 0.5-7 x 3-7 cm and varying from narrowly triangular to a small ridge; rachis c. 90 cm long with 15-35 first order branches, these proximally 1.2-3 x 0.6-1.4 cm, with up to 7 second order branches; rachillae (9-) 20-43 cm long, 9-12 mm diam. when fresh, as little as 6 mm diam. when dried, glabrous or nearly so, with triads in pits, the young flowers green. STAMINATE FLOWERS with the sepals 2.8-3.8 x 2-3.3 mm, keeled, acute; petals in bud 2.8-5 x 2.6-3.8 mm, fleshy; stamens slightly biseriate (offset 0.3 mm) with the antesepalous filaments flatter and to 0.8 mm wide, and the antesepalous ones triangular in cross-section (to 1.2 mm wide), filaments 1-2 mm long (connate at the base for up to 0.5 mm), anthers 2.3-3.5 x 1-1.2 mm, dorsifixed, with parallel locules, latrorse; pistillode cylindrical, 2.3-3.5 x 0.4-1.2 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with the sepals 5-6.5 x 4.5-7 mm; petals 6-8.5 x 7-9.5 mm; staminodes minute, 6 (no sign of ring), 0.3 mm high and flat; pistil at anthesis 11-18 x 6-10.5 mm, the trifid apex 2-3.5 mm high. FRUIT green when young, when mature yellowish brown, subglobose with pronounced terminal stigmatic boss, 24-25 x 18-19 mm; mesocarp fleshy, 1.5-2 mm thick; endocarp; fibrous, thick, adherent to the seed, forming a hard layer around it, with parallel, free fibers reaching to the apex of the style boss. SEED depressed globose, 10-11 x 12-15 mm with homogeneous endosperm and basal embryo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Marojejy, Masoala and Mananara.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; dry hillside to swampy valley bottom, occasionally on ultramafic soils; 200-420 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. The species is only known from three recent sites, and numbers in all sites were low.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Used for thatch; palm-heart edible.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>In the type there are rachillae which are proximally almost exclusively pistillate (a few triads intermixed), and distally exclusively staminate; other rachillae in the type are exclusively staminate from the very base. In JD6738 there are sometimes 2-3 inflorescence buds in a leaf axil, but only one seems to develop. We are uncertain about the protogyny or protandry of this species. Beentje 4472 has pistillate buds slightly larger than the staminate buds in the same triad, JD6390 with staminate buds of the same size as Beentje 4472 but almost non-existent pistillate buds; triads have been compared at the same distance above the base of the rachilla.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Bangouabe R. headwaters, Nov. 1989 (fl., y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6770 (K, P, TAN). Antalaha: Marambo, Oct. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 11938 (P, type). Maroantsetra: Antalavia, Oct. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6390 (K, P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1989 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6738 (K, P, TAN) and JD6740 (K, P, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct. 1991(fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4472 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, April 1992 (fr.), Beentje et al. 4632 (K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Massive stately solitary palms of South America, with robust erect stems and huge palmate leaves with segments of equal width; inflorescences are robust and the staminate rachillae catkin-like, each rachilla bract subtending a pair of staminate flowers.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Mauritia</name>\r
+<author>L.f.</author> \r
+<citation>Suppl. Pl. 70, 454 (1782).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Mauritia flexuosa; L.f.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Orophoma</name>\r
+<author>Spruce</author>\r
+<bibref>Spruce, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 93 (1869 [‘1871’]).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Mauritia carana; Wallace ex Archer</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorating Count Johan Mauritz van Nassau-Siegen (1604–1679), once governor of the Netherlands West India Company in Brazil.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Massive, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious, tree palms. Stem erect, partly obscured by marcescent leaf sheaths above, becoming bare basally, cortex hard, pith soft. Leaves large, reduplicate, briefly costapalmate; sheath tubular at first, splitting opposite the petiole, the margins sometimes bearing coarse fibres; petiole conspicuous, adaxially channelled near the base, otherwise circular in cross-section, smooth, unarmed; blade bearing a low crest adaxially at the base, abaxially with a low ridge; blade orbicular, divided along abaxial folds almost to the insertion into numerous crowded single-fold segments, very shortly bifid at their tips, midribs prominent, transverse veinlets not conspicuous. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, the staminate and pistillate superficially similar; prophyll short, tubular, 2-keeled, with 2 short triangular lobes, striate; peduncle shorter than the rachis, elliptical in cross-section, bearing numerous overlapping distichous, tubular, striate, peduncular bracts, each with a short, triangular, dorsal limb and a shallow point on opposite side; rachis bracts numerous, completely sheathing the branches, distichous, as the peduncular, each subtending a ± pendulous or spreading first-order branch; the first-order branch bearing a short, 2-keeled, striate, tubular prophyll, and 1–few empty distichous bracts, subsequent bracts tubular, flaring, short, each subtending a very short or moderate, straight or recurved rachilla; staminate rachilla catkin-like, bearing a basal, tubular, 2-keeled prophyll and crowded, spirally inserted bracts, each subtending a pair of staminate flowers, each flower bearing a basal 2-keeled bracteole; pistillate rachilla very short, not catkin-like, bearing a basal, tubular, 2-keeled prophyll, and subdistichous, ± explanate bracts, each subtending a solitary pistillate flower with a flattened, 2-keeled bracteole, and often also bearing a minute spathulate, second bracteole, with 2 minute flanges on its abaxial surface. Staminate flowers with calyx tubular, shortly 3-lobed, often densely scaly; petals 3, elongate, much exceeding the calyx, valvate, coriaceous, joined briefly at the base; stamens 6, the filaments ± free, thick, ± angled, elongate, anthers elongate, basifixed, latrorse; pistillode minute. Pollen spheroidal, symmetric; aperture either a large distal pore or a short sulcus; ectexine intectate, very finely clavate, interspersed with bottle-shaped spines set in, and loosely connected to, cavities in a wide foot layer bulging strongly inwards beneath each spine, the inner face of the foot layer finely lamellate, aperture margins similar; longest axis 54–65 µm [1/2]. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate; calyx tubular, striate, shortly 3-lobed, often densely scaly; corolla tubular in the basal 1/3 – 1/2, with 3 valvate, elongate lobes distally; staminodes 6, connate laterally by their flattened broad filaments and adnate to the corolla at the mouth of the tube; gynoecium trilocular, triovulate, ± rounded, covered in vertical rows of reflexed scales, style short, conical, stigmas 3, ovules anatropous, basally attached. Fruit ± rounded, very large, usually 1-seeded, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp covered in many neat vertical rows of reddish-brown, reflexed scales, mesocarp rather thick, fleshy, endocarp not differentiated. Seed rounded, attached near the base, apically with a blunt beak, testa thin, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll with a pair of divergent leaflets (?always). Cytology: 2n = 30.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species distributed in wetter parts of Trinidad, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana and Brazil.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, petiole, stem (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1996a), stegmata (Killmann and Hong 1989). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Mauritia has not been tested. For relationships, see Lepidocaryum. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The buriti palms are immensely useful. They may be a source of oil and starch, wine, timber, cork, fibre for weaving and tying, and palm hearts. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson (1995), Henderson et al. (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Large (49–68 µm long axis) monosulcate finely clavate pollen grains with distinctive inset spines, subtended by a swelling of the foot layer — Mauritiidites (nov. gen. van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1964, syn. Monocolpites franciscoi van der Hammen 1956) — are recorded in the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Tertiary of West Africa: Nigeria (Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1964; Jan Du Chêne 1978). Also in Babajide Salami (1985) where, although the pollen grain is smaller, the spines are not clearly inset, possibly Lepidocaryum but aperture type not described. Mauritiidites is also described from the Upper Cretaceous of Somalia (Schrank 1994). However, the record from the Zinguinchor borehole (Middle Eocene to Lower Miocene) in Senegal (Médus 1975) shows a narrow columellate infratectum that is not present in Mauritia (intectate) and, furthermore, the spines are not characteristic for Mauritia. In Saudi Arabia, Srivastava and Binda (1991) describe pollen that closely resembles Mauritia from the Lower Eocene Shumaysi Formation. In a survey of subsurface Miocene sediments from the east coast of southern India, Ramanujam et al. (1986) include spiny pollen bearing some resemblance to Mauritiidites but it is not conclusive. In northwestern South America, there are a number of Palaeocene and Eocene records for Mauritiidites, especially from Colombia (Sole de Porta 1961; van der Hammen and Garcia de Mutis 1966 — in this paper, the larger grain(s) are rather more convincing than the smaller ones; González-Guzmán 1967 — pollen not described but illustration shows an asymmetric, thick-walled grain very reminiscent of Attalea in all respects excepting the presence of sparse spinulae; Schuler and Doubinger 1970; Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001 — an excellent record, the sunken spines with underlying bulges in the foot layer clearly visible). There is also a convincing record from Venezuela (Lorente 1986). A Pleistocene core from Central Brazil, representing 28,000 years, traces the demise and re-appearance of a Mauritia palm swamp (Ferraz-Vicentini and Salgado-Labouriau 1996). Rull (1998) provides an overview of biogeographical and evolutionary considerations for Mauritia that is based on the pollen evidence. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Mauritia and Mauritiella have been combined (Balick 1981) but there are consistent differences in flower clusters and habits. In Mauritiella, pistillate flowers are borne on short branches and staminate flowers are solitary, whereas in Mauritia, pistillate flowers are borne singly or on very short branches and staminate flowers are in pairs. Species of Mauritia are solitary with unarmed stems, and species of Mauritiella clustering with spiny stems.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Mauritia palms, moriche palms, buriti. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring often in vast natural stands in periodically inundated areas in the lowlands.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Mauritia flexuosa</name>
+<author>L.f.</author>
+<citation>Suppl. Pl.: 454 (1782)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, to 25 m tall and 30-60 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 1.5-2.5 m long, split nearly to the base into ca. 200 one-ribbed segments. Inflorescence 1-1.5 m long. Fruit 4-6 cm long, covered with reddish brown scales.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in the Amazon basin and adjacent areas E of the Andes. Typical of permanently water-logged soils in the Amazon region, where it may form nearly monospecific stands covering thousands of hectares. Also planted near houses, up to 1000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate clustered palms of South America with erect stems armed with root spines; leaves palmate, with segments of equal width; inflorescences are robust, the staminate rachillae catkin-like, each rachilla bract subtending a single staminate flower.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Mauritiella</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12:609 (1935)</citation>
+<type>Type; Mauritiella aculeata; (Kunth) Burret</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Lepidococcus</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude ex A.D. Hawkes</author>
+<bibref>H. Wendl. and Drude ex A.D. Hawkes, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo ser. 2, 2: 173 (1952) (non Lepidococca Turcz. 1848).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Lepidococcus aculeatus; (Kunth) H.Wendl. & Drude</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combining the generic name Mauritia with the diminutive ending — ella.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate clustered, armed, pleonanthic, dioecious, tree palms. Stem erect, partly obscured by marcescent leaf sheaths above, becoming bare at the base, the internodes frequently bearing spine-like adventitious roots. Leaves moderate, reduplicate, briefly costapalmate; sheath splitting opposite the petiole; petiole conspicuous, adaxially channelled near the base, otherwise circular in cross-section, smooth, unarmed, frequently waxy; a hastula-like crest present adaxially at the base of the blade; blade ± orbicular in outline, divided along abaxial folds almost to the insertion into numerous crowded single-fold segments, very briefly bifid at their tips, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface usually covered with white wax and short bifid scales, midribs prominent, transverse veinlets inconspicuous. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, the staminate and pistillate superficially similar; peduncle short, ± elliptical in cross-section; prophyll short, tubular, 2-keeled, with 2 short, striate, triangular lobes; peduncular bracts numerous, overlapping, distichous, striate, each with a triangular limb; rachis much longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts similar to the peduncular, each subtending a ± pendulous or spreading first-order branch; the first-order branch bearing a short 2-keeled, striate, tubular prophyll and 1–few empty distichous bracts; subsequent bracts tubular, short, ± flaring, each subtending a very short, straight or recurved rachilla; staminate rachilla catkin-like, bearing a basal, tubular, 2-keeled prophyll and crowded, ± rounded, spirally arranged rachilla bracts, connate shortly at the base, each subtending a single staminate flower bearing a tubular, 2-keeled bracteole; pistillate rachilla very short, ± catkin-like, bearing a basal, 2-keeled prophyll and spiral to subdistichous rachilla bracts, each subtending a solitary pistillate flower bearing a flattened 2-keeled bracteole. Staminate flower symmetrical; calyx tubular, briefly 3-lobed, often scaly; corolla tubular at the very base with 3 elongate, valvate, leathery lobes much exceeding the calyx; stamens 6, the filaments distinct, thick, ± angled, elongate, anthers elongate, basifixed, latrorse; pistillode minute. Pollen spheroidal; aperture monoporate; ectexine intectate, surface very finely granular, interspersed with long, thin, slightly bottle-shaped spines set in, and loosely connected to cavities in a wide foot layer, distinctly separated into an upper typically solid layer and a slightly wider strongly lamellate inner layer bulging slightly beneath each spine, aperture margin similar; longest axis 40–55 µm [2/3]. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate; calyx tubular, striate, briefly 3-lobed, often scaly; corolla tubular in the basal 1/3–1/2 with 3 elongate, valvate lobes; staminodes 6, connate laterally by their flattened broad filaments and adnate to the corolla at the mouth of the tube; gynoecium trilocular, triovulate, ± rounded, covered in vertical rows of reflexed scales, style short, conical, stigmas 3, ovules anatropous, basally attached. Fruit ± rounded, usually 1-seeded, with apical stigmatic remains, perianth persistent; epicarp covered in many neat vertical rows of reddish-brown reflexed scales, mesocarp rather thick, fleshy, endocarp scarcely differentiated. Seed ± rounded to ellipsoidal, attached basally, apically with an elongate knob, and thin testa, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent ligular; eophyll with a pair of divergent leaflets (?always). Cytology: 2n = 30.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species in northern SouthAmerica. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1996a).</p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Mauritiella has not beentested. For relationships, see Lepidocaryum.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used for thatching and the fruit eaten.</p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995.</p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>See under Mauritia. Fossil record not differentiatedfrom Mauritia.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Buriti. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Species of Mauritiella are predominantly lowland palms, often characteristic of the banks of black-water rivers.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Mauritiella armata</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 611 (1935)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy or subcanopy palm. Stems clustered, to 20 m tall, and 15-25 cm in diameter, at least on the lower part armed with short conical root spines. Leaves split into ca. 20 one-ribbed segments, these below with a black, web-like indument. Fruits ca. 3 cm long, covered with reddish brown scales.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in the Amazon region and adjacent areas, from Venezuela to Bolivia, usually at low elevations. In Ecuador it occurs here and there along black water streams and lakes.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Dwarf clustering ± stemless or erect dioecious fan palms of karst limestone in southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, with fibrous sheaths, the fibres sometimes spine-like; leaves induplicate; inflorescences slender with very small flowers and fruit.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Maxburretia</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<citation>Gardens’ Bull. Straits Settlem. 11: 240(1941).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Maxburretia rupicola; (Ridl.) Furtado</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Symphyogyne</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 316 (1941).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Symphyogyne gracilis; Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Liberbaileya</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 11: 238 (1941).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Liberbaileya lankawiensis; Furtado</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates German palm botanist Karl Ewald Maximilian Burret (1883–1964).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small, clustering, acaulescent or shrubby, unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic or dioecious palms. Stem moderate if present, with very close leaf scars, usually completely obscured by persistent leaf sheaths. Leaves induplicate, palmate, marcescent; sheath expanding into a mass of discrete fibres, irregular or neatly joined at the tips opposite the petiole, or developed as rigid spines; petiole well developed, unarmed, ± semicircular in cross-section; adaxial hastula ± triangular or rounded, sometimes hairy, abaxial hastula obscure; blade neatly divided to ca. 2/3 of its radius into slender, single-fold, usually glaucous segments, tips shallowly split along the folds, surfaces often slightly dissimilar, scattered scales sometimes present on abaxial surface, midribs prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, arching out of the crown, branching to 1–3 orders; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, narrow, elongate, usually obscured by the leaf sheaths; peduncular bracts 1–3 or more, similar to the prophyll; rachis bracts closely tubular with triangular limbs, each subtending a first-order branch; subsequent orders of bracts minute, inconspicuous; rachillae slender, bearing distant, spirally arranged, minute, triangular bracts subtending solitary or, rarely, groups of 2–3 flowers. Flowers very small; where plants dioecious, staminate and pistillate flowers superficially similar; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, ovate or triangular, glabrous; petals 3, joined for 1/3 to 1/2 their length at the base, somewhat imbricate in midportion, valvate near the tips, elongate, usually with somewhat thickened tips; stamens in staminate and hermaphroditic flowers 6, adnate to the petals, the filaments forming a thin or thick staminal cupule, or distinct, anthers rather short, latrorse; staminodes in pistillate flower similar to the stamens but with thinner slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 15–19 µm [3/3]. Fruit cupule and smaller, empty anthers; carpels 3, distinct, follicular, united usually developing from only 1 carpel, ellipsoidal (?always), with apical for a very short distance at the base, with triangular style, the carpel stigmatic remains, perianth whorls persistent; epicarp silky hairy when surface hairy distally in 2 species, glabrous in the third, ovules basally young, the hairs falling off at maturity (?always), mesocarp thin, fleshy, attached, anatropous or intermediate between anatropous and endocarp scarcely developed. Seed basally attached, endosperm hemianatropous with basal funicular arils; pistillode of staminate flower homogeneous, with a thin lateral intrusion of seed coat; embryo lateral minute, 3-lobed. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually bi-symmetric; aperture a distal opposite the intrusion. Germination not known; eophyll simple, entire, sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin plicate. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species in West Malaysia and Peninsular Thailand: Maxburretia rupicola at Batu Caves, Bukit Takun and Bukit Anak Takun in Selangor, M. gracilis on Pulau Dayang Bunting in the Langkawi Islands and one locality in southern Thailand, and M. furtadoana at a few localities near Surat Thani. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf anatomy not studied; all species very similar in floral anatomy (Uhl 1978a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Maxburretia has not been tested. Maxburretia is resolved as sister to Rhapis with low support (Asmussen et al. 2006) or as sister to a clade of Guihaia and Rhapis with low support (Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Uses not recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1978a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The three species of Maxburretia survive as relics on limestone hills in Southeast Asia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Serdang-batu. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>All three species are palms of the low forest on exposed sides and summits of limestone hills.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary dioecious fan palm of desert oases in Egypt and Sudan, distinctive in the absence of a hastula and the rounded fruit with smooth endocarp and ruminate endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Medemia</name>\r
+<author>Württemb. ex H. Wendl.</author>\r
+<citation>Bot. Zeit. 39: 90, 93 (1881).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Medemia argun; (Mart.) Wurttenb. ex H.Wendl.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Origin unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious, tree palm. Stem erect, ringed with close leaf scars. Leaves induplicately costapalmate, marcescent, or falling under their own weight; sheath soon becoming open, densely tomentose, later with a conspicuous triangular cleft below the petiole, margins fibrous; petiole well developed, flattened adaxially, rounded abaxially, the margins armed with widely spaced coarse, forward-pointing spines, mostly in the mid-section; hastulae absent; costa short, more conspicuous abaxially than adaxially; blade divided ± regularly along adaxial folds to ca. 2/3 its length into single-fold segments, these further divided for a very short distance along abaxial folds, interfold filaments persistent at the adaxial sinuses, surfaces ± glaucous, with scattered dot-like scales, particularly along the ribs on the abaxial surface, longitudinal veins crowded, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences interfoliar, becoming pendulous; prophyll and peduncular bracts, if any, not seen; rachis bracts tubular, with scattered caducous scales, and a long triangular limb; first-order branches ± pendulous, devoid of bracts except at the tip, margins sharp, the surfaces bearing scattered caducous scales, staminate inflorescence with first-order branches bearing at their tips 1–7 digitately displayed rachillae, in the pistillate bearing a single rachilla; rachillae catkin-like, bearing a tight spiral of rounded, densely hairy, imbricate bracts, connate laterally and to the axis to produce pits, filled with a dense pile of hairs. Staminate flowers borne in threes, each bearing a spathulate membranous bracteole included within the pit, the flowers exserted and exposed one by one from the pit; calyx stalk-like at the base with 3 narrow, spathulate, membranous, striate lobes with irregular margins; corolla with a conspicuous stalk-like base almost as long as the calyx lobes, bearing at its tip 3 oblong, membranous, striate, ±circular lobes; stamens 6, borne at the base of the corolla lobes, filaments elongate, tapering, anthers medifixed, apparently versatile, latrorse; pistillode 3-lobed, small. Pollen ellipsoidal, slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 36–49 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers solitary, borne on a short, densely hairy pedicel, lengthening after fertilisation; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, obtuse, broad, membranous, glabrous, striate; petals 3, similar to the sepals; ?staminodes; gynoecium globose, with 3 eccentric, short, recurved stigmas, ovule probably orthotropous. Fruit ovoid, borne on the elongated pedicel, usually developed from only 1 carpel, rarely from 2 and then bilobed, with basal stigmatic remains, perianth whorls persistent; epicarp smooth, shiny, marked with scattered lenticels, mesocarp moderate, apparently ± dry at maturity, with ± radiating short fibres embedded in soft parenchyma, endocarp rather thin, crustaceous. Seed basally attached, ± broad, ellipsoidal, endosperm with a central hollow, conspicuously ruminate, the ruminations radial; embryo apical. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Egyptian Nubia and northeastern Sudan.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Medemia is resolved as sister to Hyphaene withmoderate to high support (Bayton 2005, Asmussen et al.2006). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Medemia may have had the same range of uses as Hyphaene (Johnson 1985); over-exploitation may partly account for its rarity.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1924). See also Gibbons andSpanner (1996).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Subfossil fruits, Areca passalacquae, are knownfrom a number of Egyptian tombs (Täckholm and Drar 1950).They are named for the man who first found them (Kunth1826, Boulos 1968, Newton 2001). However, their trueidentity was recognised by Unger (1859) who re-named thesubfossils as Hyphaene argun (= Medemia argun).</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Medemia or Argun palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Two species have been described, Medemia argun and \r
+M. abiadensis, the latter differing in its smaller fruit. Boulos (1968) records variation in fruit size in Egypt and most authors have, since Beccari, accepted one species only, M. argun. It occurs in desert oases. Gibbons and Spanner (1996) suggest that the habitat of M. abiadensis appears to differ from that of M. argun, and that the recognition of a single species may require reassessment. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>The sago palms. Massive solitary or clustered tree palms of the Moluccas, New Guinea and the western Pacific islands, although widely cultivated elsewhere; sheaths, rachis and leaflet margins are armed with spines, rarely sheaths unarmed; hapaxanthic or pleonanthic, the inflorescences are interfoliar or more usually suprafoliar; rachillae are catkin-like, bearing spirally arranged bracts, filled with hairs, each subtending a pair of flowers, one staminate the other hermaphroditic.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Metroxylon</name>\r
+<author>Rottb.</author> \r
+<citation>Nye Saml. Kongel. Dansk Vidensk.Selsk. Skr. 2: 527 (1783)</citation> \r
+<type>Type; Metroxylon sagu; Rottb.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Sagus</name>\r
+<author>Steck</author>\r
+<bibref>Steck, Sagu 21 (1757).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Sagus genuina; Giseke</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Coelococcus</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl., Bonplandia 10: 199 (1862).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Coelococcus vitiensis; H. Wendl.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Metra — pith, xylon — wood, referring to the well-developed pith, filled with sago.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust to massive, solitary or clustered, armed or unarmed, hapaxanthic or pleonanthic, polygamous tree palms. Stem erect, usually partly obscured by the marcescent leaf bases, the internodes sometimes bearing adventitious roots, these usually spine-like; cortex hard, pith soft, rich in starch. Leaves large, pinnate, marcescent or sometimes neatly abscising; sheath splitting opposite the petiole, unarmed, or armed with partial whorls of rather slender spines united by their bases to form low collars, and covered with caducous indumentum; petiole well developed, unarmed or armed as the sheath, channelled adaxially in proximal part, becoming rounded distally, rounded abaxially throughout; rachis like the petiole, but angled adaxially; leaflets numerous, single-fold, linear, regularly arranged or grouped and fanned within the groups to give the leaf a plumose appearance, rarely bearing white wax on abaxial surface, usually armed with inconspicuous short spines along the margins and main vein, midribs prominent adaxially, transverse veinlets usually conspicuous. Inflorescences branched to 2 orders, either interfoliar in pleonanthic Metroxylon amicarum or aggregated into a suprafoliar, compound inflorescence, with branches equivalent to axillary inflorescences, each subtended by a reduced leaf or bract and sometimes emerging through a split in its mid-line; peduncle very short; prophyll tubular, tightly sheathing, 2-keeled, 2-lobed; peduncular bract 1–several, tubular; rachis much longer than peduncle; rachis bracts ± distichous, tubular, tightly sheathing, with a triangular limb, unarmed or rarely with a few scattered spines; first-order branches horizontal or pendulous, each with a basal tubular, 2-keeled, 2-lobed empty prophyll and ± distichous, tightly sheathing, tubular bracts, unarmed or armed with few scattered spines, all but the proximal 1–ca. 3 subtending a catkin-like rachilla (second-order branch of inflorescence); rachillae robust, cylindrical, with a short proximal, bare, stalk-like portion, and a dense spiral of imbricate wide, rounded or apiculate, striate bracts, the proximal and distal few empty, the rest each enclosing a dyad of a small staminate and a similar hermaphroditic flower, in bud partly obscured by a dense pile of hairs, except in M. amicarum where hairs sparse, dyad prophyll completely tubular, with 2 keels and 2 triangular lobes, usually bearing dense hairs on the abaxial surface, inner bracteole with 2 keels and dense hairs. Staminate flowers opening before the hermaphroditic; calyx tubular, ± striate, with 3 triangular lobes; corolla usually ± twice the length of the calyx, divided to ± 2/3 its length into 3 oblong, valvate, smooth petals with triangular tips; stamens 6, borne on the base of the corolla, filaments fleshy, abruptly contracted and reflexed, anthers medifixed, oblong, latrorse; pistillode conical. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; apertures equatorially disulcate; ectexine tectate, completely psilate, finely to coarsely perforate, or coarsely reticulate, aperture margins similar to surrounding ectexine; infratectum columellate; longest axis 44–64 µm, post-meiotic tetrads tetragonal [5/7]. Hermaphroditic flowers superficially similar to the staminate but somewhat fatter; calyx and corolla like the staminate; stamens like the staminate, but with filaments united proximally to form an androecial tube surrounding the ovary; gynoecium tricarpellate, triovulate, rounded, covered in vertical rows of minute scales, and bearing a conical style with 3 stigmatic angles, ovule basally attached, anatropous. Fruit rounded, usually large, 1-seeded, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp covered in neat vertical rows of straw- to chestnut-coloured reflexed scales, mesocarp rather thick, corky or spongy, endocarp not differentiated. Seed globose, basally attached, deeply invaginated apically, enveloped in a thin to thick sarcotesta, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid or pinnate. Cytology: 2n = 26.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About seven species native to east Malesia, the Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, Samoa, Fiji, and the Carolines; one species Metroxylon sagu, thought to be native to New Guinea and the Moluccas, is now widespread and naturalised throughout the Southeast Asian region as a source of sago and thatching material. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1996a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Metroxylon is strongly supported as monophyletic (Baker et al. 2000a, 2000b). Relationships between the species have been examined by McClatchy (1999). For higher-level relationships, see Metroxylinae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The two major uses of Metroxylon species are as sources of sago and as materials for house construction, leaves are used for thatching and woven walling is made from split petioles. Sago from Metroxylon is of great importance as a staple in parts of the Moluccas, New Guinea, and the western Pacific. The apparatus used in the production of sago is, itself, often made from Metroxylon. Seeds of some species furnish a form of vegetable ivory used in the past but of little value now. Felled trunks are used for rearing sago grubs, which are curculionid beetle larvae, a highly esteemed food. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1918), Rauwerdink (1985), McClatchey (1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Dicolpopollis metroxylonoides in the Tertiary sediments of Papua New Guinea (Khan 1976) is compared with pollen of Metroxylon americanum [sic.] (= M. amicarum). However, the long axis in M. amicarum pollen is 50–65 µm, whereas that of the fossil is 30–40 µm. There is also a rare record of D. metroxylonoides from the Miocene of South Island, New Zealand (Mildenhall and Pocknall 1989). Ramanujam et al. (1997) describe ‘dicolpate’ palm pollen from the Neogene deposits of Godavari (Krishna Basin), they consider that there may be an affinity between Disulcipollis psilatus and Metroxylon, based on the psilate exine. However, the D. psilatus pollen is smaller than that of recent Metroxylon spp. (22–32 µm cf. 44–64 µm), and its wall thickness is notably thinner (1.5 µm cf. 2.5–5.0 µm). The size range for Daemonorops pollen (16–55 µm) and the occurrence in the genus of pollen with psilate exines suggest that the affinity of the fossil grain is more probably with Daemonorops. Rao and Ramanujam (1978) consider an affinity between Dicolpopollis elegans (Muller 1968) from the Neogene Quilon beds of Kerala State, south India, with the pollen of Metroxylon. However, the size range of Metroxylon pollen is notably larger than that of their fossil (17.5 • 18.5 µm), again suggesting a more probable affinity with Daemonorops or Calamus. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>A report on flowering and inflorescence structure is given by Tomlinson (1971) for Metroxylon vitiense and M. sagu. The form of the rachillae is very characteristic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>True sago palm, ivory nut palms, sagu, rumbia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Most species are plants of lowland swamps, where they may grow gregariously in great numbers. M. amicarum also grows in deep valleys and high in the mountains in Micronesia (Moore and Fosberg 1956). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderately tall ivory palm distinguished from other ivory palms by the abundant piassava on the leaf bases, the scaly rather than glabrous prophyll and peduncular bracts, and the staminate flowers borne in fours or fives with floral receptacles forming conspicuous funnel-shaped pseudopedicels.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Aphandra</name>\r
+<author>Barfod</author> \r
+<citation>Opera botanica 105: 44 (1991).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Aphandra natalia; (Balslev and A.J. Hend.) Barfod</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combines the a of Ammandra with the ph of Phytelephas, reflecting its close similarity to the two genera (Barfod, pers. comm.).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, short-trunked, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious palm. Stem erect, eventually becoming bare, internodes short, obscured at first by a dense network of long, coarse, straight, sheath fibres (piassava). Leaf pinnate; sheath soon disintegrating into a mass of long coarse fibres resembling horse hair; petiole short, adaxially channelled, abaxially with a covering of white waxy indumentum; leaflets regularly arranged, the basal-most very narrow, the middle lanceolate, the terminal very short, midrib prominent, a pair of marginal veins less prominent, transverse veinlets inconspicuous. Inflorescences, the staminate and pistillate dissimilar; staminate short, racemose, recurved at anthesis, branched to 1 order; peduncle moderate, rounded, glabrous; prophyll tubular, short, shallowly 2-keeled, rounded to a shallow point, splitting apically; complete peduncular bracts l, similar to the propyll but longer, incomplete peduncular bracts few 3–5, large or small and shallow; rachis slightly longer than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged, short, terete branches, each subtended by a small pointed bract; first-order branches each bearing up to 4 staminate flowers, subtending bracts small, pointed, membranous or not evident. Staminate flowers with a conspicuous terete stalk; perianth consisting of a low membranous rim or absent; floral receptacle rounded bearing 400–650 stamens, filaments short, anthers elongate, basifixed, latrorse; pistillode rarely present, if so then minute, carpelliform. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine semi-tectate, reticulate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranges from 75–80 µm [1/1]. Pistillate inflorescence head-like, unbranched; prophyll tubular, short, 2-keeled laterally, flattened, pointed, splitting along one side; peduncular bracts 15–25, the first complete, tubular, rounded, with a short pointed tip, splitting apically on one side, subsequent bracts incomplete. Pistillate flowers spirally arranged, closely appressed, each subtended by a bract; sepals ± 4, narrow, elongate; petals ± 4, like the sepals but longer and somewhat wider, variously wrinkled; staminodes 30–50; gynoecium consisting of usually 6–8 carpels, connate laterally, ovarian part terete, tapering into an elongate, cylindrical style and 6–8, curly, elongate stigmas, conduplicately folded, bearing stigmatoid tissue along the margins. Fruits borne in large head-like clusters, each fruit rounded, covered in large, pointed warts, stylar remains terminal, forming a large beak; epicarp with short, close fibres, mesocarp fibres fine, endocarp shell-like with adherent fibres enclosing each seed. Seed ± kidney-shaped, hilum basal, raphe fibres parallel, ascending, with short branches forming grooves in the endosperm, endosperm homogeneous, very hard; embryo lateral near the base. Germination remote-ligular; eophyll pinnate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species known from the Ecuador, Peru and Brazil</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaves (Barfod 1991) and floral (Barfod and Uhl 2001).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Phytelephas.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Piassava used for broom making and blow-pipe darts; leaves used for basket-weaving, fruit eaten and used forvegetable ivory.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Barfod (1991).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>For diagnostic characters, see notes under Phytelephas.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>See Barfod (1991) for common names.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Growing in lowland and premontane rain forest upto 800 m elevation, occasionally cultivated above this.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aphandra natalia</name>
+<author>(Balslev & A.J.Hend.) Barfod</author>
+<citation>Opera Bot. 105: 46 (1991)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem solitary, to 10 m tall, ca. 20 cm in diameter. Leaves to 6 m long, sometimes with the axis twisting and the distal part of leaf blade held in a vertical position; sheaths with numerous dark-brown fibres at their margins; leaf axis with numerous black scales, especially below; pinnae 90-120 on each side, regularly arranged in one plane, the central ones to 1 m long, 4-6 cm wide. Male inflorescence pendulous, to 2 m long, yellowish brown. Female inflorescence compact, ca. 25 cm long, cream coloured at anthesis. Infructescence 30-45 cm in diameter, borne on a 20-30 cm long peduncle; fruits 30-50 per infructescence, brown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W part of the Amazon basin in Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil, on terra firme and on periodically inundated river banks.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Clustering high-climbing pinnate-leaved rattan palms of Southeast Asia and West Malesia; sheaths are densely armed with whorls of spines, ocrea absent; hapaxanthic and dioecious, the rachillae bear solitary staminate flowers or solitary pistillate flowers; perianths are membranous and the fruit relatively large, covered with minute irregularly arranged scales.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Myrialepis</name>\r
+<author>Becc. in Hook.f.</author> \r
+<citation>Fl. Brit. India 6: 480 (1893).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Myrialepis scortechinii; Becc.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Bejaudia</name>\r
+<author>Gagnep.</author>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 6(3): 149 (1937).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Bejaudia cambodiensis; Gagnep.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Myrioi — very many, lepis — scale, referring to the countless minute scales on the fruit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, clustered, high-climbing, spiny, hapaxanthic, dioecious, rattan palm. Stem eventually becoming bare with long internodes and conspicuous nodal scars, basal vegetative branches borne opposite the leaves. Leaves on mature climbing stems usually massive, pinnate, cirrate; sheath tubular, sparsely armed with neat whorls of large spines in juveniles, with scattered spines in adults, indumentum abundant on sheath surfaces; knee absent; ocrea absent; flagellum absent; petiole very short to well developed, deeply channelled, sparsely armed; rachis sparsely armed proximally, distally armed as the cirrus with regular groups of grapnel spines on the abaxial surface; leaflets numerous, lanceolate, entire, regularly arranged or rather indistinctly grouped, sometimes armed with short marginal spines, adaxial surface bearing bands of caducous indumentum, abaxial surface with scattered minute peltate scales, midribs slightly larger than other veins, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences produced simultaneously in the axils of the most distal few, often reduced leaves, inflorescence axis adnate to the proximal part of the internode above the subtending leaf, emerging from the leaf-sheath mouth, branched to 3 orders; peduncle short; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, with 2 triangular lobes, included within the leaf sheaths; peduncular bracts absent (?always); rachis much longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts tubular, subdistichous, each subtending a first-order branch; each order of branching with a tubular 2-keeled prophyll and subdistichous tubular bracts, each subtending a branch; rachillae very short, formed from branches of several orders, often somewhat curved, staminate rachillae bearing groups of up to 8 distichous flowers, each subtended by a cup-like rachilla bract and bearing a minute 2-keeled bracteole, pistillate rachillae bearing groups of 2–7 flowers, each subtended by a tubular rachilla bract and bearing a 2-keeled cup-like bracteole. Staminate flowers symmetrical; calyx membranous, tubular, with 3 apical lobes; corolla membranous, divided almost to the base into 3 triangular lobes; stamens 6, borne at the base of the corolla lobes, filaments adnate laterally near the base, free portions gradually narrowing, inflexed at the tip bearing pendulous, medifixed, oblong, somewhat sagittate, introrse anthers; pistillode minute. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; apertures equatorially disulcate; ectexine tectate, perforate-rugulate, aperture margins similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 31–38 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate; calyx membranous, tubular, divided into 3 triangular lobes; corolla membranous, divided almost to the base into 3 triangular lobes; staminodal ring borne at the base of the corolla, bearing 6 triangular lobes, each tipped with a short slender filament bearing empty anthers; gynoecium incompletely trilocular, triovulate, ± spherical, covered with minute hair-like scales, stigmas 3 short, apical, ovule basally attached, anatropous. Fruit 1-seeded, perianth whorls persistent, stigmatic remains very small, apical; epicarp covered in minute, ± irregularly arranged scales, mesocarp thin, fibrous, endocarp not differentiated. Seed attached near the base, sarcotesta thick but not juicy, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent ligular, eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species widespread inIndochina, Burma, Thailand, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, stem (Tomlinson 1961).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Plectocomia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The stemsare of poor quality and used only in coarse basketry.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1982b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Myrialepis is very similar to Plectocomiopsis but lacks a sheathing ocrea. Other differences are the diffuse branching of the inflorescence, the much thinner androecium and the minute, irregularly arranged scales on the fruit in contrast to the large, regularly arranged scales of Plectocomiopsis. \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rattan, rotan kertong.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Myrialepis paradoxa is found at altitudes from near sea level toabout 1000 m in the mountains; it tends to form extensivethickets and, like the other Asiatic hapaxanthic rattan genera,appears to show a preference for disturbed sites in primaryforest, such as large light gaps or old landslips. Nothing is known of pollination or dispersal.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Reassessment of the Genera Plectocomiopsis, Myrialepis and Bejaudia (Palmae:
+Lepidocaryoideae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 237-254</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1982</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Myrialepis paradoxa</name>
+<author>(Kurz) J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 37: 242 (1982)</citation>
+<type>Burma, Martaban; Kurz; 1475</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype CAL; isotype K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus paradoxus</name>
+<author>Kurz</author>
+<bibref>Kurz in J. As. Soc. Bengal 43: 213, t.29, 30 (1874) and For. Fl. Br. Burma 2: 521 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Plectocomiopsis paradoxa</name>
+<author>(Kurz) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Kurz) Becc. in Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 6: 480 (1893)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12 (2): 58 (1918)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Myrialepis scortechinii</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 6: 480 (1893)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12 (2): 64 (1918)</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gard. Bull. Singapore 13: 340 (1951)</bibref>
+<bibref>Whitmore, Palms Malaya 79 (1973)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransf., Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 68 (1979)</bibref>
+<type>Malay Peninsula, Perak; Scortechini; 457b</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Plectocomiopsis scortechinii</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Ridley</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Ridley, Mat. Fl. Malay Pen. 2: 213 (1907)</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley, Fl. Malay Pen. 5: 67 (1925)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Plectocomiopsis annulata </name>
+<author>Ridley</author>
+<bibref>Ridley, Mat. Fl. Malay Pen. 2: 213 (1907)</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley, Fl. Malay Pen. 5: 66 (1925)</bibref>
+<type>Syntypes: Singapore, 22 May 1900; Ridley; 11457, 12500, s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Syntypes K, SING</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Plectocomiopsis floribunda</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Webbia 3: 235 (1910)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12 (2): 60 (1918)</bibref>
+<type>Cambodia; Gourgaud; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotypes FI, K</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Myrialepis floribunda</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Gagnep</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Gagnep, in Not. Syst. 6: 158 (1937)</bibref>
+<bibref>Humbert, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 6: 1003 (1937)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Bejaudia cambodiensis</name>
+<author>Gagnep.</author>
+<bibref>Gagnep. in Not. Syst. 6: 149 (1937)</bibref>
+<bibref>Humbert, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 6: 149 (1937)</bibref>
+<type>Cambodia; Bejaud; 1</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust clustering thicket-forming rattan with stems ultimately to 40 m or more, without sheaths to c. 4 cm diam., with sheaths to 7 cm, much less in juvenile plants; internodes to 40 cm, the surface covered in reddish-brown scales. Leaf-sheaths coarse, sparsely to densely covered in reddish-brown scales and variously armed; sheaths of juvenile stems with neat distant whorls of long pale straw-coloured spines to 4 cm; mature sheaths with much fewer, ± scattered or slightly grouped spines; knee absent. Ocrea very incon- spicuous, scarcely developed. Leaf 3-5 m including petiole 5-20 x 2 cm and cirrus to 1.5 m; leaflets rather coarse and distant ± regular or grouped in 2's-3's, to 45 x 5 cm, with few to many marginal spines to 3 mm, concolorous but with scattered scales on abaxial surface. Staminate and pistillate inflorescences superficially similar, to 75 cm or more long, with up to 25 pendulous or twisting branches to 30 cm. Staminate flower to 4 x 1.5 mm; calyx tubular in lower 1 mm, with 3 triangular apiculate lobes to 1 x 1 mm; corolla tubular in basal c. 1 mm with 3 triangular tipped petals to 3 x 1.5 mm; lobes of androecial ring to 4 x 0.5 mm, with pendulous filaments to 1.5 x 0.1 mm, and anthers to 1.2 x 0.4 mm, oblong, sometimes somewhat sagittate. Pistillate flower to 4.5 x 3 mm; calyx tubular in lower 1 mm, with 3 triangular lobes to 1 x 3 mm; corolla tubular in basal 1 mm with 3 triangular petals to 3.5 x 3 mm; staminodal ring tubular in basal 1.5 mm, bearing 6 triangular lobes to 1 x 1 mm; empty anthers sagittate to 0.4 x 0.2 mm; ovary spherical c. 2.5 mm diam. tipped with stigmas to 0.7 mm; scales c. 0.1 x 0.05 mm. Ripe fruit somewhat oblate to 2.5 x 3 cm tipped with black stigmas, covered in greenish grey scales like sharkskin. Seed c. 1.5 x 2 cm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland and hill Dipterocarp forest, and dry evergreen forest, almost always in association with disturbance.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The involved synonymy reflects the paucity of good herbarium material of this rattan. As far as I know there is only one collection of Myrialepis bearing staminate flowers from the Malay Peninsula-Moore 9075. The concept of Myrialepis in Malaya was based on pistillate material without reference to staminate material, whereas in Burma and Indochina, the same taxon, based on staminate material was regarded as belonging to Plectocomiopsis. Gagnepain was able to show that Indochinese P1. floribunda bore fruit with minute scales, and should thus be included in Myrialepis. Beccari (1918) in his notes on P1. floribunda and P1. paradoxa discussed the uncertainty of the assignment of his two taxa to Plectocomiopsis and, indeed, included a question mark after the genus in his citation. This suggests, of course, that the limits of the two genera were not sufficiently clear to Beccari. With more material, a better understanding of the genera has been reached. Gagnepain (1937) based his new genus Bejaudia on fragmentary material collected in Cambodia by the French forester Marcel Bejaud (No. 1) and in Vietnam by Pierre (4855); Pierre's collection is sterile. The type, Bejaud No. 1, consists of parts of a staminate inflorescence in bud, and of a single leaf fragment taken from the apex of an ecirrate leaf. Gagnepain referred Bejaudia to the group comprising Plectocomiopsis and Myrialepis. He stated it could not be Plectocomiopsis because the leaflets are neatly punctate with pale scales on the undersurface, the rachillae straight rather than scorpioid, and the anthers directly attached to the filaments or androecial lobes rather than to a fine filament. Similarly it could not be Myrialepis because the leaflets are armed with strong spinules, the rachillae straight and many-flowered, and again, because the anthers are directly attached to the filaments. Gagnepain regarded the sessile anthers as being sufficient to delimit a new genus, quite apart from the other features. I have examined the type in detail; the structure of the leaf fragment is indistinguishable from that of the type of Myrialepis floribunda apart from the abundance of spinules, yet spinules are present in the latter. This abundance of spinules could be explained if the leaf originated from an exposed young shoot, as indeed the ecirrate state suggests. The details of the flower were completely misrepresented by Gagnepain. The anthers are in fact borne on very slender filaments at the tips of the lobes of the androecial tube, and are quite indistinguishable from flowers of Myrialepis. The rather pronounced sagittate base is a feature of immature flowers. It is supposed that Gagnepain did not soak out sufficiently the flowers he examined, and thus missed the slender filaments. There is one feature, however, which gives a superficial distinction to the inflorescence. In the type of Bejaudia the rachillae are straight, rather than curved, and bear many flowers. I propose that the inflorescence fragments in the type are in fact tips of inflorescences rather than tips of first-order branches and that the rachillae are second- rather than third-order branches; this is supported by the rare presence near the base of the inflorescence fragment of the type of curved third-order branches more or less indistinguishable from those of Myrialepis. This ability to produce flowers on second- or third-order branches has also been observed in pistillate Myrialepis in Malaya (see notes on inflorescence structure) and here too lends a somwhat dissimilar appearance to the inflorescence. In Bejaudia, furthermore, the bracts and their indumentum are identical to those of young Myrialepis. I have now no hesitation in referring Bejaudia to Myrialepis, and the species to M. paradoxa.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Shrubby hermaphroditic hapaxanthic fan palm confined to oases or seasonal water courses in Arabia, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan, distinctive in the leaf lacking a hastula, dichotomously branching erect stems and suprafoliar compound inflorescence.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Nannorrhops</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<citation>Bot. Zeit. 37: 148 (1879).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Nannorrhops ritchiana; (Griff.) Aitch.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Nannos — dwarf, rhops — bush, in reference to the habit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, shrubby, clustered, unarmed, hapaxanthic, hermaphroditic palm. Stems branched, prostrate or erect, branching in prostrate stems axillary, in erect stems dichotomous. Leaves induplicate, briefly costapalmate, marcescent; sheath splitting both below and opposite the petiole, brown, woolly tomentose and margins becoming frayed; petiole elongate, shallowly channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially; hastulae absent; blade regularly divided into stiff, glaucous, single-fold segments, further divided by abaxial splits, intersegmental filaments conspicuous, midribs prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences above the leaves, compound, composed of branches equivalent to the axillary inflorescences of pleonanthic palms, each branch subtended by a leaf with reduced blade or by a tubular bract, and branched to the fourth order; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled; peduncular bracts 0 to several, similiar; bracts subtending first-order branches tubular, tips pointed, each first-order branch with a basal, tubular, 2-keeled, empty prophyll; bracts subtending second-order branches tubular; rachillae bearing conspicuous tubular bracts, variously tomentose, each subtending a flower group. Flowers very short pedicellate, in a condensed cincinnus of 1–3(–7) flowers, each flower bearing a minute tubular bracteole; calyx thin, tubular at the base with 3 triangular lobes; corolla with a short stalk-like base and 3 distinct lobes, imbricate in the proximal 2/3, valvate in the distal 1/3; stamens 6, distinct, the antesepalous with free filaments, and the antepetalous with filaments adnate at the base to the petals, filaments awl-shaped, inflexed at the tip, anthers elongate, versatile, latrorse; carpels 3, connate except at the very base, ovary distinctly 3-grooved, style single, stigma scarcely differentiated, ovule anatropous, attached ventrally and basally. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, reticulate or foveolate-reticulate, aperture margin psilate or scabrate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 30–39 µm [1/1]. Fruit subglobose to ellipsoidal, 1-seeded, stigmatic remains basal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp thin. Seed globose to ovoid, with very shallow grooves corresponding to the rapheal bundles, hilum basal, endosperm homogeneous, usually with a small central hollow; embryo basal. Germination remote-ligular; eophyll undivided. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One variable species in semidesert areas of the Middle East (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Arabia). </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965, Uhl 1969a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Chuniophoenix. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The main use of Nannorrhops ritchiana is as a source of fibre for weaving and rope making. Though undoubtedly ornamental and one of the hardiest palms, it is only rarely grown. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1980). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Small monosulcate grains, Palmaemargosulcites fossperforatus, from palm flower compression fossils recovered from the Middle Eocene oil shales of Messel, Germany, are compared with pollen of a number of coryphoid genera, including Nannorrhops (Harley 1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinguished vegetatively by the dichotomously branching stems and large bluish-grey leaves that lack a hastula. Developmental studies of the flowers (Uhl 1969a) have shown that connation of carpels begins in the styles at a relatively late stage in ontogeny, suggesting parallels with members of the Livistoninae in which carpels are connate by styles only. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Mazari palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology">Occurring in semi-desert areas where the water table is not too deep, but tending to avoid subtropical coastal habitats within its range; reaching to 1800 m altitude.<p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Acaulescent or erect palms of forest undergrowth in West Malesia, Thailand and Vietnam, almost always with crownshafts, with entire or lobed leaflet tips and a single large bract in the inflorescence, the pistillate flowers borne in the basal part of the rachilla and with lateral hilum on the seed.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Nenga</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude</author> \r
+<citation>Linnaea 39: 182 (1875).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Pinanga nenga; (Blume ex Mart.) Blume</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Based on a Javanese vernacular name, nenge.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary or clustered, acaulescent or erect, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem slender, short, rarely exceeding 5 m in height with short or elongate internodes and conspicuous leaf scars, stilt roots frequent. Leaves pinnate; sheaths usually forming a well-defined crownshaft with leaves neatly abscising, or leaves marcescent and crownshaft poorly developed (Nenga gajah); petiole usually well developed, flattened or grooved adaxially, rounded or angled abaxially; leaflets with 1–several folds, linear to sigmoid, acute or acuminate, the terminal pair obscurely lobed, lobes corresponding to the folds, the adaxial ribs often bearing ramenta on the under surface, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescence infrafoliar or interfoliar (N. gajah), erect or pendulous, branching to 1 order, rarely to 2 orders or unbranched, protandrous; peduncle short in species with infrafoliar inflorescences, long where inflorescences interfoliar (N. gajah); prophyll thin, membranous, enclosing the inflorescence in bud, splitting and falling at anthesis or thick, almost woody, persistent, eventually rotting; peduncular bracts incomplete, small, triangular; rachillae bearing spirally arranged minute bracts subtending triads proximally, solitary or paired staminate flowers distally, or triads confined to central rachilla and lateral rachillae with staminate flowers only, flowers not or only slightly sunken in the rachillae; floral bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers fleshy, sessile; sepals 3, connate at the very base, shorter than, almost as long as, or far exceeding the corolla; corolla with slightly stalk-like base or not, with 3 long, valvate lobes; stamens 6, borne at the base of the corolla lobes, filaments short, anthers oblong to linear, latrorse; pistillode absent. Pollen grains ellipsoidal to spheroidal, bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus, short or same length as long axis; ectexine semi-tectate, coarsely reticulate, muri of reticulum may be spinulose, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 37–72 µm [4/5]. Pistillate flowers sessile, globular; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate; petals 3, distinct, imbricate; staminodes absent or minute; gynoecium globose or columnar, uniloculate, uniovulate, style lacking, stigmas 3, massive, fleshy, divergent, ovule laterally attached, form unknown. Fruiting rachillae usually not differing greatly in colour from flowering ones. Fruit ovoid to obpyriform, dull to brightly coloured, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, dull or shiny, mesocarp thin, fleshy, sweet, endocarp composed of longitudinal fibres adhering to the seed, becoming free at both ends (N. pumila) or at one end only, the fibres enclosing a solid parenchymatous mass of varying size distal to the seed. Seed with longitudinal hilum and raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Five species ranging from Vietnam and Burma to Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Java. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig and Young 1979). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Nenga is a strongly supported monophyletic genus (Loo et al. 2006). For relationships, see Areca. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems are sometimes used split, as laths. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Fernando (1983). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Monosulcate pollen with a rather loose, widely meshed reticulum characteristic of Nenga occurs in Borneo from the Lower Miocene upwards, according to Muller (1964, 1972, 1979); unfortunately, Muller did not publish illustrations of the fossil pollen so it is difficult to comment. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Nenga gajah is an extraordinary, aberrant species that nevertheless belongs in the genus; most of its peculiarities seem to be related to the interfoliar position of the inflorescence, which in turn is related to the short internodes and marcescent leaves. Such an anomalous habit is also found in a few species of Areca and Pinanga. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Pinang palms. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>All species are confined to primary tropical rain forest and are found from sea level to altitudes of about 1400 m. Nenga pumila var. pachystachya sometimes occurs in peat swamp forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of the Genus Nenga</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 27: 55-70</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1983</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Nenga banaensis</name>
+<author>(Magalon) Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 347 (1936)</citation>
+<type>Indo-China, Tourane, Mt. Bana; Magalon; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga banaensis</name>
+<author>Magalon</author>
+<bibref>Magalon, Contrib. Etude. Palm. Indochine. Franc. 149 (1930)</bibref>
+<bibref>Magalon, Feddes Repert 28: 112 (1930)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Areca banaensis</name>
+<author>(Magalon) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Magalon) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 198 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nenga nannospadix </name>
+<author>(Burret) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 347 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga nannospadix</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Feddes Repert. 32: 116 (1933)</bibref>
+<type>IndoChina, Annam, Mt. Bani; J. & M. S. Clemens; 4398</type>
+<type_loc>Isotype K</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Areca microspadix .</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 198 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Cay cau rung.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, slender palm, with stem to ca. 3 m long, 3.5 cm diam. Crownshaft elongate, cylindrical, slightly robust. Leaves spreading in crown; leaf sheath ca. 15- 20 X 3-4 cm, green; petiole ca. 20-30 X 1 cm. Leaflets often drying dark greyishgreen to greenish-brown; basal leaflets narrow, 1-2 costate, ca. 23-37 X (0.6) 1.0-2 (2.3) cm, long-acuminate; middle leaflets 2-3 costate, ca. 30-40 X 2.5-5 cm, long-acuminate; terminal leaflet pair 2-6 costate, ca. 21-35 X 1.7-5.5 cm, acuminate or slightly toothed at apex. Inflorescence infrafoliar, pendulous; prophyll ensiform or lanceolate, ca. lOX 3.5-4.0 cm, caducous; peduncle short, ca. 1.0-1.5 X 8 mm, flattened, glabrous; peduncular bract triangular or ovate, to ca. 6 mm long, membranous; rachillae 46, ca. 5-20 cm long, to 5 mm thick, glabrous, each subtended by a triangular, membranous bract to 2 X 4 mm. Staminate flower triangular, asymmetric; sepals equal or subequal, subulate, dorsally carinate, ca. 4-7 mm long; petals broadly elliptic, obtuse at tip, equal to sepals; filament short, ca. 0.5-1.0 mm long, anthers erect to ca. 1.5 mm long, slightly cordatesagittate at base; pistillode indistinct. Pistillate flower globose to subglobose, slightly shorter than the staminate flower; sepals ca. 3-5 X 3-4 mm, petals as the sepals, sometimes smaller; ovary subglobose, ca. 1.5 X 1 mm; stigma obscurely 3-lobed; staminodes indistinct. Infructescence pendulous, the branches often with rather short dead tips. Immature fruit oblongellipsoid, ca. lOX 5-6 mm, tipped with a prominent 3-lobed stigma; endocarp apparently smooth. Seed not known. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indo-China.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In humid forest on granitic soil. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is still incompletely known; mature fruits and seeds have never been collected. The specimens representing this species in the herbarium contain only juvenile fruits. The species referred to as N. nannospadix (first described in Pinanga) for the short inflorescence (only 4.5 cm long) fits quite well within the range of variation of N. banaensis. The isotype of N. nannospadix (]. & M. S. Clemens 4398) at Kew has a rachilla reaching approximately 13 cm long, very much longer than as originally described by Burret (1933). Inflorescence length in this species is variable. The holotype of N. banaensis (Magalon s.n.), for example, also has two inflorescences with rachillae reaching only 6-7 cm long. The holotype of N. banaensis was not seen by Burret as he had indicated (Burret 1936a, 1936b). The type specimens of both N. banaensis and N. nannospadix, moreover, were collected from about the same area near Tourane on granitic soil. There is so much overlap in variation between the two taxa that I have no doubt that they are conspecific. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDO-CHINA: Tourane: Mt. Bana, fl. and fr., Magalon s.n. (Holotype P); Mt. Bani, fl. and fr., J. & M. S. Clemens 4398 (Type of N. nannospadix (Burret) Burret; Isotype K); Locality unknown: fl., Polaine 7246 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of the Genus Nenga</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 27: 55-70</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1983</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Nenga gajah</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Principes 19: 27 (1975)</citation>
+<type>Sumatra, Bengkulu, Kepahiang, Cagar Alam, near Curup; Dransfield; 1234</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BO; isotypes K, L</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Pinang gajah.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, stem stout, stilt-rooted, to 2 m long, 15 cm diam.; internodes short, to 1 cm long, greyish-brown. Crownshaft not well-defined. Leaves 8-10 in crown, leaf sheath ca. 50-60 cm long, pale yellowishgreen, not falling off but rotting on the stem; petiole ca. 50-75 X 2.5 cm, circular in cross-section, with sparse dark brown indumentum; rachis to 8 mm thick. Leaflets ca. 8-27 on each side of the rachis, drying dull greyish-brown; basal leaflet 1 costate, ca. 34 X 1 cm, longacuminate; middle leaflets 3-6 costate, ca. 32 X 4.5-8.0 cm, long-acuminate; terminalleaflet pair 3-5 costate, to ca. 32 X 3-4 cm, acuminate or bifid to slightly toothed at tips, the pair joined to ca. 4 cm at the base along the rachis. Inflorescence interfoliar, erect; prophyll ensiform, ca. 25-35 X 4 cm, coriaceous or woody and fibrous, hard, covered with scurfy brown indumentum especially along the margins, long-persisting through anthesis; peduncle ca. 22-30 X 1 cm, flattened, covered with sparse brown hairs; peduncular bract triangular ca. 6 mm long, thick and stiff; rachillae 3-5, ca. 10-12 cm long, 5-8 mm thick, each rachilla subtended by a short, thick, stiff, triangular bract to 5 X 5 mm; the lower 2-4 rachillae all staminate, the terminal or apical rachilla staminate and pistillate, or rarely all staminate only. Staminate flowers arranged in 5-7 vertical rows, or in tight spirals, angular, oblong; sepals minute, triangular, oblong-ovate or broadly ovate, slightly concave, to 1 mm long, often shorter; petals oblong to slightly obovate, unequal, ca. 4.5-5 X 2-2.5 mm, rounded-truncate or cucullate at apex, rather thick, the inner surface marked with impressions of stamens; filaments to 1 mm long; anthers erect, linear-oblong, ca. 22.5 mm long, deeply sagittate at the base; pistillode indistinct. Pistillate flower with sepals to 7 X 6 mm, coriaceous, persistent; petals as the sepals; ovary spherical, to 3 X 4 mm; stigma obscurely 3-lobed; staminodes 6, minute, triangular, to 0.5 mm long. Infructescence pendulous, a single club-like head of fruits. Fruit ripening dark purplish-brown, fusiform, ca. 5-8 X 1.5-2.5 cm, beaked, tipped by a short blunt stigma; epicarp drying with few longitudinal ridges. Seed narrowly ovoid to fusiform, to ca. 4.5 X 1.8 cm, acute to acuminate at tip, base rounded to obtuse. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Sumatra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In hill Dipterocarp forest on hillslopes, valley bottoms, and streamsides; ca. 800 m alt. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species differs from all other species of Nenga in its interfoliar, erect inflorescence with a long peduncle, and bearing a persistent, coriaceous, woody prophyll, the club-like head of fruits, and the structure of the male flowers with minute sepals. This species possesses many aberrant characters; however, despite the peculiar nature of this taxon, it seems to fit more reasonably in Nenga than in any other closely related genus. The laterally attached ovule, the spirally arranged triads near the proximal end of the rachilla, and the distal terminal portion being entirely of staminate flowers are distinctive features of Nenga (see Dransfield 1975). </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>SUMATRA: Bengkulu: Kepahiang, Cagar Alam, near Curup, 800 m alt., fl. and fr., Dransfield 1234 (Holotype BO; Isotypes K, L), G. Pagar, 850 m alt., fl. and fr., Dransfield 3625 (K, L). (Dransfield (1975) also cites Bunnemeijer 295,296,417, 1013a (BO) from the N.E. slopes of G. Talakmau, Bukittinggi). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of the Genus Nenga</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 27: 55-70</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1983</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Nenga grandiflora</name>
+<author>Fernando</author>
+<citation>Principes 27: 66 (1983)</citation>
+<type>Malay Peninsula, Johore, Kota Tinggi, Panti East, 400 m alt., fl. et fr.; Dransfield & Fong; 5048</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi KEP, L</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>N. macro.carpae affinis, sed floribus masculis majoribus, fructu ovoideo, obclavato vel obpyriformi, valde longirostrato, inflorescentia duas rachillas semper ferenti differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, robust palm. Stem ca. 2 m long, 8 cm diam.; internodes to 5 cm, brown. Crownshaft elongate, cylindrical, to 75 cm long, very swollen. Leaves 7-8 in crown, leaf sheath ca. 30-60 cm long, dull green to slightly purplish; petiole ca. 32-54 X 1.6 cm, slightly yellowishorange, rachis angular, rather sharp along the edges. Leaflets to ca. 30 on each side of the rachis, drying light brown; basal leaflets 1-2 costate, ca. 25-42 X 0.81.2 cm, long-acuminate; middle leaflets 34 costate, ca. 40-82 X 5-6.5 cm, longacuminate; terminal leaflet pair 3-6 costate, ca. 30-56 X 3-5.5 cm, acuminate or slightly toothed at tips, the pair sometimes joined to 10 cm at the base along the rachis. Inflorescence infrafoliar, pendulous; prophyll ensiform or lanceolate, ca. 28 X 2.7 cm, drying brown, caducous; peduncle ca. 1.7-4 X 0.8-1.5 cm, flattened, glabrous; peduncular bract triangular, to ca. 5 mm long, 4 mm at the base, membranous; rachillae always 2, ca. 24-30 cm long, 7-1 0 mm thick near the base, glabrous, each rachilla subtended by a membranous, triangular bract to ca. 5 mm long. Staminate flower triangular, trigonous, asymmetric, slightly flexuous; sepals equal or subequal, subulate, acutely and dorsally carinate, flexuous, ca. 1.31.6 cm long, to 3 mm wide; petals elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acute to acuminate at tips, equal or slightly subequal to the sepals; filaments ca. 2-2.5 mm long; anthers erect, linear, ca. 6-7 mm long, deeply sagittate at the base; pistillode conical, minute. Pistillate flower shorter than the staminate flower; sepals ca. 5-8 X 57 mm, petals as the sepals, slightly smaller, ca. 4-6 X 4-5 mm; ovary broadly ovoid or subglobose, to 3 X 3 mm; stigma distinctly 3-lobed; staminodes of 6 minute teeth. Infructescence pendulous, densely covered with fruits. Fruit ripening deep red then purplish-black, ovoid to obclavate or obpyriform, ca. 3.8-5.4 X 1.52.0 cm, prominently long-beaked and tipped by a stigma 5-7 mm long, the upper half deeply 3-lobed; epicarp drying with longitudinal ridges; seed narrowly ovoid, ca. 2.3 X 1.2 cm, acute to acuminate or shortly spinescent at tip; base truncate, slightly concave intruded. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Malay Peninsula (Johore).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In dense humid forest on steep rocky hillslopes or river valley bottoms; ca. 180-500 m alt. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is very distinctive in its very large staminate flowers, the consistently 2-branched inflorescence, and the prominently long-beaked, ovoid to obclavate or obpyriform fruit tipped with a distinctly long, 3-lobed stigma. It is most closely related to N. macrocarpa in vegetative features, as well as in the staminate flowers with equal or subequal perianth parts. N. macrocarpa is, however, easily distinguished from N. grandiflora by its inflorescence with often 3-4 rachillae, the much smaller staminate flowers, and the more ellipsoid fruits. Figures 66 and 68a in Whitmore's 'Palms of Malaya' (1973: 80) labelled as N. macrocarpa belong to this new species. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>MALAY PENINSULA: lohore: Kota Tinggi, Panti East, 400 m alt., fl. and fr., Dransfield & Fang 5048 (Holotype K; Isotypes KEP, L), G. Blumut, below Camp 2, ca. 500 malt., fr., Dransfield 841 (K), Sungei Kayu, fr., Corner & Furtado SFN 29482b (K), Kluang, Lenggor Forest Reserve, ca. 180 malt., fr., Dransfield 810 (BH), Mersing Forest Reserve, fl. and fr., Moore & Pennington 9061 (BH). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of the Genus Nenga</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 27: 55-70</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1983</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Nenga macrocarpa</name>
+<author>Scort. ex Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 3: 180 (1889)</citation>
+<type>Malay Peninsula, Perak, Maxwell's Hill; Scortechini; 547a</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FI</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, robust palm. Stem ca. 2-6 m long, 4-6 cm diam.; internodes to ca. 15 cm long, smooth, green to greenish-brown. Crownshaft elongate, cylindrical or slightly angular, to ca. 60 cm long, often swollen. Leaves to 7 in crown; leaf sheath ca. 2045 cm long, pale green with dull purplishbrown specks; petiole ca. 10-55 X 1.5 cm. Leaflets to 30 on each side of the rachis, drying brown; basal leaflets narrowly linear-acuminate, 1 costate, ca. 3040 X 0.7-1.3 cm; middle leaflets 2-3 (5) costate, ca. 30-65 X 1-3 (5) cm, longacuminate; terminal leaflet pair 2-4 (6) costate, ca. 25-40 X 1-3 (4) cm, longacuminate or slightly toothed at tips, the pair sometimes joined to 9 cm at the base along the rachis. Inflorescence infrafoliar, subpendulous to pendulous; prophyll ensiform or lanceolate, ca. 20-30 X (3.5) 45 cm, slightly purplish, drying brown, caducous; peduncle ca. (1.5) 2-3 (3.5) X 1-1.8 cm, flattened, glabrous; peduncular bract narrowly triangular, to ca. 3.5 cm long, 8 mm wide at the base, membranous; rachillae 3-4, rarely to 5, ca. 2545 cm long, to 8 mm thick, glabrous, each subtended by a membranous, triangular bract to 5 X 5 mm. Staminate flower triangular, asymmetric, flexuous; sepals equal or subequal, subulate, acutely and dorsally carinate, flexuous, ca. 6-13 mm long; petals elliptic to elliptic-Ianceolate, acuminate, equal or subequal to the sepals; filaments ca. 2 mm long; anthers erect, linear, ca. 3-4 mm long, sagittate at base; pistillode of 2-3 tubercles. Pistillate flower shorter than the staminate flower; sepals ca. 4-6 X 5-6 mm, petals as the sepals, often smaller, ca. 4 X 3-4 mm; ovary ovoid to subglobose, to 3 X 2 mm; stigma distinctly 3-lobed; staminodes of 6 minute teeth. Infructescence pendulous. Fruit ripening purplish-black, ellipsoid, ca. 3-4 (4.5) X 1.3-1.7 cm, prominently beaked, tipped with a distinct 3-lobed stigma to 3 mm high, the lobes erect; epicarp often drying with longitudinal ridges; the inner apical part usually with a distinct cylindrical or conical, corky solid tissue. Seed broadly ovoid, ca. (1.2) 1.5-1.6 (1.8) X (0.7) 1-1.2 cm, abruptly spinescent at tip; base truncate, shallowly concave.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>S. Thailand and Malay Peninsula.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In dense humid forest; ca. 150-1,300 m alt., more widespread in the Malay Peninsula where it is common at higher altitudes.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is apparently a strictly solitary palm, although it has sometimes been erroneously reported as occurring in clumps. Nenga macrocarpa is easily distinguished by its staminate flowers with equal or subequal perianth parts, and its large ellipsoid fruits which are prominently beaked and tipped by a distinct 3-lobed stigma. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>S. THAILAND: Koh Gah: fr., Kloss 6589 (K); Labu Mine, near Banang Sta., 400 m alt., fl., Whitmore 3123 (K). MALAY PENINSULA: Kedah: Baling, Ayer Terjun Valley, fr., Furtado SFN 33048 (BH, K, L), G. Hang, 760 m alt., fl., Furtado SFN 35024 (BH); Perak: Maxwell's Hill, 1,000-1,300 m alt., fl. and fr., Scortechini 547a (Lectotype FI), fl. and fr., Scortechini 302b (Paratype FI), ca. 975 malt., fr., Burkill & Haniff 12790 (K), Gopeng, fl. and fr., Dr. King's Call. 4775 (BM, K), G. Batu Putih, ca. 1035 m alt., fl. and fr., Wray 930 (K), G. Kerbau, ca. 1,050 malt., fr., Robinson s.n. (K), G. Bintang Hijau, fl., Dransfield 5386 (K), Semangko, fr., Ridley 14715 (BM); Pahang: Bentong, ca. 580 m alt., fl., Furtado SFN 33110 (K); Kemaman: Diu Bendong, ca. 150 m alt., fl., Comer SFN 30065 (K); Selangor: G. Bunga Buah, ca. 850 m alt., fl. and fr., Whitmore FRI 0322 (BH, L), Diu Langat,' Menuang Gasing, fl., Kloss s.n. (K); Negri Sembilan: G. Tampin, fl., Ridley s.n. (K), ca. 400 m alt., fl., Burkill SFN 2849 (K). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of the Genus Nenga</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 27: 55-70</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1983</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Nenga pumila var. pachystachya</name>
+<author>(Blume) Fernando</author>
+<citation>Principes 27: 61 (1983)</citation>
+<type>Sumatra; Korthals Sumatra; No. 16</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype L</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kache (Thailand); Rasau, Pinang horaiung (Borneo); Keredan, Pinang muring (Malay Peninsula); Pinang unoo (Singapore); Kajoe djambe (Sumatra).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Caespitose, slender to moderate palm with stems sometimes stilt-rooted at the base, ca. 3-5 m long, (2) 3-6 (8) cm diam.; internodes to ca. 10 cm long, smooth, bright green to brown. Crownshaft elongate, cylindrical, ca. 35-80 cm long, only slightly swollen. Leaves to 7 in crown, leaf sheath ca. 25-60 cm long, pale green to greenish or yellowish-white; petiole ca. 4-50 cm long, to 1.5 cm diam. Leaflets to 30 on each side of the rachis, often drying dull reddish-brown; basal leaflets 1 costate, ca. 25-40 X 0.5-1.0 cm, long-acuminate; middle leaflets 2-3 costate, rarely 4 or 5 costate, ca. 35-70 X 2-4 (5) cm, long-acuminate; terminal leaflet pair 3-6 costate, rarely to 10 costate, ca. 20-40 X (1.5) 2-2.5 (4) cm, acuminate or slightly toothed at tips, sometimes joined to 4 cm at the base along the rachis, rarely more. Inflorescence infrafoliar, pendulous; prophyll ensiform or lanceolate, ca. (18) 20-25 (70) X 1.5-3.0 cm, drying chestnut-brown, caducous; peduncle ca. 1.5-3.0 (4) X 0.4-1.3 cm, flattened, glabrous; peduncular bract triangular to narrowly triangular, acuminate, ca. 8-15 X 8-10 mm, membranous; rachilla 2-4, usually 3, rarely to 6, ca. (15) 20-35 (50) cm long, to 6 mm thick, each subtended by a membranous triangular bract to 10 mm long. Staminate flower triangular, asymmetric, flexuous; sepals subequal, linear-subulate or very narrowly lanceolate, dorsally carinate, very flexuous, ca. 9-13 (20) mm long; petals elliptic to lanceolate, acuminate, straight to subfalcate, much shorter than sepals, ca. 5-7 (9) X 2-2.5 mm; filaments 1-2 mm long; anthers erect, linear, ca. 1.52 mm long, sagittate at base; pistillode conical, minute. Pistillate flower ovoid to subglobose, shorter than the staminate flower; sepals ca. 3-4 mm X 4 mm, petals as the sepals, or sometimes only slightly smaller; ovary ovoid to spherical, to 1.5 mm X 2 mm; stigma distinctly 3-lobed; staminodes indistinct. Infructescence pendulous, branches densely covered with fruits. Fruit ripening brick-red, oblong to oblong-ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. (2) 2.43 X 1-1.5 (1.8) cm, beaked, tipped with a prominent 3-lobed stigma to 2 mm high, the lobes erect; epicarp often drying with shallow dimples. Seed broadly ovoid, ca. 10-15 mm X 7-9 mm, acuminate to spinescent at tip, base rounded-truncate, shallowly concave-intruded.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>S. Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra, Bangka, and Borneo</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Along the landward edge of mangrove or in dense humid Dipterocarp forest on hillslopes or river valleys, also in heath forest on sandstone or granitic sand, to ca. 1,100 m alt.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Nenga pumila var. pachystachya is the most widespread of the taxa in the genus; until recently it was regarded as inseparable from the typical variety from West Java. N. schefferiana is here reduced to synonymy under the variety. Figures of flowers, fruit and seed (based on the type of N. schefferiana collected by Scheffer) mounted on a herbarium sheet at Kew show staminate flowers with extremely long sepals. A specimen in Leiden (? Korthals Sumatra No. 16) also cited by Beccari (1885) in the original publication of N. schefferiana, containing only a fragment of an inflorescence branch, likewise has staminate flowers with immensely long sepals. This is apparently only a size difference; similar specimens have never been collected again. Moore (1963) had earlier hinted that N. schefferiana might be no more than a variety of N. pumila. N. intermedia was based on a collection by Beccari himself from Sungei Bulu near Padang (Beccari PS 942) with leaves having very short petioles. To this species Beccari (1885) also referred a collection from Ching Forest in Malacca, Malay Peninsula, earlier described by Griffith (1845) as Areca (Anaclasmus) pumila, also with a short petiole. Griffith's species was later cited by Beccari (1889) as a synonym of N. wendlandiana var. malaccensis, but Beccari preferred to maintain N. intermedia from Sumatra as a distinct species. More recent collections have, however, revealed much overlapping in variation between the Malayan and Sumatran populations. Ridley (1907) had much earlier recognized this by reducing N. intermedia to synonymy under N. wendlandiana. Beccari (1889) described N. wendlandiana var. malaccensis forma hexapetala based on a single collection (Scortechini s.n.) from Perak with staminate flowers having 6 petals in two series. This must be considered as a monstrosity. The material from South Thailand and Borneo represent the first published records of the genus in these areas. N. pumila var. pachystachya does not appear to me sufficiently disjunct in reproductive characters to justify its separation as a distinct species from N. pumila. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>S. THAILAND: Pato: Langsuan, 100 m alt., fr., Kerr 12122 (BM, K); Ranawang: Lam Lieng, 50 m alt., fr., Kerr 11727 (K), Ja-un, 150 m alt., fr., Kerr 16483 (BM, K), Muang Len, 150 m alt., fl., Hansen & Smitinand 11944 (L); Terutao: Satul, fl., Kerr 14227 (BM, K). MALAY PENINSULA: Langkawi Is.: Burau, fl. and fr., Robinson 6264 (K); Kelantan: Sungei Keteh, fr., Md. Nur SFN 12001 (K); Perak: Larut, fl. and fr., Kunstler 4022 (Type of N. wendlandiana Scheff. var. malaccensis Becc.; Isotypes BM, K, L), Gopeng, G. Cantek, fr., Furtado SFN 33084 (BH, K, L).-Locality unknown, fl., Scortechini s.n. (Type of N. wendLandiana Scheff. var. malaccensis Becc. forma hexapetala Becc.; Holotype FI); Pahang, Temerloh, Kemansul Forest Reserve, fl., Hamid 10580 (K) Selangor: Klang, Bt. Canggang, fl. and fr., Md. Nur SFN 33998 (BM, K), Ulu Gombak, fl. and fr., Ridley s.n. (K), Lampang Mines, fr., Ridley 15880 (K); Negri Sembilan: G. Angsi, fr., Md. Nur SFN 11707 (K); lohore: between G. Blumut and G. Bacya, fl., Holttum SFN 10843 (K), Telerau, Bunei, fl., Ridley 13236 (BM, K), Mersing, Jemeluang Forest Reserve, 100 m alt., fr., Dransfield 895 (K) fr., Moore & Pennington 9053, 9056, 9071 (BH), Kluang Forest Reserve, ster., Tan Ah King 16, 17 (K); Locality unknown, fr., Furtado s.n. (BH). SINGAPORE: Seletar: Nee Soon area, fl. and fr., Maxwell 77-80 (L), fr., Ridley 3164 (BM, K); lurong: fr., Corner SFN 26101 (BH, BM, K): Chenchu Kang: fl., Corporal 3162 (BM), fl., Ridley s.n. (BM); Mandai Rd: fr., Sinclair s.n. (K).-SUMATRA: Langkat: Bohorok, Bt. Lawang, 450 m alt., fr., Dransfield 3147 (K, L); Sigamata: near Rantau Parapat, fl., Toroes 3244 (L); Payakumbuh: Taram, 5001,000 m alt., fl. and fr., Meijer 6880, 6972 (L), fl., Meijer 7010 (L); Padang: Sungei Bulu, fl. and fr., Beccari PS942 (Type of N. intermedia, Holotype FI; Isotypes BM, K); Jambi: Sungei Penuh, Tapan, 700 m alt., fl., Dransfield & Mogea 4130 (L); Palembang: Bt. Seburong, Negeri Batin, Muara Dua, 250 m alt., fl. Dransfield & Saerudin 2438 (L), Locality unknown, fr., Kostermans 12081 (L); Bengkulu: Kepahiang, 700 m alt., fl. and fr., Dransfield 3571 (K, L), 3572 (L); Kerang Berak: S. Sumatra 1st Nature Reserve, 100 m alt., fl. and fr., Dransfield 1256 (L). Localities unknown: Korthals? 16 (Lectotype of Pinanga nenga BI. var. pachystachya, L), Korthals s.n. (L) (fragments of inflorescence only); ster., Blume s.n. (Herb. Ludg. Bat. 335-336) (L). BANGKA IS: Lobok Besar: G. Pading, fr., Kosterman & Anta 913 (L). BORNEO: Sabah: Semporna Mapat Reserve, Timbun Mata F.R., fl. and fr., Puasa BNB For. Dept. 7412 (K); Sepi10k, Kabili, Bakarit, fr., Agama BNB For. Dept. 7265 (L); Keningau, 100 malt., fl., Dransfield 5517 (K); Elphinstone Prov., near Tawau, fr., Elmer 21256 (BM, K); Sarawak: Niah, G. Subis, fl. and fr., Mohidin 521628 (K); 1st Division, Lundu District, G. Pueh Forest Reserve, near Bahuching, fr., fames et al. 534611 (BH); 4th Division, Ulu Koyan, Mt. Dulit, 800 m alt., fl., Richards 2020 (K); 5th Division, Lawas, Ulu Sungei Masia, Kota F.R., 1,100 m alt., fl. and fr., Tong & fugah 532923 (BH); Baleh, Ulu Mujong, 950 m alt., fl., Ashton 513996 (BH, K); Kalimantan Selatan: Barabai, Pergunungan Meratus, 800 m alt., fl., Dransfield 2829 (L); Locality unknown: fl., Low s.n. (K). CULTIVATED: Singapore Bot. Gard., fr., Flippance s.n. (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of the Genus Nenga</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 27: 55-70</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1983</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Nenga pumila</name>
+<author>(Blume) H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem</author>
+<citation>Palmiers: 251 (1878)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Djambe ngenge, Ngenge (Sundanese); Ngingi (Javanese).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender palm with stems ca. 2-3 m long, rarely more, 2.5-5 (8) cm diam., clustering at the base; leaf scars prominent; internodes to 8 cm long, smooth, green to greenish-brown. Crownshaft elongate, cylindrical, to ca. 50 cm long, rarely swollen. Leaves 5 to 6 in crown, leaf sheath ca. 40 cm long, dull greenish or yellowish-brown, petiole ca. 30-50 em long, to 1.5 em diam. Leaflets to 25 on each side of the rachis, often drying greyish- green or light brown; basal leaflets usually narrower than the rest, 1 costate, ca. 30-35 X 1 cm, long-acuminate; middle leaflets 2-3 costate, ca. 35-50 X 2.54.5 cm, gradually narrowed at tips; terminal leaflet pair 3-7 costate, ca. 1025 X 2-4.5 cm, acuminate or slightly toothed at tips, sometimes joined to 7 cm long at base along the rachis. Inflorescence infrafoliar, pendulous; prophyll ensiform or lanceolate, rather thin, drying chestnut-brown, caducous; peduncle short, ca. (1) 1.5-3 (4.5) X 1.6 cm, flattened, glabrous; peduncular bract triangularacuminate, to 1.5 em long, 1.0 em at the base, membranous; rachillae usually 3-4, rarely to 7, ca. 20-30 cm long, each subtended by a triangular membranous bract to 5 mm long. Staminate flower triangular, or trigonous, asymmetric, flexuous; sepals subequal, linear-subulate or very narrowly lanceolate, dorsally carinate, very flexuous, ca. 1.0-1.5 cm long; petals narrowly ovate to lanceolate, straight to subfalcate, acuminate at tip, much shorter than sepals, ca. 5-7 X 1.5-2 mm; filament short, to 1 mm long; anthers erect, linear, to 2 mm long, sagittate at base; pistillode conical, minute. Pistillate flower ovoid to subglobose; sepals to 3 X 3 mm; petals as the sepals or only slightly-smaller; ovary ovoid to spherical to 1.5 X 2 mm; stigma 3-lobed; staminodes indistinct. Infructescence pendulous, branches densely covered with fruits. Fruit ripening orange-brown, oblong to oblong-ellipsoid, ca. 1.8-2.0 X 0.8-1.0 cm, tipped with a circular, cushion-shaped stigma, the stigmatic lobes not prominently erect and parted or only slightly so; epicarp drying with longitudinal, slightly anastomosing ridges. Seed oblong-ovoid, ca. 8-11 X 57 mm, abruptly acute to acuminate at tip; base rounded-truncate, shallowly concave-intruded.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>West Java; in mixed hill forest, also on limestone, ca. 150-1,300 m alt. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pinanga neglecta Burret was based on a collection from Reservat Depok near Bogor in West Java. The holotype (Burret 330) has not been found among the remaining Burret palm collections in Berlin. However, the original description matches N. pumila var. pumila and cannot be referred to any known Javanese Pinanga (Dransfield, pers. comm.). P. neglecta is, thus, here reduced to synonymy under N. pumila var. pumila. Nomenclatural Notes. Until 1935, this species was commonly known as Nenga wendlandiana. The name was proposed by Scheffer in 1876 for the type species of the genus, originally designated by Wendland and Drude (1875) as Pinanga nenga BI., but unfortunately no new combination was made. The name N. wendlandiana Scheff. is, however, illegitimate as was discussed by Furtado (1935). Wendland (1878) who strictly followed the rule of priority, provided the correct and valid combination-Nenga pumila (Mart.) H. A. Wendl.-based on Areca pumila Mart., which is an earlier validly published name for Pinanga nenga BI. Furtado (1935) discussed in detail this particular nomenclatural problem and gave satisfactory reasons why N. wendlandiana should be rejected and N. pumila accepted. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>WEST JAVA: Pandeglang, Mandalawangi, G. Pulosari, 600 m alt., fl. and fr., Dransfield 4184 (K); Ciapus, ster., Herb. Lugd. Bat. 329 (L); G. Salak, fl. and fr., Herb. J. C. Schoute (L); Batavia, Ciampea, 150-200 m alt., fl., Koorders 30777B (L), Preanger, Takoka, ca. 1,200 malt., fr., Koorders 33370B (L); Localities unknown, ster., Herb. Lugd. Bat. 202, 328, 330335 (L), fl., Herb. Lugd. Bat. 197-199, 201, fr., Herb. Lugd. Bat. 203 (L), fr., Blume s.n. (Herb. Lugd. Bat. 337) (Type uf Pinanga nenga Bl. var. β hanjawar; Holotype L). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Usually acaulescent palm of forest undergrowth in Central America, remarkable for its spicate inflorescence.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Neonicholsonia</name>\r
+<author>Dammer</author> \r
+<citation>Gard. Chron. series 3. 30: 178 (1901).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Neonicholsonia watsonii; Dammer</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Bisnicholsonia</name>\r
+<author>Kuntze in Post and Kuntze</author>\r
+<bibref>Kuntze in Post and Kuntze, Lex. gen. phan., 621 and inserenda (1903) (superfluous name).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Woodsonia</name>\r
+<author>L.H. Bailey</author>\r
+<bibref>L.H. Bailey, Gentes Herb. 6: 262 (1943).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Woodsonia scheryi; L.H. Bailey</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates George Nicholson (1847–1908); neo — new, added to distinguish from Nicolsonia (Fabaceae).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small, acaulescent or short, solitary (?always), unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem rhizomatous, or very short, sheathed by leaf bases. Leaves pinnate; sheaths short, thin, fibrous, opening opposite the petiole, not forming a crownshaft; petiole moderate, slender, 4-sided; Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, spicate; peduncle very long, slender; rachis 4-sided basally, distally angled adaxially, rounded abaxially, prophyll short, 2-keeled laterally, splitting apically; peduncular bract glabrous; leaflets lanceolate or linear, rather short, tapering to a point, much longer than the prophyll, terete, slender, beaked, splitting opposite to subopposite, single-fold, distal pair sometimes united basally, abaxially; flower-bearing portion also elongate but shorter than the thin and papery, adaxially glabrous, abaxially lightly waxy-tomentose, peduncle, densely hairy becoming glabrous, bearing spirally arranged, midrib prominent, transverse veinlets not evident or visible and short. closely crowded, shallow, pointed bracts each subtending a triad basally and pairs of or single staminate flowers distally; floral bracteoles conspicuous, shallow, pointed, the outer markedly larger than the inner. Staminate flowers lateral to the pistillate, somewhat variable, ovoid, curved in bud; sepals 3, basally connate for 1/2 their length in a short erect cupule with 3 long, narrow, pointed tips, keeled or not; petals 3, distinct, valvate, about twice as long as the sepals, striate, grooved adaxially, narrow or rather broad, tips thickened; stamens 6, distinct or briefly connate basally, filaments awl-shaped, somewhat enlarged basally, antesepalous filaments shorter, anthers elongate, medifixed, basally ± sagittate, versatile, latrorse, connective ± prolonged in a tip; pistillode short or slender and elongate, trifid apically or throughout. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine semitectate, coarsely foveolate-reticulate or reticulate, aperture margin slightly coarsely perforate or foveolate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 55–62 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, partially imbricate, margins somewhat fringed, tips pointed, striate; petals like the sepals but tips thickened, valvate; staminodes lacking; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, style not evident, stigma with 3 fleshy lobes, briefly reflexed, papillose adaxially, ovule basally attached, form unknown. Fruit ovoid, black when mature, irregular, remnants of 2 abortive carpels present, stigmatic remains apical to subapical forming a distinct beak; epicarp thin, smooth, mesocarp thin, composed of large, flat fibres, endocarp thin, crustaceous. Seed globose, hilum basal, raphe branches few, large, deeply sunken making the endosperm ruminate peripherally; embryo large, basal to subbasal. Germination adjacent ligular; eophyll bifid, the tips further divided. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One variable species in Panama and Nicaragua. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Stems, leaves and roots (Henderson and Galeano 1996), and root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Neonicholsonia is resolved as sister to Oenocarpus with moderate support (Baker et al. in review), or as sister to Prestoea and Oenocarpus (Henderson 1999a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>No uses recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson and Galeano (1996), see also Henderson (1999a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>From the Upper Oligocene–Lower Mocene of Mexico (State of Chiapas), a single flower has been found that, “has some features found in the genus Neonicholsonia, but cannot be placed with certainty in any extant genera” (Poinar 2002a). Two monosulcate palm pollen types are recovered from the Pliocene, Gatun Lake Formation, Panama (Graham 1991). The second of these types, bisymmetrical and finely reticulate, is compared with Colpothrinax, Cryosophila and Neonicholsonia. Of these, Cryosophila is the most probable identity. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The peripheral rumination of the seed appears to result from deeply impressed raphe branches.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Coladegallo. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found only in rain forest at low elevations from 0–250 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary pinnate-leaved palms from Fiji and Vanuatu, with a single large peduncular bracts and curious vertical rather than horizontal arrangement of the staminate flowers on the rachilla.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Neoveitchia</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Palme Nuova Caledonia 9 (1920); and Webbia 5: 77 (1921).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Neoveitchia storckii; (H. Wendl.) Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Neo — new and Veitchia, the palm genus; Neoveitchia storckii was first described under Veitchia but then moved to the new genus, Neoveitchia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious tree palms. Stem erect, becoming bare, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, neatly abscising; leaf sheath ± split opposite the petiole, not forming a well-developed crownshaft, bearing scattered scales, the mouths irregularly fibrous; petiole flattened or shallowly channelled adaxially, abaxially rounded, bearing scattered caducous scales; rachis ± curved, flattened, strongly 2-keeled, splitting apically long before anthesis while densely minutely dotted abaxially, deciduously floccose adaxially; leaflets still enclosed within the leaf sheath, allowing the peduncular bract to numerous, regularly arranged, single-fold, acute, with conspicuously protrude, eventually deciduous; peduncular bract about twice as long as thickened margins, adaxially glabrous, abaxially with few ramenta along the prophyll, beaked, tubular, entirely enclosing the inflorescence, the midrib near the base, transverse veinlets not visible. Inflorescences splitting longitudinally at anthesis, then deciduous, 1 (or 2) smaller, infrafoliar, branching to 3 orders, apparently protandrous; peduncle incomplete, ± triangular, peduncular bracts also present; rachis ± the same winged at the base, somewhat swollen, rapidly tapering, distally ± circular length as the peduncle; rachis bracts spirally arranged, small, low, in cross-section; prophyll inserted near the base of the peduncle, tubular, triangular; first-order branches with a basal bare portion; rachillae rather stiff, curved, eventually pendulous, somewhat angled, basally bearing rather few, distant, ± superficial triads, the 2 staminate flowers ± distal (rather than lateral) to the pistillate flower, distally the rachilla bearing ± 7 vertical series of floral pits, each partially enclosing a vertical (rather than lateral) pair of staminate flowers, the staminate portion of the rachilla deciduous at fruiting stage; floral bracteoles small, included within the pits. Staminate flowers asymmetrical, those originating from triads with flattened pedicels, those from staminate pairs ± sessile; sepals 3, strongly keeled or winged, distinct, strongly imbricate, or frequently 1 distinct, and 2 joined for 3/4 their length into a 2-keeled prophyll-like structure, or all 3 joined but retaining 2 distinct imbricate margins, the margins coarsely toothed; petals 3, distinct, triangular-ovate, valvate, smooth; stamens 6, filaments distinct, rather short, narrow, fleshy, inflexed in bud, anthers short, rectangular, medifixed, ± versatile, latrorse, the connective broad, conspicuous; pistillode columnar, striate, truncate, as long as the stamens. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally lozenge-shaped; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-channelled or finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 46–58 µm [1/2]. Pistillate flowers very much larger than the staminate, ± spherical; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate except for the minute, triangular, valvate tips; staminodes 3, very small, triangular, tooth-like; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, ovoid, stigmas 3, very small, reflexed, ovule laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit ellipsoidal, rather large, becoming reddish-yellow at maturity, perianth whorls persistent, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy with abundant close longitudinal fibres, endocarp thin, bony, closely adhering to the seed. Seed laterally attached, hilum elongate, running ±the length of the seed, raphe branches abundant, anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination and eophyll not recorded. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species: Neoveitchia storckii isconfined to a very limited area in Naitasiri Province, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, where it is in danger of extinction, and N. brunnea restricted to Vanuatu. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), and fruit (Essig et al.1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Neoveitchia has not beentested. For relationships, see Carpoxylon.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>In Fiji trunks have been used as posts in house construction; the young fruit is eaten.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1957a, 1979) and Dowe andCabalion (1996).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The arrangement of the staminate flowers, one abovethe other, is unique.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Vileito, in Fiji.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Neoveitchia storckii is a canopy emergentin secondary forest on alluvial plains and nearby foothills; much of its habitat has already been converted for agricultureor forestry plantation (Watling 2005). In Vanuatu, N. brunnea is found in rain forest in high rainfall areas, on red clay soil atabout 300 m elevation (Dowe and Cabalion 1996).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary spiny pinnate-leaved palm endemic to Seychelles; the leaf sheaths do not form a crownshaft and the inflorescences have long peduncles; the seed is kidney-shaped.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Nephrosperma</name>\r
+<author>Balf.f. in Baker</author> \r
+<citation>Fl. Mauritius 386 (1877).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Nephrosperma van-houtteanum; (H. Wendl. ex Van Houtte) Balf.f.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Nephros — kidney, sperma — seed, in reference to the shape of the seed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, spiny when young, unarmed or only very sparsely armed when mature, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, becoming bare, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, unarmed. Leaves pinnate, neatly abscising; sheaths tubular, becoming open, not forming a well-defined crownshaft, densely tomentose, bearing abundant, black spines in juveniles, ± unarmed or very sparsely armed in mature individuals, sheath margin irregularly ligule-like, tattering; petiole well developed, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, bearing white indumentum and scattered scales, and few bristles near the base; rachis curved; leaflets rather regularly arranged, neatly curved, distant, composed usually of 2–3 folds, acute or acuminate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially with numerous, minute, dot-like scales and abundant ramenta along the adaxial ribs, transverse veinlets obscure; expanding leaf flushed red. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, branching to 1 order only, protandrous; peduncle very long (± 1/2 the length of the leaves or more), erect at first, becoming curved, winged at the base, ± oval in cross-section, unarmed, scaly; prophyll inserted near the base of the peduncle, persistent, coriaceous, tubular, 2-keeled, the wings tending to be irregularly split or toothed, splitting apically for a short distance, covered with rather dense scales and scattered white wax, armed with short weak bristles and spines or rarely unarmed; peduncular bract, inserted a short distance from the prophyll, elongate, with a conspicuous long beak, tubular at first, then splitting along its length, deciduous, scaly and spiny as the prophyll; rachis shorter than the peduncle, scaly, bearing rather lax, spirally arranged rachillae; rachis bracts minute; rachillae scaly, with a pronounced swelling and bare section at the base, very long, spreading, slender, bearing distant, spirally arranged, superficial triads throughout, except at the tip where bearing solitary or paired staminate flowers; floral bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, irregularly splitting, keeled; petals about 3–4 times as long as the sepals, 3, distinct, valvate, ± boat-shaped; stamens ca. 40–50, filaments elongate, anthers very small, rounded, with a broad connective, not versatile, latrorse; pistillode ovoid, conspicuous, minutely but clearly trifid at its tip. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally elongate or pyriform; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 35–43 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers globular; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, low, ± rounded, thick, tending to split irregularly; petals 3, distinct, imbricate, ± rounded, with short triangular, valvate tips; staminodes 6, small, tooth-like; gynoecium ± obpyriform, unilocular, uniovulate, with minute apical stigmas, ovule laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit relatively small, spherical to somewhat kidney-shaped, red, perianth whorls persistent, stigmatic remains lateral; epicarp shiny, smooth, mesocarp thinly fleshy with a layer of slender fibres next to the endocarp, endocarp very thin, cartilaginous, with a thin, ± rounded operculum. Seed ±globose, somewhat kidney-shaped, attached laterally near the base, with an oblong hilum, raphe branches distant, slightly embedded in the endosperm, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species confined to the Seychelles Islands; elsewhere widely cultivated.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a,1998b) and fruit (Essig et al. 2001). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Nephrosperma is resolved as sister toPhoenicophorium with high support (Lewis and Doyle 2002, Looet al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded apart from its use as an ornamental.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1942).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The staminate flowers are distinctive because of thelarge number of stamens (40–50) and the large pistillode.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Latanier millepattes. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>A lowlands pecies, not occurring above 500 m altitude, growing on rocky slopes; also found in some secondary forest types.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Spectacular, moderate solitary pinnate-leaved palm, native to northeastern Queensland, Australia, with crownshaft and praemorse leaflets, the leaflets longitudinally divided into many segments that are splayed out, giving the whole leaf a foxtail appearance; the fruit is relatively large and has thin pale fibres next to the endocarp; the seed has ruminate endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Normanbya</name>\r
+<author>F. Muell. ex Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 91, 170, 171 (1885).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Normanbya muelleri; Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named in honour of Sir George Augustus Constantine Phipps, Second Marquis of Normanby (1819–1890).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to tall, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, moderate, ringed with distinct leaf scars, vertically striate, grey, bulbous basally. Leaves pinnate, plumose, loosely arching; sheath forming a prominent crownshaft, pale, ashy grey, brownish near the top; petiole short or nearly lacking, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, densely covered with whitish tomentum and scattered brown, tattered scales; rachis long, arching, ± rounded adaxially and abaxially, densely covered in tattered brown scales; leaflets single-fold, irregularly arranged, divided nearly to the base into 7–9 linear segments, with or without midribs and with 1–3 large veins, apices of segments praemorse, only outermost 2 of each group with thickened margins, blade appearing dark green adaxially, bluish-white abaxially, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial densely covered with uniseriate, medifixed scales, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, divaricate, somewhat pendulous in fruit, branched to 2 (or more) orders; peduncle short; prophyll tubular, rather narrow, 2-keeled laterally; peduncular bract like the prophyll, both deciduous; rachis bracts low, ridge-like, subtending spirally arranged, stout, angled branches and terete rachillae; rachilla bracts low, ridge-like, subtending triads basally, paired and solitary staminate flowers distally; floral bracteoles low, rounded. Staminate flowers symmetrical, bullet-shaped in bud, borne lateral to the pistillate on short, laterally flattened stalks; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, upper margins ± truncate, minutely toothed; petals 3, distinct, valvate, ovate, evenly thickened; stamens 24–40, filaments short, awl-shaped, anthers elongate, shortly bifid apically, dorsifixed almost at the base, ± introrse, connective elongate, tanniniferous; pistillode flask-shaped with long narrow neck, slightly longer than the stamens, apically expanded. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally pyriform; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 64–83 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, rounded pink to purplish-brown at maturity, stigmatic remains apical forming a with short pointed tips, margins slightly fringed; petals 3, like the sepals short beak; epicarp somewhat fleshy, drying wrinkled, mesocarp rather but longer and with short valvate tips; staminodes 3, broadly tooth-like; thin, with longitudinal, branched, straw-coloured fibres adherent to the gynoecium narrowly ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, narrowing shortly smooth endocarp. Seed laterally attached with a long unbranched raphe, above the ovarian region to 3, large reflexed stigmas, ovule pendulous, hilum lateral, endosperm ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-form unknown. Fruit ovoid to obpyriform, pointed distally, dull salmon-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species in the rain forest of northern Queensland, Australia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig 1977). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The relationships of Normanbya to the other genera of Ptychospermatinae are unclear, but Lewis et al. (in prep.) resolve the genus in a clade with Drymophloeus, Carpentaria and Wodyetia. Norup et al. (2006) resolve Normanbya as sister to D. litigiosus with low support </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The hard, dark wood was used by aborigines for making spears. It is a handsome ornamental requiring a warm moist, somewhat protected location. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1935b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Normanbya can be immediately recognised by the irregularly arranged, longitudinally divided leaflets with 7–9 segments. Wodyetia has a similar leaf but with regularly arranged leaflets divided into more (11–17) segments. In Normanbya, the leaflets also bear white woolly scales abaxially, the outer endocarp has a few thin fibres rather than many large fibres and the endosperm is ruminate rather than homogeneous. Structurally, the leaves become plumose by the longitudinal splitting of a single leaflet. Such division of leaflets is unusual in palms, occurring elsewhere only in certain genera of the Iriarteeae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Black palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Normanbya grows in moist complex and simple mesophyll vine forest with an annual rainfall of 3000 mm, close to rivers and streams, often in swampy areas and usually in gravelly alluvial soils, in areas where dry periods are not more than 40 days.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Pinnate-leaved mangrove palm with horizontally creeping dichotomously branching stem, usually concealed by mud, distinctive in the erect inflorescence with orange-yellow bracts and the massive round head of shiny grooved fruits.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Nypa</name>\r
+<author>Steck</author> \r
+<citation>Sagu 15 (1757).</citation> \r
+<type>Type; Nypa fruticans; Wurmb</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Nipa</name>\r
+<author>Thunb.</author>\r
+<bibref>Thunb., Kong. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 3: 234 (1782).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Nipa fruticans; (Wurmb) Thunb.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derived from nipah, the Malay vernacular name.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Large, creeping, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem stout, prostrate or subterranean, branching dichotomously, curved leaf scars evident above, roots borne along the lower side. Leaves few, very large, erect, reduplicately pinnate; sheath soon splitting, glabrous; petiole stout, elongate, wide basally, channelled adaxially, terete distally, the base often persistent as a conical stub after the blade has disintegrated; rachis terete basally, becoming angled distally; leaflets numerous, single-fold, regularly arranged, acute, coriaceous, midrib prominent bearing distinctive, shining, chestnut-coloured, membranous ramenta abaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, erect, branching to 5(–6) orders, protogynous; peduncle terete; prophyll 2-keeled, tubular; peduncular bract tubular, somewhat inflated, pointed, rubbery, splitting longitudinally; rachis usually shorter than the peduncle, terete, terminating in a head of pistillate flowers and below this bearing 7–9 spirally arranged, closed, ± inflated, tubular bracts each subtending a first-order branch; first-order branches adnate ca. 1/2 their length above the subtending bracts, each bearing and enclosed by a tubular prophyll in bud; subsequent branches all bearing a complete, tubular, closed prophyll and ending in a short catkin-like rachilla, bearing densely crowded, spirally arranged, solitary staminate flowers, each subtended by a small bract. Staminate flowers sessile; sepals 3, distinct, narrow, oblanceolate; petals 3, distinct, slightly imbricate, similar to the sepals but slightly larger, both loosely closed over the stamens in bud; stamens 3, filaments and connectives connate in a solid stalk, anthers elongate, extrorse; pistillode lacking. Pollen spheroidal, bi-laterally symmetric; aperture a meridional zonasulcus; ectexine semi-tectate, finely reticulate with wide-based supratectal spines; infratectum columellate; diameter 37–80 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetragonal [1/1]. Pistillate flowers very different from the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, irregularly oblanceolate, petals 3, similar to those of the staminate flower; staminodes lacking; carpels 3(–4), distinct, much longer than and obscuring the perianth at maturity, ± obovoid, asymmetrical, angled by mutual pressure, ± acute distally, and with a ± lateral, funnel-shaped stigmatic opening, ovule anatropous, attached dorsally or submarginally near the base of the locule. Fruit borne in ± globose head, fertile and partially developed fruits intermixed, 1–3 carpels per flower maturing a seed; fruit developing from 1 carpel, compressed and irregularly angled, stigmatic remains terminal, pyramidal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fibrous, endocarp thick, composed of interwoven fibrous strands, with an adaxial internal longitudinal ridge intruded into the seed. Seed broadly ovoid, grooved adaxially, hilum basal, raphe branches ascending from the base, endosperm homogeneous or rarely ruminate, with a central hollow; embryo basal. Germination on the fruiting head with the plumule exserted and pushing the fruit away; eophyll bifid or with several leaflets. Cytology: 2n = 34.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species, Nypa fruticans, occurring from Sri Lanka and the Ganges Delta to Australia, the Solomon Islands and the Ryukyu Islands. Introduced in the late 19th Century to the Niger Delta in West Africa, Nypa has now spread thence to western Cameroon. It has also been reported recently as naturalised in Panama (Duke 1991) and Trinidad (Bacon 2001), possibly having arrived from West Africa by ocean currents.</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see subfamily Nypoideae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961); root (Seubert 1996b); silica bodies hat-shaped; central vascular bundles of petioles with a single phloem strand; floral (Uhl 1972a, Uhl and Moore 1977a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Nypa fruticans is ethnobotanically very important. The leaves are one of the most important sources for the production of palm shingles (‘atap’) for thatching, and also have minor uses such as for cigarette papers and fishing floats. The inflorescences are tapped for sap for sugar and alcohol production. The large natural stands of Nypa remain a greatly underexploited resource for fuel alcohol. The young endosperm is eaten, usually boiled in syrup, as a sweetmeat. The great but passive potential of Nypa as a stabiliser of estuarine mud in preventing coastal erosion should not be underestimated. For details of the utilisation of Nypa, see Burkill (1966), Brown and Merrill (1919) and Fong (1987, 1989). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Tralau (1964). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>The fossil record for Nypa is outstanding among palms (see for example, Gee 1990). Most of the records are of fruits (e.g., Bowerbank 1840, Rendle 1894, Tralau 1964) or pollen (e.g., Muller 1968, 1979, 1981, Morley 2000), although occasionally leaf (Chandler 1961a, Pole and McPhail 1996, Mehrotra et al. 2003), flowering parts (e.g., Chandler 1961c), leaf epidermis (e.g., Kulkarni and Phadtare 1980) or root (e.g., Verma 1974) material is reported. Furthermore, the fossils are globally distributed through tropic and temperate zones until the global climatic deterioration at the end of the Middle Miocene. Records of possible affinity with Nypa for pinnate palm leaves are rare. From the Middle Eocene Bournemouth Freshwater Beds, Gardner (1882) recovered an abundance of pinnate palm leaves, which he considered to resemble Iriartea more than any other genus. However, later in a Guide to Fossil Plants in the British Museum (Natural History) it was written of one large specimen that, “it might possibly belong to Nypa whose fruits have been found at Bournemouth.” (see Chandler 1963 p. 7). Occasionally pinnate leaves have been found in close association with other fossil Nypa organs, suggesting that they could be Nypa leaves (Pole and McPhail 1996, Mehrotra et al. 2003). Leaf cuticle considered to be from Nypa has been found in close association with Spinizonocolpites in the Ratnagiri lignite Beds in India (Kulkarni and Phadtare 1980, 1981). The earliest records for fossil fruits and seeds (Nypa, Nipadites, Nipa) seem to be those of Gregor and Hagn (1982) recovered from the earliest Palaeocene (Danian) of Egypt (Bir Abu Munqar Formation) and of Dolianiti (1955) for the Palaeocene of Brazil or, possibly, the remarkably early Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) record of Jahnichen (1990; see comments in Chapter 5: The Fossil Record of Palms). Fossil fruits are also recorded from the Lower Eocene of southeastern North America (e.g., Berry 1914c, 1916b), and Middle Eocene (Claibornian) of Texas (Arnold 1952); from the Eocene of Europe — Belgium, France, The Netherlands, Italy, Hungary (see Tralau 1964), and the Lower Eocene London Clay Flora (e.g., Bowerbank 1840, Chandler 1961b). They are also present in the Upper Eocene of Russia (Kryshtofovich 1927). On the African continent, fruits are known from the Eocene of Egypt (Bonnet 1904, Kräusel 1939) and of Senegal (Fritel 1921). From the Eocene of Borneo, Kräusel (1923) described a fossil fruit, Nipadites borneensis. Nypa fruits are also recorded from the Upper Cretaceous in India (Deccan Intertrappean — although the age span of these volcanic deposits is controversial, see Chapter 5: The Fossil Record of Palms) and these records are summarised by Singh (1999). The earliest records of Spinizonocolpites (see Muller 1981 and Gee 1990 for summaries and authorship) are from the Maastrichtian, and occur almost simultaneously in South America (Colombia, Brazil and Venezuela), Africa (Ivory Coast, Senegal and Cameroon), India and Malesia (Borneo; Muller 1968, although there is some doubt about the age of this record, Morley 1998). Other Upper Cretaceous records not reviewed by Muller (1981) or Gee (1990) include those from Somalia (Schrank 1994) and India (Singh 1999). From the Palaeocene until the Middle Miocene, Spinizonocolpites is also recovered from deposits in current temperate zones, as well as from those of the tropics and subtropics (see Gee 1990, 2001) — USA (Gulf Coast), Europe (southern England, Belgium, France, Spain, Germany and Hungary), Russia, Africa (Senegal, Morocco and Egypt), India, Australia and New Zealand. The Indian record is extensive (see Singh 1999) although a proportion of the spinose pollen described and illustrated needs further re-appraisal. Further records include those from Colombia (Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001), southern England (Harley et al. 1991), France and Belgium (Paris and Belgian Basins; Schuler et al. 1992), Austria (Hofmann and Zetter 2001, Zetter and Hofmann 2001), Hungary (Ràkosi 1976), Nigeria (Jan du Chêne et al. 1978, Babajide Salami 1985), Pakistan (Frederiksen 1994), China (Song et al. 1999) and Tasmania (Pole and McPhail 1996). Rarely pollen, fruits or other fossil Nypa ‘organs’ are found in close association (e.g., Kulkarni and Phadtare [1980, 1981], Pole and McPhail [1996], Mehrotra et al. [2003]). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>In both vegetative and reproductive characters, Nypa differs markedly from other palms. The erect inflorescence (Uhl 1972a) bearing a terminal head of pistillate flowers and lateral spikes of staminate flowers is unique in the family. Similar sepals and petals in both staminate and pistillate flowers, lack of staminodes and pistillodes, an androecium of only three stamens with united filaments, and three separate carpels of unusual form are exceptional floral characters. The adaptability of the fruit for floating is also noteworthy.The pistillate head was once thought similar to those of phytelephantoid palms; early scholars (Drude 1887, Martius 1823–1850) classified Nypa with the phytelephantoid palms, but both the arrangement and the structure of the flowers are markedly different. The combination of solitary flowers, distinct and similar sepals and petals, free carpels of cupular form, a chromosome number of 17, the reduced stamen number and fusion of the filaments, the lack of staminodes and pistillodes and the adaptation of the fruit for floating occurs nowhere else in the family. The pistillate flowers appear to be structurally and developmentally unique within the family. Although the perianth encloses the carpels in early stages, by anthesis the carpels much exceed the perianth, members of which are displayed and obscured. The carpel is basally tubular with a mouth-like stigmatic opening and appears to represent a different, unspecialised form.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Nipah, mangrove palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Nypa is strictly a mangrove palm, occurring in a variety of estuarine situations; it usually grows in soft mud, often in vast natural stands. Pollination appears to be by drosophilid flies in New Guinea (Essig 1973), but Hoppe (2005) suggests a combination of pollination by various different insects and possibly also wind; correlations of pollination with floral anatomy and development have been noted (Uhl and Moore 1977a).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate to very large, solitary or clustered pinnate-leaved palms from Central and South America, with distinctive inflorescences in the form of a horse’s tail.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Oenocarpus</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author> \r
+<citation>Hist. nat. palm. 2: 21 (1823).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Oenocarpus bacaba; Mart.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Jessenia</name>\r
+<author>H. Karst.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Karst., Linnaea 28: 387 (1857).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Jessenia polycarpa; H. Karst.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Oinos — wine, karpos — fruit, in reference to use of the fruit to make a drink.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to massive, solitary or clustered, unarmed (except for sharp fibres of leaf sheaths), pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, densely covered in fibrous leaf sheaths, when mature becoming bare except rarely (Oenocarpus circumtextus) fibrous network persistent, leaf scars smooth, flush with stem basally, swollen and prominent distally, a small mass of slender roots sometimes present basally. Leaves pinnate or entire-bifid, spirally arranged or distichous, suberect when young, becoming spreading; sheath tightly clasping but not forming a distinct crownshaft, splitting at least partially opposite the petiole, thick, leathery, lightly furrowed adaxially, glabrous or scaly abaxially, disintegrating marginally into masses of hair-like black or brown fibres and sometimes also fewer stout, sharp, knitting-needle-like fibres; petiole short, rarely elongate, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially; leaflets regularly arranged in one plane or irregularly clustered, broadly lanceolate, acute to tapering, single-fold, blade adaxially glabrous, sparsely to densely abaxially glabrous or covered with persistent, shining, pale, straw-coloured or brownish, membranous, orbicular to transversely elliptical or sickle-shaped or needle-like medifixed scales, or with scattered, whitish, waxy, sickle-shaped hairs, midrib largest but other intermediate veins also large, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences interfoliar in bud, becoming infrafoliar, hippuriform (shaped like a horse’s tail), protandrous, branched to 1 order laterally and abaxially, adaxial branches absent; peduncle short to elongate, flattened, tomentose; prophyll short, wide, adaxially flattened, 2-keeled, splitting abaxially, margins broadly toothed; peduncular bract much longer than the prophyll, terete, beaked, scaly; rachis longer than the peduncle but short, tapering, bearing spirally arranged, very small, slightly sunken, pointed to scalloped, thin bracts, adaxial ones abortive and evident only in young stages, lateral and abaxial bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae ± flexuous, pendulous, short to elongate, straight to slightly undulate, slender, tapering, bearing triads of flowers basally and pairs to single staminate flowers distally, rarely completely staminate, flowers borne in shallow depressions; rachilla bracts low, rounded with a short point, slightly sunken; floral bracteoles similar to rachilla bracts. Staminate flowers asymmetrical, pointed in bud; sepals 3, distinct, valvate, imbricate or briefly connate basally; petals 3, distinct, ovate, somewhat asymmetrical, valvate; stamens 6 or (7–8) 9–20, filaments terete, slender, straight or variously curved and bent, distinctly inflexed at the apex, anthers elongate, basally free and sagittate, rounded or blunt apically, dorsifixed, versatile, connective not extending above locules, latrorse; pistillode bifid or trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal, occasionally oblate triangular, with slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus, occasionally, a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, finely or coarsely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 38–56 µm [6/9]. Pistillate flowers shorter than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, suborbicular, imbricate, hooded; petals 3, distinct, imbricate except for valvate apices when young, otherwise like the sepals; staminodes tooth-like or lacking; gynoecium ovoid, briefly stalked, unilocular, uniovulate, style short, cylindrical, bearing 3 fleshy stigmas, reflexed at anthesis, papillose adaxially. Fruit ellipsoidal to globose, dark purple when ripe, perianth persistent, stigmatic remains apical to slightly eccentric; epicarp smooth or minutely pebbled, waxy, mesocarp fleshy, oily, with internal fibres adnate to and covering the seed, endocarp apparently lacking. Seed ovoid-ellipsoidal to globose, hilum basal, raphe lateral, branches parallel, indistinct, endosperm homogeneous and striate, or ruminate, with central cavity; embryo basal, very large, extending through the endosperm into central cavity. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Nine species ranging from Costa Rica and Panama to the Amazon and Orinoco Valleys in Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Oenocarpus has not been tested. The genus is resolved as sister to Neonicholsonia with moderate support (Baker et al. in review), or as sister to Prestoea (Henderson 1999a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p> Important for pericarp oil; the mesocarp provides a creamy drink. The ‘cabbage’ is edible and good, and the trunk is used for construction and spears. For more details see Balick (1980, 1985). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Balick (1980). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Jessenia was separated from Oenocarpus by its ruminate endosperm, discolorous leaflets and stamen number greater than six; there is now good evidence for its inclusion in Oenocarpus (Henderson 1999a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Bacaba, seje palm, mille pesos palm, for local names see Balick (1985).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rain forest species found on sandy soil of terra firme areas, along river margins.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Oenocarpus bataua</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 23 (1823)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, to 20 m tall and 20-40 cm in diameter, smooth. Leaves erect, forming a funnel shaped crown, to 10 m long; sheath open to base, with abundant black, stout fibres at the margins, intermixed with brown, wooly fibres; pinnae 100 or more on each side, one-ribbed, 1-1.5 m long, more or less pendulous. Inflorescence once branched, with numerous pendulous branches, to 1.2 m long, borne on a very short axis. Fruits elongate, purple when ripe, pointed at apex, 2.5-4 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in the Neotropical lowlands. Known from all provinces that contain moist forest areas below 1000 m elevation. Occasionally the palm is found up to 1350 m.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Two varieties are recognised. The Ecuadorian plants belong to var. bataua. Hybridization between this species and Oenocarpus mapora has been reported from other areas but so far not observed in Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Oenocarpus bataua var. bataua</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>See the species</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Oenocarpus mapora</name>
+<author>H.Karst.</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 28: 274 (1857)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey or subcanopy palm. Stems clustered, often numerous, to 15 m tall and 10-20 cm in diameter. Leaves spreading, ca. 5 m long, forming a globose crown; pinnae 50-100 on each side, more or less horizontal, regularly inserted, or in the central part of the blade arranged in groups of 2-4, usually paler below than above, the central ones to 1 m long. Inflorescence once branched, with a short rachis, and numerous pendulous, to 70 cm long branches. Fruits elongate or ovoid, purple when ripe, pointed at apex, 2-3 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in tropical South America and Central America, below 1000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Clustering high-climbing pinnate-leaved rattan palms of Equatorial West Africa; sheaths armed with detachable spines; pleonanthic and monoecious, the flowers are borne in paired cincinni within conspicuous bracts, the basal 1–few pistillate, the others staminate, an arrangement unique in the family.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Oncocalamus</name>\r
+<author>(G. Mann and H. Wendl.) G. Mann and H.Wendl. ex Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f.</author> \r
+<citation>Gen. Pl. 3: 881, 936 (1883).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Oncocalamus mannii; (H.Wendl.) H.Wendl.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus subgenus Oncocalamus</name>\r
+<author>G. Mann and H. Wendl.</author>\r
+<bibref>G. Mann and H. Wendl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 24: 436 (1864).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Onkos — hook, calamus — reed, but no explanation was given for the derivation.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustered, spiny, high-climbing, pleonanthic, monoecious, rattan palms. Stem eventually becoming bare, circular in cross-section, with long internodes. Leaves pinnate, bifid in juveniles, with a terminal cirrus; sheath strictly tubular, bearing scattered, black, bulbous-based, triangular, brittle spines and scattered, thin, caducous indumentum; ocrea conspicuous, tightly sheathing, neatly truncate, armed as the sheath; knee absent; petiole present but usually very short, absent in mature flowering stems; rachis armed with scattered spines as the leaf sheath; cirrus bearing neat pairs of reflexed acanthophylls; leaflets few to numerous, usually single-fold, sometimes with 2 or more folds, entire, acute, linear, lanceolate or somewhat sigmoid, regularly arranged, usually armed along the thickened margins with robust spines, midribs evident, other large veins rather distant, transverse veinlets conspicuous; proximal few leaflets sometimes smaller than the rest, heavily armed and reflexed across the sheathed stem. Inflorescences branched to 1 order; peduncle enclosed within the leaf sheath and emerging from its mouth, ± hemispherical in cross-section; prophyll tubular, tightly sheathing, 2-keeled, 2-lobed at its tip, much shorter than the sheath; peduncular bracts ca. 4, ± distichous, tightly sheathing at first, later splitting longitudinally, each with a short triangular lobe; rachis longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts like the peduncular, rather close; first-order branches pendulous or spreading with a basal 2-keeled tubular prophyll and numerous distichous, short, tubular, somewhat inflated, striate bracts, each enclosing a flower cluster, after anthesis eventually irregularly splitting and tattering; flower cluster partially covered by a tubular 2-keeled prophyll and consisting of up to 11 flowers arranged in a group with a central 1 or 3 pistillate flowers and 2 lateral cincinni of 2–4 staminate flowers, each flower, apart from the central pistillate bearing an open, spathulate, 2-keeled, prophyllar bracteole (the precise arrangement of the flowers not yet understood). Staminate flowers symmetrical; calyx membranous, striate basally, stalked, tubular, with 3 short triangular, apiculate lobes; corolla apparently only slightly exceeding the calyx, divided almost to the base into 3 elongate, striate, valvate petals; stamens 6, filaments united to form a thick, fleshy androecial tube, free from the corolla, tipped with 6 shallow lobes, bearing pendulous, rounded, latrorse anthers on the inside; pistillode very narrow, conical, slightly exceeding the androecial tube. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, very finely perforate, interspersed with very small spinulae, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 23–29 µm [1/4]. Pistillate flowers superficially very similar to the staminate except slightly broader; the calyx and corolla similar; staminodal tube bearing minute empty anthers; gynoecium tricarpellate, triovulate, ± ellipsoidal, covered in reflexed scales, style long, narrow, 3-angled, ovule form unknown. Fruit ± spherical, stigmatic remains minute, conical, apical; epicarp covered in vertical rows of rather thin reflexed scales, mesocarp very thin, almost obsolescent at maturity, endocarp not differentiated. Seed single, basally attached with an oval hilum, covered with a ?thick sarcotesta and endosperm homogeneous, laterally deeply penetrated by a smooth-margined mass of inner seed coat; embryo lateral opposite the intrusion. Germination and eophyll unknown. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Five species described from equatorial West Africa and the Congo Basin.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Oncocalamus has not been tested. The genus resolves as sister to a clade of Eremospatha and Laccosperma with moderate support (Baker et al. 2000a, 2000b, Asmussen et al. 2006).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>No local uses have been specifically recorded but the stems are probably used as a source of cane.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Sunderland (2001, 2007).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The strange flower cluster of Oncocalamus is unique, not only in the subfamily but within the whole family. Vegetatively, Oncocalamus is very similar to Eremospatha and Laccosperma.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names numerous (Sunderland 2001). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>confined to lowlying tropical rain forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Tropical African Plants: XXVII</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hutchinson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 161-181</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1963</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Oncocalamus wrightianus</name>
+<author>Hutch.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 17: 181 (1963)</citation>
+<synonymy>
+<name>0. manniisensu</name>
+<author>C. H. Wright</author>
+<bibref>C. H. Wright in Dyer, Fl. Trop. Afr. 8: III (1901), partim, non Wendl.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>affini, O. wrightii Wendl., sed foliolis paucioribus et vaginis foliorum aculealis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Folia pinnata; folioa circiter 5-juga, opposita vel subopposita, lanceolata, acuta, circiter 10-15 cm. longa el 2-4.5 cm. lata, remote spinuloso-denlata, tenuia, plurinelvia; rhachis prope basin aculeala, in cirrhum gracilem aculeis oppositis reflexis armatum producta; vagina basalis aculeata.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Nigeria. Lagos Island, swamp, 1857, Barter 2220 (K, holotype):-6 m·high. Ebute Metta, swampy ground, Nov. 1892, Millen 18:-stem used for making baskets; used for tie-tie; vernacular name (Yoruba) 'Pankere'. Ijebu Prov.: about 1 km. from Sunmoge on the new road to Osho, in high secondary forest tangles, 10 Apr. 1946, A. P. D. Jones and Onochie in F.H.l. 17419:-tall scrambling palm to 10 m. high.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Tall clustering very spiny pinnate-leaved palms, native to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and West Malesia, with conspicuous crownshafts and seed with ruminate endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Oncosperma</name>\r
+<author>Blume</author>\r
+<citation>Bull. Sc. Phys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 64(1838).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Oncosperma filamentosum; (Kunth) Blume</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Keppleria</name>\r
+<author>Meisn.</author>\r
+<bibref>Meisn., Pl. Vasc. Gen. 1: 355; 2: 266 (1842). </bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Keppleria tigillaria; (Jack) Meisn.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Onkos — bulk, mass, tumour, sperma — seed, presumably based on the wide groove filled with spongy material at the base of the seed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Tall, usually clustered, spiny, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stems erect, often very tall, becoming bare, ringed with leaf scars, frequently armed with scattered or dense, robust spines, the spines tending to erode with age, in one species (Oncosperma fasciculatum) the stems sometimes branching aerially. Leaves pinnate, neatly abscising; leaf sheaths tubular, closely sheathing, forming a well-defined crownshaft, bearing abundant tomentum and spines of varying lengths, the distal margins tending to tatter irregularly; petiole usually robust, adaxially concave or flattened, abaxially rounded, usually densely armed with short to long spines and indumentum; rachis adaxially angled, rounded abaxially; marginal reins sometimes well developed and persisting as pendulous strips at the base of the rachis, leaflets very numerous, single-fold, acute or acuminate, regularly arranged, pendulous or not, or distinctly grouped and held in different planes (O. fasciculatum), lacking spines, bearing bands of caducous scales adaxially, abaxially with ramenta along the main vein, and sometimes with dot-like scales. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, branching to 2 orders near the base, to 1 order distally, protandrous, erect in bud; peduncle short, broad, winged at the base, horizontal at anthesis, sparsely to densely armed with straight spines; prophyll inserted just above the base of the peduncle, robust, tubular, flattened, 2-keeled, briefly beaked, completely enclosing the inflorescence until anthesis, coriaceous to ± woody, densely indumentose, very sparsely to very densely covered in short or long, straight or twisted spines; peduncular bract 1, inserted just above and similar to the prophyll but only slightly 2-keeled and usually more sparsely armed; rachis longer than the peduncle, bearing few to numerous, pendulous first-order branches; rachis bracts very inconspicuous; rachillae long, slender, rather robust, flexuous, pendulous, glabrous, bearing spirally arranged, low triangular bracts each subtending a triad, or in the distal portion of the rachilla, subtending solitary or paired staminate flowers. Staminate flowers asymmetrical, sessile or sometimes slightly stalked at the base; sepals 3, ± acute, keeled, imbricate, basally briefly connate or ± distinct; petals 3, acute or acuminate, valvate, much longer than the sepals, distinct or briefly connate at the base; stamens shorter than the petals, 6–9 (?12 recorded but not found by us), briefly epipetalous or ± free, the filaments short, thick, sometimes connate at the base in a very short ring, anthers ± medifixed, basally sagittate, latrorse; pistillode shorter or longer than the stamens, deeply trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate-finely reticulate with supra-tectate, angular, striate, block-like clavae, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 27–43 µm [4/5]. Pistillate flowers ± globular; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate; petals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate at the base, the tips valvate; staminodes 6 (?always), very small, tooth-like; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, ± globose or ovoid, the stigmas apical, scarcely prominent, ovule form unknown. Fruit spherical, dark blue-black, with lateral or subapical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth or pebbled, mesocarp thinly fleshy, without fibres, endocarp thin, crustaceous, closely adherent to the seed, with a round basal operculum. Seed attached by an elongate lateral hilum, raphe branches anastomosing, partially embedded in the endosperm, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo subbasal. Germination adjacent ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32 (± 2–4).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Five species, one endemic to Sri Lanka, two endemic to the Philippines and two widespread in Southeast Asia and West Malesia, reaching Sulawesi, the Philippines and western Moluccas. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, root (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), stegmata (Killmann and Hong 1989) and fruit (Essig et al. 2001). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Oncosperma is resolved as monophyletic with moderate to high support (Lewis 2002, Baker et al. in prep.). It is resolved as sister to a clade of Deckenia, Acanthophoenix and Tectiphiala with moderate support (Lewis 2002, Lewis and Doyle 2002). Deckenia is moderately to highly supported as sister to a strongly supported clade of Acanthophoenix and Tectiphiala (Lewis and Doyle 2001, 2002, Asmussen et al. 2006, Loo et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.). Alternatively, Tectiphiala is resolved as sister to a clade of Deckenia and Acanthophoenix with low support (Lewis 2002). Note that in some analyses, Oncosperma is placed with other genera of tribe Areceae but with low support (e.g., Loo et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006). For interspecific relationships within Oncosperma, see Lewis (2002). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p> The cabbage of most species is excellent and widely collected. The trunks of O. tigillarium are extremely durable and have been used (with spines removed) as telegraph poles and split as flooring. Sheaths are sometimes used as buckets. Despite their spines, all species are very elegant ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>There is no recent account. </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Fruits attributed to Oncosperma (O. anglicum)are reported from the Lower Eocene of southern England(London Clay Flora) (Reid and Chandler [1933], Chandler[1964]). Clavate Oncosperma-like extended sulcate pollen isreported from Oligocene deposits in Borneo (Muller 1964,1972, 1979); unfortunately, none of Muller’s articles issupported by illustrations of the pollen, making it difficult tocomment. From the Tertiary of India (Cannanore, northernKerala), Srisailam and Ramanujam (1982) described extendedsulcate pollen closely resembling that of Oncosperma.Paravuripollis has been compared with Oncosperma pollen(Ramanujam 1987), but its affinities are more likely to bewith Korthalsia, as Oncosperma has extended sulcate, notzonasulcate, pollen.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Despite their spines, all species are very elegantornamentals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Nibung (Oncosperma tigillarium), bayas (O. horridum).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Oncosperma tigillarium is characteristic of the landward fringe of mangrove forest and is also rarely found on poor sandy soils inland; O. horridum, O. platyphyllum and O. gracilipes are characteristic of hilly sites inland and O. fasciculatum occurs on steep slopes at altitudes of 300–1000 m above sea level. Species of Oncosperma frequently occur gregariously and are very conspicuous; their heavy spiny litter may play an important role in preventing regeneration of dicotyledonous trees below the palms. Little is known of the natural history of these common palms (see House 1984).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate to robust single-stemmed palms with praemorse leaflets and lacking crownshafts, found in Madagascar and from south Thailand through to New Guinea, where most species are found; the peduncular bract(s) greatly exceeds the prophyll; fruits are relatively large and rounded.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Orania</name>
+<author>Zipp. in Blume</author>
+<citation>Alg. Konst-Lett.-Bode 1: 297(1829).</citation>
+<type>Type; Orania regalis; Zipp. ex Blume</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Arausiaca</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 2: viii, t. 122 (1838–1839).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Arausiaca excelsa; Blume</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Macrocladus</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<bibref>Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 489 (1845).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Macrocladus sylvicola; Griff.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Sindroa</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille ser. 5.1 (1): 11 (1933).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Sindroa longisquama; Jum.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Halmoorea</name>
+<author>J. Dransf. and N.W. Uhl</author>
+<bibref>J. Dransf. and N.W. Uhl, Principes 28(4): 164 (1984).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Halmoorea trispatha; J.Dransf. & N.W.Uhl</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates F.G.L. Willem van Nassau, Prince of Orange (Oranje) and Crown Prince of the Netherlands (1792–1849).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Small to large, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, short to tall, becoming bare, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, and sometimes bearing corky, warty protuberances. Leaves distichous (Orania disticha, O. ravaka, O. trispatha and sometimes O. lauterbachiana) or spirally arranged, large, pinnate, deciduous under their own weight; crownshaft not present; sheath well developed, splitting longitudinally opposite the petiole, usually densely tomentose, distally narrowing into the petiole; petiole usually relatively short, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, bearing abundant persistent or caducous tomentum; rachis much longer than the petiole; leaflets single-fold, regularly arranged and held ± in one plane, or rarely (O. archboldiana) grouped and held in several planes giving the leaf a plumose appearance, linear-lanceolate, often narrow, frequently somewhat plicate, apices praemorse, adaxial surface glabrous, dark green, abaxial surface covered with dense white indumentum and rarely with brown ramenta along the mainvein (Madagascar species), midrib very prominent adaxially, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences axillary, interfoliar, solitary, often massive, branching to 1–3 orders, protandrous; prophyll short, tubular, 2-keeled, included within the subtending leaf, usually becoming frayed distally; peduncular bracts usually 1, rarely 2, borne just above the prophyll, very large and conspicuous, almost woody, tubular, completely enclosing the inflorescence in bud, before anthesis splitting along their length to expose the inflorescence, eventually deciduous, apically with a solid flattened, lanceolate beak, and bearing sparse to abundant tomentum, often grooved on drying; peduncle ± circular in cross-section, short to very long, variously tomentose; subsequent first-order bracts very inconspicuous except rarely in O. oreophila where well developed in one collection; rachis shorter or longer than the peduncle; first-order branches often with a basal pulvinus; further branches, where present, each subtended by an inconspicuous triangular bract; rachillae usually spreading, flexuous, (in O. regalis congested), glabrous or variously tomentose, bearing rather distant triads proximally and solitary or paired staminate flowers distally, more rarely with triads almost throughout, or with staminate flowers throughout; triads subdistichous or spirally arranged, ± superficial, subtended by a minute triangular rachilla bract; floral bracteoles minute or not visible. Staminate and pistillate flowers superficially rather similar, cream-coloured. Staminate flowers narrower and longer than the pistillate; calyx very short, flattened, with 3, low triangular lobes or with 3 distinct imbricate lobes; petals 3, distinct, valvate, broad to narrow-lanceolate, ± striate in dried state; stamens 3, 4, 6 or 9–32, filaments distinct or variously connate, short to moderate, rather fleshy, anthers elongate, basifixed, erect, with large connective, extrorse, or latrorse; pistillode usually lacking, minute and trilobed in O. palindan, sometimes present in O. sylvicola (minute, conical). Pollen ellipsoidal, slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin broad, psilate-perforate; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 23–40 µm (Thankaimoni 1970) [2/25]. Pistillate flowers ± conical or pyramidal; calyx flattened, very short, with 3 low, triangular lobes or with 3 distinct imbricate sepals; petals 3, distinct, valvate, triangular; staminodes 3–11, very short, awl-shaped, or well developed, possibly rarely producing pollen (some collections of O. sylvicola); gynoecium trilocular, triovulate, ± pyramidal, stigmas 3, short, recurved at anthesis, ovule form unknown. Fruit developing from 1, 2, or rarely 3 carpels, orange, green, or dull orange to yellowish-brown at maturity, spherical or very slightly pear- shaped, where more than 1 carpel developing, each lobe spherical, stigmatic remains subbasal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thin or thick, fleshy, traversed by numerous short radial fibres, endocarp rather thin. Seed spherical, basally attached with a ± circular hilum, the surface of the seed somewhat grooved by a sparse network of fibres, endosperm homogeneous, sometimes with a very small central hollow; embryo subapical or lateral. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll bifid with praemorse apices, or rarely pinnate. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 25 species distributed in south Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas and New Guinea, and three species in Madagascar. The greatest diversity occurs in New Guinea, with a minor radiation in the Philippines. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Orania is monophyletic with high support (Lewis and Doyle 2002, Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review). For relationships, see tribe Oranieae. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Outer part of the trunk is reputed to be strong and has been used to make spears. The ‘cabbage’ of all species seems to be poisonous and avoided by local people; Orania sylvicola is reputed to be very poisonous in all its parts. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Keim (in prep.). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Orania is of considerable interest. Not only does it have an astonishingly disjunct distribution but the inflorescence and flowers are rather unspecialised within the Areceae. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Orania palms, ibul, sindro. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Most species are large tree palms of the canopy or subcanopy of humid tropical rain forest in the lowlands or hills up to ca. 1700 m; Orania parva and O. oreophila are smaller palms of the forest undergrowth. There is some evidence that O. sylvicola avoids the highest rainfall areas within its range of distribution. Nothing is known of pollination or dispersal.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Orania longisquama</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) J.Dransf. & N.W.Uhl</author>\r
+<citation> Principes 28 (4): 164</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Masoala Peninsula, Marambo, November 1912; Perrier; 11937</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Sindroa longisquama</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Mus. Colon. Marseille sér. 5, 1 (1): 11 (1933)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 25 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 160, fig. 45 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>From a distance this palm looks slightly like Ravenea madagascariensis, but on closer inspection can immediately be distinguished by the praemorse leaflet tips. This species can be quite variable in size, from a compact, small palm to a canopy tree.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sindro, Anivona, Ovobolafotsy (Betsimisaraka), Vakapasy (Antaimoro);</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 4–20 m high, 10–25 cm diam., often with surface roots and a basal boss to 40 cm diam.; internodes 5–10 cm long, near the crown 1–2 cm long, brown, often with a reddishgreen indumentum; nodal scars obvious or obscure, 1–6 cm high. Crownshaft absent. Wood yellowish, hard through a dense ring of reddish fibres just inside the bark. LEAVES spirally inserted, (6–7 fide Perrier) 8–15 (rarely with a few marcescent leaves), arching, slightly held on edge in their distal part; base of crown bulbous, 16–30 cm across; sheath 26–40 cm long, green with white indumentum turning pale brown to rusty on exposure, interface with petiole continuous, with a few marginal fibres; sheath and petiole together 80–103 cm; apparent petiole 33–120 cm long, 3–5.5 x 2.5–4 cm diam., channelled, (pale) red-brown, with a pale dense indumentum and fibrous margins; rachis 1.3–2 m long, channelled in the proximal part, in mid-leaf 2–3 x 1–1.3 cm and keeled, white- to reddish-brown-pubescent or with scattered pale scales or with white bloom; leaflets regular, 47–65 on each side of the rachis, stiff or not very stiff, those on opposite sides of the rachis at an angle of 60–120 with each other, the proximal 38–84 x 0.4–4.5 cm, median 56–88 x 1.7–5 cm (interval 1.5–4 cm), distal 3.5–32 x 0.5–2.7 cm, mid-green, with yellow veins adaxially, with a thin whitish covering abaxially, main vein 1, with large (15–25 mm long) red-brown to whitish ramenta in patches to almost continuous along the midrib (rarely absent, HB 4730), with lines of scattered scales along the minor veins, bases sometimes thickened (HB 4616), apices praemorse, distal pair connate for 0.5–5 cm. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branching to 3 orders, erect to arching, with spreading branches (to almost pendulous in fruit); peduncle 25–50 cm long, proximally 3.5–10 x 2–6 cm diam., green with much red to brown pubescence; prophyll 26–45 cm long, 6–12 cm wide, borne 4–5 cm above the base of the peduncle, split abaxially, with toothed margins, green, brown-lepidote; peduncular bracts one or two (one in HB 4706, 4730, two in HB 4616, JD 6479), quickly deciduous, inserted at respectively 7–16 and 13–21 cm from the base of the peduncle, each 55–72 cm long and 6–14 cm wide, beaked for 6–12 cm, thin red-pubescent; rachis 58–69 cm long, zigzag, with scattered brown scales, with 12–22 branched and 6–12 unbranched first order branches, the proximal of these with an axis of up to 35 cm long and 1.8–4 x 0.6–2.2 cm diam., with up to 20 second order branches; rachillae pale green, turning blushing pink in fruit, 8–36 cm long (possibly lengthening in fruit stage), 3–7 mm diam., glabrous or with scattered red scales; triads distant. STAMINATE FLOWERS with the sepals connate for 0.6–0.8 mm, free for 1.6–2.2 mm, 1.3–1.8 mm wide; petals 5.5–9.5 x 3–4.5 mm; stamens 12–20 (possibly in three antepetalous bundles– sometimes falling off in equal groups, with the removal of the petal), filaments 0.8–1.5 mm long with slightly bulbous base, anthers almost basifixed, 3–6 x 0.7–1 mm, some unequally sagittate, others equally sagittate; pistillode not seen. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with the sepals 1.3–3.2 x 2.2–5.2 mm; petals 3.5–7 x 3.6–6.7 mm, fleshy; staminodes 8–10, 1–2.5 mm long, narrowly triangular; ovary 3–9 mm high, 3.2–14 mm diam., with three styles 0.5–1 mm long and papillose or pubescent. FRUIT green, globose or obovoid, occasionally (as in JD 6375) 2- or 3-lobed, or with two abortive lobes basally, 4–5.5 x 3–4.5 cm. SEED globose with a basal conical bump, 3.1–4.4 x 3.2–4.2 cm, with large central lacuna when almost mature, this filled with sweet to slightly bitter fluid, later turning to homogeneous endosperm. GERMINATING SEEDS with elongate white cotyledonary petiole.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW and E Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; slope base, mid slope or ridge-crest; 40-550 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare. Fairly widespread, though nowhere really common.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Palm heart not edible or even said to be poisonous; HB has drunk some fruit sap without any ill effects. Wood used for house walls.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The leaf sheath sometimes splits to leave a tongue-like structure, reaching up to the proximal leaflets, producing an apparent petiole.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Analalava: NNE of Maromandia, July 1992 (fl., y.fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4706 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Antalaha: Marambo, Nov. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 11937 (type; P); Mahavinitra near Ambatobe, Dec. 1972 (fr.), Moore 10118 (P, TAN). Maroantsetra: Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6375 (K, TAN); idem, April 1989 (fr.), Du Puy & Du Puy MB 152 (K, TAN); Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6479 (K, P, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (fr.), Beentje 4455 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, April 1992 (bud), Beentje et al. 4616 (K, TAN). Toamasina: Betampona, Oct. 1991 (fr.), Beentje 4493 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Ifanadiana: Ambinanindrano, July 1992 (fl., fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4730 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Manakara: Amby, May 1992 (fl., fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4678 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Orania ravaka</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 119 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Sahavary; Dransfield et al.; JD6401</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>The name &lsquo;ravaka&rsquo; is the Malagasy for ornament, jewel; this is a particularly elegant tree, rather like O. trispatha, but with a more slender trunk.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sindro (Betsimisaraka); Vapakafotsy (Tsimihety).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma disticha foliolis ramentas castaneas infra ferentis a ceteris speciebus Madagascariensibus inflorescentia in 2 ordines ramificanti et a O. trispatha foliolis paucioribus minoribus et inflorescentia longiore graciliore differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 10-15 m tall, 9-20 cm diam.; diameter just below crown &lt; 10 cm; internodes 2.5-5 cm long, pale brown or grey-brown; nodal scars obscure; basal boss c. 35 cm diam., with surface roots. LEAVES 6-8 in the crown, distichous; sheath open, 35 cm long, with marginal fibres; apparent petiole 30 cm long, channelled; sheath Orania trispatha. A distal part of petiole and basal leaflets x 1/3; B mid section of leaf x 1/3; C leaf tip x 1/3; D first order branch of inflorescence x 1/4; E fruit x 1/2; F endocarp x 1/2; G seed in section x 1/2. All from Beentje 4522. Drawn by Rosemary Wise. and apparent petiole combined 65-94 cm long, with patches of dense red-brown or grey scales and wax, distally c. 1.3 x 0.9-1 cm diam.; rachis 1.2-1.8 m long, in mid-leaf 1-2 cm wide, densely scaly, with scattered scales or glabrous; leaflets 33-44 on each side of the rachis, regular, stiff, those on opposite sides of the rachis at an angle of c. 90 with each other, strongly discolorous and much paler abaxially, the proximal 36-87 x 0.4-2.4 cm, the median 47-77.5 x 2.5-4.8 cm (interval 3.5-4.5 cm), the distal 18-45 x 0.4-2.8 cm, distal pair hardly connate, apices obliquely praemorse, main veins 3-5, midrib (and occasionally on other major veins as well) with large red-brown ramenta to 15 mm, with scattered red small scales, with visible sinuous transverse veinlets. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branching to 2 orders, spreading, protandrous; peduncle curved, 42-60 cm long, distally 12-18 x 5-12 mm diam., rusty-tomentose; prophyll borne 2.5-13 cm above the base of the peduncle, 16-32 cm long, 3.5-6 cm wide, with patches of red-brown scales; peduncular bract(s) one or two (in the same population), deciduous, inserted at 6.5-14 cm and 16 cm from the base of the peduncle, 43-63.5 cm long, 7-9 cm diam., inflated, beaked; rachis with c. 13 first order branches, these proximally to 17 x 8 mm diam.; rachillae cream at anthesis, 7-40 cm long, 2-4 mm diam., zigzag, with rusty scales; triads distant. STAMINATE FLOWERS cream, not scented; sepals 1.5-2.4 x 2.2-2.8 mm; petals 8-13 x 4-6 mm; stamens 22-27, the filaments 0.7-2.5 mm (connate for up to 0.5 mm) with a bulbous base to 1 mm diam., anthers basifixed, slightly sagittate, equal or slightly unequal, 6.3-7.6 x 1.2-1.3 mm; pistillode not seen. PISTILLATE FLOWERS greenish, with sepals 1-4.5 x 4-5.5 mm; petals 10-15 x 9-11 mm; staminodes 9-12, thread-like; ovary globose, 10-11 mm diam., with c. 1 mm long papillose stigmas. FRUIT yellow or pale brown, slightly obovoid or globose, 4-6 cm diam., with sub-basal stigmatic remains. SEED depressed globose, 2.5-3.8 cm high, 3.2-4.2 cm diam., with fibrous surface; endosperm homogeneous; cotyledonary stalk up to 50 cm long and 6 mm diam.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>NE Madagascar.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; ridge crests and valley bottoms; 200-550 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Known only from three sites, but with fairly large population numbers, though outside the protected area; total number estimated at 500.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Differs from the other Madagascar species in the inflorescence branched to 2 orders, and from the other distichous species by the fewer leaflets which are smaller (with red-brown rather than grey ramenta), and the longer, more slender inflorescence.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6376 (K, P, TAN); Sahavary, Oct. 1986 (fl., fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6401 (Holotype K; isotypes P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1988 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6458 (K, TAN); idem, April 1989 (fr.), Du Puy &amp; Du Puy MB 161 (K, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (fl., fr.), Beentje &amp; Andriampaniry 4466 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Orania trispatha</name>
+<author>(J.Dransf.& N.W.Uhl) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 117 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Masoala, across Onive R. from Ambatobe and upriver from Ambohitralanana, 8 April 1971; Moore; 9921</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH; isotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Halmoorea trispatha</name>
+<author> J.Dransf. & N.W.Uhl</author>
+<bibref>J.Dransf. & N.W.Uhl, Principes 28 (4): 166 (1984)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A majestic distichous palm of great beauty, and the largest member of the genus in Madagascar. The trunk is frequently swollen at the base. Because of its striking distichous leaves this species has been much sought after by enthusiasts.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sindro or Sindroa (Betsimisaraka); Anivo (Antaisaka).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 20-22 m, 20-35 cm diam.; root boss 30 cm high, 40-60 cm diam.; internodes 12-15 cm, light brown or grey; nodal scars 5 cm; wood hard. Crownshaft absent. LEAVES distichous, forming a fan, 10-12 in the crown, held on edge in their distal part; sheath c. 60 cm long, without ligules or markings, green with brown margins, grading into petiole, with rusty brown indumentum and white wax; petiole 75-200 cm long, channelled with sharp edges, 2.3-7 x 2.9-6 cm diam., densely grey-brown pubescent; rachis 2-2.3 m long, in mid-leaf 2.6-3 cm wide, keeled; leaflets regular, 60-65 on each side of the rachis, those on opposite sides of the rachis at an angle of c. 150°, the proximal 58-93 x 0.6-4 cm, median 65-99 x 3-9.5 cm (interval 4-5 cm), distal 10-53 x 0.5-2 cm, distal pair hardly connate, discolorous, abaxially with a thin white covering, with minute brown scales, the midrib with many pale grey ramenta to 5 cm long, main veins 3-5, also with large pale ramenta, apices obliquely praemorse. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 3-4 orders, spreading; peduncle 16-25 cm long, 5.5-6 cm diam., slightly flattened, densely red- or brown-pubescent; prophyll woody, 30-40 cm long, 6.5-10 cm wide, borne at c. 5 cm above the base of the peduncle, brown-pubescent; peduncular bracts two, the first inserted at 3-10 cm from the base of the peduncle, 60-80 cm long with a beak of 8 cm, the second inserted at 7-18 cm from the base of the peduncle, 58 cm long with a beak of 7 cm, both woody, inflated, terete, green with brown scales, inflated, deciduous in the fruiting stage; rachis 30-40 cm long, with 8-12 branched first order branches, these proximally 3 x 1 cm diam.; rachillae 15-46 cm long, 6-7 mm diam., zigzag, reddish-scaly to glabrous; triads distant. STAMINATE FLOWERS asymmetrical, fleshy; sepals 1.5-4 x 4 mm, petals 9 x 5-9 mm; stamens 27-30, basifixed, latrorse, the filaments very short, the anthers c. 6 x 1 mm; pistillode absent. PISTILLATE FLOWERS asymmetrical; sepals 5 x 5 mm, petals 17-33 x 12-15 mm (in fruit); staminodes 11-12, thread-like, c. 2 mm; ovary 3-lobed, c. 5 x 8 mm, with papillose stigmas to 1.5 mm. FRUIT green, when slightly immature semi-globose or obovoid and 3.9-4.5 cm diam., but more often 2-lobed or 3-lobed and 5-5.5 cm high and 5-8 cm diam., when immature containing a bitter-tasting fluid solidifying into a homogeneous endosperm; stigmatic remains sub-basal. EOPHYLL pinnate (Beentje 4522).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>E Madagascar.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; flat ground near streams, swamp edges; 50-400 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Known only from three sites, all of which are under threat of destruction, with very low population numbers less than fifty trees are known.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Palm heart not edible. Wood used in hut construction (Manombo).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The protologue states the pinnae are white-waxy on the adaxial surface; this should be the abaxial surface. The generic distinction could not be upheld, when we discovered that Orania longisquama may have either one or two peduncular bracts; with more material available, and with O. ravaka being described here, the number of stamens does not remain a generic character, but rather a specific one; the number of staminodes for O. ravaka encompasses the range of both O. trispatha and O. longisquama. The calyx in all taxa seems to be connate to varying degrees at its very base. The specimen from Manombo (about 800 km S of the Masoala/ Mananara populations) has a different "feel" to the leaf, with hardly any surface covering of a whitish substance, and fewer little red scales.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Antalaha: Ambatobe, April 1971 (fl.), Moore 9921 (type, P). Maroantsetra: Sahavary, Oct. 1986 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6400 (K, P, TAN). Farafangana: Manombo, Nov. 1991 (fr.), Beentje 4522 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Dioecious pinnate-leaved palm from Queensland, Australia; similar to Ceroxylon and Juania but differing in the combination of distinct petals, six stamens and basal stigmatic remains.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Oraniopsis</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) J. Dransf., A.K. Irvine and N.W. Uhl</author>\r
+<citation>Principes 29: 57 (1985).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Oraniopsis appendiculata; (F.M. Bailey) J. Dransf., A.K. Irvine and N.W. Uhl</type>>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Orania Zipp. subgenus Oraniopsis</name>\r
+<author>Becc. in Becc. and Pic.Serm.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. in Becc. and Pic.Serm., Webbia 11: 172 (1955).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Orania — the palm genus, opsis — similar to; originally a section of Orania with which it has, in fact, no relationship.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Medium, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious palm. Stem erect, sometimes quite tall, becoming bare, leaf scars apparently not very conspicuous. Leaves numerous, reduplicately pinnate, ± upward-pointing, marcescent, several dead leaves hanging vertically for some time, forming a skirt below the crown before falling completely; sheath apparently tubular at first, soon splitting opposite the petiole, the leaf base then open; petiole short, adaxially channelled, ± glabrous, abaxially rounded, densely covered with scales and tomentum, the margins smooth and rather sharp; rachis ± stiffly held, adaxially flattened or channelled near the base, abaxially rounded, distally angled adaxially, a minute flange present at the junction between the flattened and angled areas of the rachis, both surfaces of the rachis bearing scattered scales; leaflets very numerous, single-fold, regularly arranged, ± stiff, ± linear, unevenly acute or acuminate, the basal-most few on each side short, narrow and crowded, adaxial surface ± glabrous or with scattered scales along the midrib, abaxial surface covered with dot-like scales and a dense felt of indumentum; transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences solitary, axillary, interfoliar, shorter than the leaves, staminate and pistillate superficially similar, branching to 4 orders; prophyll short, obscured by the leaf bases, incompletely tubular, 2-keeled, ± leathery, becoming fibrous and disintegrating distally, sparsely tomentose, the basal margins decurrent; peduncle elongate ± flattened and winged at the base, distally ± elliptic in cross-section, sparsely to densely tomentose; peduncular bracts 3–5, elongate, the first inserted near the prophyll, the rest ± evenly spaced along the peduncle, the distal 2–3 ± enclosing the inflorescence in bud, ± beaked, leathery, tubular at first, then splitting longitudinally and becoming flattened, sparsely to densely tomentose, eventually caducous, leaving circular or crescentic scars; rachis slightly shorter than the peduncle; rachis bracts numerous, inconspicuous, short, triangular, acute or acuminate, membranous, incomplete, each subtending a first-order branch; first-order branches with a basal bare portion, distally bearing spirally arranged second-order branches each subtended by a minute incomplete bract; rachillae crowded, ± twisted or zigzag at anthesis, the pistillate spreading but remaining rather zigzag in fruit, bearing rather distant, spirally arranged or subdistichous, minute triangular bracts, each subtending a short stalk bearing a minute, membranous, incomplete, triangular bracteole and terminating in a solitary flower. Staminate flowers symmetrical, or somewhat misshapen from close packing, open from early in development; sepals 3, very small, triangular, membranous, connate basally and forming a cup; petals 3, distinct, fleshy, much longer than the sepals, narrow, triangular; stamens 6, almost as long as or longer than the petals, the antesepalous inserted between the petals in, apparently, the same whorl, the antepetalous epipetalous, filaments very fleshy with ± conical, swollen bases, tapering to the connective, anthers oblong, versatile, basally sagittate, latrorse; pistillode usually very much shorter than the filaments, 3-angled, apically trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal, slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, foveolate, aperture margin broad scabrate and finely perforate; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 33–40 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers like the staminate but with slightly broader sepals and petals; staminodes like the stamens, the empty anthers large; gynoecium tricarpellate, triovulate, conspicuously 3-lobed, stigmas apical, short, becoming recurved; ovules laterally attached, ?hemianatropous. Fruit developing from 1 carpel, rounded, the stigmatic and carpel remains basal; epicarp smooth, yellow at maturity; mesocarp ± fleshy, with horizontal fibres and stone cells; endocarp obsolescent. Seed, rounded, the integuments thick, ± woody, with a basal short spur, and few sparsely branched, impressed vascular strands; endosperm homogeneous with a narrow central hollow; embryo lateral to subbasal. Germination adjacent-ligular; seedling leaf bifid with entire tips. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Queensland, Australia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1996b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Oraniopsis is sister to Ravenea with moderate support in some studies (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review), but in others it is sister to a clade of Ceroxylon and Juania with moderate support (Uhl et al. 1995, Trénel et al. 2007). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The palm has proved to be a handsome but very slow growing ornamental. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield et al. (1985a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The palm is very slow growing and seems to stay in the rosette stage for at least 20–30 years. In dense rain forest, rosettes may even be twice this age with erect leaves 3–8 m long. Unless growth rates accelerate markedly when a trunk is produced, tall-stemmed individuals must be several hundred years old. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>The single species Oraniopsis appendiculata, occurs in rain forests of mountain ranges from the upper Tully River area (15º40' S) northwards to the Big Tableland (17º50' S). The species occurs mostly above 300 m up to ca. 1500 m altitude, on soils of granitic and metamorphic origin; the palm also occurs on shallow basaltic soils with impeded drainage, but is usually absent from deep, well-drained basalt soils.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Oraniopsis appendiculata, a Previously Misunderstood Queensland Palm</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Irvine</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.K.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.W.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 29:56-63</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1985</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Oraniopsis appendiculata</name>
+<author>(F.M.Bailey) J.Dransf., A.K.Irvine & N.W.Uhl</author>
+<citation>Principes 29: 61 (1985)</citation>
+<type>Queensland, Bellenden-Ker in 1889; F. M. Bailey; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Type BRI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Areca appendiculata</name>
+<author>F.M.Bailey</author>
+<bibref>F.M.Bailey, Dept. Agric. Bot. Div. Bull. 4: 18 (1891)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Orania appendiculata</name>
+<author>(F.M.Bailey) Domin</author>
+<bibref>(F.M.Bailey) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 85: 498 (1915)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Orania beccarii</name>
+<author>F.M.Bailey</author>
+<bibref>F.M.Bailey, Queensland Agric. J. 23: 35 (1909)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trunk up to 20 m tall, 20-45 cm diam. at breast height, gray, irregularly marked with leaf scars. Leaves ca. 8-15 in crown, up to ca. 6 m long; sheathing base cuplike, rather short ca. 20 cm wide at the base, tapering to ca. 15 cm wide, and then narrowing into the petiole; petiole up to ca. 65 cm long, up to ca. 7.0 x 6.0 em in section, the margins ± winged, ca. 12 cm deep, sharp, abaxially brown tomentose; rachis becoming adaxially ridged at ca. half its length; leaflets up to ca. 110 on each side of the rachis, the apical pair composed of 2-4 folds, the rest all singlefold, basal leaflets ca. 15-20 x 0.5-0.8 cm, mid-leaf leaflets to ca. 100 x 4.5 cm, apical pair up to ca. 43 x 4.5 cm, leaflets held at ca. 60° from the rachis except near the tip where ca. 30°; adaxial surface dark green, abaxial surface mealy, grey-white, tinged brown, with numerous small, dark brown' scales. Inflorescences 80-120 em long; peduncle up to ca. 75 em long, up to ca. 4 x 2 em in crosssection, strongly flattened and winged at the base; prophyll borne near the base of the peduncle, ca. 25 x 6 em, abaxially open to the base, adaxially splitting irregularly; peduncular bract 1 inserted 6-13.5 em above the base, up to ca. 60 cm long, split abaxially, opening out somewhat, ca. 10 em wide at widest point, strongly keeled; peduncular bract 2 inserted ca. 20-26 cm above the base, 60-135 x 812 cm; peduncular bract 3 inserted ca. 25-50 em above the base, slightly smaller than bract 2; peduncular bract 4, where present, inserted up to 70 cm above the base, either similar to bract 3, up to 87 em long or dissimilar, triangular, membranous, ca. 5 cm long, incompletely sheathing with long decurrent margins; peduncular bract 5, where present, inserted up to 70 cm from the base, membranous, subulate, ca. 6 em long; rachis ca. 3545 cm long; rachis bracts triangular, membranous, easily disintegrating, the basal to 4 x 1 em, the distal very small and inconspicuous; first-order branches ca. 70 in staminate, 30-40 in pistillate inflorescence, spirally arranged; rachillae very numerous, staminate ca. 3-5 x 0.15 cm, pistillate ca. 4-10 x 0.2 em. Staminate flowers cream-colored, borne on pedicels ca. 1.2 x 1.2 mm; calyx ca. 1 mm high with lobes to 0.5 mm; petals ca. 6 x 2 mm; filaments ca. 3-3.5 mm long, ca. 1 mm diam. at the base, anthers ca. 5 x 1 mm; pistillode ca. 1 mm high, sometimes longer. Pistillate flower similar to staminate; pedicel ca. 2 x 2 mm; calyx ca. 1 mm high with lobes to 0.5 mm; petals 5 x 2.2 mm; filaments of staminodes 1.5 x 1 mm, empty anthers ca. 3 x 0.8 mm; ovary strongly 3-lobed, ca. 2 x 3.5 mm, the stigmas ca. 0.8 x 0.3 mm, mature fruit 2.7-3.4-2.3 x 2.4-2.9 cm borne on pedicels 3 x 3-4 mm; epicarp bright yellow; mesocarp ca. 2.7-3.0 mm thick, the outer ca. 1.7 mm wide layer semiclear, the inner layer white pulpy; seed globose, ca. 2.2 cm diam., the integument black, ca. 0.5 mm thick; endosperm with a small central hollow ca. 2 mm wide. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Oraniopsis appendiculata occurs in rain forests of mountain ranges between the upper Tully River area (15°40'S), northwards to the Big Tableland (17°50'S) about 25 km south of Cooktown with the most inland occurrence being on the Great Dividing Range, southwest of Atherton, some 75 km inland, above 1,100 m altitude. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>The species occurs mostly above 300 m up to ca. 1,500 m altitude, and also in narrow gorges and gullies at the foot of abruptly descending coastal ranges, but does not extend on to the broader coastal plains. Rainfall is mostly above 1,800 mm per annum, with frequent cloud mist compensating rainfall in the 1,800 mm regions. Soil types are mostly of granitic and metamorphic ori• gin; the palm also occurs on shallow basaltic soils with impeded drainage. The palm is usually absent from deep, well-drained basalt soils. It occurs in the following rain forest types (Tracey and Webb 1975): Simple Microphyll Vine Fern Thicket, Simple Notophyll Vine Forest, Upland Mesophyll Vine Forest and Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest. Seeds begin to germinate after 200400 days, but some may continue to germinate 3-4 years after sowing. The palm is very slow growing and seems to stay in the rosette stage for at least 20-30 years. In dense rain forest rosettes may even be twice this age with erect leaves 3-8 m long. Unless growth rates accelerate markedly when a trunk is produced, tall stemmed individuals must be several hundred years old. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Oraniopsis is very closely related to Ceroxylon; indeed the only differences between the two genera are the presence in Oraniopsis of a bracteole on the pedicel, the incomplete rather than closed prophyll, the free petals, and the curious position of the antesepalous stamens. The differences between the genera of the Ceroxyleae are best displayed in the following key. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>AUSTRALIA: North Queensland: Upper Mossman River, 20.9.1936, H. Flecker 2324 (QRS); Eastern slope of Mt. Bartle Frere, 29.10.1939, H. Flecker 6405 (QRS); Harvey Creek, 9.11.1947, H. Flecker 11788 (♀) (QRS); Boonjie Logging Area, State Forest Reserve 1230, Western foothills of Mt. Bartle Frere, 4.4.1972, A. K. Irvine 179 (♂) and 180 (♀) (QRS); Mt. Lewis, State Forest Reserve 143, 22.8.1972, A. K. Irvine 310 (♀) and 311 (QRS); Boonjie Logging Area, State Forest Reserve 1230, 23.1.1973, A. K. Irvine 444
+(♀) (QRS); Topaz, 7.2.1983, A. K. Irvine s.n. (♀) (BH, BRI, K); Millaa Millaa, Watson Road, 13.3.1984, A. K. Irvine s.n. (♀) a♂) (K); Topaz, 14.3.1975, G. Unwin 2 (♀) and (♂) (QRS); Mt. Bellenden-Ker, 1914, L. S. Gibbs 6316 (K); </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Solitary pinnate-leaved tree palms from Australia, with acute leaflets and highly branched inflorescences.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Archontophoenix</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 39: 182,211 (1875).</citation>
+<type>Lectotype; Archontophoenix alexandrae; (F.Muell.) H.Wendl. & Drude</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Loroma</name>
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 117 (1915).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Loroma amethystina; O.F.Cook</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Archon — chief, ruler, phoenix — date palm or palm in general, named for its regal stature and appearance.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to tall, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem columnar, graceful, rather slender, slightly or strongly swollen basally, leaf scars obscure or prominent, often raised, distant or close. Leaves pinnate, erect or spreading, sometimes twisted about 90 degrees basally; sheaths tubular, forming a prominent crownshaft, thick, leathery, green, rusty-brown or purplish-red, often somewhat swollen basally; petiole short, grooved adaxially, rounded abaxially; rachis very long, similar to the petiole near the base, becoming flat adaxially and grooved laterally, scaly and minutely brown-dotted; leaflets lanceolate, elongate, tips irregularly pointed, single-fold, green or whitish abaxially due to very small silvery scales, ramenta large, dark-brown, often twisted or divided, medifixed or basifixed, present or lacking abaxially along the midrib, the midrib and large veins prominently or obscurely brown-dotted, midrib and several pairs of veins prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets not apparent. Inflorescences infrafoliar, erect in bud, becoming horizontal or drooping, with pendulous branches, branched to 3(–4) orders, protandrous; peduncle very short, stout; prophyll tubular, elongate, somewhat dorsiventrally flattened, 2-keeled laterally, briefly beaked, rather thin; peduncular bract like the prophyll but not keeled, prophyll and peduncular bract caducous; rachis moderate, tapering; rachis bracts low, ± ruffled to prominent, sharply pointed; rachillae somewhat divaricate and pendulous, bearing spirally arranged, rather thick, basally cupular, low and rounded or short pointed bracts subtending triads of flowers nearly throughout the rachillae, a few paired and solitary staminate flowers present distally; floral bracteoles low, rounded. Flowers pale lavender to purplish or cream to yellow. Staminate flowers asymmetrical, borne lateral to the pistillate in the triads; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, broadly ovate, keeled, tips pointed; petals 3, distinct, ca. 5 times as long as the sepals, narrowly ovate, grooved adaxially, tips thicker, pointed; stamens ca. 12–14 (8 or 9–24 according to Hooker [1883] and Bailey [1935a], filaments short, awl-shaped, erect apically in bud, anthers elongate, linear, dorsifixed near the middle, erect in bud, later versatile, bifid basally, pointed to slightly emarginate distally, latrorse, the connective elongate, tanniniferous; pistillode more than half as long to as long as the stamens, trifid or cylindrical. Pollen ellipsoidal or elongate, with slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer than main tectum; infratectum columellate; longest axis 43–65 µm [2/6]. Pistillate flowers symmetrical, ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, tips briefly pointed; petals 3, distinct, imbricate except for prominent valvate tips; staminodes 3 or 4, tooth-like, borne on one side of the gynoecium; gynoecium irregularly ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, style indistinct, stigmas 3, recurved, ovule laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit globose to ellipsoidal, pink to red, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thin, soft, fleshy with flattened, conspicuously branched and interlocking, longitudinal fibres, endocarp thin, smooth, fragile, not operculate. Seed ellipsoidal to globose, basally attached, hilum basal, elongate, raphe branches numerous, anastomosing, endosperm ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Six species of eastern Australia from the southern coast of New South Wales to the northern coast of Queensland. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), and fruit (Essig and Hernandez 2002). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Archontophoenix is resolved as monophyletic (Pintaud 1999a) and is moderately supported as sister to a clade comprising Actinokentia, Kentiopsis and Chambeyronia (Norup et al. 2006). </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dowe and Hodel (1994). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Grown commercially as ornamentals in many warm-temperate and tropical regions.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinctive in having pendulous rachillae, an elongatepistillode and ruminate endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Alexander palm, King palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae); piccabean palm, bangalow palm (A. cunninghamiana).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring in forest in warm-temperate to tropical regions at sea level to elevations of about 1200 m, often in wet gullies, on stream banks or edges of swamps on various soils.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>The betel-nut palm and its relatives; acaulescent, or erect, diminutive or robust palms of Southeast Asia to West Pacific, with crownshafts, with entire or lobed leaflet tips and a single large bract in the inflorescence, the pistillate flowers borne only at the rachilla bases and with basal hilum on the seed.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Areca</name>\r
+<author>L.</author> \r
+<citation>Sp. pl. 1189 (1753).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Areca catechu; L.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Mischophloeus</name>\r
+<author>Scheff.</author>\r
+<bibref>Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 115, 134 (1876).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Mischophloeus paniculatus; (Miq.) Scheff.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Gigliolia</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 171 (1877). (non Barb. Rodr.).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Gigliolia insignis; Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Pichisermollia</name>\r
+<author>H.C. Monteiro</author>\r
+<bibref>H.C. Monteiro, Rodriguesia 41: 198 (1976).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Pichisermollia insignis; (Becc.) H.C.Monteiro</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Said to be derived from a vernacular name used in Malabar, India.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Very small to moderate, solitary or clustered, acaulescent to erect, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem slender to moderate, occasionally stilt-rooted, internodes very short to elongate, leaf scars often conspicuous. Leaves undivided and pinnately ribbed, with or without an apical notch, or pinnate; sheaths forming a well-defined crownshaft with leaves neatly abscising, or rarely crownshaft not well developed when leaves marcescent or the sheaths partly open; petiole present or absent, adaxially channelled or rounded, abaxially rounded, glabrous or variously indumentose; leaflets regularly or irregularly arranged, 1–several fold, acute, acuminate or lobed, the lobes corresponding to the folds, the apical pair almost always lobed, held in one plane, very rarely (Areca insignis) with a basal auricle reflexed across the rachis, blade variously scaly or hairy, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences erect or pendulous, mostly infrafoliar, rarely interfoliar in acaulescent species with marcescent leaves, in one species sometimes bursting through marcescent leaf sheaths (A. jugahpunya), branched to 3 orders basally, fewer orders distally, very rarely spicate, protandrous (or very rarely recorded as protogynous); peduncle very short to long; prophyll thin, membranous, enclosing the inflorescence in bud, quickly splitting and falling, other bracts very inconspicuous; rachis shorter or longer than the peduncle; rachillae glabrous or variously indumentose; rachilla bracts minute; triads confined to the proximal part of the main axis, or to the proximal part of each order of branching, or rarely to a subdistal part of the main axis only; rachillae otherwise bearing solitary or paired staminate flowers arranged spirally, distichously, or in 2 approximate rows on one side of the rachilla, the rachilla tips sometimes devoid of flowers. Staminate flowers frequently minute, sessile, or with a stalk formed from the receptacle; calyx with 3 distinct, slightly imbricate, triangular sepals, or cupular with 3 triangular lobes; corolla with 3 triangular, valvate petals, rarely briefly connate at the base, much longer than the sepals; stamens free or briefly epipetalous, 3, 6, 9 or up to 30 or more, filaments short to elongate, anthers linear or sinuous, sometimes very irregular, latrorse or rarely opening by apical pores; pistillode present and conspicuous as a trifid column as long as the stamens, or minute, or often absent. Pollen usually ellipsoidal, symmetric or slightly asymmetric, less frequently oblate triangular or oblate spheroidal; aperture a distal sulcus, in some species an extended sulcus, trichotomosulcus, or incomplete, presumed equatorial zonasulcus, rarely brevi or monoporate, or triporate; ectexine tectate or semi-tectate, finely to coarsely perforate, foveolate or finely reticulate, occasionally with very narrow muri, occasionally perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 25–58 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral, rarely tetragonal or rhomboidal [35/48]. Pistillate flowers sessile, usually much larger than the staminate, ± globular; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate; petals similar to the sepals, 3, distinct, sometimes valvate at the very tip, otherwise imbricate; staminodes 3–9 or absent; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, globose to ovoid, stigmas 3, fleshy, triangular, ± reflexed at anthesis, ovule anatropous or campylotropous, basally attached. Rachilla distal to pistillate flowers drying after anthesis, portions bearing fruit sometimes becoming brightly coloured. Fruit globose, ovoid, or spindle-shaped, often brightly coloured, rarely dull brown or green, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, shiny or dull, mesocarp thin to moderately thick, fleshy or fibrous, endocarp composed of robust longitudinal fibres, usually closely appressed to the seed, becoming free at the basal end or not. Seed conforming to the fruit shape or slightly hollowed at the base, with basal hilum and raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid or rarely entire with a minute apical cleft. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 47 species, distributed from India and south China through Malesia to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, stem, root (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), gynoecium (Uhl and Moore 1971), stegmata (Killmann and Hong 1989), and fruit (Essig and Young 1979). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Areca is a strongly supported monophyletic group, though sampling in available phylogenies is limited (Loo et al. 2006). The genus is highly supported as sister to a clade comprising Nenga and Pinanga (Loo et al. 2006). The same relationships are recovered in other studies (Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Areca catechu is economically important and widely cultivated, sometimes on a plantation scale. The endosperm is chewed with leaves or inflorescences of Piper betle L., lime and other ingredients; it contains the alkaloid arecaine, which acts as a mild narcotic. An estimated 200–400 million people use betel nut in this way, making it the fourth most widly “abused” substance after nicotine, alcohol and caffeine (Gupta and Warnakulasuriya 2002, Norton 1998). The fruit are also used as a source of tannin in dyeing, medicinally, and rarely, as toothbrushes. The apex is edible and the flowers often used as ceremonial decoration. The leaf sheath may be utilised in making containers, and other species may serve as substitutes in betel-chewing. Several species are cultivated as ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Furtado (1933) and Dransfield (1984a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>There are a few records of reticulate monosulcate pollen from the Maastrichtian of Cameroon that have been compared with Areca: Retimonocolpites pluribaculatus nov. sp. (Salard-Cheboldaeff 1978), Arecipites lusaticus and A. convexus (Salard-Cheboldaeff 1979); A. convexus is closely similar to the pollen of Areca catechu. Muller (1981) suggested that R. pluribaculatus (reticulate pollen with ca. 45–50 µm long axis) is close to the reticulate monosulcate pollen of Areca ipot and shares a similar size range; the affinity of this fossil pollen with a species of Areca, a genus that includes a number of species that have reticulate pollen, certainly cannot be ruled out. As a general comment it, is noted that the name Arecipites is widely used for small more-or-less symmetric monosulcate palm-like dispersed fossil pollen; its use for Areca-like fossil pollen is exceptional.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>As circumscribed here, Areca is a remarkably variable genus that has very distinctive sections. The variation in Borneo is particularly noteworthy.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Betel nut palm, pinang, bunga, jambe.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Most species are small to moderate palms of the undergrowth of tropical rain forest. Areca catechu, the betel nut, is very widespread as a crop plant and seems to tolerate open conditions. Some species of Areca have very narrow ecological limits; for example, A. rheophytica is confined to the banks of fast-flowing streams on ultramafic rock in Sabah, Borneo. Areca triandra is a polymorphic species occurring from India to Borneo. Some of the entities within this complex taxon have rather precise habitat requirements.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Areca (Palmae: Arecoideae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp 1-22</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Areca ahmadii</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 39: 4 (1984)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak, 1st Division, Semongoh Forest Reserve; Lai Shak Teck; S 38946</type>
+<type_loc>holotypus K; isotypi BH, BO, KEP, L, SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Ahmad bin Drahman, the supervisor of the Biological Centre at Semon-goh, was the discoverer of this palm and is commemorated in the specific epithet.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>ad sectionem Arecellam pertinens, haec species mirabilis habitu acaulescenti, inflorescentia interfoliari, pedunculo longissimo distinctissima; superficialiter A. subacauli (Becc.) J. Dransf. et A. brachypodae J. Dransf. sectionis Microarecae similis sed folio pinnato et floribus staminatis uniseriatis distinguibilis.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Acaulescent, solitary, undergrowth palmlet; stem very short, subterranean or somewhat decumbent c. 8 x 2.5 cm, bearing very close leaf scars and short stilt roots c. 3 mm diam. Leaf sheaths c. 13 cm long, c. 7 cm in basal circum- ference, apparently tardily abscising, scarcely forming a crownshaft, splitting along ? the entire length opposite the petiole, tinged dull purplish brown, longitudinally striate, and bearing scattered brown scales; ligule present but soon disintegrating. Leaf excluding sheath to c. 1 m, often less, with petiole c. 42 x 0.5 cm; leaflets narrow to broad-lanceolate, in the holotype 6 on each side of the rachis, fewer in some plants noted in the field, (1-) 2-4-ribbed, acuminate except for the apical 5-6-ribbed pair with short apical lobing; basal and mid leaf leaflets to 45 x 1.5 cm, apical pair to 30 x 6 cm, some- what sigmoid, the apical lobing to 5 mm deep; lamina glabrous, adaxial surface rich dark green, shining when fresh, abaxial surface paler. Inflores- cence interfoliar; prophyll to 35 x 1.3 cm, flattened, tinged purplish, bearing scattered brown scales; peduncle becoming arcuate, c. 200 x 2 mm, oval in cross section, somewhat increasing in width with age to 3 mm, purplish with scattered brown scales; rachillae 5-8, purplish, crowded at the end of the peduncle, at staminate anthesis c. 60 x 1 mm, increasing as fruit develops to c. 110 x 2.5 mm. Flowers borne in triads only at the very base of the rachilla, usually no more than 1 triad per rachilla, sometimes no triad present, distally the flattened rachillae bearing a single row of pairs or solitary staminate flowers. Staminate flower sessile, greenish in bud, narrow-clavate, to 4 x 1 mm; calyx 1.5 mm, tubular at the base, tipped with 3 triangular lobes, the central line of each lobe somewhat thickened; petals 3, striate, free almost to the base, 3.5 x 1 mm; stamens 6, with anthers to 2 mm, filaments to 1 mm; pistillode absent; pollen white. Pistillate flower in bud 7 x 3-5 mm; sepals 3, imbricate, cucullate, to 7 x 3 mm; petals 3, imbricate to 6 X 2 mm; staminodes absent; ovary strongly trigonous to 4.5 x 1.5 mm. Mature fruit purplish black, fusiform, 4.3 x 1.4 cm, tipped with conspicuous trifid stig- matic remains; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp thin, fibrous. Seed basally attached, narrow obclavate, 22 X 7 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Borneo, Sarawak, 1st Division, known only from the type population.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In lowland Dipterocarp Forest on gentle slopes by sluggish stream at about 20 m altitude. In April 1981 I counted about 30 plants of this curious palm. Were it not in flower, it would perhaps be passed over as a seedling of a species of Pinanga. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The interfoliar inflorescence with long peduncle is superficially very like that of A. brachypoda (see below) and A. subacaulis but the uniseriate staminate flowers indicate this species belongs to section Arecella rather than to section Microareca to which A. brachypoda and A. subacaulis belong. It is unlike any other species in the section because of the inflorescence position, but in details of flowers and fruit it conforms to the pattern common in the section.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Areca (Palmae: Arecoideae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp 1-22</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Areca andersonii</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 39: 6 (1984)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak, 4th Division, Niah, G. Subis, Sg. Sekaloh; J. A. R. Anderson; S 31937</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>This new species is named for the collector, J. A. R. Anderson, who has collected many curious Bornean palms.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>ad sectionem Microarecam pertinens, floribus staminatis stipitatisque A. abdulrahmanii J. Dransf. et A. klingkangensi J. Dransf. affinis, sed calcicola et staminibus tantum 6 distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Apparently solitary, short-stemmed, undergrowth palmlet. Stem to c. 2.5 m, 1.3 cm diam.; internodes to 1.5 cm, nodes marked by conspicuous leaf scars, c. 3 mm high; surface of internode dull green with sparse brown scales. Leaf sheaths forming a distinct crownshaft to 23 x 2 cm; sheaths 7-13 cm long with basal circumference 2-3 cm, striate, with sparse brown scales; ligule poorly developed. Leaf without sheath 65-80 cm including petiole to 30 x 0-3 cm; leaflets 2-3 on each side of the rachis, diverging at an angle of c. 30'; leaflets subequal, with up to 5 main ribs, acuminate except for the lobed apical pair, to c. 35 x 3 cm; lamina surfaces concolorous, ± glabrous on adaxial surface, with scattered brown scales on abaxial surface. Inflorescence infrafoliar; peduncle short, c. 10 x 3 mm; rachillae 3-4, divaricate, ± zig-zag, to 100 x 2 mm, covered in brown scales, each bearing 1-3 triads near the base, and spirally arranged pairs of staminate flowers distally. Staminate flower conspicuously stipitate, the stalk formed from the calyx base, glabrous, to 1.5 mm, the calyx tubular above the solid base, lobes 3, strongly keeled, narrow triangular, to 1 mm; corolla with 3 ovate apiculate petals to 3.5 x 1.75 mm; stamens 6, to 1.5 x 0.3 mm, anthers borne on short filaments; pistillode absent. Pistillate flower sessile with 3 imbricate, cucullate, apiculate free sepals to 4.5 x 3 mm, and 3 free imbricate apiculate petals to 4.5 x 2.5 mm; ovary to 7 x 2.5 mm, tipped with a beak and 3 stigmas. Immature fruit fusiform, 'ripening red', to 21 x 7 mm, tipped with stigmatic remains; seed immature, basally attached.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Borneo, Sarawak, 4th Division, known only from type collection.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>This is a lowland species, and was found growing in the unusual habitat of crevices in limestone.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>It belongs to section Microareca by virtue of its small habit and spirally arranged staminate flowers. Together with A. abdulrahmanii and A. klingkangensis it forms a group of species distinctive in the conspicuously stipitate staminate flowers, but is immediately distinguishable from these two by the presence of only 6 stamens.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Areca (Palmae: Arecoideae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp 1-22</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Areca brachypoda</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 39: 8 (1984)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak, 1st Division, Lundu, G. Pueh Forest Reserve; J. Dransfield et al.; JD 6011</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, BO, L, PNH, SAN, SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet refers to the short stem.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>acaulescens, ad sectionem Microarecam pertinens, inflorescentia interfoliacea et pedunculo longissimo A. subacaulem (Becc.) J. Dransf. valde simulans sed rachillis flores staminatos usque ad apicem ferentibus et flore staminato ± aeque lato ac longo staminibus 15-16 gaudenti differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Acaulescent, solitary, undergrowth palmlet. Stem very short, subterra- nean, to c. 6 X 2.5 cm, bearing very close leaf scars and abundant adventiti- ous roots, c. 3 mm diam. Leaf sheaths 11 cm long, c. 7 cm in basal circumference, marcescent, forming only an obscure crownshaft, splitting along ± entire length opposite the petiole, tinged dull brownish-red, longitudinally striate, bearing scattered, minute blackish scales; ligule absent. Leaf excluding sheath c. 115 cm, including petiole to 41 x 0.5 cm; lamina bifid, gradually widening from the insertion to c. 12 cm wide, at the base of the cleft at c. 1/2 the total lamina length, the lobes decreasing to c. 4 cm wide at the apex, c. 10 folds on each side of the rachis, the apical margins very briefly lobed, with lobes corresponding to the folds; adaxial lamina surface dark dull green, abaxial surface slightly paler. Inflorescence interfoliar. branching to 1 order only; prophyll to 50 x 1.25 cm, flattened, pale green, bearing obscure, scat- tered pale brown scales; peduncle becoming arcuate, c. 40 cm long, ? elliptic in cross section becoming striate on drying, bearing abundant dark brown scales; rachillae 3 (? rarely more), spreading, sinuous, c. 13 x 0.3 cm, pale green, bearing scales as on the peduncle, the basal c. 2 cm bare of flowers; triads confined to the mid-portion of the central rachilla (the main axis), the lateral rachillae without triads or with a few in the proximal c. 1/3, the rest of the rachilla bearing rather distant, spirally arranged, solitary or paired staminate flowers. Staminate flower trigonous, ± as broad as long; calyx to 2 mm, the base slightly stipitate, apically with 3 slightly imbricate, low, ciliate triangular lobes, the surface minutely papillose to scaly; corolla c. 3-5 mm, with 3 broad, triangular, valvate, glabrous petals joined only at the very base; stamens 15-16 crowded into an ill-defined ring, the anthers aligned ± radially rather than circumferentially; filaments free, slender 0.3-0.8 mm, anthers somewhat misshapen, 1-1.5 mm X 0.4 mm, latrorse (with respect to connective); pistillode lacking, though floral apex ? visible. Pistil- late flower broadly ellipsoidal c. 12 X 5-5 mm; calyx c. 6 mm, with a solid base to 2.5 mm, and 3 broad, triangular, somewhat cucullate, ciliate, scaly, imbricate sepals, to 5 x 6 mm; petals 3, free glabrous, c. 9 x 6 mm, imbri- cate in the proximal portion, valvate in distal c. 2 mm, the imbricate margins ciliate; staminodes 8 (? always), minute, flattened; ovary ellipsoidal, c. 9 x 3 mm, tipped by 3 broad, triangular stigmas to 2 x 1.5 mm. Young fruit green tinged brownish, fusiform, to 22 x 5 mm; tipped by the stigmatic remains; mature fruit not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Borneo, Sarawak, 1st Division, G. Pueh Forest Reserve, known only from the type.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In G. Pueh Forest Reserve, A brachypoda is quite common in kerangas forest where it seems to be confined to sloping ground near valley bottoms at an altitude of about 50 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In the field I had identified this palm as Pichisermollia subacaulis (Areca subacaulis), and it was not until I examined the material in detail back at Kew that I realized that what I had collected was a new species. A brachypoda belongs to section Microareca; the interfoliar inflorescence isolates it from other species of the section except for A. subacaulis. The latter is easily distinguished by the rachillae ending in conspicuous stiff points devoid of flowers, by the fusiform rather than globu- lar flowers and by the 7-9 as opposed to 15-16 stamens.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Areca (Palmae: Arecoideae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp 1-22</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Areca chaiana </name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 39: 10 (1984)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak, 2nd Division, Lubok Antu, Sg. Jelok, near Bukit Sengkajang, Lanjak-Entimau Protected Forest; Paul Chai; S 33986</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, KEP, L, SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>montana ad sectionem Microarecam ut videtur pertinens sed inflorescentia spicata basi triades numerosos con- gestosque ferenti, floribus staminatis complanatis petalis latis statim dis- tinguibilis.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Erect, solitary undergrowth palm. Stem to 2-5 m tall, c. 1-8 cm diam., internodes c. 1.7-2 cm, bearing caducous chocolate brown scales; nodal scars to 4 mm wide. Crownshaft well-defined, light greenish yellow when fresh, drying mid-brown, 27 x 3 cm; leaf sheaths neatly abscising, c. 17 cm long, longitudinally striate, bearing sparse, minute, brown scales; ligule to 3 cm, soon tattering. Leaf pinnate, excluding sheath to 85 cm, including petiole to 15 x 0.3 cm; leaflets about 10 on each side of the rachis, ± close, mostly 1-4 ribbed except for the broader terminal pair which may be 4-8 ribbed, con- colorous, drying greenish brown, proximal leaflets c. 26 x 2.3 cm, mid-leaf leaflets c. 36 x 0.7-2.5 cm, apical pair c. 20 x 2.5-5.5 cm, all acuminate except for apical leaflets which are lobed; minute scales abundant on both surfaces. Inflorescences infrafoliar, simply spicate, to c. 15 cm, arcuate; prophyll winged, (only fragments available); peduncle short c. 20 x 7 mm diam. (at insertion of prophyll) greenish cream when fresh, drying dark, bearing scattered pale scales, proximal c. 1/3 of axis bearing numerous spirally arranged triads, distal portion bearing spirally arranged, solitary or paired staminate flowers, subtended by relatively conspicuous triangular rachilla bracts c. 1 x 1 mm. Staminate flower rather irregularly flattened due to close packing; calyx base stipitate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, flattened, glabrous; calyx lobes narrow-triangular, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, keeled, the margins minutely ciliate; petals variable, striate c. 9 x 2-3.5 mm; stamens 6, ± epipetalous, filaments c. 2 x 0.2 mm, anthers medifixed, ± divergent at tip and base, c. 5.5 x 0.5 mm, latrorse; pistillode absent. Pistillate flower sessile; sepals 3, ovate, imbricate, cucullate, minutely scaly, striate, c. 8 x 4 mm; petals 3, ovate, imbricate except at the very tip, minutely ciliate at margins, c. 7 X 3 mm; staminodes ?6, minute; ovary ± fusiform, c. 6 x 1.2 mm. Mature fruit ± fusiform and somewhat curved at the tip, c. 30 x 8 mm, with apical stigmatic residue c. 2 mm diam.; pericarp drying dull brown, longitudinally striate; seed basally attached filling a space c. 20 x 6 mm, shrinking to 12 x 5 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Borneo, Sarawak, 2nd Division, known only from the type</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Near river bank on slope in open place. Altitude 2000 ft a.s.l.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This curious species is the only member of the genus with a truly spicate inflorescence. So anomalous did the aspect of the palm appear to me in the herbarium, that at first I thought it might be a species of Nenga; however, examination of the flowers and fruit indicates affinity with Areca rather than Nenga and it must be regarded as an aberrant member of section Microareca. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Areca (Palmae: Arecoideae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp 1-22</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Areca insignis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 39: 13 (1984)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak, Bintulu; Beccari; P.B. 3696</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotype K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gigliolia insignis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Malesia 1: 172 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pichisermollia insignis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) H. Montiero-Neto</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) H. Montiero-Neto in Rodriguesia 41: 198 (1976) and 54: 9 (1980)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Areca (Palmae: Arecoideae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp 1-22</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Areca insignis var. moorei</name>
+<author>(J.Dransf.) J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 39: 13 (1984)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak, 1st Division, Bako National Park; Moore; 9109</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypes BH, SAR</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pichisermollia insignis var. moorei</name>
+<author>J. Dransf.</author>
+<bibref>J. Dransf. in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 40 (1980)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Borneo, local in Sarawak and Brunei, confined to kerangas forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type variety seems to be confined to the 4th and 5th Divisions of Sarawak and Brunei. A. insignis var. moorei is more widespread but still not known outside Sarawak and Brunei.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Areca (Palmae: Arecoideae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp 1-22</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Areca jugahpunya</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 39: 13 (1984)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak, 7th Division, Ulu Sg. Kapit; Paul Chai et al.; S36065</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, L, SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>This species (jugahpunya-belonging to Jugah, in Malay) is named for Jugah anak Kudi, well known plant collector of the Forest Department, Sarawak, who assisted in collecting the type, and who has accompanied me on many field trips, enlivening them with wit and great botanical knowledge.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>mira, acaulescens, robusta 6-staminata ad sectionem Arecellam pertinens sed habitu, inflorescentia erecta robustaque, floribus staminatis egregie magnis petalis basaliter connatis dis- tinctissima.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Acaulescent undergrowth palm, stem ? solitary or ? clustered, c. 6 cm diam. (no further details available). Leaf sheath greenish yellow when fresh, drying pale brown, c. 30 cm long, split to c. 20 cm above the insertion opposite the petiole, the abaxial surface bearing scattered chestnut brown scales; ligule apparently not present. Petiole present but of unknown length, c. 1.5 cm diam. at base, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded; whole leaf described as 2.5 m long; total number of pinnae not known but apparently few and very broad; penultimate leaflet 75 x 8 cm, somewhat sigmoid, 4-costate, acuminate in a driptip to 10 cm long; leaflets of apical pair very broad, 65 x 25 cm, 15-costate, the apical margin 15 cm wide with lobes to 5 cm corresponding to the adaxial folds, these further split along adaxial folds to 2 cm; abaxial lamina surface conspicuously striate when dry, paler than adaxial, both surfaces with scattered minute brown scales. Inflorescence infrafoliar, erect; prophyll not available; peduncle very short, c. 2 x 2 cm just above the clasping base, bearing about 20 stiff erect rachillae, those at the base forking near the insertion, to 24 x 0.7 cm, deep scarlet when fresh, proximally bearing 2-3 triads c. 3 cm distant distally bearing staminate flowers solitary or in pairs c. 1-5 cm distant, all ± uniseriate on one side of the rachilla. Staminate flowers green in bud, becoming white after anthesis, relatively very large (perhaps the largest in the genus), c. 18 mm long; calyx c. 3.5 mm long, tubular above a short solid base, with 3 low triangular lobes with minutely ciliate margins; petals 3, ± oblong, c. 15 x 4 mm, connate in the basal 5 mm, the tips blunt triangular; stamens 6, the filaments inserted on the corolla c. 2 mm above the base; anthers ± medifixed, c. 9 x 1 mm, pistillode absent. Pistillate flower bud c. 15 x 7 mm, ± ovoid, subtrigonous; sepals 3, imbricate, cucullate, connate only at the very base, the outermost to 15 x 7 mm, the innermost to 11 x 6 mm; petals 3, free, valvate above, imbricate below, c. 9 x 3 mm; staminodes apparently absent; ovary very immature in available specimen. Immature fruit fusiform, 5.5 x 1 cm, tipped by massive stigmatic remains.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Borneo, Sarawak, 7th Division, known only from the type collection (see above).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Cited as growing near river banks.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A. jugahpunya is an extraordinary species. The inflorescence is remarkably robust and the staminate flowers perhaps larger than in any other species of Areca; furthermore the petals of the staminate flower are conspicuously con- nate at the base. The fruit, even in an immature state is massive. These features, together with the acaulescent habit, must lend a very strange aspect to the palm in the field. Despite its anomalous features, the uniseriate arrangement of the staminate flowers indicates a position within section Arecella, where it is probably closest to a new taxon from northern Sumatra and Trengganu.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Areca (Palmae: Arecoideae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp 1-22</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Areca klingkangensis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 39: 15 (1984)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak, 1st Division, Sabal Tapang Forest Reserve, G. Gaharu; J. Dransfield et al.; JD 6103</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypi BH, SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>A. klingkangensis is named after the Klingkang Range, of which G. Gaharu is one of the higher summits, the range which separates Sarawak from Kalimantan Barat.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>inter species maiores sectionis Microarecae propter florem staminatum stipitatum A. abdulrahmanii et A. ander- sonii affinis sed staminibus 9 vice c. 16 vel 6 distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Erect, solitary, undergrowth palmlet. Stem to 2 m tall, c. 7-10 mm diam.; internodes green, 2.5-6 cm long, bearing scattered dull brown scales; nodal scars c. 3 mm wide. Crownshaft well-defined, pale green drying dull brown- ish, c. 25 x 1.5 cm, only slightly swollen; leafsheaths neatly abscissing, c. 10 cm long, longitudinally striate, bearing scattered dark brown scales; ligule c. 3 mm long, soon tattering and becoming lost. Leaf pinnate, excluding sheath to c. 55 cm, including petiole to 12 x 0.3 cm; leaflets 3-6 on each side of the rachis, distant, stiff, very coriaceous, narrow, 1-3-ribbed, concolorous, drying mid-brown, 22-40 x 0.7-1.7 cm, the longest near the base, the shor- test at the apex, acuminate except for the apical pair where tip minutely lobed; minute brown scales present on both surfaces, more abundant abaxially. Inflorescence infrafoliar, branching to 1 order, short, not exceeding c. 8 cm long, usually shorter; prophyll winged, c. 8 x 2 cm or less, bearing scattered scales; peduncle very short, c. 15 mm long, 5 mm wide just above the winged base; rachillae divergent, usually 3 only, to c. 6 cm long, c. 4 mm diam. at the base, tapering to the tip, bright reddish tinged, bearing abun- dant persistent low blackish scales, and sparse, caducous, chaffy hairs; triads rarely more than 2-3 at the base of each rachilla, the rachillae otherwise bearing spirally arranged paired or solitary staminate flowers. Staminate flower irregularly angled, markedly stipitate, especially those of the triads; stipitate base of calyx 0.5-2.5 x 1 mm, angled, glabrous, calyx lobes low c. 0.7 x 1 mm triangular, the margins smooth; petals valvate, glabrous broadly triangular, c. 2.5-3.5 X 1-1.5 mm; stamens 9, slightly irregular, borne on very short or obsolete filaments, anthers 1.8-2 x 0.5-0.6 mm, latrorse; pistillode lacking. Pistillate flower sessile; sepals 3, free c. 5.5 x 3.5 mm, imbricate, cucullate, sparsely hairy along the strong keel, minutely ciliate along margins; petals 3, imbricate, ovate, c. 4.5 x 5 mm, ciliate; staminodes 6, minute; ovary ± conical in bud, c. 2.5 mm diam. at base, tipped with 3 fleshy, angled stigmas. Young fruit greenish tinged; mature fruit known only in mummified condition, fusiform, 26 x 5 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Borneo, Sarawak, 1st Division, known only from the type collection.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>I discovered this species growing in very wet mossy forest developed on an eroded sandstone block summit at c. 700 m altitude; for an account of its discovery see Dransfield (1982).</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species has smaller inflorescences and fruit than A. abdulrahmanii and A. andersonii, and may easily be distinguished by the pres- ence of 9 rather than 6 or c. 16 stamens. With these two species it forms a rather distinctive group within section Microareca. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Areca (Palmae: Arecoideae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp 1-22</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Areca rheophytica</name>
+<author> J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 39: 18 (1984)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sabah, Telupid; J. Dransfield et al.; JD 5780</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi L, SAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>elegantissima, rheophytica, in ripis fluminum rivulorumque per petras serpentinas fluentium crescens, ad sectionem Arecellam (sensu Furtado) pertinens, a ceteris speciebus Borneen- sibus habitatione et foliolis plicarum singularium approximatis compositis, regulatim dispositis bene distincta; staminibus 6 et habitu solitario A. hutchinsonianae et A. vidalianae insularum Philippinarum affinis et vero a formis A. vidalianae quae foliola plicarum singularium composita habent, haud disting- uibilis, sed floribus pistillatis angustissimis, caule glabrato, habitatione et aspectu differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, short-stemmed, rheophytic, undergrowth palm, Stem to c. 2 m tall, usually less, 1-2 cm diam., pale brown except near the crownshaft where green, glabrous, internodes 2-4 cm, the nodal scars conspicuous c. 3-5 mm high. Crownshaft usually swollen, 15-30 x 2-4 cm, pale green. Leaves c. 7-8 in the crown; sheaths to 25 cm, usually less, smooth when fresh, drying ridged, bearing very sparse scattered scales; petiole 8-15 x 0.3-0.5 cm, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, bearing very sparse brown scales; leaflets 12-22 on each side of the rachis, dark green, close, regularly arranged, all single-fold except the apical pair and sometimes the basal pair which are 2-3-ribbed, concolorous, bearing very sparse, minute, brown scales scattered on both surfaces. Inflorescence erect at anthesis, to 22 cm, often less; prophyll to 25 x 3.5 cm, conspicuously winged, the wing margins somewhat erose and hairy towards the tip, the prophyll surface striate on drying, bearing scattered brown scales; peduncle 7-15 x 5 mm, winged at the very base; axis branching to 3 orders; rachillae slender, very numerous, to 120 x 1 mm, sometimes with a short bare portion at the base, usually with a basal triad, rarely with several triads, otherwise bearing paired staminate flowers in a single row on one side. Staminate flower narrow-ovoid, trigonous, creamy-white, citrus-scented; sepals 3, free, triangular, keeled, c. 0.8 x 0.4 mm; petals 3, striate, narrow-triangular, c. 2.2 x 0.7 mm; stamens 6, filaments very short, anthers elongate, c. 1.4 x 0.3 mm; pistillode trifid, conspicuous, exceeding the stamens, c. 1-8 X 0-3 mm. Pistillate flower at anthesis narrow, trigonous, c. 11 x 3 mm; sepals 3, free, imbricate, c. 7 x 4 mm; petals 3, exceeding the sepals, c. 10 x 6 mm, imbricate, with short triangular, valvate tips; ovary fusiform, c. 10 x 3 mm, tipped with 3 short stigmas. Fruit fusiform, pale green at first, at maturity becoming cherry-red, narrow-ellipsoidal, c. 20 x 7 mm; mesocarp becoming < 2-5 mm thick; seed fusiform, c. 15 x 5 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Growing as a rheophyte on the banks of fast-flowing rivers and streams in areas of ultrabasic rock, in the lowlands and up to about 400 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The relationships of the rheophytic Areca of Sabah are clearly with hexandrous species of Arecella (in Furtado's sense); it seems closest to A. hutchin- soniana and A. vidaliana of the Philippines. A. hutchinsoniana does not have rheomorphic unicostate leaflets and so is easily distinguished. A. vidaliana on the other hand is much more difficult to separate, and I had originally thought the Sabah taxon was conspecific with it. Beccari (1907) described two closely related species from Palawan - A. vidaliana with broad leaflets, and A. mammillata with unicostate leaflets. Later (1919) he sank the latter into the former, having noted how variable is the leaf dissection in Areca. Merrill (1922) for no apparent reason cited A. vidaliana as a synonym of A. mammillata rather than vice versa. In 1979 I had the opportunity to see A. vidaliana in the field in Palawan. Near Puerto Princesa it grows in small crown forest rich in bamboo (Schizostachyum sp.) developed on serpentine rock, and occurs in a variety of forms ranging from unicostate to broad- costate. In habitat and aspect it is very different from the Sabah rheophyte. It is worth stressing that there was no rheophytic Areca sp. in the area I visited, though the habitat was abundant. Although I have found difficulty in separating what are geographically and ecologically distinct taxa, I still believe the Sabah taxon is sufficiently distinct to be accorded specific status. At present, true A. vidaliana is known from Malaysian territory only from P. Balembangan between the coast of Sabah and Palawan.
+A. rheophytica is a most elegant species. Professor van Steenis wrote to me in relation to the preparation of his book on rheophytes (van Steenis 1981) concerning this taxon. At the time I had not seen it in the field, and as I assumed it to be non-rheophytic A. vidaliana the taxon was not included by Professor van Steenis.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BORNEO. SABAH. Telupid, bank of Sg. Mailo, Dransfield et al. JD 5780 (holotype K; isotypes L, SAN); Labuk/Sugut, valley of Sg. Tungud, Dransfield et al. JD 5751(BO, K, KEP, L, SAN, SAR); Beluran, Middle Labuk, Sg. Palui, Meijer SAN 25410 (K, SAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Areca (Palmae: Arecoideae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp 1-22</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Areca subacaulis </name>
+<author>(Becc.) J.Dransf</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 29: 20 (1984)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak, G. Matang near Kuching; Beccari; P.B. 3647 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotype K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gigliolia subacaulis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Malesia 1: 174 (1877)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pichisermollia subacaulis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) H. Monteiro-Neto</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) H. Monteiro-Neto in Rodriguesia 41: 198 (1976) and 54: 9 (1980)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>This species is still known only from the area of the Matang hills and Sempadi Forest Reserve in the 1st Division, Sarawak.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A new species of Areca from Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Chong-Keat</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 36(2) 79-83</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Areca tunku</name>
+<author>J.Dransf. & C.K.Lim</author>
+<citation>Principes 36: 81 (1992)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Ad sectionem Arecellam H. A. Wendl. & Drude pertinens, a ceteris speciebus Sumatranis vel Malayanis Arecae petiolo carenti et rachillis crassis purpureis bene distincta; A. jugahpunya J. Dransf. et A. ahmadii J. Dransf. speciebus borneensibus affinis sed a A. jugahpunya inflorescentia rachillis paucioribus minoribus petalis floris masculi non connatis et a A. ahrnadii habitu caulescenti et inflorescentia infrafoliacea pedunculo brevi distincta. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, unarmed, monoecious palm to 2.5 m tall. Stem often stilt-rooted at the base, dull green when young, becoming pale brown, 2-6 cm diam., internodes 2- 3 cm, nodal scars ca. 0.5 cm wide. Crown composed of ca. 8 leaves, these sometimes tardily abscissing the whole crown tending io trap leaf litter. Crownshaft to 13-25 cm long, 3-7 cm diam., often partially obscured by the marcescent leaf sheaths. Leaf variably dissected leaf sheaths l3- 20 cm long, dull green to brown, often tinged purple, drying pale brown, striate, bearing thin pale brown scalesi petiole absent to very short, not exceeding 5 cm long; rachis to 1 m long, adaxially channelled near the base, abaxially rounded or angled, pale brownish green, sometimes tinged purple; blade irregularly dissected, leaflets adaxially dark shiny green, slightly paler abaxially, usually borne close together, 5-24 on each side of the rachis, varying from narrow to broad, 22-65 x 0.7-10 cm, composedo f l-6 folds,a cuminate and somewhat sigmoid except for the terminal shallowlyJobed pair, main veins bearing minute brown punctiform scales. Inflorescence sometimes burstine throughm arcescenst heathse. rect, 8.5: 22 cm, almost always branching to I order only, very rarely the basalmost branch bearing a branch of the second order, all axes cream-colored, turning yellowish orange, greenish or deep purple; prophyll 8-22 x 2.5-4 cm, ancipitous, ellipticlanceolate, winged throughout, creamy brown to pale green, tinged with carmine purple, becoming striate on drfng, bearing bands of scattered pale brown scales peduncle 20-30 x 7-10 x 5 mm glabrous, bearing an inconspicuous, incomplete, low ridgeJike peduncular bract ca. I mm high, just above the prophyll scar; rachis to 7 cm long; rachillae 6-12, very stiff and stout. borne in two neat rows on either side ofthe rachis, congested at first, later often widely spreading, 5- I 2 x 0.2- 0.4 cm, sometimes slightly curved, bearing flowers only along one side (the distal side); triads borne only at the very base of the rachillae, l-6 per rachilla, rarely absent, distally the rachillae bearing paired or solitary staminatef lowersoth e flowers creamcolored or greenish tinged, often markedly contrasting with the purplish rachillae. Staminate flowers terete, ca. 4-10 x 1.5-2 mm; calyx cup-shaped, sometimes strongly explanate, to 0.75 mm high, three-lobed, the lobes triangular to I x I mm; petals 3, distinct, 4.5-10 x L.5-2.5, abaxially slightly striate; stamens 6, filaments 0.75- 1.5 mm, anthers 2.5-5.5 x I mm, apically and basally sagittate; pollen monosulcate with finely punctate tectate exine; pistillode minute. Pistillate flowers at anthesis cream-colored, borne on enlarged rachillae; buds varying greatly in size depending on stage of development, just before anthesis to 19 x 9 mm; sepals 3, strongly imbricate, irregularly ovate l0 x 9 mm; petals 3, basally strongly imbricate l0 x 9 mm, with triangular valvate tips to 5 x 5 mm; staminodes 3, irregularly dentiform to strap-shaped; ovary ovoid 14 x 4 mm, stigmas3 , strongly adpressedin bud, expanding and becoming reflexed at anthesis, white, fleshy, triangular ca. 5 x 5 mm. Fruit borne on the enlarged, dark brown or blackened rachillae, up to about 12 fruits developing on a single inflorescence; mature fruit 3-4.5 x 1.5-3 cm, dull purplish green to brown, with blackened stigmatic remains borne on a white ringed beak to 12 x 6 mm; epicarp smooth, becoming striate on dryng; mesocarp thin, pale,i nner fiberso f mesocarpb road,b lack, conspicuous, closely adhering to the endocarp; endocarp thin, closely adhering to the seed. Seed to 25 x l5 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate, embryo basal. Seedling leaf bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) and Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In Peninsular Malaysia Areca tunku is a palm of hill dipterocarp forest: in Sumatra it occurs in similar habitats. The North Sumatran population seems to consist of plants at the small end of the range of variation. Within populations in Terengganu, the range of variation is considerable, making suspect any separation of the Sumatran plants on the basis of size alone. The uniseriate staminate florrers suggest that Areca tunku is a member of Wendland and Drude's section Arecella in Furtado's sense (Furtado 1933). The swollen frequently purplish rachillae seem to suggest a relationship with Areca jugahpunya J. Dransf. and A. ahrnadii J. Dransf. (Dransfield 1984), two Bornean species. However, these two species are immediately distinguishable by their acaulescent habit; furthermore A. ahmadii has interfoliar inflorescences with very long peduncles and slender, less strongly beaked fruit, while A. jugahpunya is a much more massive palm, with a short peduncle as in A. tunku, but with much larger inflorescences with many (20) rachillae and large staminate flowers with petals connate for half their length. The peduncle form and colors of the inflorescence make A . tunku especially distinctive and striking. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Terengganu: Besut, Ulu Sungei Kemia, alt. 530 m. Cockburn FRI B2l2 (KEP); Besut, Ulu Setiu Forest Reserve, alt. 500 m, Dransfeld et al. JD5I78 (holotype K: isotype KEP), alt. 5O m, Dransfield et al. JD5169 (K, KEP); Ulu Nerus Forest Reserve. alt. 200 m. Dransf.eld et al. JD6511 (K, KEP). Johor: Labis Forest Reserve. Wong Khoon Meng FRI 32485 (KEP). Perak: Upper Perak, Belum Forest Reserve. alt. 800 m. Lim Chong-Keat et al. 90/069, 90/524, 90/ 542 (K, KEP). SUMATRA. Sumatera Utara: Langkat, Bohorok, Bukit Lar.'ang. alt. 500 m, Dransfield et al. JD3l44 (BO), JD3l45 (BO), JD3l70 (BO), JD3263 (BO, K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Dwarf to massive, solitary or clustered monoecious or rarely dioecious pinnate-leaved palms from mainland Asia to New Guinea and Australia, distinctive in the induplicate leaflets with praemorse tips, flowers borne in triads and free sepals in the staminate flower. Flowering is usually basipetal hapaxanthic; however, a few pleonanthic species are known.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Arenga</name>\r
+<author>Labill. in DC.</author> \r
+<citation>Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 162(1800)</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Arenga saccharifera; Labill. ex DC.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Saguerus</name>\r
+<author>Steck</author>\r
+<bibref>Steck, Sagu 15 (1757)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Saguerus pinnatus; Wurmb</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Gomutus</name>\r
+<author>Correa</author>\r
+<bibref>Correa, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 9: 288 (1807)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Gomutus rumphii; Corrêa</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Blancoa</name>\r
+<author>Blume</author>\r
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 2: 128 (1843 [‘1848’]) (non Lindl. 1840).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Caryota tremula; Blanco</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Didymosperma</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude ex Hook.f.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl. and Drude ex Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. pl. 3: 917 (1883).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Didymosperma porphyrocarpum; (Blume ex Mart.) H. Wendl. and Drude ex Hook.f. </type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derived from aren, the Javanese vernacular name for the sugar palm, Arenga pinnata.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Dwarf to large, solitary or clustered, unarmed or lightly armed, pleonanthic or hapaxanthic, monoecious or very rarely apparently dioecious, acaulescent, shrubby or tree palms. Stem with congested or elongate internodes, usually obscured by persistent fibrous leaf bases and sheaths, more rarely becoming bare, conspicuously ringed with scars. Leaves flabellate and induplicately ribbed (rarely) or induplicately imparipinnate, marcescent, or rarely abscising under their own weight; sheath covered in a great variety of tomentum, scales and hairs, often extended beyond the petiole to form a ligule, eventually disintegrating into a mass of black fibres, some of which are very robust and almost spine-like; petiole usually well developed, slender to very robust, channelled or ridged (Arenga undulatifolia) at base adaxially, rounded abaxially, usually covered with a variety of indumentum; rachis rounded to angled adaxially, rounded to flat abaxially; leaflets single-fold (except for the terminal flabellum), regularly arranged or grouped and held in several planes, or deeply lobed and wavy, often with 1 or 2 basal auricles, the distal margins praemorse, with small sharp teeth, sometimes with a short to long, laterally compressed, basal stalk, the veins parallel to the fold, or diverging from the base, or ± pinnately arranged along the fold, adaxial surface of blade glabrescent, margins sometimes spiny, abaxial surface usually densely covered in pale indumentum with or without scattered bands of dark brown scales, midribs prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets scarcely visible. Inflorescences interfoliar, sometimes infrafoliar, often bursting through the leaf sheaths, produced in an acropetal sequence in pleonanthic species, in a basipetal sequence in hapaxanthic species, the distal-most inflorescences usually subtended by greatly reduced leaves, bisexual, or unisexual by sterilisation of triad components, where unisexual the pistillate tending to be distal to the staminate, the pistillate sometimes very much larger than the staminate, the staminate or bisexual inflorescences sometimes multiple, otherwise solitary, rarely spicate (A. retroflorescens), usually branched to 1–2 orders; peduncle very short to well developed, slender to massive, bearing a generally rather inconspicuous, basal, 2-keeled prophyll and several conspicuous, spirally arranged, peduncular bracts, soon splitting adaxially, the bract limb ± triangular, the abaxial surface usually densely covered with indumentum; rachis shorter or longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts inconspicuous, triangular; rachillae erect or pendulous, distant or crowded, very slender to extremely massive, frequently tomentose, bearing a loose to dense spiral of triads, subtended by inconspicuous low bracts. Staminate flowers in bisexual inflorescences opening before the pistillate; staminate flowers with sepals 3, rounded, imbricate, coriaceous, distinct, or joined very briefly at the base; corolla tubular at the very base, with 3 ovate to oblong triangular-tipped, coriaceous, valvate lobes; stamens rarely as few as 6–9, usually many more than 15, filaments short, anthers elongate, latrorse, connective sometimes prolonged into a point; pistillode absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, ± bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine intectate, usually spiny, spines attached to smooth upper surface of foot layer, in some species spines more numerous along aperture margin, less frequently densely clavate, apices of clavae spinulose; longest axis 27–36 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral [13/20]. Pistillate flowers usually globose, sometimes massive; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, coriaceous, imbricate; petals 3, connate in the basal ca. 1/2, valvate, triangular distally; staminodes 3–0 (?sometimes more, also reported as fertile, then flower pseudohermaphroditic); ovary globose, trilocular, stigmas 2–3, low, fertile locules 2–3, septal glands present basally and opening at the ovary surface, ovules inserted adaxially at the base, hemianatropous. Fruit globose to ellipsoidal, often somewhat angled, 1–3 seeded with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, dull to brightly coloured, mesocarp fleshy, filled with abundant, irritant needle crystals, endocarp not differentiated. Seeds basally attached, smooth, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll ovate to elliptic with erose margin or bifid with rhombic, divergent segments. Cytology: 2n = 32 (64 in one tetraploid).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 20 species ranging from India, South China, Ryukyus and Taiwan, through Southeast Asia, Malesia including Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) to north Australia, the greatest diversity occurring on the Sunda Shelf. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a). Two characters distinctive in leaf anatomy: hairs with a basal cylinder of sclerotic cells surrounding 1–3 thin-walled cells and guard cells with transverse ridges on the cutinised ledges. Stegmata (Killmann and Hong 1989). Gynoecium with a basal septal nectary opening by pores on its upper surface, a vascular cylinder for each carpel evident in the gynoecial base, and raphides and tannin abundant around the locules (Uhl and Moore 1971). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>In the two studies that tested the monophyly of Arenga, the genus is resolved as monophyletic with strong support (Asmussen et al. 2006) or moderate support (Bayton 2005). Both studies find strong support for a sister relationship between Arenga and Wallichia, as do Baker et al. (in review). uses of A. pinnata are legion; it is widely cultivated as a source </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The more slender forest undergrowth species are scarcely used but the larger species are among the most important economic plants of Southeast Asia and Malesia. The uses of A. pinnata are legion; it is widely cultivated as a source of sugar, wine, fibre, thatch, sago, and many other products (Miller 1964). Other large species are often used in similar ways. Special mention may be made of A. microcarpa as a source of sago in some parts of the Moluccas; this seems to be a palm with considerable potential.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>The genus has been monographed by J.P. Mogea; an account has yet to be published. See also Dransfield and Mogea (1984) and Mogea (2004). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>In India a peduncle, Palmostroboxylon arengoidum, from the Deccan Intertrappean of Madhya Pradesh (although the age span of these volcanic deposits is controversial, see Chapter 5) is considered by Ambwani (1984) to resemble Arenga closely. A seed (Iriartea collazoënsis) recorded from the Middle Oligocene of Puerto Rico is considered to resemble closely those of Arenga or Iriartea (Hollick 1928). The earliest fossil pollen of Arenga is from the Lower Miocene of Borneo (Muller 1972, 1979). In India, Venkatachala and Kar (1969) recovered spinose monosulcate pollen grains, Couperipollis kutchensis, from the Eocene sediments of Kutch (Gujarat State). Lakhanpal (1970) later suggested that these pollen grains most probably represent Arenga. However, the pollen illustrated is not Arenga-like and the comparison was rejected by Muller (1981). The genus Arengapollenites was published by Kar (1985) to include, “oval, spinose and monocolpate grains where the spines arearranged on the margins alternating to close to the colpus likea crocodile jaw.” This genus is known from the LowerEocene, Naredi Formation (Kar 1985), and from the lignitesof the Cambay and Kutch Basins (Kar and Bhattacharya 1992).The pollen illustrated closely resembles spiny Arenga pollen.Couperipollis was subsequently re-designated as a new genus,Neocouperipollis (Kar and Kumar 1986).</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Within this relatively small genus, there is anastonishing range of form and flowering behaviour.\r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata and several other species), black fibre, gomute, aren, enau and kabang (A. pinnata).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Most species are plants of primary forest in the lowlands and hills of the perhumid tropics; a few species are tall tree palms that grow gregariously and, with their massive leaf litter, must have a pronounced effect on forest dynamics. The smaller species, formerly included in the genus Didymosperma, are forest undergrowth palmlets.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A New Species of Arenga (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 51(4) 298-301</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2006</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Arenga engleri</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 3: 184 (1889)</citation>
+<type>TAIWAN. Taipei, Tamsuy, 14 Apr 1864; R. Oldham; 626</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FI-B ; isolectotype K!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Didymosperma engleri</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Warb.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Warb., Monsunia 1: t. 2, f. 1 (1900)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Arenga tremula var. engleri</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Hatus.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Hatus., Fl. Ryukyus: 754 (1971)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Soan-tsang (Taiwanese), shan-tsong (Mandarin).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, to 4 m tall, 10-15 cm diameter. Leaves pinnate; sheaths fibrous; ocrea not seen; petioles to 1.8 m long, covered with dark brown, peltate scales; rachis to 3 m long, tomentose as the petiole; pinnae 38-41 per side of rachis, linear, flat adaxially, very briefly lobed along the margins, without ears at the base, regularly arranged and spreading in the same plane except for the basal few pinnae, these paired; middle pinnae 43-49 cm long, 2-2.2 cm wide. Inflorescences interfoliar, unisexual, to 60 cm long, not seen in their entirety; staminate rachillae 9.7-27.6 cm long, 3.6-4 mm diameter, numerous, glabrous; staminate flowers 8-14 mm long, spirally and distantly arranged; sepals 2-2.5 mm long; petals 9-14 mm long; filaments 2-4 mm long; anthers 3-6 mm long; stamens 25-37; pistillate rachillae 27-32 cm long, 5-7.4 mm diameter, glabrous; pistillate flowers spirally and distantly arranged, 3 mm long; sepals 2.5 mm long, broadly imbricate, gibbous; petals 3 mm long, valvate for about two thirds their length; fruits globose, 1.5 cm diameter, orange or red. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Taiwan.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest, at low elevations.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is widely cultivated. One specimen, Chung 6374, from Fukien Province, China, is said by Merrill (1937) to be possibly cultivated.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TAIWAN. Kaohsiung co.: Rokki, 300 m, 13 May 1934, Gressitt 41 (NY).Nanto co.: Musha, 12 Mar 1918, Wilson 10022 (K, US). Unknown province: no locality, no date, Henry 798 (K, NY, US); Tong An, Chikutoki, E of Kagi, 9 Mar 1912, Price 148 (K). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Large pinnate-leaved palms of high altitude in inter-Andean valleys in South America; staminate flowers with ca. 15 stamens and fruit with thick irregularly thickened endocarp.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Parajubaea</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 48 (1930).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Parajubaea cocoides; Burret.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Para — beside or near, Jubaea — the palm generic name, suggesting similarity to Jubaea.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Large, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem tall, stout or rather slender, grey, obscurely ringed with leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, slightly arching, sometimes twisted, marcescent; sheath not forming a crownshaft, disintegrating into a mass of rather fine to coarse brown fibres; petiole short, adaxially flat, abaxially rounded, glabrous, margins fibrous at least basally; rachis longer than the petiole, tapering, rounded adaxially, grooved laterally, rounded abaxially; leaflets numerous, regularly arranged or in groups of 2–5 in one plane, narrow, elongate, single-fold, pointed distally, tips shortly bifid to oblique, glabrous adaxially, abaxially sparsely scaly and with linear ramenta along the midribs, midrib prominent adaxially, the only large vein, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences interfoliar, erect, becoming pendulous in fruit, branched to 1 or 2 orders; peduncle elongate, dorsiventrally flattened, glabrous; prophyll short, 2-keeled, opening apically, not exserted from the leaf sheath; peduncular bract much longer than the prophyll, narrowly tubular, tapering to a short apical beak, woody, deeply grooved, splitting abaxially and eventually marcescent, glabrous or covered with tomentum; several short, incomplete peduncular bracts present; rachis about as long as or shorter than the peduncle, bearing rather distant, spirally arranged, short, wide, centrally pointed bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae erect and closely appressed to the rachis, rather short, stout, sometimes zigzag, glabrous or with caducous tomentum, in Parajubaea cocoides distally with a few short branches of the 2nd order, rachillae bearing spirally arranged, very short, wide, pointed bracts subtending few triads (2–8) at the base and paired or solitary staminate flowers throughout most of the rachilla length, floral bracteoles short, rounded to pointed. Staminate flowers asymmetrical, ± pointed; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate basally, keeled, acute; petals 3, distinct, much larger than the sepals, angled, valvate; stamens 13–15, filaments erect, awl-shaped, ± inflexed; anthers linear, emarginate apically, sagittate basally, dorsifixed near the middle, introrse; pistillode short, briefly trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal, frequently elongate, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin may be slightly finer; infratectum columellate, longest axis 41–60 µm [2/3]. Pistillate flowers broadly ovoid, larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, margins irregular; petals 3, distinct, imbricate with briefly pointed, valvate tips; staminodes united in a shallow cupule, unlobed or with 3 pointed tips; gynoecium broadly ovoid, trilocular, triovulate, glabrous or tomentose, stigma short, rounded, trilobed, ovules laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit oblong-ovoid, beaked, perianth persistent on fresh fruit; epicarp smooth, mesocarp rather thin, fibrous, endocarp thick, very hard, with shining lines internally, externally irregularly sculptured with 3 prominent ridges (P. torallyi and P. sunkha), or surface and thickness irregular, ridges not prominent (P. cocoides), pores 3, basal, sunken. Seeds 1–3, rounded, raphe elongate, lateral, endosperm homogeneous, hollow; embryo subbasal. Germination and eophyll not recorded. Cytology not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species in Ecuador, Bolivia and Colombia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Parajubaea is untested. The genus is moderately supported as sister to Cocos (Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The mesocarp is fleshy and sweet and is eaten; the seed contains usable oil. These palms should make handsome ornamentals in cold and dry areas.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moraes and Henderson (1990) and Moraes (1996b, 2004).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The combination of the rather congested, closelyadpressed rachillae, staminate flower with 15 stamens and irregularly sculptured endocarp is not found elsewhere.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>For common names, see Moraes and Henderson (1990). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Parajubaea torallyi is found in humid ravines of spectacular sandstone mountains at high elevations (2400–3400 m), where it does not rain for ten months of the year, and P. cocoides was described from 3000 m in the eastern Andes. Parajubaea sunkha occurs at elevations of 1700–2200 m above sea level in semi-deciduous forest in interandean valleys in Bolivia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Parajubaea cocoides</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 48 (1930)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Ornamental palm. Stem solitary, to 16 m tall, 20-30 cm in diameter, usually thickest in the middle, smooth and grey. Leaves 20-30, spreading, the lower ones pendulous, 3-4 m long; pinnae 60-70 on each side, narrow, dark green, regularly inserted and spreading in one plane, the central ones 60-70 cm long and ca. 3 cm wide. Inflorescence 1-2 m long, with 50-70 short branches, 10-30 cm long. Infructescence pendulous, overhung by a large, woody, peduncular bract, the fruits forming a compact, cylindrical mass from which the branch tips are sticking out. Fruits green, smooth, beaked, 4-5.5 cm long, 3-4 cm wide.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Planted as an ornamental street tree in Andean towns throughout the country, mostly at elevations between 2500 and 3000 m.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Not known in the wild. Its assumed closest relative, Parajubaea torallyi var. microcarpa Moraes is native to Bolivia.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Novelties of the Genera Parajubaea and Syagrus (Palmae) from Interandean Valleys of Bolivia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Moraes</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Novon 6: 85-92</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1996</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Parajubaea sunkha</name>
+<author>M.Moraes</author>
+<citation>Novon 6: 85 (1996)</citation>
+<type>Bolivia. Santa Cruz: Vallegrande, El Palmar, 26 km on road from Vallegrande to Postrer Valle, 2400 m, 22 Aug. 1994; M. Moraes & I. Vargas; 1805</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype LPB; isotypes AAU, NY, QCA, UCZ, US</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The vernacular Aymaran name of sunkha, which refers to the density of fibers, has been adopted for the species epithet.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sunkha, palma sunkha, corozo.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Caudex solitarius 4-10(-14) m, cum reliquiis foliaris basis. Petioli valde fibrosi, 33-100 cm longi; pinnae utroque latere 66-92, irregulariter dispositae vel 2-5 inter se obscure aggregatae. Flores masculini staminibus 13• 15; flores feminei 4~5(-8) ad rhachillae basim. Fructus ovoideus 3-5 cm longus; putamine l(-2). </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem 4-10(-14) m tall, 25-50 cm diam., covered to the base with old sheaths. Leaves 18-26, 2-3 m long, erect and arching in distal third portion; sheath 35-120 cm long, with a dense tough brown fiber 1-1.35 m long, 40-70 cm wide; petiole 33- 100 cm long; rachis 2-2.5 m long, triangular in cross section at apex; pinnae 66-92 per side, lanceolate, irregularly inserted in groups of 2-5, 3-4 cm apart, in one plane, plicate at base, green and lustrous adaxially, glaucous abaxially; basal pinnae 45-80 X 0.4-1.1 cm; middle pinnae 62-70 X 2.5- 3 cm; apical pinnae 40-52 X 0.3-0.8 cm. Inflorescences up to six per plant. 1.8-2.5 in long, buds erect becoming pendulous at anthesis: prophyll ca. 1.4 m long and 13 cm diam. at base; peduncular bract 0.85-1.75 m long, apiculate, inflated above, woody, sulcate, brown externally, glabrous and white-cream internally; peduncle 60-80 cm long, glabrous; rachis 38-50 cm long, glabrous; rachillae 33-50 spirally arranged, spreading at anthesis, the basal ones 18-32 cm long, the middle ones 28 cm long, the apical ones 21-25 cm long; staminate flowers pedicellate, pedicel 2-6 mm, yellow-orangish; sepals free, briefly connate basally: petals broadly triangular, 10 X 6 mm, valvate; stamens 13-15, 6 mm long; filaments 2 mm long; anthers 4 mm long, medifixed, slightly sagittate; pistillode trifid; pistillate flowers 4-5(-8) per rachilla, basally inserted, 8.5 X 10 mm; sepals and petals broadly triangular, 10 X 13 mm, petals slightly smaller than sepals; staminodial ring to 2 mm tall, with 6 short teeth; ovary brownish beige tomentose; stigmas to 1 mm long; ovule basal. Fruit ovoid, 3-5 cm long, 2.5-3 cm diam.; epicarp light green, orange at apex; mesocarp very fibrous; endocarp stonish, brown with 3 inconspicuous ridges; seeds 1(- 2), 2-2.5 cm long; endosperm homogeneous with central cavity; eophyll bifid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to Bolivia. Restricted to narrow valleys with low semideciduous forests in the lower parts and with Podocarpus parlatorei Pilger, Alnus acuminata HBK, and Berberís sp. in the upper parts, partially transformed to grassy or shrubby slopes and ridges, in the Department of Santa Cruz, Province of Vallegrande (63°26'- 64°10'W, 18°10'-18°30'S).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Populations occur between 1700 and 2200 m elevation in interandean dry valleys. It is locally abundant in protected ravines, but most of the population is being reduced by the cultivation of maize. This palm is much less common today than 50 years ago. Several local people referred to a formerly larger area of the sunkha palm that extended to the south of Vallegrande.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Due to the restricted distribution of Parajubaea sunkha, and the harvesting of fiber and leaves, this species is endangered.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>This palm is exploited locally: fibers are collected for ropes, mattresses, and pads; leaves and leaflets for fans and baskets; fruits for human consumption; palmheart and young leaves for forage (Moraes & Henderson, 1990; Vargas, 1994).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Much material previously cited was misidentified as Parajubaea torallyi (Moraes & Henderson, 1990), to which the new species P. sunkha is undoubtedly closely related, and with which it is wholly allopatric. Parajubaea torallyi is a tree 20-26 m tall, with a smooth and slender stem, and pinnae regularly arranged. It grows on steep western slopes of sandstone mountains ranging from 2000 to 3400 m. There are two populations, which differ in fruit size, shape of endocarp, and number of stamens. They are treated as two varieties of P. torallyi. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Prov. Vallegrande, Malaralcito, 2 hours E of Santa Rosita on road to Postrer Valle, 18°32'S, 64°00'W, 1900 m, 11 May 1988, Henderson, Moraes & Saldias 760 (LPB, NY), 10 May 1988, Moraes et al. 1048 (LPB, NY); 15 km E from Santa Rosita, 23 July 1989, Vargas 230 (LPB, UCZ); 10 km E of Guadalupe, valley of rfo Piraymiri, 1 km upstream from Chorillos, 18°33'S, 63°59'W, 1800 m, 5 Feb. 1988, Nee et al. 36179 (LPB, NY, UCZ); in Barrio Nuevo, 18°29'S, 64°06'W, 2000 m, 5 Feb. 1988, Nee et al. 36245 (LPB, NY, UCZ). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Novelties of the Genera Parajubaea and Syagrus (Palmae) from Interandean Valleys of Bolivia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Moraes</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Novon 6: 85-92</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1996</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Parajubaea torallyi var. microcarpa</name>
+<author>M.Moraes</author>
+<citation>Novon 6: 87 (1996)</citation>
+<type>Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Jatun Palmar, Palmar Grande, 10 km E of Soroma, ravines of río Pilcomayo, 2047 m, 26 May 1995; M. Moraes, E. Oviedo & 0. Murguía; 2209</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype LPB; isotype NY</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The epithet refers to the small size of fruit, compared with P. torallyi van torallyi.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Janchi coco, palma de fruto chico.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Flores masculini staminibus 13-15; flores feminei 1(-2) ad rhachillae basim. Fructus ovoideus 3.5-4.5 cm longus;
+putamine l(-2).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem 10-20 m tall, 25-50 cm diam., smooth. Leaves 15-18, 4.5-5 m long, erect; sheath to 110 cm long, with few fibers to 15 cm long; petiole 70- 90 cm long; rachis 2.7-3.2 m long, triangular in cross section at apex; pinnae 80-89 per side, lanceolate, regularly inserted and spreading in the same plane, plicate at base, green and lustrous adaxially, glaucous abaxially; basal pinnae 56-75 X 0.6-1 cm; middle pinnae 60-65 X 1.2-1.5 cm; apical pinnae 68-72 X 0.8-1 cm. Inflorescences up to five per plant, 1.8-2.5 m long; buds erect, becoming pendulous at anthesis; prophyll ca. 1 m long; peduncular bract 1.1-1.3 m long, apiculate, inflated above, membranous, sulcate, brown externally, glabrous and light brown internally; peduncle 60-64 cm long, glabrous; rachis 40-46 cm long with a zig-zag and twisted shape, glabrous; rachillae 13-16 spirally arranged, spreading at anthesis, the basal ones 13-15 cm long, the apical ones 17- 19 cm long; staminate flowers pedicellate, 6-9 mm long; pedicel 1-4 mm long; sepals free, briefly connate- basally; petals broadly triangular, valvate; stamens 13-15, 5 mm long; filaments 3 mm long; an thers 2 mm long, medifixed, slightly sagittate; pistillode trifid; pistillate flowers l(-2) per rachillae, basally inserted, 8-12 mm long; sepals and petals broadly triangular to 9 mm long, petals slightly smaller than sepals; staminodial ring to 2 mm tall, with 3 short teeth; ovary brownish beige tomentose; stigmas to 1 mm long; ovule basal. Fruit ovoid 3-5 cm long, 2.5-3 cm diam.; epicarp light green, orange at apex; mesocarp very fibrous; endocarp with 3 inconspicuous ridges; seeds l(-2), 2.1 cm long. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to Bolivia. Restricted to steep interandean valleys with xeric, often spiny vegetation {Prosopis, Aspidosperma, bromeliads), in the departments of Chuquisaca (Zudañez) and Potosí (Province Linares): (64°11'-64°55'W, 19°33'- 19°50'S). Monotypic stands are found between 2700 and 3400 m elevation. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>This species is not threatened because it regenerates prolifically and because there are few roads and human settlements.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>According to local people, this palm is utilized for its fruits. Formerly, the stems were split in two and then cut into pieces 1 m long, in order to extract and grind the internal fibers with an ax, and finally to weave ropes from the fibers. Occasionally, baskets and fans are made from the leaves. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BOLIVIA. Potosí: Prov. Linares, Jatun Palmar, 167 km E from the city of Potosí on road to Turuchipa, 19°50'S, 64°55'W, 2750-3300 m, 5 Apr. 1993, Torrico & Peca 337 (BOLV, LPB). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Novelties of the Genera Parajubaea and Syagrus (Palmae) from Interandean Valleys of Bolivia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Moraes</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Novon 6: 85-92</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1996</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Parajubaea torallyi var. torallyi</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+<type>Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Oropeza, Garcilaso, near town; A. d'Orbigny; 51</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type collection consists only of endocarps that are smaller than those from Pasopaya stands. Alcides d'Orbigny gathered them from cultivated trees grown in Garcilaso, which lies in the north of the city of Sucre. These five trees still are alive and were estimated to be more than 300 years old. When Cárdenas (1970) described the palm forests of the Bolivian high Andes, he noted two different fruit sizes of the Bolivian endemic species of Parajubaea, P. torallyi. Moraes and Henderson (1990) reviewed the genus Parajubaea and concluded that different fruit sizes were probably due to variation within the wild species. Further fieldwork and new measurements were undertaken in Bolivia to determine if these were two species of Parajubaea or merely a variability within a single species. Moraes and Vargas (1994) preferred the two species hypothesis, with a distinct pattern of distribution for each. Finally, there are three distinct populations, each related to different valleys and ecosystems; they belong to three hydrographie systems that are separated by several mountain ranges and are influenced by distinctive climatic conditions. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Striking solitary palm of Pacific islands with a ± undivided strongly discolorous leaf and corky-warted fruit.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Pelagodoxa</name>\r
+<author>Becc. in Bois</author> \r
+<citation>Rev. Hort. series 2. 15: 302 (1917).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Pelagodoxa henryana; Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Pelagos — the sea, doxa — glory, perhaps in reference to the remote oceanic island habitat.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, bare, ringed with close leaf scars. Leaves pinnately ribbed, undivided except for the bifid apex, but often split by wind; leaf sheaths soon splitting opposite the petiole, not forming a crownshaft, densely tomentose, with an irregular ligule at the mouth, disintegrating into fine only partially enclosing the inflorescence in bud, splitting abaxially near the tip, beaked, strongly 2-keeled, coriaceous to sub-woody, densely tomentose, tending to disintegrate into fibres; peduncular bract longer than the prophyll, inserted just above the prophyll, tubular, beaked, enclosing the inflorescence in bud, densely tomentose; subsequent bracts rather small, incomplete, broad, triangular; rachis only slightly longer than the peduncle; all inflorescence axes tomentose; rachillae stiff, relatively thick, gradually tapering to a pointed tip, bearing spirally arranged, shallow pits, the rachilla bracts forming low triangular lips to the pits, pits in the proximal ca. 1/4–1/3 of rachillae containing triads, distally containing paired or solitary staminate flowers, the rachilla bracts at the tips of the rachillae more prominent than at the base; floral bracteoles low, rounded, inconspicuous, included within the pits. Staminate flowers small, ± globular, ± symmetrical, only partially exserted from the pit; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, strongly keeled, rather chaffy; petals 3, about twice as long as the sepals, united proximally and adnate to the receptacle forming a stalk-like base, distally ± triangular-ovate, striate, valvate; stamens 6, the filaments united basally to the pistillode forming a solid column above the insertion of the free portion of petals, free filaments fleshy, triangular, gradually tapering to the connective, anthers short, medifixed, basally sagittate, latrorse, the connective prolonged in a brief point; pistillode pyramidal. Pollen ellipsoidal slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 22–27 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers globose, at anthesis larger than the staminate, tending to crack open the floral pits; sepals 3, distinct, broad, rounded, imbricate; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate except for brief, triangular valvate tips, very briefly joined basally to form a short broad stalk with the receptacle; staminodes 3–6, triangular, flattened, very small; gynoecium ± trilocular, uniovulate or rarely a second ovule present, rounded, stigmas 3, short, reflexed, ovule laterally attached, campylotropous. Fruit large, spherical, perianth whorls persistent, stigmatic remains basal, the fruit surface cracked into low, pyramidal, corky warts; epicarp obsolescent at maturity, mesocarp massively corky with abundant radiating fibres, endocarp thin, woody. Seed basally attached with rounded hilum, endosperm homogeneous with a large central hollow; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species, apparently confined to the Marquesas Islands.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961); floral (Stauffer et al. 2004), and fruit (Essig et al. 1999, Chapin et al. 2001). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The sister-group relationship between Pelagodoxa and Sommieria is strongly supported in many analyses (Lewis and Doyle 2002, Asmussen et al. 2006, Loo et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The young endosperm is said to be eaten; the palm is cultivated and much sought-after as an ornamental. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>See Martelli (1932) and Dowe and Chapin 2006. </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is an extraordinary genus with an unusual distribution. The huge bifid leaf, the connate petals in the staminate flower, stamens adnate to the pistillode and the corky-warted fruit represent an unusual combination of characters. Pelagodoxa mesocarpa, based on a single fruit, is probably conspecific with P. henryana. In cultivation, however, there appear to be two forms, one with a much larger fruit than the other. The larger-fruited form appears to be that known in the Marquesas. In recent years, individuals of Pelagodoxa have been discovered in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, but always associated with villages. Whether it is truly native in the Marquesas may also be debatable.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Enu, vahani. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurs as a few individuals in dense rain forest in a humid valley at about 135 m above sea level. In cultivation, there are two strikingly different sizes of fruit. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Beccari’s “Grande Nouveauté”: the Discovery, Taxonomic History and Typification of Pelagodoxa henryana</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dowe</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.L.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Chapin</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 50(4) 185-192</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2006</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pelagodoxa</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rev. Hort., n.s., 15: 302 (1917)</citation>
+<type>Lectotype. Illustrations in D. Bois, Rev. Hort. n.s. 15: 302–304, figs. 76 & 79 1917</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pelagodoxa mesocarpa</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 288 (1928)</bibref>
+<type>New Caledonia; H. Cuming; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The circuitous route of discovery and documentation of Pelagodoxa and the meandering process of investigating its phylogenetic position are as unique as its morphology and anatomy suggests. Beccari’s assessment of Pelagodoxa being a ‘grande nouveauté’ is still valid, as it remains one of the greatest novelties in the palm family, both morphologically and historically. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Specimens located in Florence and Paris: “Enui,” Marquises, 17 July 1916, C. Henry s.n. (FI); Iles Marquises, Nuku Hiva, October 1919, C. Henry s.n. (FI); Is Marquesas [from Bois], undated, anon. (FI, carpological collection); Is Marquesas, undated, Delmas s.n. (FI, carpological collection); Iles Marquises, 21 August 1920, C. Henry s.n. (P); Iles Marquises, 1917, Henry s.n. (P, carpological collection in a box); Iles Marquises, undated, Henry s.n. (P, carpological collection in a plastic bag).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary spiny palm endemic to Seychelles, lacking a crownshaft and with ± undivided leaves; inflorescences have long peduncles.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Phoenicophorium</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author>\r
+<citation>Ill. Hort. 12 (Misc.): 5 (1865).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Phoenicophorium sechellarum; H. Wendl.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Stevensonia</name>\r
+<author>Duncan ex Balf.f. in Baker</author>\r
+<bibref>Duncan ex Balf.f. in Baker, Fl. Mauritius 388 (1877).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Stevensonia grandifolia; Duncan ex Balf.f.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Phoenix — a general name for a palm, phorios — stolen, in reference to the fact that the original plant in Kew that was to have been presented to Wendland, was stolen by another German gardener.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, spiny when young, sparsely armed or ± unarmed at maturity, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, becoming bare, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, the juvenile bearing abundant black spines, usually ± unarmed at maturity. Leaves large, bifid, lobed and pinnately ribbed but not pinnatifid, neatly abscising; sheaths becoming open, not forming a well-defined crownshaft, covered in abundant tomentum, easily detached spicules, and scattered, large black spines when young, becoming markedly less spiny as maturity is reached, sheath margin irregularly ligule-like, tattering; petiole well developed, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, sparsely scaly, in juveniles bearing abundant, large, black spines abaxially; rachis bearing black spines in the proximal region in juveniles; blade bifid, with very conspicuous, pinnate ribs, splitting along abaxial ribs to 1/8 to 1/3 the rib length into briefly bifid lobes, sometimes split further by wind, blade bright green, often reddish-tinged, adaxially glabrous, abaxially with abundant dot-like scales and large ramenta along the adaxial folds near the rachis, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, branching to 1–2 orders proximally, to 1 order distally, protandrous; peduncle elongate, winged at the base, oval in cross-section, unarmed, glabrous; prophyll inserted some distance from the base of the peduncle, persistent, very coriaceous, tubular, 2-keeled, the keels tending to be irregularly split or toothed, splitting apically for a short distance, scaly or sparsely tomentose, unarmed or armed with sparse to abundant, short, black spines; peduncular bract 1, inserted some distance above the prophyll but included within it, ± woody, conspicuously beaked, deciduous, unarmed, minutely scaly, tubular at first then splitting along ± its entire length; rachis much shorter than the peduncle; rachis bracts minute, triangular, inconspicuous; first-order branches spirally arranged, crowded, ± pendulous, their bases somewhat swollen; rachillae glabrous, slender, elongate, flexuous, with a very short, bare area at the base, above this bearing spirally arranged, superficial triads, except near the tip where bearing solitary or paired staminate flowers; bracteoles minute, rounded. Staminate flowers slightly asymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, low, ± rounded, keeled; petals about 4–5 times as long as the sepals, 3, distinct, valvate; stamens 15–18, filaments short in bud, at anthesis becoming elongate, slender, anthers elongate, medifixed, basally sagittate, latrorse; pistillode absent. Pollen ellipsoidal bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate with broad-based supratectal spines, often basally branched, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 23–30 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers ± globular, about the same size as the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, ± keeled; petals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate, with short, triangular, valvate tips; staminodes 6, tooth-like; gynoecium asymmetrically ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, apical, very low, ovule laterally attached, ?campylotropous. Fruit 1-seeded, relatively small, ovoid to ellipsoidal, red, with persistent perianth whorls, and subbasal stigmatic remains; epicarp shiny, mesocarp thinly fleshy with a thick layer of tannin cells external to the endocarp, endocarp thin, cartilaginous, with basal round operculum. Seed ovoid, basally attached, with rounded hilum and sparse, anastomosing raphe branches, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll lanceolate, entire. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species, widespread in the Seychelles Islands. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961 as Stevensonia), root(Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig et al. 2001). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Nephrosperma.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>A much-prized ornamental, used in the Seychelles for thatch.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1942).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The leaf is very distinctive being undivided but lobedmarginally, the lobes acuminate or acute not praemorse as inVerschaffeltia and Roscheria.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Latanier feuille. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Phoenicophorium borsigianum occurs abundantly from sea level to altitudes of about 300 m, above which it becomes much rarer. It occasionally occurs in pure stands, and seems to be relatively tolerant of disturbance. It is frequently planted as an ornamental. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>The Date Palms. Solitary or clustering dioecious pinnate-leaved palms of the Old World, usually in arid or semi-arid areas, sometimes in mangrove or monsoon forest, instantly recognisable by the induplicate leaflets with spine-like tips, and the acanthophylls at the leaf base; inflorescence with a single large bract.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Phoenix</name>\r
+<author>L.</author> \r
+<citation>Sp. pl. 1188 (1753).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Phoenix dactylifera; L.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Elate</name>\r
+<author>L.</author>\r
+<bibref>L., Sp. pl. 1189 (1753).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Elate sylvestris; L.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Palma</name>\r
+<author>Mill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mill., Gard. Dict. abr. ed. 4 (1754).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Palma dactylifera; (L.) Mill.</type> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoniphora</name>\r
+<author>Neck.</author>\r
+<bibref>Neck., Elem. Bot. 3: 302 (1790).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Dachel</name>\r
+<author>Adans.</author>\r
+<bibref>Adans., Fam. pl. 2: 25, 548 (1763).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Fulchironia</name>\r
+<author>Lesch. in Desf.</author>\r
+<bibref>Lesch. in Desf., Tabl. École Bot., ed. 3: 29 (1829).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Zelonops</name>\r
+<author>Raf.</author>\r
+<bibref>Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 102 (1837).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Zelonops pusilla; (Gaertn.) Raf.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Latin transcription of phoinix, date palm or palm; the name is often used in combination with other epithets in palm generic names.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Dwarf or creeping to large, solitary or clustered, armed, pleonanthic, dioecious palms. Stem, when developed, often clothed with spirally arranged leaf bases. Leaves induplicate, pinnate, usually marcescent; sheath forming a fibrous network; petiole very short to well developed, adaxially channelled to flattened or ridged, abaxially rounded; rachis elongate, tapering, adaxially rounded or flat to angled, abaxially rounded to flat, usually terminating in a leaflet; leaflets single-fold, acute, regularly arranged or variously grouped, the proximal few modified as spines (acanthophylls), parallel-veined, midrib usually evident abaxially, often bearing scales, emergent leaves frequently with brown floccose indumentum and/or wax, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences interfoliar, branching to 1 order, the staminate and pistillate superficially similar; peduncle flattened, short to elongate, in the pistillate frequently elongating after fertilization, bearing an often caducous, sometimes bivalved, 2-keeled, glabrous or floccose-hairy prophyll; other bracts inconspicuous; rachis flattened, usually shorter than the peduncle; rachillae unbranched, numerous, often in groups in a spiral along the rachis, somewhat adnate above small triangular bracts, the rachillae bearing spirally arranged, low triangular bracts, each subtending a solitary flower. Staminate flowers with 3 sepals connate in a low cupule; petals 3, ± valvate, acute or rounded, much exceeding the calyx; stamens usually 6 (rarely 3 or 9), filaments short, erect, the anthers linear, latrorse; pistillode absent, or of 3 abortive carpels, or a minute trifid vestige. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric or very slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, finely reticulate, foveolate, or perforate-rugulate; aperture margin slightly finer, psilate or scabrate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 17–30 µm [11/13]. Pistillate flowers globose; sepals connate in a 3-lobed cupule; petals imbricate, strongly-nerved, about twice as long as the calyx or more; staminodes usually 6, scale-like or connate in a low cupule; carpels 3, distinct, follicular, ± ovoid, narrowed into a short, recurved, exserted stigma, ovule attached adaxially at the base, anatropous. Fruit usually developing from 1 carpel, ovoid to oblong with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp membranous. Seed elongate, terete or plano-convex, and deeply grooved with intruded seed coat below the elongate raphe, hilum basal, rounded, endosperm homogeneous or rarely ruminate (Phoenix anadamanensis); embryo lateral or subbasal. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll undivided, narrowly lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 32, 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>14 species ranging from the Atlantic islands through Africa, Crete, the Middle East and India to Hong Kong, Taiwan, Philippines, Sumatra and Malaya. Widely cultivated as ornamentals, one species, Phoenix dactylifera, the date palm, is a major economic plant, now widespread in semi-arid areas as a fruit tree. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Central vascular bundles of the petioles with a single phloem strand (Parthasarathy 1968). Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Uhl and Moore 1971, 1977a, DeMason et al. 1982), axillary bud, inflorescence, offshoot (Hilgeman 1954), seed (Werker 1997).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Asmussen et al. (2006) found strong support for the monophyly of Phoenix. Interspecific relationships in the genus are discussed by Barrow (1998, 1999). For relationships, see tribe Phoeniceae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The genus is immensely important from an economic point of view. It includes not only the date palm, the major crop of several Middle Eastern countries and of lesser importance elsewhere, but also other species that are widely used as sources of fibre for weaving, starch, sugar, and a multiplicity of purposes such as thatch and fuel. Many species are widely grown as ornamentals. Phoenix roebelenii is commercially important as a pot plant. Species are known to hybridise freely. For references on uses, see Johnson (1983a, 1984). For a summary of uses, see Johnson (1985). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Barrow (1998). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>The oldest records of Phoenix-like fossils are probably from the Deccan Intertrappean of India (although the age span of these volcanic deposits is controversial, see c d Chapter 5). These records include a sheathing leaf base of Phoenicicaulon mahabalei (Bonde et al. 2000) and seeds (Ambwani and Dutta 2005). Ancibor (1995) describes fruit and stem wood, Palmoxylon valchetense, from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina, although identifying stem wood to generic level is rarely conclusive. Fossils attributed to Phoenix occur throughout the Tertiary; for example, a leaf and staminate inflorescence from the Eocene of France recorded as Phoenix aymardii (Saporta 1878, 1879, 1889). It is noted that the fossil leaf Hemiphoenicites from the Tertiary of Italy (Visiani 1864) was placed by Read and Hickey (1972) in the synonomy of Phoenicites, a genus redefined by these authors as not having induplicate leaves (see below). Fossil palm wood from the Oligocene–Miocene of Louisiana (USA) has been compared with Phoenix (Schmidt 1994), although palm wood is notoriously difficult to define below family level. Fruits and seeds are described from the Middle to Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene of southeastern and eastern USA, Phoenicites occidentalis (Berry 1914a, 1924); from the Middle Eocene of Germany, Phoenix hercynica (Mai 1976); and from the Lower Miocene of Central Europe, Phoenicites bohemica (Bu°z˘ek 1977). A pistillate inflorescence from the Eocene, Bournemouth Beds, UK was regarded as date palm by Gardener (1882, cited in Chandler 1963); and from the Bernstein flora of Germany, a palm-like flower embedded in Eocene Baltic amber is questionably assigned to Phoenix: P. eichleri (Conwentz 1886). Notably, Poinar (2002b) also describes a palm flower from the Baltic amber, which, “resembles the one described by Conwentz (1886)”, although he does not comment on affinity. Small monosulcate grains, Palmaemargosulcites fossperforatus, from palm flower compression fossils, recovered from the Middle Eocene oil shales of Messel, Germany, have been compared with pollen of a number of coryphoid genera, but most favourably with Phoenix (Harley 1997); and small dispersed Phoenix-like pollen occurs sporadically in the UK Eocene London Clay Basin (Khin Sein 1961). Pleistocene subfossils of Phoenix leaves (Lacroix 1896) were discovered in ancient volcanic ash deposits on the island of Phira (Santorini). \r
+(N.B. Read and Hickey [1972] redefined the fossil genus Phoenicites as pinnate with reduplicate plication and lower-most pinnae not spine-like. Their taxonomic recommendation that Phoenicites should, henceforth, be reserved or applied to non-Phoenix-like pinnate leaves is, perhaps, more than a little confusing to the unwary.) </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Easily distinguished from all other palms by the induplicate pinnate leaf with the lower leaflets modified as spines. A modern developmental study of the unique leaf is badly needed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Variously designated as date palms, as wild date (Phoenix sylvestris), roebelin or miniature date (P. roebelenii). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Most species are plants of semi-arid regions but grow near water courses, oases, or underground water sources; a few species are found in tropical monsoonal areas. Phoenix paludosa occurs in the Asian perhumid regions, where it is confined to the landward fringe of mangrove forest. Phoenix roebelenii grows as a rheophyte on the banks of the Mekong and some of its tributaries. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Phoenix acaulis</name>\r
+<author>Roxb.</author>\r
+<citation>Hort. Bengal.: 73 (1814)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3: 70, t. 273 (1820)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 3: 783 (1832)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: 87 (1826)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 397, nomen (1840)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Kunth, Enum. P1. 3: 257 (1841)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Griff., CalcuttaJ. Nat. Hist. 5: 344 (1845)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 274 (1849)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Griff., Palms Brit. E. Ind.: 137, t. 228 (1850)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Brandis, Forest Fl. N.W. India: 555 (1874)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 535 (1877)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Mason, Burmah 2: 142 (1883)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 397, t. 44, 4. f. 51 - 57 (1890)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc. & Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 426 (1892)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Brandis, Indian Trees: 645 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>T. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 802 (1907)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>L. H. Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort.: 2595 (1916)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Blatt., Palms Brit. Ind.: 15 (1926)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Osmaston, Forest Fl. Kumaon: 545 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>P. C. Kanjilal, Forest Fl. Pilighit, Oudh, Gorakhapur & Bundelkhand: 382 (1933)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Principes 7 (4): 157 (1963)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>B. D. Naithani, Fl. Chamoli 2: 667 (1985)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>P. C. Pant, Flora of Corbett National Park: 158 (1986)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Noltie, Fl. Bhutan 3 (1): 235 (1994)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoenix acaulis var. melanocarpa</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author>\r
+<bibref>Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 346 (1845)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Griff., Palms Brit. E. Ind.: 138, t. 227 (1850)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Acaulous palm; stem bulbous, to 10 cm high, densely covered with persistent leaf base stumps. Leaves 0.6 - 1.8 m long; leaf sheath reddish-brown, fibrous; rachis 0.3 - 1.5 m long x 1.5 - 2 cm in diam. at base; acanthophylls closely arranged in more than one plane, to 9 cm long; leaflets arranged in sub-opposite groups of 4s - 5s in more than one plane or orientation, c. 16 - 24 on each side of rachis, linear, 8 - 36 x 0.5 - 1.4 cm, flaccid, with strong marginal nerves; lamina concolorous, pale green. Inflorescences held at ground level. Staminate inflorescences not extending beyond prophyll; prophyll papery and splitting in many places, 13 x 2 cm; peduncle c. 7 x 0.6 cm; rachillae arranged in one whorl, 10 - 15 in number, c. 8 cm long. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescences not extending beyond prophyll; prophyll papery, c. 25 x 4- 6 cm; peduncle c. 9 - 12 x 1.4 cm, not extending on fruit maturity; rachillae arranged in one compact whorl, 15 - 20 in number, 4 - 14 cm, drying striate, with differential maturation of fruit along rachillae. Pistillate flowers c. 5 - 20 per rachilla, congested in arrangement, each subtended by a distinct rachilla swelling (bractiform notch), 3 - 10 mm long; calyx cupule 3 mm high; petals 5 - 6 x 4 mm. Fruit obovoid, 12 - 18 x 8 mm, ripening from green with scarlet apices to blue-black, with mesocarp scarcely fleshy and stigmatic remains prominently pointed (1 - 2 mm long). Seed elongate in shape, 10 x 5 mm, with rounded apices; embryo lateral opposite raphe; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Sub-Himalayan belt of northern India and Nepal. Griffith (1845) and Kurz (1877) recorded the species in Myanmar, but I have seen no specimens to support this.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Griffith (1845) noted that P. acaulis grows in clay soil on elevated plains north of the Ganges river. The species occurs in open forest, scrublands, savannahs and pine forest understorey at 400 - 1500 m. In India P. acaulis flowers in the cold season from November to January with fruits ripening from April to June.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA: ASSAM. Khasia Hills, Jan. 1886 (stam., pist.), Mann s.n. (FI-B!, K!). UTTAR PRADESH. Rishikhund, 3 April 1811 (stam., pist.), Buchanan-Hamilton 2199 (E!); between Saharanpur and Najiiabad in Bijnor, 10 March 1887 (pist.), Duthie s.n. (DD!, K!); Mailani, between Lakimpur and Kheri, 20 April 1964 (pist.), Malhotra 31498 (BSD!); Corbett National Park, Dubriya Chaur, 25 April 1971 (pist.), Pant 43751 (BSD!); Chamoli Distr., Nigol Valley, 1500 m alt., 17 Feb. 1979 (pist.), Naithani 63743 (BSD!). NEPAL. Kamali Valley, between Badalhot and Sika, 1350 m alt., 24 April 1952 (pist.), Polunin et al. 3967 (BM!, E!); Chitwan National Park, South Meghauli, 200 m alt., 7 March 1996 (pist.), Watson 9615 (E!). </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>INDIA. Khajuzi, Chota khajur (Uttar Pradesh, Siwalik hills), (S. Biswas, pers. comm.); khajuri, pind khajur, jangly khajur (Hindi), schap (Lepcha), chindi, hindi, jhari, sindi, juno (Kurku), pinn khajur, Boichand, Yita, [Blatter (1926)]. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>In times of scarcity, the bitter stem pith of P. acaulis has been used as a sago substitute (Blatter 1926). The fruits are sweet and edible, though scarcely fleshy, and are commonly eaten by animals (Roxburgh 1832). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>The current distribution and conservation status of P. acaulis is unclear. During fieldwork in India for this study I failed to find and observe P. acaulis in its native habitat in Uttar Pradesh, despite visits to previous collection localities. However, the species has been reported, and recently collected, from Chitwan National Park in central Nepal, near the Indian border, and Dhar (1998) discusses the recent discovery of a population in Uttar Pradesh. It is assumed that, with the decline in forest habitats formerly ranging across the sub-Himalayan belt of northern India, the natural habitat for P. acaulis has suffered and the species is now restricted to more remote and inaccessible areas. A further threat to the species in some parts of its range has been the destructive harvest of the stem pith as a sago substitute. The bitter pith of P. acaulis was used heavily in India during a severe famine in the 1930's (Blatter 1926). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>There has been widespread misapplication of the name P. acaulis, as a result of confusion of the species with stemless individuals of P. loureiri. The presence of a stem can be a misleading character in the genus because individuals of several species remain stemless for extensive periods before a trunk develops. Environmental factors have an important role to play; it is common for populations of P. loureiri in dry or disturbed areas to consist only of stemless, shrubby individuals, whereas populations occurring in less stressful conditions consist of palms with well-developed trunks. Differentiation between the two species is especially difficult when sterile. Even when in staminate flower, the prophylls of both species split to reveal inflorescences at ground level. The difference between the taxa becomes apparent on fruit set: the fruiting peduncle of P. loureiri elongating greatly to present mature fruit beyond the leaves, whereas that of P. acaulis remains at ground level, nested amongst the leaf bases (Noltie 1994). Pistillate rachillae of P. acaulis are distinctly shorter, thicker and more congested with larger fruit than those of P. loureiri. Each fruit of P. acaulis is subtended by a thickening of the rachilla, referred to by Roxburgh (1832) as a 'bractiform notch'.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phoenix andamanensis</name>
+<author>S. Barrow </author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 53: 538 (1998)</citation>
+<type>Andaman Islands, North Andaman, Saddle Peak, 700 m alt., 14 Dec. 1990 (pist.); Ellis; 14189</type>
+<type_loc>Type K!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix sp.</name>
+<author>Kurz</author>
+<bibref>Kurz, Rep. Veg. Andaman Isl.: 7, 50 (1870)</bibref>
+<bibref>Kurz, Rep. Veg. Andaman Isl.: 7, 50 (1870)</bibref>
+<bibref>Brandis, Indian Trees: 646 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>C. E. Parkinson, A Forest Flora of the Andaman Isl.: 263 (1923)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>P. rupicolae affinis, sed endospermio ruminato non homogeneo differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary tree palm. Stem 1.5 - 3.5 (5) m, without leaf sheaths c. 15 cm diam. Leaves to c. 2.4 m long; acanthophylls sparsely arranged in one plane, to c. 4 cm long; leaflets closely and regularly inserted in one plane, 14 - 45 x 0.4 - 2.5 cm; lamina concolorous with discontinuous white, scurfy ramenta in midrib region on the abaxial surface. Staminate inflorescence with prophyll to c. 30 x 5 cm, coriaceous; rachillae to c. 10 cm long. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescence with prophyll splitting twice between margins, to 60 x 4 cm; peduncle to 100 x 1.2 cm; rachillae to c. 23 cm long. Pistillate flowers spirally arranged in distal half of rachilla, c. 20 in number; calyx cupule 1.5 mm high; petals 3 - 4 x 6 mm. Fruit oblong, to 19 x 10 mm, colour at maturity not known. Seed elongate, to 14 x 7 mm; embryo lateral opposite raphe, slightly supra-equatorial; endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Phoenix andamanensis has been recorded from one locality each in both North Andaman and Little Andaman, and from Cinque and Rutland Islands (Brandis 1906; Parkinson 1923). The modern distribution of the species is unknown. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Higher ground (c. 450 - 700 m) on the islands. A recent report (Balachandran, pers. comm.) noted that the species occurs in undisturbed 'scrub jungle' on the eastern side of Rutland Island and northern end of North Cinque Island.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>ANDAMAN IS. NORTH ANDAMAN. Saddle Hill, 450 m alt., 28 Sept. 1905 (stam., pist.), Osmaston (CAL!); Saddle Hill, 500 m alt., 1 Dec. 1976 (pist.), Balakrishnan &•Nair 4771 (CAL!); Saddle Peak, 700 m alt., 14 Dec. 1990 (pist.), Ellis 14189 (K!). RUTLAND IS. precise locality unknown, 13 Feb. 1904 (pist.), Rogers 132 (FI-B!, K!); Headland, North Dyer Point, 19 May 1904 (pist.), Rogers 285 (FI-B!, K!). CINQUE ISLAND. precise locality unknown, 7 April 1911 (stam., pist.), Rogers s.n. (CAL!); Cinque and Rutland Is., 20July 1911 (seed), Rogers s.n. (K!). LITTLE ANDAMAN. Bumila Creek, Jan. 1903, Rogers s.n. (K!).</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>The conservation status of P. andamanensis is unclear. It seems that the species was never common throughout the islands, but formed large populations in two localities. Brandis (1906) and Parkinson (1923) noted it as forming 'forests' on Cinque Island and north eastern Rutland Island. The fact that P. andamanensis was not found in a survey of palms of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands by Mathew & Abraham (1994) suggests that the species might now be rare.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The existence of a second species of Phoenix in the Andaman Islands, in addition to P. paludosa, was noted by Kurz (1870), Brandis (1906) and Parkinson (1923), but its identity was not ascertained. Beccari provisionally named three herbarium specimens (Rogers s.n., 132 and 285 at K) of the species as P. pusilla var. andamanensis (nom. in sched.), but Brandis (1906) compared it with P. rupicola. I have found P. andamanensis to be similar morphologically and anatomically to P. rupicola. Both species are solitary in habit and have broad leaflets (to 3 cm in width) which are closely and regularly inserted in one plane of orientation. The abaxial lamina surface of both species bears discontinuous, abaxial white ramenta in the midrib region. Despite similarities between P. andamanensis and R rupicola, the former is immediately distinguished by its seed with ruminate endosperm. The close relationship between P. andamanensis and P. rupicola supports the acknowledged similarity between the flora of the Andaman Islands with that of northeast India. Rao (1996) cited two rare orchid species from northeastern India, Porpax meirax King & Pantl. and Ascocentrum ampullaceum Schltr., which are also found on Saddle Peak on North Andaman.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phoenix atlantica</name>
+<author>A. Chev.</author>
+<citation>Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris), sér. 2, 7: 137 (1935)</citation>
+<type>Isle de Sal, Algodeiro, 1934 (stam., pist.); Chevalier; 45839</type>
+<type_loc>Type P!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CAPE VERDE IS. Isle de Sal, Palmeira, Palha Verde (ster.), Chevalier 45840 (P!); San Thiago Praia, (pist.), Chevalier 45851 (P!); Isle de San Thiago, Praia, Sao Martinho, Chevalier 45854, 45858 (P!); Is. de Sal, Algodeiro, 1934 (stam., pist.), Chevalier 45839 (P!); Is. de Sal, Palmeira, Palha Verde, 1934 (ster.), Chevalier 45840 (P!); Is. de Sal, Pedro Lime, 26 June 1934 (stam.), Chevalier s.n. (P!).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>IMPERFECTLY KNOWN TAXON. Phoenix atlantica was described by Chevalier (1952) from the Cape Verde Islands as a clustering species occurring in large clumps of 2 - 6 stems, to 15 m tall and 45 cm in diameter. Chevalier (1952) considered the taxon to have characteristics of P. dactylifera, P. canariensis and R reclinata. All available evidence suggests to me that P. atlantica is a close relative of P. dactylifera, but, it is not yet clear whether the taxon merely represents feral date palms, or products of a series of hybridisation events between P. dactylifera and other species in the genus, or whether it is a distinct species. Further information is required before the species status of P. atlantica can be clarified. Chevalier (1952) described P. atlantica var. maroccana A. Chev. from the Atlas Mountains of southwestern Morocco and reported large groves of 100,000 - 150,000 palms near Marrakech. The edible fruits were said to be sold locally in the markets but not exported. I consider this varietal name to refer to P. dactylifera and have included it here as a synonym of that name.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phoenix caespitosa</name>
+<author>Chiov.</author>
+<citation>Fl. Somala 1: 317 (1929)</citation>
+<bibref>Thulin, Fl. Somalia 4: 272 (1995)</bibref>
+<type>Somalia, 'Scorasar' valley, 1 July 1924 (pist.); Puccioni & Stefanini; 672 (738)</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FT!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix arabica</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 73 (2): 189 - 190 (1943)</bibref>
+<type>Yemen, Wadi Madfar, Hadjeila, 700 m alt., Feb. 1889; Schweinfurth; 993</type>
+<type_loc>Type ?B</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="description"><p>Stemless palm, clustering to form extensive thickets. Leaves to 3 m long; acanthophylls ± regularly arranged in one plane of orientation, to c. 13 on each side of rachis, to 8 cm long; leaflets ? irregularly arranged in one to two planes of orientation, often fascicled proximally, c. 20 - 50 on each side of rachis, 15 - 50 x 0.8 - 1.5 cm, narrowing to a sharp point, stiff, glaucous; lamina concolorous, drying pale green. Staminate inflorescences erect; prophyll coriaceous, splitting twice between margins, to c. 40 x 3- 4 cm; peduncle to c. 50 x 1.2 cm; rachillae c. 60 in number, to 15 cm long. Staminate flowers with calyx cupule 2 mm high; petals 4 - 6 x 3 mm, with rounded apices. Pistillate inflorescences erect; prophyll not seen; peduncle to c. 40 cm long; rachillae c. 15 in number, occasionally branched to one order, to 24 cm long. Pistillate flowers with calyx cupule 2 - 3 mm high; petals 3 - 4 x 4 mm. Fruit sphaeroid-ovoid, 10 - 16 x 8 - 12 mm, ripening deep orange to purplish-brown, with fleshy, sweet, edible mesocarp. Seed ovoid, 12 x 8 x 8 mm; embryo lateral opposite raphe; endosperm homogeneous. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Phoenix caespitosa was described from Somalia (Chiovenda 1929) where it is found in the Sanaag, Nugaal and Bari regions of the north. Moore (1971b) noted a caespitose Phoenix taxon, growing with Livistona carinensis (Chiov.) J. Dransf. & N. W. Uhl, near Bankouale in Djibouti, which he attributed to R caespitosa. This report is not substantiated with a voucher specimen. Across the Gulf in the Arabian peninsula, Collenette (1985) recorded the species fairly widespread in the Asir and southern Hijaz of Saudi Arabia. The synonymous taxon, P. arabica Burret, was recorded from the Yemeni Arab Republic (Burret 1943). </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>SOMALIA. Migiurtini coast, between 'Ereri Jelleho' and 'Martisor Dinsai', 31 May 1924 (ster.), Puccioni & Stefanini 659 (FT!); Hamur to Gombeia, 26 June 1924, Puccioni & Stefanini 926 (stam.), 927 (pist.) (FT!); Iskushuban, c. 10˚16'N, 50˚14'E, c. 280 m alt., 7 July 1980 (pist.), Gillett 23055 (K!); Halin Tug, 26 Oct. 1944 (pist.), Glover & Gilliland 236 (K!); 31 km N of Carin, c. 17 km S of Bosaso, 8Jan. 1973 (stam.), Bally & Melville 15690 (K!); between Bosaso and Karin, 11˚05'N, 49˚10'E, 100 - 300 m alt., 12Jan. 1995 (ster.), Thulin et al. 9016 (K!, UPS). </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In dry wadis, semi-desert bushland and rocky crevices and ravines up to 900 m in Somalia (Thulin 1995), up to 1950 m in Saudi Arabia (Collenette 1985). The species is often found in extensive thickets. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>SOMALIA. Balmo, mayro/mairu (plant), awang (fruit) (Somali), [Abdi Shire (pers. comm.)]. YEMEN. Schottob (Hadjeih), Schegja (Ussil), [Burret (1943)]. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The fruits of P. caespitosa have a sweet and moist mesocarp layer, making them much sought after by animals including humans in Somalia (Abdi Shire, pers. comm.).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Phoenix caespitosa is a dwarf palm described by Chiovenda (1929) from Somalia, and later recorded from Saudi Arabia and Yemeni Arab Republic. Of the many names published for Phoenix palms in Africa most refer to the polymorphic species P. reclinata. However, I consider P. caespitosa to be a distinct species. Staminate flower petals of P. caespitosa are rounded apically, as against the acute to acuminate petal apices of staminate flowers of P. reclinata.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phoenix canariensis</name>
+<author>Chabaud</author>
+<citation>La Provence Agricole et Horticole Illustree 19: 293 - 297, fig. 66 - 68 (1882)</citation>
+<bibref>Naudin, Rev. Hort. 57: 541 (1885)</bibref>
+<bibref>Rev. Hort. 60: 180 (1888), Ill. Hort. 33: 8 (1886)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 369, fig. 17, t. 43, 2, f. 15 - 21 (1890)</bibref>
+<bibref>L. H. Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort.: 2594 (1916)</bibref>
+<bibref>Blatt., Palms Brit. Ind.: 41, f. 4 (1926)</bibref>
+<bibref>Vasc. & Franco, Portugliae Acta Biol., Sér. B, Sist. 2: 312, figs. 3, 19-2 (1948)</bibref>
+<bibref>A. Chev., Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop.: 219 (1952)</bibref>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Principes 7 (4): 157 (1963)</bibref>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Principes 15 (1): 33 - 35 (1971) </bibref>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Fl. Vitiensis Nova 1: 401 (1979)</bibref>
+<bibref>D. Lupnitz & M. Kretschmar, Palmarum Hortus Francofurtensis 4: 23 - 63 (1994)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix dactylifera var. jubae</name>
+<author>Webb & Berthel.</author>
+<bibref>Webb & Berthel., Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries 3 (2): 289 (1847)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix cycadifolia</name>
+<author>Hort. Athen. ex Regel</author>
+<bibref>Hort. Athen. ex Regel, Gartenflora 28: 131, pl. 974 (1879)</bibref>
+<bibref>Moore, Principes 15 (1): 33 - 35 (1971), nom. utique rej. prop.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix jubae</name>
+<author>(Webb & Berthel.) D. H. Christ</author>
+<bibref>(Webb & Berthel.) D. H. Christ, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6: 469, nom. (1885)</bibref>
+<bibref>(Webb & Berthel.) D. H. Christ, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 9: 170, nom. (1888) </bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix canariensis var. porphyrococca</name>
+<author>Vasc. & Franco</author>
+<bibref>Vasc. & Franco, Portugaliae Acta Biol., Sfr. B, Sist. 2: 313, fig. 19 - 23 (1948)</bibref>
+<bibref></bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. Stem to 15 (20) m tall, without leaf sheaths to 120 cm diam.; trunk dull brown, marked with broad, diamond-shaped leaf base scars. Leaves arching, 5 - 6 m long; leaf base 25 - 30 cm wide; pseudopetiole to one fifth of total leaf length; leaf sheath reddish-brown, fibrous; acanthophylls proximally congested in arrangement, pointing in several directions, green when young, becoming yellow, to c. 20 cm long, conspicuously folded (conduplicate); leaflets closely and regularly inserted in one plane of orientation, to c. 200 on each side of rachis, often forward-pointing, c. 25 - 30 cm long; lamina concolorous, bluish-green, with adaxial and abaxial surfaces glabrous. Staminate inflorescence erect; prophyll splitting twice between margins, yellow-green with reddish-brown tomentum when young becoming brown and coriaceous, to c. 40 cm; peduncle to c. 50 - 70 cm long. Staminate flowers crowded along full length of rachillae; calyx an even-rimmed cupule, 1.5 - 2 mm high; petals to 6 x 3 mm, with apex rounded and minutely serrate. Pistillate inflorescence initially erect, becoming pendulous; prophyll splitting between margins, yellow-green, to 60 x 10 cm; peduncle yellow-green, elongating with maturity, 1.6 - 2 m long; rachillae yellow, elongating with fruit maturation, to c. 60 cm long. Pistillate flowers mostly in distal half of rachillae, yellow-white, with faintly sweet scent; calyx cupule c. 2.5 mm high; petals c. 3 x 4 mm. Fruit obovoid, 1.5 - 2.0 x c. 1.2 cm, ripening from yellow- green to golden-yellow. Seed ovoid in shape, c. 15 x 10 mm, with rounded apices; embryo lateral opposite raphe; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Phoenix canariensis is endemic to the Canary Islands and occurs scattered, in populations of varying sizes, on all seven islands. The largest populations of wild palms are found on La Gomera.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>From sea-level up to 600 m in a range of habitats, from humid areas just below cloud forest to semi-arid areas where its presence usually indicates groundwater. Ecological requirements of P. canariensis were extensively studied by Liipnitz & Kretschmar (1994). In its native habitat P. canariensis flowers during the spring and fruits ripen in the autumn. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CANARY Is. La Gomera, 1895 (pist.), Bourgeau 1014 (BM!, FI-W!); Tenerife, Orotava, 2 July 1900 (pist.), Bornmuller 1265 (K!); Tenerife, 1933 (pist.), Asplund 858 (K!).</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Palmera Canaria (Canary Islands), (Carlo Morici, pers. comm.).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Phoenix canariensis is extensively cultivated in warm temperate regions as a street tree or garden plant. The leaflets are used in much the same way as those of P. dactylifera for a range of woven products including crosses for Palm Sunday celebrations. Inflorescence buds are tapped for the sweet sap which is eaten as palm honey. Mifsud (1995) reported an unusual use for leaves of P. canariensis in Malta where fishermen attract pilot and dolphin fish by floating two or three palm leaves on the sea surface near their nets. These fish species are known to congregate under floating objects and so are easy prey beneath the palm leaves. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>The greatest threat to P. canariensis is an increase in cultivation of exotic species of Phoenix on the Canary Islands and contamination of the native species with alien genetic material. The ease with which species of Phoenix hybridize in cultivation is well known (Corner 1966; Hodel 1995), and the large number of horticultural names associated with 'canariensis-like' palms reflects the number and variety of hybrids in existence. Phoenix dactylifera and P. roebelenii have long been in cultivation on the Canary Islands and in recent years other exotic species of the genus have been introduced. Hybridization between P. canariensis and R dactylifera poses the biggest problem due to the difficulty of early detection and removal of the resulting hybrids. The recent ban on the importation of exotic species of Phoenix should help lessen the hybridization threat. Importation of palms known to carry the pathogen that causes Lethal Yellowing may also pose a threat to wild populations of P. canariensis.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In the classical literature a reference to P. canariensis was given by Pliny (see Hort 1916) as Palmeta caryotasferentia, who reported the observation ofJuba that '...Canaria also abounds in palm groves bearing dates.' Webb & Berthelot (1847) were the first to recognise differences between the Canary Island palm and the date palm, describing the former as P. dactylifera var. jubae Webb & Berthel. Christ (1885) later gave the palm species status as P. jubae (Webb & Berthel.) D. H. Christ. Neither name was in common use by the horticultural trade who tended rather to adopt the unpublished names P. cycadifolia and P. canariensis (e.g., Neubert 1873). The name P. cycadifolia was validated by Regel (1879) with a brief description and illustration of a palm growing in Athens. The name P. canariensis was validated by Chabaud (1882) with a description and illustration of a cultivated palm grown from seed of Canary Island origin. Despite the robust nature of the 'canariensis-like' palm depicted in the illustration of Regel (1879), Beccari (1890) considered P. cycadifolia to be a synonym of P. dactylifera. I agree with Moore (1971a) in considering the illustration of R cycadifolia to be more similar to P. canariensis than P. dactylifera, and thus consider it a synonym of the former. The name P. cycadifolia predates P. canariensis by three years, should thus take nomenclatural precedence but because of the doubt surrounding the identity of P. cycadifolia, and the great familiarity of botanists and the horticultural trade with the name P. canariensis, I follow Moore (1963a) in maintaining the latter as the accepted name for the Canary Island palm.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Phoenix dactylifera</name>\r
+<author>L.</author>\r
+<citation>Sp. PI.: 1188 (1753) </citation>\r
+<bibref>L., Hort. Cliff.: 482 (1738)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Willd., Linn. Sp. P1l. (ed. 4), 4 (2): 730 (1806)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2: 786 (1832)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Kunth, Enum. P1. 3: 255 (1841)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 257, t. 120, X. f. 1, t. 1., f. 1 (1849)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Aitch., Cat. P1. Punjab Sindh: 143 (1869)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Boiss., Fl. Orient. 5: 47 (1882)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 355, tab. 43, f. 1 - 14 (1890)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Hand.-Mazz., Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 28: 36 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Brandis, Forest Fl. N.W. India: 552 (1874)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>L. H. Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort.: 2594 (1916)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>V. H. W. Dowson, Dep. Ar. Iraq Mem. 3 (3): 1 (1920)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>V. H. W. Dowson, Dep. Ar. Iraq Mem. (2): 1 (1921)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>V. H. W. Dowson, Dep. Ar. Iraq Mem. (3): 1 (1923) </bibref>\r
+<bibref>V. H. W. Dowson, Trop. Agric. 6, 6: 172 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Blatt., Palms Brit. Ind.: 24, pl. 8, f. 3 (1926)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Magalon, Contr. Etud. Palmiers Indoch.: 20 (1930)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Vasc. & Franco, Portugaliae Acta Biol., Sér. B, Sist. 2: 312, figs. 3, 19-1 (1948)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Blatt., J. Indian Bot. Soc. 11 (1): 42 (1932)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Tickh. & Drah, Fl. Egypt: 165 - 273 (1950)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Principes 7 (4): 157 (1963)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>P. Munier, Tech. Agric. Produc. Tropic. 14: 1 - 221 (1973)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Fl. Iranica 146: 4 (1980)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Malik, Fl. Pakistan 153: 23 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>J. Dransf., Fl. Iraq 8: 263 (1985)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Palma dactylifera</name>\r
+<author>(L.) Mill.</author>\r
+<bibref>(L.) Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, nom. illegit. (1768). See Moore (1963).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoenix excelsior</name>\r
+<author>Cav.</author>\r
+<bibref>Cav., Icon. 2: 13, t. 125 (1793)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoenix dactylifera var. cylindrocarpa</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1849)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoenix dactylifera var. gonocarpa</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1849)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoenix dactylifera var. oocarpa</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1849)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoenix dactylifera var. oxysperma</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1849)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 357 (1890)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoenix dactylifera var. sphaerocarpa</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1849)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoenix dactylifera var. sphaerosperma</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1849)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoenix dactylifera var. sylvestris</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1849)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoenix dactylifera var. adunca</name>\r
+<author>D. H. Christ ex Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>D. H. Christ ex Becc., Malesia 3: 357, pl. 43, f.12 (1890)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoenix dactylifera var. costata</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 357, pl. 43, f. 11 (1890)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phoenix atlantica var. maroccana</name>\r
+<author>A. Chev.</author>\r
+<bibref>A. Chev. in Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. t. 234, 2: 172 (1952)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>A. Chev., Rev. Bot. Appliq. Agric. Trop. 32, no. 2311: 82 (1952)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, or sparsely clustering palm, with several suckering offshoots at base. Stem to 30 m tall, without leaf sheaths to c. 40 - 50 cm diam.; trunk dull brown, marked with diamond-shaped leaf base scars c. 10 x 25 - 30 cm. Leaves straight, obliquely vertical in orientation, to 3 - 4 (5) m long; leaf base 15 - 20 cm wide; pseudopetiole 50 - 100 cm long; leaf sheath reddish-brown, to c. 45 cm long, fibrous; acanthophylls sparsely arranged, pointing in several directions, to 20 cm long; leaflets variously arranged in 1 - 3 planes of orientation, c. 50 - 130 on each side of rachis, stiff, c. 40 x 2 cm in length; lamina concolorous, glaucous, drying pale green. Staminate inflorescences erect; prophyll splitting 1 - 2 times between margins, yellow- green with reddish-brown tomentum when young, becoming brown and coriaceous, to 45 x 12 cm; peduncle to c. 50 cm long; rachillae to 30 cm long. Staminate flowers crowded along full length of rachillae; calyx a 3-lobed cupule with uneven margin, loosely surrounding the corolla; petals, 3 (rarely 4), creamy yellow-white, fleshy, each 7- 10 x 3 - 5 mm with apex rounded and minutely serrate; stamen c. 5 mm. Pistillate inflorescences initially erect, becoming pendulous with maturity; prophyll splitting between margins, yellow-green, c. 100 cm long; peduncle yellow-green, 60 - 150 cm, greatly elongating after fertilisation; rachillae c. 150 in number, yellow, to c. 40 cm long, elongating with fruit maturation. Pistillate flowers mostly in distal half of rachillae, yellow-white, with faintly sweet scent; calyx cupule c. 2 - 3 mm high; petals, 3 (rarely 4), c. 4 - 5 x 4 mm. Fruit very variable in shape and size, 4 - 7 x 2 - 3 cm, ripening a range of colours from yellow and green to orange, red, purplish- brown to black; mesocarp sweet, thick and fleshy or dry and thin. Seed variable in size and shape but generally elongate, 20 - 30 x 5 - 8 mm, with apices rounded or pointed; embryo lateral opposite raphe; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>\r
+ <div type="distribution"><p>The natural distribution of P. dactylifera is not known. The long history of date palm cultivation in the Middle East and North Africa has extended the distribution of the species far beyond its presumed original range, such that its area of origin remains a mystery. It is doubtful whether P. dactylifera still exists in the wild. Zohary & Spiegel-Roy (1975) claim that 'spontaneously-growing dates can be found throughout the range of date cultivation'. Many of these 'wild' date stands may represent long neglected palm groves or escapes from such groves. In some areas of the Near East date palms can be found occupying primary niches and could perhaps represent wild P. dactylifera (Zohary & Hopf 1988).\r
+CULTIVATION. Traditional areas of date palm cultivation have included the Middle East, Near East, North Africa, parts of north western India and Pakistan (Malik 1984). More recently, date palm cultivation has been established on a commercial level in California.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>An old Arab proverb says of the date palm that 'its feet shall be in a stream of water, and its head in the furnace of heaven'. The ability of R dactylifera to thrive in hot, dry conditions with little or no rain, as long as there is constant moisture about the roots for healthy growth and seed germination, have made it the classic symbol of the oasis. Throughout its distribution the date palm is taken as a reliable indicator of ground water in wadis, crevices and rocky ravines. In addition to its resistance to hot, arid atmospheres, the date palm shows remarkable tolerance of high salinity and water-logging. Despite resistance to water-logging, date palms are very vulnerable to excess rainfall and high humidity. Nixon (1951) noted that date fruits mature properly only if rainfall during the fruit maturation period (July to October) is less than 1.5 cm. Date palms are best adapted to tropical or sub-tropical conditions where the average daily maximum temperature is over 35'C and frost is very rare (Nixon 1951).\r
+REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY. The date palm has long been thought to be wind- pollinated. However, there is evidence for both anemophily and entomophily in P. dactylifera and other species of the genus. The staminate inflorescences produce copious amounts of pollen, typical of anemophily. The grains lack a sticky pollen- coat and are at the lower end of the wind-borne size range. The pistillate flowers show less obvious adaptation to anemophily, lacking an extensive stigmatic surface for capturing wind-borne pollen. Furthermore, Uhl & Moore (1971) identified what could be interpreted as nectaries at the base of the ovary which could suggest entomophily. Many kinds of insects are frequent visitors to date palm inflorescences, but their role as pollinators has not been conclusively demonstrated. It seems that the pollination syndrome of wild date palms involves both anemophily and entomophily. Herrera (1989) reported that the only other European palm, Chamaerops humilis L., is also pollinated by a combination of insects and wind, and Henderson (1986) suggested that this is a common syndrome in palms. Many animals are involved in dispersal of wild dates, as is the case with most palms (Zona & Henderson 1989). Ridley (1930) recorded the dispersal of dates by bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Several authors (e.g., Parrott 1980) have noted partially- eaten dates impaled upon the sharp acanthophylls of date palm leaves and have attributed it, circumstantially, to the action of the Great Grey Shrike (Lanius excubitor). Cowan (1984) suggested that it is the action of the wind rather than shrikes which is responsible. The most significant role in date palm dispersal has without doubt been played by man. Date fruits are generally easily stored and transported, and have therefore been an important component of the Middle Eastern diet, particularly for long journeys across the desert. The Phoenicians were not only early date palm cultivators but great travelling tradesmen and were certainly responsible in part for the early spread of date palms.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>ALGERIA. 1888 (pist.), Christ s.n. (FI-B!). BAHRAIN Is. without precise locality, 21 Feb. 1926 (ster.), Fernandez 2863 (K!). EGYPT. Abusir, near El Merq, 21 March 1924 (stam.), Simpson 1826 (K!); Nile, (pist.), Hall s.n. (K!). ISRAEL. Jericho, 1 April 1913 (stam.), American Colony, Jerusalem 6985 (K!). LIBYA. Kufra oases, 23 Aug. 1963 (seedlings), Cambridge Expedition 18 (K!). MOROCCO. Between Tiznit and Agadir, 18 Dec. 1951 (pist.), Chevalier s.n. (P!); High Atlas, near Marrakech, 450 m alt., 26 June 1971 (pist.), Bocquet 11071 (BM!). PAKISTAN. N Baluchistan, (ster.), s.n. (CAL!). SAUDI ARABIA. Wadi Hebron, 1835 (pist.), Schimper 250 (FI-W!); NearJizan Dam, 12 Jan. 1980 (ster.), Chaudhary E421 (E!). SOCOTRA. Hagghiher Mts, Kishen, 12˚35'N, 50˚03'E, May 1967 (pist.), Smith & Lavranos s.n. (K!). SYRIA. Lake Tiberius, 1860, Hooker & Hanbury s.n. (K!). UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. Kalba oasis, 20 Feb. 1985 (stam.), Western 722 (E!). SPAIN. Murcia, April 1854 (stam., pist.), Diseglise 2314 (BM!); Barcelona, March 1913 (stam., pist.), Sennen 1807 (BM!). </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>The names listed here refer to P. dactylifera as a species. The serious student of date palm varieties and cultivars must look to Popenoe (1973) for a comprehensive list of vernacular names, and their meanings. ARABIA. Usteh-khurma (fruit), nukhal (leaves), (Arabic), [Beccari (1890)]. Egypt. Balah (date palm), (Egyptian), [Taickholm & Drar (1950)]. INDIA. Pind, chirwi, bagri (fresh dates), bela (dry dates), khajur, chuhara (leaves), gadda, galli (palm 'cabbage'), (Hindi); payr-etchum manam (leaves), (Tamil); kharjurapu chettu, perita chettu (leaves), (Telinga), [Beccari (1890)]. IRAQ. Nakhla/Nakhl, (date palm), tamr (fully ripe dates), rutab (fresh, edible but only half-ripe dates), kurjan, khurma (leaves), (Arabic), [Dransfield (1985)]; gutla-i-khaur, tukhm-i-khurma (fruit), (Arabic), [Beccari (1890)]. TURKEY. Khurma (date palm), (Kurdish, Turkish), [Dransfield (1985)].</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Commercially P. dactylifera is one of the most important species in the family, after Cocos nucifera L. (coconut) and Elaeis guineensisJacq. (oil-palm). Date palms have been cultivated in the Middle East and northern Africa for at least 5,000 years (Zohary & Hopf 1988). For some communities practising subsistence agriculture, the date crop provides an essential subsidiary income. The primary use of date palms is, of course, their nutritious fruit which is eaten fresh, dried or processed as one of a wide-range of date products. Date seeds are used as cattle fodder (seeds ground up or soaked in water or sometimes sprouted first), or are occasionally ground as a coffee substitute or adulterant, or for ornamental purposes (as jewellery). Stems are tapped for the sweet sap (date 'honey') which can be drunk fresh, or processed as sugar or fermented into a highly intoxicating beverage, referred to as 'The Drink of Life' in cuneiform inscriptions of the ancient Egyptians (Tickholm & Drar 1950). Tapping interferes somewhat with fruit production, and the number of times a palm can be tapped is limited. In addition to the fruit, vegetative parts of the date palm are put to many and diverse uses including building materials (leaves, trunks), fencing (leaves, midribs), thatch (leaves), rope (leaf sheath, leaflet and midrib fibres), fuel (all vegetative parts, but especially leaf- bases); packaging, padding and protection (leaf sheath fibre). The terminal bud can be eaten as a sweet, tender vegetable, though rarely so because only non- productive palms would be felled for such a purpose. Cutting of the terminal bud leaves a cavity which fills with a thick, sweet refreshing fluid that is drunk fresh or fermented. The palm is important in several Christian, Jewish and Muslim festivals (Goor 1967; Nixon 1951; Popenoe 1924).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>The conservation status of wild P. dactylifera is difficult to ascertain due to the continuing doubt as to whether it exists in that state. As a species, P. dactylifera cannot be considered threatened due to its extensive cultivation; however, positive conservation action may be necessary at the infraspecific level if diversity of date cultivars is to be maintained. Intrinsic within the hundreds of cultivars is a large reservoir of genetic diversity that has been the source of palms of varying vegetative and fruit characteristics for date palm growers through the ages. Recent years have seen a decrease in the number of varieties regularly propagated in cultivation. As with landraces and cultivars of all crops, active cultivation is vital to survival and a cultivar is soon lost for ever if it is not regularly propagated.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>HUMAN SELECTION OF THE DATE PALM. The suckering habit of P. dactylifera makes it well-suited to vegetative propagation and domestication. Date palms produce offshoots at the trunk base allowing simple clonal propagation of chosen palms. Selection of productive palms in combination with artificial pollination techniques has led to the development and recognition of hundreds of date palm cultivars, differing in fruit characters such as size, texture, fleshiness, colour, taste, sweetness and storage quality.\r
+INFRASPECIFIC NOMENCLATURE. Few of the hundreds of date palm cultivars have been formally described. Study of cultivars has been restricted to a local or regional level, so that there is inconsistent and differential use of vernacular and cultivar names between regions, and even palm groves. A proliferation of names can arise when date palms of identical stock are distributed to groves with varying microclimates, resulting in phenotypic variation (Brac de la Perriere 1988). Traditionally, date palm cultivars have been classified according to moisture content which, in turn, defines use. In general, fruits are divided into three classes: dry dates, which require high temperatures and sun levels for maturation, and are easily stored; semi-dry dates, which are more moist, and also store well; soft dates which must be eaten fresh and therefore are less commonly exported. Popenoe (1973) listed 1500 'varieties' cultivated to varying extents throughout the zone of date palm growth, and noted that if all named 'varieties' were to be collected together they would number several thousands. The term 'variety' has not been clearly defined in respect to the date palm, and was used by Popenoe (1973) to refer to what I consider to be cultivars. Martius (1823 - 1853) described seven varieties of P. dactylifera, and Beccari (1890) a further two, using only loosely defined fruit characters. Many cultivars are potentially referrable to any one of these names because of the brevity of the descriptions so that the names are useless to date grower and botanist alike. Local studies aside, there have been no attempts to construct a workable, consistent infraspecific classification for P. dactylifera. The most comprehensive attempt at such a study is that of Popenoe (1973) who gave a concise overview of cultivar history, geography and origin, discussed the nomenclatural confusion that surrounds most varieties, listed 1500 names and described the most commercially important ones in greater detail. Phoenix dactylifera cultivar taxonomy has not been an aim of this monograph.\r
+HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF THE DATE PALM. Together with the olive, grape and fig, date palms were amongst the first fruit crops domesticated in the Old World (Zohary & Speigel-Roy 1975). The cultural and religious significance of date palms, over a recorded 5000 year history, reflects their economic importance. The date palm was associated with the primitive Semitic goddess (Ishtar or Astarte) who symbolised the creative force of nature (Popenoe 1973). In Muslim tradition, God created the date palm from dust left over after Adam was created, and Arabs consequently know it as the 'Tree of Life' (Goor 1967), a name that well suits its multiplicity of uses. The origin of the date palm has been much debated and suggested areas include desert northwestern Africa (Fischer 1882; de Candolle 1884), tropical North Africa (Schweinfurth 1873; Grisebach 1872), Arabia (Bonavia 1885), Babylonia (Hehn 1888), the Persian Gulf (Beccari 1890; Werth 1934; Popenoe 1973; Zohary & Hopf 1988), Southern Persia (Boissier 1882) and Western India (Hamilton 1827). To resolve this question a multi-disciplinary approach is advisable, combining evidence from botanical and ecological data with historical, cultural and archaeological information. Feral date palms occur throughout the range of cultivated date, notably in the southern, warm and dry Near East as well as the northeastern Saharan and north Arabian deserts. It is difficult to ascertain whether these represent wild plants or merely secondary escapes from cultivated groves. Zohary & Hopf (1988) claimed that true 'wild dates', bearing small dry, hardly comestible fruits, are found in some areas of the Near East, growing in deep ravines, cliffs, and inaccessible gorges, often indicating ground water. Baluchistan, lowland Khuzistan, and the southern base of the Zagros Range facing the Persian Gulf, in particular, were identified by Werth (1955) and Zohary & Hopf (1988) as areas supporting populations of 'wild dates'. Zohary (pers comm.) reported spontaneous 'wild dates' bordering the Dead Sea on both Israeli and Jordanian sides. These Dead Sea populations comprise equal numbers of staminate and pistillate palms, they are sexually-reproducing and occupy primary habitats, such as wet escarpments, gorges, springs and seepage areas, suggesting that they are wild. A paucity of morphological characters makes differentiation of wild from feral plants difficult. Molecular data from a wide range of domesticated, wild and feral date palms may offer new and useful information. Nuclear and chloroplast DNA regions sequenced in the current study show insufficient variation to be informative at the varietal level within P. dactylifera. Beccari (1890) looked to ecology to solve questions of date palm origins. Date palms thrive in hot, dry conditions with little or no rain, as long as constant moisture about the roots is available. Wet soil is required for seed germination and hot sun for ripening of the fruit. In the words of Pliny (see Rackham 1945): 'It likes running water, and to drink all the year round, though it loves dry places'. Theophrastus in his Enquiry into Plants (370 - 285 BC, see Hort 1916) was an early observer of the remarkable resistance of date palms to salinity, 'wherever date palms grow abundantly, the soil is salt, both in Babylon, they say, where the tree is indigenous, in Libya, in Egypt and in Phoenicia'. Beccari (1890) understood the ecological characteristics of date palms as indicating that P. dactylifera originated in a hot, dry land where the ground was wet and saline. The lands adjoining the Arabian Gulf fit these specifications exactly. Palaeobotanical data provides further support for a Near Eastern origin of the date palm. Solecki & Leroi-Gourhan (1961) found Phoenix pollen, comparable to that of P. dactylifera, in sediment samples taken from the Mousterian layer D in Shanidar Cave, northern Iraq, dating to thousands of years before the start of Neolithic agriculture, possibly suggesting the pre-agricultural existence of date palms in the Near East. The earliest definite signs of date palm cultivation were noted by Zohary & Hopf (1988) to appear in Chalcolithic Palestine around 3700 - 3500 BC, and there is early indication of a date crop from contemporary lower Mesopotamia. From the Bronze Age onwards, date cultivation has been well- established in warm areas of the Near East. Historical and cultural information must also be considered. Corner (1966) noted that 'the origin of the date-palm is as insoluble as ever and will remain so until there are minds commensurate with the contributions that palms have made to civilisation'. Study of early date cultivators, particularly the Assyrians, Babylonians and Phoenicians, their history, trade routes, language and culture can offer useful and complementary information to botanical data. Historical records report date palm cultivation by the Sumerians as early as 3000 BC in present-day southern Iraq (Nixon 1951). Around the same time, the Phoenicians arrived in Phoenicia ('The Land of the Date'), the area covering present-day Lebanon and parts of Syria. It is not known from where the Phoenicians came but certain traditions suggest the Persian Gulf. The name Phoenix, coined by the Greeks, supports the sea-going Phoenicians as early cultivators and traders of date palms and fruit. The Phoenicians travelled far, establishing trading posts and settlements along their route west through the Mediterranean. By identifying the Persian Gulf area as the home of the date palm, the natural distribution of P. dactylifera occurs at the western edge of that of P. sylvestris, the Indian date. All students of the genus have acknowledged the close resemblance of the two species (e.g., Beccari 1890; Corner 1966). Griffith (1845) found the two species to be indistinguishable, and Hamilton (1827) considered P. sylvestris to represent 'merely the wild plant of the same species with that which is cultivated in Arabia and Africa: but this culture has wonderfully improved the fruit'. Their close relationship is supported by morphological, anatomical and molecular data generated by the current study. Systematic analysis in this paper resolves P. dactylifera, P. sylvestris and R theophrasti in one clade. Phoenix sylvestris differs from the date palm primarily in its solitary habit, its short pseudopetiole with congested, conspicuously folded acanthophylls, its shorter infructescence peduncle bearing smaller fruits that are scarcely fleshy and non-comestible, and its ability to withstand wet conditions. It is not certain whether human selection over thousands of years could result in the differences between the two species; however, on consideration of the selective restrictions of clonal cultivation, it would seem that major morphological and physiological changes and adaptations would not be encouraged. Corner (1966) found the strictly solitary habit of P. sylvestris and its occupation of a different ecological niche as strong evidence against it as sister to the date palm. Whatever the history of the relationship between P. sylvestris and P. dactylifera, their similarity is beyond doubt, and the identification of the Irano-Arabian area as the home of the date palm, alongside the western limit of P. sylvestris, comes as no surprise.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
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+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phoenix loureiroi</name>
+<author>Kunth</author>
+<citation>Enum. P1. 3: 257 (1841)</citation>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Principes 7 (4): 157, 179 (1963)</bibref>
+<type>Collected by Harmand from Mount Kuang Repen in Cambodia; Pierre; 4832</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FB-I!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering palm. Stem to 1 - 4 (5) m, without leaf sheaths to c. 10 - 30 (40) cm in diam., with crowded diamond-shaped, persistent leaf-bases, internodes very short. Leaves to 2 m long; pseudopetiole 20 - 40 cm long; leaf sheath reddish- brown, fibrous; acanthophylls c. 15 on each side of rachis, yellow-green to orange, to 20 cm long; leaflets arranged in more than one plane of orientation, proximally fascicled in 3s - 4s, more regularly arranged apically, to 130 on each side of rachis, 20 - 45 x 0.5 - 2.3 cm, flaccid or stiff; lamina either concolorous or abaxial surface bluish-green with tannin in patches along midrib and continuous along leaflet margin. Staminate inflorescences erect; prophyll yellow-green in colour, to 40 x 7 cm (often much smaller); peduncle to c. 15 cm long; rachillae congested on rachis, c. 10 cm long. Staminate flowers sweet-scented initially, turning musty, with calyx a three- pointed cupule 1.5 - 2 mm high; petals yellow-white, oblong in shape, c. 4- 6 x 2 - 2.5 mm, with apex roughly undulate and often thickened; anthers yellow-white. Pistillate inflorescences erect, often arching with fruit maturity; prophyll papery to coriaceous, splitting twice either along or between margins, c. 20 x 3 cm; peduncle to 1.5 m long; rachillae up to 40 in number, to 40 cm long, elongating with fruit set. Pistillate flowers with calyx cupule 1.5 - 2 mm high, yellow; petals orange-pink to yellow, 2 - 2.5 x 3 - 4 mm. Fruit restricted to the distal half to two thirds of rachilla, ovoid to obovoid, 9 - 18 x 5 - 9 mm, maturing from green to blue-black when ripe, with mesocarp mealy and slightly sweet. Seed obovoid, 11 - 18 x 6 - 9 mm, with rounded ends, and raphe extending full length of seed; embryo lateral opposite raphe; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Sub-Himalayan belt southwards through India, and eastwards through Indochina to southern China (including the islands of Hong Kong and Macao), Taiwan and to Batanes and Sabtang Islands of the Philippines.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>A variety of habitats from sea-level to 1700 m, in open scrublands or as part of the undergrowth of dry dipterocarp, mixed deciduous or pine forest. The species is very common in disturbed, anthropogenic areas such as seasonally-burnt grasslands, along roadsides or raised ground bordering rice-paddy. As with all species of the genus, staminate flowers of P. loureiri are visited by a range of insects, particularly beetles, but it is not known which are the pollinators and which are merely pollen thieves. The fruits are eaten by a range of birds and mammals attracted by the sweet but thin mesocarp.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The leaflets of P. loureiri have many domestic uses, such as the manufacture of mats and brooms. In the Philippines shredded, sun-dried juvenile leaves are woven as raincoats (Gruezo & Fernando 1985). The apical bud is sweet and can be eaten as a vegetable (palm cabbage). The fruits are sweet, if a little mealy, and are commonly eaten by children. Padmanabhan & Sudhersan (1988) noted the medicinal use of the species by tribal people in southern India.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Phoenix loureiri is not considered to be threatened because it thrives in disturbed, anthropogenic areas. However, populations are declining in certain parts of their ranges. Padmanabhan & Sudhersan (1988) noted 'mass destruction' of the species on hillsides in southern India due to heavy pressure from harvesting for leaves. Gruezo & Fernando (1985) called for continued protection of the species in the Philippines, where it is found only in localised populations on Sabtang and Batanes Islands.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The group of Phoenix palms from Asia that have been variously known as P. humilis, P. hanceana and P. loureiri are referred to here as the 'R loureiri complex'. Confusion has surrounded the taxonomy of the complex, which has long been poorly understood. Two taxonomic approaches can be adopted. The complex can be treated as one polymorphic species, or an attempt can be made to recognise distinct taxa within the complex with formal taxonomic status conferred upon them. The former approach was adopted by Moore (1963a) who recognised the complex as one wide-ranging species, P. loureiri. The latter approach was taken by Beccari (1890) in his monograph of the genus. He treated the 'P. loureiri complex' as one species, P. humilis, comprising five closely-related varieties ranging from India to the Far East. Beccari (1890) acknowledged that varieties of P. humilis were not supported by stable taxonomic characters, and refers to them as 'regional forms'. Beccari (1890) thought P. humilis var. hanceana the most distinct variety, and later gave it species status as P. hanceana, itself comprising three varieties from southern China and Hong Kong, Taiwan and the Philippines (Beccari 1908). An attempt has been made here to find support for distinct taxa within the 'P. loureiri complex' using a combination of field, herbarium, anatomical and molecular data. Field data supports Beccari's (1890) observation that the 'R loureiri complex' is very adaptable and occurs in a wide variety of climates and habitats. It is this adaptability which may be the cause of polymorphism in the group. Molecular data group all members of the complex together and do not support any division of the complex into distinct taxa. Herbarium and anatomical studies have provided data which split the complex into two groups. Each group comprises a number of P. humilis varieties as defined by Beccari (1890, 1908). The taxa referred to by Beccari (1890) as P. humilis var. loureiri and var. hanceana of Indochina and the Far East respectively, have continuous strips of sclerotic, tannin-filled cells along the leaflet margins and discontinuous patches of such cells in the abaxial midrib region. In contrast, the Indian varieties of Beccari (1890), P. humilis var. typica, var. pedunculata and var. robusta, lack sclerotic, tannin-filled cells. Although the five P. humilis varieties (Beccari 1890) have been found to reflect certain geographical trends in morphological variation within the complex, I do not consider it possible to maintain them as distinct taxa. I recognise the 'P. loureiri complex' as one species, P. loureiri Kunth comprising two polymorphic varieties, var. loureiri and var. humilis (Becc.) S. Barrow. The nature and pattern of distribution of polymorphic characters is poorly known and it is unclear to what extent ecological factors play a role in determining intravarietal variation. More extensive sampling from a wide range of populations is required if further taxa are to be defined within the varieties of P. loureiri. However, the description of such intravarietal taxa would have ramifications on taxon delimitation elsewhere in the genus. It is my view that the polymorphism observed within the varieties of P. loureiri Kunth is equivalent to that included within the polymorphic African species, P. reclinata, within which I have not formally recognised infraspecific taxa.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phoenix loureiroi var. loureiroi</name>
+<author>Kunth</author>
+<citation>Enum. P1. 3: 257 (1841)</citation>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix humilis var. hanceana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia: 379, 392 (1890)</bibref>
+<type>Beccari (1890) notes the specimen from Hong Kong, 1853 - 56 (pist.); Wright; 507</type>
+<type_loc>Type K!, LE</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix hanceana var. formosana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Philipp. J. Sci. 3: 339 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Hui-Lin, Fl. Taiwan 5: 791, pl. 1524, 1525 (1978)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix hanceana var. philippinensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Philipp. J. Sci. 3: 339 – 342</bibref>
+<type>Batanes Is., Sabtang Island, June 1907 (pist.); Finix (Bur. Sci.); 3744.</type>
+<type_loc>Type FI-B!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix pusilla</name>
+<author>Lour. (non Gaertn.)</author>
+<bibref>Lour. (non Gaertn.), Fl. Cochinchina: 614 (1790), nom. Illegit</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Distinguished from R loureiri var. humilis by the presence of a continuous strip of sclerotic, tannin-filled cells along leaflet margin and discontinuous patches of such cells in the abaxial midrib region.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In Thailand P. loureiri var. loureiri is found extensively on grassy or rocky slopes or in open areas under dry dipterocarp forest up to 500 m altitude, often but by no means exclusively on limestone soil. At higher altitude it is found on sandy soil in pine forest undergrowth up to 1700 m. The species is increasingly common, almost weedy, in the undergrowth of pine plantations. Phoenix loureiri var. loureiri is rare in Peninsular Thailand. Populations are known only from Trang province near the Malaysian border, growing in grasslands with intense human access, often on old termite mounds along the borders of neglected rice-paddy. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CAMBODIA. Mount Kuang Repen, Pierre 4832 (lectotype FI-B!); Stung-Treng, Choul 2154 (K!). CHINA. Canton and Macao, Jan. 1837 (pist.), Gaudichaud 53 (P!); Simao mts, 1899 (stam.), Henry 12924 (CAL!, FI-B!, K!). Hainan: Na-ta, 1 Nov. 1921 (pist.), McClure 8038 (BM!, E!, K!, P!); Vo Lau to Na-ta, 1935 (pist.), Linsley Gressit 978 (BM!, E!). HONG KONG. Clearwater Bay, 31 May 1970 (stam., pist.), Shiu Ying Hu 10354 (K!); Tai Mo Shan, N.T., 150 m alt., 16 March 1995 (pist.), Baker & Utteridge BU9 (K!). MYANMAR. Pegu, 6 March 1871 (pist.), Kurz 3317 (BM!, CAL!); Maymyo plateau, 22 April 1913 (pist.), Lace 6165 (DD!, K!); Mindat, 16 March 1956 (stam.), Kingdon-Ward 21800 (BM!). PHILIPPINES. Batanes Is., Sabtang Island, June 1907 (pist.), Fenix (Bur. Sci.) 3744. (FI-B!); Mt Iraya, 11 May 1984, Fernando 403, 404 (K!). TAIWAN. Takao-san, 5 June 1912 (pist.), Price 585 (K!); Nan- Wan Heng-Chun, Pingtung County, 18 Dec. 1994 (stam., pist.), Chu 2 (K!). THAILAND. Kanchanaburi Prov., 10 km along road from Thing Pha Phum to Tripagodas, 8 Jan. 1994, Barrow & Wongprasert 7, 8, 9 (BKF!, K!); Chiang Mai Prov., Doi Inthanon, Vachiratharn Waterfall, 11 Jan. 1994, Barrow & Phuma 10, 11, 12 (BKF!, K!); Trang Prov., Thung Kai Forest Research Station, 22 Jan. 1994, Barrow & Tingnga 29, 30 (BKF!, K!). VIETNAM. Near Nha-Trang, 10 March 1922 (pist.), Poilane 2792 (P!); 25 June 1923 (ster.), Poilane 5932 (P!); Da Nang (Tourane), May -July 1927 (ster.), Clemens 4348 (K!); Central Annam, 25Jan. 1930 (ster.), Magalon s.n. (P!).</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Thailand. Peng [e.g., Barrow 1 (K)]. Philippines. Voyavoy (Phoenix palm), suot, vakol (coat made from leaflets of Phoenix) (Ivatan), [Greuzo & Fernando (1985)].</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Phoenix was first recorded in Indochina as P. pusilla by Loureiro (1790), who described a short palm from Hue in Vietnam. Unfortunately, the name P. pusilla had previously been used by Gaertner (1788) to describe a small palm of Sri Lanka and therefore P. pusilla Lour. is illegitimate. Kunth (1841) later described a palm from Vietnam as P. loureiri Kunth. The similarity between P. loureiri of Indochina and P. humilis of India was acknowledged by Beccari (1890), who included the former as one of five varieties of the latter in his monograph of the genus. This treatment was adopted by Beccari & Hooker (1892 - 93) and Blatter (1926). The name P. humilis (Royle 1840) was taken as the specific epithet, rather than P. loureiri, due to its earlier appearence in the literature, although it was not formerly described until 1890. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter et al. 1994) states that it is the date of description of a name that determines validity, and therefore P. loureiri (1841) must take precedence over P. humilis Royle ex Becc. (1890). This decision was reached by Moore (1963a) who accepted P. loureiri as a wide-ranging species including all varieties of P. humilis as defined by Beccari (1890, 1908). The type variety includes those Phoenix palms of Indochina and the Far East formerly referred to by Beccari (1890, 1908) as P. humilis var. loureiri and var. hanceana.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phoenix pusilla</name>
+<author>Gaertn.</author>
+<citation>Fruct. Sem. P1. 1: 24, tab. 9 (1788)</citation>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Elate sylvestris</name>
+<author>L.</author>
+<bibref>L., Sp. PI.: 1188 (1753), Sri Lankan plant only (referred to as Hinindi)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix farinifera</name>
+<author>Roxb.</author>
+<bibref>Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 1: 74, t. 74 (1796) </bibref>
+<bibref>Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 785 (1832)</bibref>
+<bibref>Willd., Linn. Sp. Pl. (ed. 4), 4 (2): 731 (1806)</bibref>
+<bibref>Griff., CalcuttaJ. Nat. Hist. 5: 348 (1845)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 402, t. 44, fig. 3 (1890)</bibref>
+<bibref>T. A. Davis, & A. F. Joel, Palms & Cycads 23: 2 - 10 (1989)</bibref>
+<bibref>de Zoysa, Fl. Ceylon (in press)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix zeylanica</name>
+<author>Trimen</author>
+<bibref>Trimen, J. Bot. 23: 267 (1885)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc. & Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 425 (1892)</bibref>
+<bibref>Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 4: 326, pl. 95 (1898)</bibref>
+<bibref>Blatter, Palm. Brit. Ind. 11: 14 (1926)</bibref>
+<bibref>Mahabale & Parthasarathy, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 60: 375 (1963)</bibref>
+<bibref>De Zoysa, Fl. Ceylon (in press)</bibref>
+<type>Sri Lanka (stam., pist.); Thwaites; C.P. 3172</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K!; isotypes CAL!, PDA!, LEN, FI-B!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering palm. Stem to 6 m high and 30 cm in diam. Leaves to 3 m long; pseudopetiole to 70 cm long x 1.5 - 3 cm wide at base, rounded abaxially; leaf sheath fibrous, reddish-brown; leaf bases persistent, vertically orientated on trunk, c. 8 cm wide at base; acanthophylls individually arranged in one or more planes of orientation, c. 7 - 18 on each side of rachis, yellow-green, very sharp, to 11 cm long; leaflets more or less irregularly arranged, quadrifarious proximally, c. 30 - 100 on each side of rachis, elongate-spathulate in shape with very sharp, needle-like apices, 10 - 45 x 0.5 - 3 cm in length; leaflet join with rachis marked by yellow-orange pulvinus; lamina concolorous, dark, glossy green, and pliable in texture. Staminate inflorescences erect; prophyll coriaceous, 12 - 30 x 4 - 8 cm; peduncle 5 - 25 cm long; rachillae arranged at wide angle to the rachis, c. 50 - 70 in number, to 21 cm long. Staminate flowers ovoid, yellow-white; calyx 1 - 1.5 mm high; petals 4 - 5 x 2 - 3 mm ovate, with rounded apices. Pistillate inflorescences erect, arching at fruit maturity; prophyll coriaceous, splitting twice, 17 - 41 x 2.5 - 5.5 cm; peduncle to c. 25 - 75 cm; rachillae 20 - 120 in number, orange-green, 4 - 30 cm long. Pistillate flowers mostly in the distal half of rachilla; calyx to 1.2 mm high; petals 2 x 3 - 4 mm. Fruit ovoid, 11 - 15 x 5 - 8 mm, ripening from green to red to purple-black, moderately fleshy, sweet. Seed ovoid with rounded apices, pinkish-brown when fresh, drying glossy chestnut-brown, 8- 12 x 6 mm, with intrusion of testa in region of raphe (postament) often Y-shaped in transverse section; embryo lateral opposite raphe; endosperm homogeneous. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Sri Lanka and Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu and southern region of Kerala in India. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Roxburgh (1832) described P. farinifera (= P. pusilla) as a 'native of dry, barren ground, chiefly of the sandy lands at a small distance from the sea near Coringa (Coromandel coast of south eastern India)'. However, P. pusilla is not restricted to coastal areas in India but is also found inland at the margins of marshes and raised banks along borders of paddy fields, up to 700 m altitude. In Sri Lanka, P. pusilla is found in the dry lowlands of the north and east (where it was previously referred to as P. farinifera Roxb.), and wetter lowlands and hill country of the south west up to 500 m altitude (where it was previously referred to as P. zeylanica Trimen).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA: ANDHRA PRADESH. Cuddapah Distr., Feb. 1883 (ster.), Gamble 11105, 11106 (K!). KERALA. Trivandrum, Veli, sea-level, 25 Jan. 1995, Barrow & Bunoi 51 (pist.), 52 (stam.) (K!, TBGRI!). TAMIL NADU. Mariappa nagar, 10 Jan. 1978 (stam.), Mohan 11282 (RHT!). (Coimbatore Distr.), 1882 (stam.), Brandis s.n. (FI-B!). (Madras Distr.): Chingleput, near Sadras, 23 Feb. 1933 (pist.), ChevianJacob 80414 (K!). (Salem Distr.): (Mettur range), Peria Thanda, N Bagpur R.F., 19 Dec. 1976 (pist.), Matthew & Alphonse 5884 (RHT!). (Shevaroys South Range), Thekkampatti, 10 May 1978 (pist.), Mohan 13476 (RHT!). (Attur Range), Periakalrayans, 22 Sept. 1978 (pist.), Venugopal & Manoharan 17610 (RHT!). (South Arcot Distr.): Takarai R.F., 19 Jan. 1978 (pist.), Ramamarthy 52846 (CAL!); (Uludurpet Range), Pulloorkkadu, 3 Dec. 1979 (pist.), Matthew 25097 (RHT!); Vridachalam, 1 Feb. 1980 (pist.), Matthew 26255 (RHT!). (Tinnevelly Distr.), Nateriakal, c. 900 - 1200 m alt., 12 Feb. 1913 (ster.), Hooper & Ramaswami 38454 (CAL!). (Tanjore Distr.), Sobanapurum, 21 March 1978 (pist.), Matthew 12568 (RHT!); Srirangam Is, 31 Jan. 1995 (pist.), Matthew & Barrow 65A (pist.), 65B (stam.) (K!, RHT!). SRI LANKA. (Matale Distr.): Dambulla to Sigirya road, near Kibissa, 180 m alt., 8 Feb. 1995 (pist.), Barrow & Weerasooriya 69 (pist.), 70 (stam.), 71 (pist.) (K!, PDA!). (Galle Distr.): Kanneliya Forest Reserve, Hiniduma, 6 March 1992 (pist.), De Zoysa 11 (PDA!). (Jaffna Distr.): Point Pedro, Kaddaikadu, 16 March 1973 (stam.), Bernardi 14250 (PDA!). (Kurunegala Distr.): Wariyapola, 27 March 1970 (pist.), Amaratunga 2045 (PDA!). (Puttalam Distr.): Miriswatte, Negombo- Maradagahamula road, 1 Oct. 1992 (stam., pist.), De Zoysa 72 (PDA!). (Kalutara Distr.): Habungala, Bentota, 10 March 1972 (pist.), Amaratunga 2389 (PDA!). (Ratnapura Distr.): Sinharaja Forest, 8 March 1992 (stam.), De Zoysa 28 (PDA!). (Puttalam Distr.): Chilaw to Puttalam road, 3 Feb. 1995, Barrow & Weerasooriya 66 (pist.), 67 (stam.), 68 (stam.) (K!, PDA!).</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>INDIA. Chilta-eita (Telinga) [Roxburgh (1832)]; eethie (Tamil); chiruta-itu (Telinga); eentha (Malayam), [Blatter (1926)]; eecha maram (Tamil), [K.M. Matthew, pers. comm.]. SRI LANKA. Indi (Sinhalese); inchu (Tamil) [De Zoysa (in press)].</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaflets of P. pusilla, once stripped of the midrib, boiled and sundried, are used for various woven products in south and west Sri Lanka (De Zoysa, in press). The sweet fruits are often eaten by children.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>NOTES ON TAXONOMIC HISTORY OF Phoenix IN SRI LANKA. The first references to Phoenix in Sri Lanka are given by Hermann (1687, 1698). Hermann (1687, 1717) described two Phoenix species from Sri Lanka which were referred to as Indi Hinindi and Indi Mahaindi. From the brief descriptions it is clear that Hermann distinguished these palms on size. The vernacular names cited as Maha Indi and Hin Indi support this. In Sinhala, 'Indi' means 'date', 'maha' and 'hin' mean 'large' and 'small' respectively. Linnaeus (1747) included the two taxa in separate genera when he cited Indi Mahaindi in Phoenix and Hinindi in Vaga L. In Species Plantarum, Linnaeus (1753) included Mahaindi in Phoenix and Hinindi in the genus Elate L. Elate also included Katou-indel of Rheede (1678 - 1703), which is attributable to Phoenix sylvestris of India. By including Hinindi and Katou-indel together under Elate, it would appear that Linnaeus was confused on two points. Firstly, he took the name Hinindi to refer to the larger of the two Sri Lankan palms, and secondly that the larger palm was synonymous with P. sylvestris. This confusion was repeated in later treatments of Phoenix in India and Sri Lanka (Martius 1823 - 1853; Thwaites 1864), but Hamilton (1827) correctly referred Hinindi to P. farinifera. The first post-Linnean species of the genus in Sri Lanka was described as P. pusilla by Gaertner in 1788. Gaertner described the species from a short palm, said to have been of Sri Lankan origin, cultivated in Leiden Botanic Garden. The brief description and illustrations of fruit and seed are not sufficient for certain identification, and it is not clear whether the species refers to Mahaindi or Hinindi. However, the citation of the species as a native of Sri Lanka and East India suggests that P. pusilla refers to the smaller palm, Hinindi. In 1795, in Plants of the Coromandel Coast, Roxburgh described P. farinifera as a short palm of sandy, coastal regions along the Coromandel coast of south eastern India but made no mention of Sri Lanka. In Flora Indica, Roxburgh (1832) acknowledged its existence in Sri Lanka, and cited R pusilla Gaertn. as a synonym. No mention was made of Mahaindi. Griffith (1845) followed Roxburgh (1832) in his treatment of the genus in India. Thwaites (1864) recorded only one species of Phoenix in Sri Lanka, referring it to P. sylvestris and noting it to be a native of hotter parts of the island. The specimen C.P. 3172 is cited. It is clear that Thwaites (1864) referred to the tall-stemmed palm of south western Sri Lanka but, following Linnaeus, called it Hinindi rather than Mahaindi. The confusion between the tall-stemmed Sri Lankan Phoenix and P. sylvestris of India was appreciated by Trimen (1885) who described the Sri Lankan species as P. zeylanica Trimen. Trimen (1885, 1898), Blatter (1926) and Mahabalk & Parthasarathy (1963) all considered the smaller Sri Lankan Phoenix to be identical with P. farinifera of India, for which the name P. pusilla took precedence. Only von Martius (1823 - 1853) and Beccari (1890) considered Gaertner's P. pusilla to refer to P. zeylanica rather than P. farinifera. Von Martius (1823 - 1853) cited two species of Phoenix in Sri Lanka as P. pusilla and P. farinifera. Hinindi is cited under P. pusilla, and no mention is made of Mahaindi. Beccari (1890) adopted this opinion after seeing Gaertner's illustration of seeds of P. pusilla which show the intrusion of the testa in the region of the raphe to be Y-shaped in transverse section. This illustration matched Beccari's own observations of seeds of P. zeylanica, and I have also found there is a tendency for the seeds of P. pusilla to show this character. However, the pattern of intrusion of the testa is generally too variable both within and between species and cannot be considered taxonomically reliable, as Beccari (Beccari & Hooker 1892 - 93) himself later acknowledged. Beccari & Hooker (1892 - 93) reversed this decision in Flora of British India, which cited P. pusilla as a synonym of P. zeylanica. De Zoysa (in press) considered Gaertner's description of P. pusilla to be inadequate for certain identification and recommended that the later names, P. zeylanica (Trimen 1885) and P. farinifera (Roxburgh 1832), be adopted. Nomenclatural confusion surrounding species of Phoenix in Sri Lanka and southern India is, in part, a reflection of the poor delimitation of the taxa involved. Inadequate attention has been paid both to the relationship between Sri Lankan Phoenix palms and their Indian counterparts, and to the relationship between ecological and morphological variation. Greater consideration of these factors, in the context of variation within the genus as a whole, has clarified delimitation of Phoenix species and associated nomenclatural problems in Sri Lanka and southern India. For the reasons outlined below, I consider P. zeylanica and R farinfera to be conspecific. Both names are predated by P. pusilla Gaertn. which therefore takes nomenclatural precedence.
+NOTES ON SPECIES DELIMITATION. De Zoysa (in press) acknowledged the difficulty of clearly delimiting two Phoenix taxa in Sri Lanka, suggesting ecological factors as the cause, but chose to maintain them as distinct species. My observations of populations of Phoenix in southern India and Sri Lanka lead me to conclude that P. farinifera and P. zeylanica cannot be considered distinct. The key character of stem height is particularly unreliable because individuals of P. zeylanica can remain stemless for many years and P. farinifera can sometimes be found with a well- developed stem. Leaflet orientation is also unreliable as a distinguishing character. Clear distinction can be made between leaflets arranged in one or more than one plane, but distinction is less clear between those arranged in three or four planes. The number of planes of orientation appears to depend in part on leaf size and position. Proximal leaflets of P. zeylanica are strongly quadrifarious in arrangement, but less so distally. Leaflets of smaller individuals of P. farinifera are arranged in more than one plane of orientation, but less strongly four-ranked. De Zoysa (in press) describes the leaflet apices of P. farinifera and P. zeylanica to be 'softish' and 'very sharp' respectively. In my experience, leaflets of both taxa are sharply pointed, the apices marked by an almost needle-like extension. To summarise, I consider the characters previously used to distinguish P. farinifera and P. zeylanica are insufficient for reliable species delimitation and therefore consider the taxa to be conspecific under the name P. pusilla Gaertn. Polymorphism within P. pusilla is likely to be due to ecological factors.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phoenix reclinata</name>
+<author>Jacq.</author>
+<citation>Fragm. Bot. 1: 27, t. 24 (1801)</citation>
+<bibref>Willd., Linn. Sp. P1. (ed. 4), 4(2): 731 (1806)</bibref>
+<bibref>Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: 138 (1825)</bibref>
+<bibref>Kunth, Enum. P1. 3: 256 (1841)</bibref>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 272, t. 164 (1849)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 349, t. 44, f. 1 (1890)</bibref>
+<bibref>Warb., Pflanzen. Ost-Afr.: 130 (1895)</bibref>
+<bibref>C. H. Wright in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 8: 103 (1901)</bibref>
+<bibref>Engl., Veg. Erde 2: 224, t. 10, fig. 149 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>L. H. Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort.: 2593 (1916)</bibref>
+<bibref>Blatt., Palms Brit. Ind.: 39, pl. 9, f. 5 (1926)</bibref>
+<bibref>Magalon, Contr. Etud. Palmiers Indoch.: 28 (1930)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 19, fig. 3 (1945)</bibref>
+<bibref>R. O. Williams, Useful & Ornamental Plants in Zanzibar &Pemba: 411 (1949)</bibref>
+<bibref>Eggeling, Indig. Trees Ugan. Prot., ed. 1: 164, photo. 36 (1940)</bibref>
+<bibref>F. W. Andrews, Fl. P1. Sudan 3: 304 (1956)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dale & Greenway, Kenya Trees & Shrubs: 12 (1961)</bibref>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Principes 7 (4): 157 (1963)</bibref>
+<bibref>T. A. Russell, Fl. W. Trop. Afr., ed. 2, 3: 169 (1968)</bibref>
+<bibref>Hamilton, Uganda For. Trees: 75 (1981)</bibref>
+<bibref>Troupin, Fl. Rwanda 4: 399, f. 170 (1987)</bibref>
+<bibref>J. Dransf., Fl. Trop. E. Afr., Palmae: 15, f. 1 (1986)</bibref>
+<bibref>M. F. Kinnaird, Conservation Biol. 6(1): 101 - 107 (1992)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beentje, Kenya Trees, Shrubs & Lianas: 644 (1994)</bibref>
+<bibref>Thulin, Fl. Somalia 4: 271 (1995)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. Barrow in J. Dransf. & Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 47 (1995)</bibref>
+<bibref>P. Tuley, Palms of Africa: 16 (1995).</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix spinosa</name>
+<author>Schumach. & Thonn.</author>
+<bibref>Schumach. & Thonn., Beskr. Guin. PI.: 437 (1827)</bibref>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 275 (1849)</bibref>
+<bibref>A. Chev., Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 32: 223 (1952)</bibref>
+<type>Ghana; Thonning; 101</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype C</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix abyssinica</name>
+<author>Drude</author>
+<bibref>Drude, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 117 - 119 (1895)</bibref>
+<bibref>C. H. Wright in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 8: 102 (1901)</bibref>
+<bibref>Fiori, Boschire Piante Legnose dell Eritrea: 97, fig. 34 (1912)</bibref>
+<bibref>A. Chev., Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 32: 217 (1952)</bibref>
+<type>Eritrea, Tigre, Nov. 1861 (pist.); Steudner; 1541</type>
+<type_loc>Type FI-B! ex Herb. Berol.</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix reclinata var. madagascariensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst., Beibl. 87, 38: 4 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot. Geol. Colon. Marseille 3, 1: 60 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Palme Madagascar: 54, fig. 44 (1914)</bibref>
+<type>Loko-be, Nossi-be, Dec 1879 (stam.); Hildebrandt; 3304</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype BM!, K!, P!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix comorensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst., Beibl. 87, 38: 5 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Palme Madagascar: 54 (1914)</bibref>
+<type>Mayotte, 1850 (pist.); Boivin; 3100</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype K!, P!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix dybowskii</name>
+<author>A. Chev.</author>
+<bibref>A. Chev., Fl. Afr. Centr., Enum. Pl. Recolt.: 331, nomen (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>A. Chev., Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 32: 224 (1952)</bibref>
+<type>Central African Republic, Ungourras plateau, 14 Nov. 1902 (ster.); Chevalier; 6152</type>
+<type_loc>Type P!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix reclinata var. somalensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Chiov., Res. Sci. Somalia Ital. 176, 230, Tab. 43, fig. 3,4 (1916)</bibref>
+<type>Uagadi near Bulo Nassib, 29 June 1913 (stam.); Paoli; 430</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FT!.</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix djalonensis</name>
+<author>A. Chev.</author>
+<bibref>A. Chev., Explor. Bot. Afrique. Occ. Franc.: 672, nom. (1920)</bibref>
+<bibref>A. Chev., Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 32: 223, descr. (1952)</bibref>
+<type>Guinea, Fouta Djallon, Kollangui, July 1906 (pist.); Chevalier; 12823</type>
+<type_loc>Type P!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phoenix baoulensis</name>
+<author>A. Chev.</author>
+<bibref>A. Chev., Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 32: 224 (1952)</bibref>
+<type>Ivory Coast, Kodiokoffi Distr., Manikro, 6 Aug. 1909 (pist.); Chevalier; 22314</type>
+<type_loc>Type P!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm, often thicket-forming. Stem 10 (12) m, erect or oblique, without leaf sheaths to 20 cm in diam., dull brown, with persistent leaf sheaths 1 - 2 m below crown, otherwise becoming smooth, irregularly marked with oblique internode scars, cracked vertically; injured stem exuding clear yellowish gum. Leaves arcuate, c. 2 - 3.5 m long; leaf sheath fibrous, reddish-brown; pseudopetiole rounded abaxially, smooth, often channelled adaxially, to 50 cm long; acanthophylls irregularly arranged, often congested proximally, c. 10 - 15 on each side of rachis, 3 - 9 cm long; leaflets regularly arranged distally in one plane of orientation but median and proximal leaflets in fascicles of 3 - 5 and often fanned, c. 80 - 130 on each side of rachis, 28 - 45 x 2.2- 3.6 cm; leaflet margin minutely crenulate; lamina concolorous, abaxial surface with white scurfy ramenta in midrib region. Staminate inflorescence erect; prophyll green-yellow in bud, strongly 2-keeled, coriaceous, splitting 1 or 2 times between margins, 40 - 60 x 5 - 6 cm; peduncle 10 - 30 x 1.3 cm, not greatly elongating beyond prophyll; rachis 17 - 30 cm; rachillae congestedly arranged in a narrow bush, numerous, 6 - 20 cm long. Staminate flowers creamy- white; calyx cupule 1 mm high; petals with apex acute-acuminate in shape and with jagged margins, 3 (rarely 4), 6 - 7 x 2 - 3 mm. Pistillate inflorescence erect, arching with weight of fruits; prophyll as for staminate inflorescence; peduncle green-yellow turning orange-brown, becoming pendulous on fruit maturity, to 60 - 1.5 cm; rachillae spirally arranged often in irregular horizontal whorls, c. 19 - 40 in number, to 6 - 55 cm long. Pistillate flowers usually only one carpel reaching maturity, 3 - 4 mm high. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid or almost obovoid, ripening yellow to bright orange, 13 - 20 x 7 - 13 mm; mesocarp sweet, scarcely fleshy, c. 1 - 2 mm thick. Seed obovoid, with rounded apices, 12 - 14 x 5 - 6 mm; embryo lateral opposite raphe; endosperm homogeneous. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Phoenix reclinata occurs throughout tropical and subtropical Africa, northern and southwestern Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Phoenix reclinata is a widely distributed species growing in a range of habitats, often seasonally water-logged or inundated, such as along watercourses, in high rainfall areas, in riverine forest, and even in rainforest areas (although always restricted to areas of sparse canopy). The species can also be found in drier conditions on rocky hillsides, cliffs and grasslands to 3000 m. The fruits of P. reclinata are animal-dispersed: their bright orange colour and sweet, slightly fleshy mesocarp is attractive to birds (parrots) (Schonland 1924), elephants (Corner 1966), lemurs (Petter et al. 1977), mangabey (forest monkeys) (Kinnaird 1992) and humans. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>ANGOLA. Lola Prov., Bibala, 14˚46'S, 13˚21'E, 1951 (stam.), Teixeira 497A (BM!). BENIN REPUBLIC. Goowe, 23 Feb. 1905, Le Testu 149 (BM!). BOTSWANA. Okavango R., 18˚27'S, 22˚30'E, 30 April 1975 (pist.), Biegel et al. 5042 (E!, K!). BURUNDI. Nkundarafe, Gitega-Ruyigi rd., 3˚36'S, 30˚06'E, 11 Oct. 1978 (pist., stam.), Reekmans 7146, 7147 (K!). CAMEROON. Mpalla, 12 km N of Kribi, 1968 (stam., pist.), Bos 3479 (K!). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC. Ungourras Plateau, 14 Nov. 1952 (ster.), Chevalier 6152 (P!) [Type of P. dybowskii]. COMORO ISLANDS. Mayotte, (pist.), Boivin 3100 (K!, P!). ERITREA. Hamasen, 1570 m alt., 29 March 1909 (stam., pist.), Fiori 453 (FT!). ETHIOPIA. Kaffa Prov., 7 km E ofJimma, 1750 m alt., 7˚40'N, 36˚52'E, 26 Dec. 1961 (pist.), Meyer 7819 (K!). GABON. Maliba village, 24 Sept. 1969 (stam.), Villiers 365 (P!). GAMBIA. 1 March 1921 (stam., pist.), Dawe 70 (K!). GHANA. Aburi Hills, 5 Oct. 1899 (stam.), Johnson 459 (K!). GUINEA. Fouta Djallon, Mali region, Sept. 1954 (pist.), Schnell 7224 (P!). GUINEA-BISSAU. Mayombo, 11 May 1919 (stam., pist.), Gossweiler 8097 (BM!). IVORY COAST. Foro-Foro forest, c. 25 km N of Bouake, 26 Sept. 1963 (stam., K!; ster., P!), Oldeman 402 (K!, P!). KENYA. Teita Distr., Ngerenyi, 1700 m alt., 17 Sept. 1953 (pist.), Drummond & Hemsley 4369 (FT!, K!). MADAGASCAR. 2 km S of Iharana, 13˚28'S, 49˚29'E, 24June 1992, Beentje & Andriampaniry 4691, 4692 (K!). MALAWI. Blantyre Distr., Bangwe Hill, 4 km E of Limbe, 1260 m alt., 23 Nov. 1977 (pist.), Brummitt et al. 15156 (K!). MOZAMBIQUE.
+Maputo, Inhaça Is., 13 Dec. 1984 (pist.), Groenendijk & Dungo 1587 (K!). NIGERIA. Muri Division, Mumye Distr., Gangoro Forest Reserve, 1350 m alt., 9 Feb. 1976 (pist.), Chapman 4127 (K!). RWANDA. Kibuye, 1978 (pist.), Troupin 15972 (K!). SAUDI ARABIA. Between Bani Sa'd and Jabal Ibrahim, Taif to Al Bahah road, 21 April 1988 (stam.), Collenette 6701 (K!). SENEGAL. Tambacounda region, Obadji to Kedougou road, 8 April 1993 (pist.), Sambou et al. 1569 (K!). SIERRA LEONE. No. 2 River Peninsula, 30 Sept. 1965 (stam.), Morton &Jarr 2298, 2395 (SL, K!, GC, WAG, FHI, IFAN). SOMALIA. Giuba R. near Bardera, 12 Nov. 1913 (pist.), Paoli 824 (FT!). SOUTH AFRICA. Natal Prov., Kosi Bay, 20 Jan. 1977 (pist.), Balsinhas 3099 (K!). TANZANIA. Tanga Distr., Lwengara R., 2.5 miles E of Korogwe, 300 m alt., 16 July 1953 (stam., pist.), Drummond & Hemsley 3342 (K!); N of Lembani on Korogwe- Moshi rd., 800 m alt., 15 Jan. 1976 (pist.), Dransfield 4832 (K!). UGANDA. Budongo Forest, 1200 m, alt., 28 Nov. 1938 (ster.), Loveridge 128 (K!). YEMEN. AlJabin to Suq Ar Ribat, 700 m alt., 22 March 1984 (pist.), Miller & Long 5383 (E!). ZAiRE. Katanga Prov., Pweto, July 1957 (pist.), Devred 3699 (K!). ZAMBIA. 8 km N of Mwinilunga, 1975 (pist.), Brummit et al. 14040 (K!). ZIMBABWE. Mutare, Odzani R. valley N of Penhalonga, 18'46'S, 32?41'E, 19 Dec. 1994 (pist.), Wilkin 724 (K!).</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>KENYA. mkindu (Swahili), gonyoorriya (Boni), meti (Digo), gedo (Ilwana), makindu (Kikuyu), sosiyot (Kipsigis), othith (Luo), ol-tukai (Maasai), konchor (Orma), itikindu (Sanya), alol (Somali), mhongana (Taveta), kigangatehi (Taita), nakadoki (Turkana), [Beentje (1994)]; mangatche [Kilimanjaro Distr., Greenway 3037 (K!)]. MADAGASCAR. Dara, taratra, taratsy, [Jumelle & Perrier (1913, 1945) ]; calalou, [Morondava, Greve 154 (P!) ]. NIGERIA. Kajinjiri, dabino biri (Hausa), [Northern Prov., Zaria, Conservator ofForests s.n. (K!)]; deli (Fulani), kabba (Hausa), [Mambila Plateau, Hepper 1705 (K!)]. RWANDA. Umukindo, [Troupin (1987)]. SIERRA LEONE. Shaka-Le (Sherbro), kundi (Mende), [Bonthe Is., Deighton 2397 (K!)]. SOUTrH AFRICA. Dikindu, makindu (Mbukushu), makerewa, shikerewa (Diriko), [Okavanga, De Winter & Wiss 4800 (K!)]. TANZANIA. Daro, taratra, mkindwi (Swahili), [Lamu Distr., Dransfield 4799 (K!)]; Luchingu (Fipa), [Mbugwe, Bullock 3074 (K!)]; kihangaga (Urukindu), [Lake Prov., Tanner 5845 (K!)]. UGANDA. Itchi (Madi), lukindu (Luganda, Lunyoro), musansa (Luganda, Busoga dialect), [Eggeling (1940)]; Wild Date Palm, enkinu (Luamba), emusogot (Ateso), ekingol (Karamojong), lukindu, mukindu (Luganda, Lunyoro, Lutoro), makendu (Lugisu), muyiti (Lugwe), otit (Luo. Acholi and Lango dialects), tit (Luo, Lango and Jonam dialects), itchi (Madi), kikindu (Lunyuli), lusansa (Lusoga), [Hamilton (1981)]. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>All parts of P. reclinata palms are used for a range of purposes. Trunks are used as beams and poles in construction. Whole leaves are used as door entrances and covers, or fans for stoking fires and repelling insects. The leaf rachis is used for making thatch, floor mats and fish traps. It also forms a component of wattle for the construction of mud houses. Leaflets from sucker shoots are harvested for making baskets, hats, brushes, building ties, woven dolls and ornaments. The fruits are eaten as a snack and the seeds can be dried and ground into flour (Sierra Leone, Deighton 2397, K!). The palm heart is occasionally eaten as a vegetable. The sap is fermented into an alcoholic beverage and has been recorded as a remedy against urinary infections [Lake Prov., Tanner 5845 (K!)]. For a detailed study of the uses of P. reclinata in Tanzania see Kinnaird (1992).</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The vegetative polymorphism of P. reclinata, which perhaps relates to ecological variation, has led to recognition of certain extreme phenotypes as distinct species or varieties (e.g., Chevalier 1952). This variation is such that delimitation of infraspecific taxa cannot be upheld by discrete characters.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phoenix roebelenii</name>
+<author>O'Brien</author>
+<citation>Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 6: 475, f. 68 (1889)</citation>
+<bibref>C. Roebelen, Gard Chron., ser. 3: 758 (1889)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 3: 237 - 245 (1910)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Paris) 17: 148 - 160 (1911)</bibref>
+<bibref>L. H. Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort.: 2594, f. 2918, 2919 (1916)</bibref>
+<bibref>A. Chev., Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 3: 837 - 839 (1923)</bibref>
+<bibref>Magalon, Contr. Etud. Palmiers Indoch.: 24, pl. 1 - 2, f. 1 (1930)</bibref>
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 946- 1056 (1937)</bibref>
+<bibref>Vasc. & Franco, Portugaliae Acta Biol., Sér. B, Sist. 2: 317, figs. 5, 19-5 (1948)</bibref>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Baileya 1 (2): 25 - 30, f. 14 - 15 (1953)</bibref>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Principes 7 (4): 157 (1963)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 13(1): 6- 11 (1991)</bibref>
+<bibref>I. Hoffman, PalmJ. (March): 17 - 19 (1994)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. Barrow, Principes 38 (4): 177 - 181 (1994)</bibref>
+<type>Laos, R. Mekong, Oct. 1889 (ster.); O'Brien; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K!
+</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palms (often solitary in cultivation), forming clumps with stemless plants suckering at base of taller stems. Stem 1 - 2 m (rarely 3 m) high, without sheaths to 10 cm in diam., erect or twisted, pale, becoming smooth with age, marked with diamond-shaped persistent leaf bases each with a central bump of remnant vascular tissue; stem base developed with a root boss; roots occasionally emerging from stem above ground level. Leaves arching, 1 - 1.5 (2) m long; pseudopetiole to c. 50 cm long; leaf sheath reddish-brown, fibrous; acanthophylls arranged singly or paired, c. 12 on each side of rachis, orange-green, to 8 cm long; leaflets regularly arranged, opposite, c. 25 - 50 on each side of rachis, linear, concolorous, deep green, often flaccid, to 40 x 1.2 cm; lamina with discontinuous white scurfy ramenta along abaxial veins and midrib, almost totally covering abaxial surface of unexpanded (sword) leaves. Staminate inflorescences pendulous; prophyll coriaceous, two-keeled, splitting once abaxially between keels, c. 30- 60 cm long; peduncle to 30 cm long; rachillae 7- 20 cm long. Staminate flowers with calyx a three-pointed cupule, 1.2 mm high, yellow- white; petals pale yellow-white with acuminate apices and with jagged margins, 7 - 8 x 2 - 2.5 mm; anthers 3.5 - 4 mm long. Pistillate inflorescences erect, arching as fruits ripen, up to 35 cm long; prophyll coriaceous, two-keeled, to 35 cm long x c. 5 cm wide, splitting once adaxially between keels to reveal inflorescence; peduncle green, to c. 30 x 3 cm; rachillae with bulbous bases, orange-green, occasionally branched to one order, subtended by papery bracts (c. 4 cm long). Pistillate flowers pale green, arranged in distal three quarters of rachilla, subtended by papery bracts to 5 mm long; calyx a three-pointed cupule, thickened and ridged up to apices, striate, 2 - 2.5 mm high; petals 3.5 x 4 mm with acute apices; generally only one carpel reaching maturity. Fruits obovoid, with persistent perianth, maturing from dark green to purplish brown, 13 - 18 x 6 - 7 mm; stigmatic remains apical, 1 mm long, orange- brown, often recurved. Seed narrowly elongate, terete, with rounded apices, 7 - 3 mm; embryo lateral opposite raphe; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Northern Laos (Nam Ou valley), Vietnam (Upper Black R. region near Lai-Chau), and southern China (Xisuangbanna region of Yunnan), most notably along the banks of the R. Mekong.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Closely associated with riverside or cliff habitats where it grows as a rheophyte. The rheophytic habit is rare within the palm family (Dransfield 1992). The clustering habit of R roebelenii may help it to survive flooding.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CHINA. Yunnan, banks of Mekong R., Chiu-lung Chiang, 23 Feb. 1922 (photo.), Rock 2531 (E!). LAOS. R. Mekong, Oct. 1889 (ster.), O'Brien s.n. (K!, holotype); (ster.), Magalon 28 (P!). VIETNAM. no precise locality, (pist.), Balansa 4471 (FI-B!, P!), (ster.) Balansa 4877 (FI-B!, K!, P!).</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>THAILAND. Paam sipsong pannaa (Xishuangbanna palm), [Smitinand (1948)]. VIETNAM. Cha rang (Moyenne Region), [Magalon (1930)].</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Since its introduction to Europe, P. roebelenii has become a popular and widely cultivated ornamental palm and is now found in private and botanical gardens around the world.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>A naturally restricted distribution, habitat loss and a horticultural trade in wild-collected plants may mean that the wild populations of P. roebelenii merit 'vulnerable' status, but further studies are needed. Demand for P. roebelenii as an ornamental is mostly met through seeds and offshoots from cultivated plants. However, Barrow (1994) suggested that collection of mature palms from the wild poses an increasing threat.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phoenix rupicola</name>
+<author>T. Anderson</author>
+<citation>J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 13 (1869)</citation>
+<bibref>Griff., J. Trav.: 46 (1847); Becc., Malesia 3: 395 (1890)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc. & Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 425 (1892)
+</bibref>
+<bibref>Caruel, Gard. Chron.: 45, fig. 4 (June 1897)</bibref>
+<bibref>Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb.: 730 (1902)</bibref>
+<bibref>L. H. Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort.: 2593 (1916)</bibref>
+<bibref>Gamble, List of trees, shrubs & large climbers in Darjeeling Distr., Bengal: 86 (1922)</bibref>
+<bibref>Blatt., Palms Brit. Ind.: 14 (1926)</bibref>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Principes 7 (4): 157 (1963)</bibref>
+<bibref>Noltie, Fl. Bhutan 3 (1): 415 (1994)</bibref>
+<type>India, West Bengal, Sivoka, Teesta valley, Feb. 1867; Herb. Sikkimense T. Anderson; s.n. </type>
+<type_loc>Type CAL!, K!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="description"><p>Only one herbarium sheet in the Calcutta herbarium is definitely referable to T. Anderson. This sheet comprises sterile material only. Two fertile collections of P. rupicola held in the Calcutta herbarium, are possibly also those of T. Anderson. P. rupicola var. foliis argenteo varieg. Hort. ex Rodigas, Ill. Hort.: 10, t. III (1887); Becc., Malesia 3: 397 (1890). Lectotype: t. III in Rodigas, Ill. Hort. 10 (1887). Solitary tree palm. Stem 3 - 5 m high, without leaf sheaths up to 17 - 25 cm in diam., smooth with ill-defined internode scars. Leaves c. 1.5 - 2.5 m long; leaf sheath reddish-brown, fibrous; acanthophylls sparsely arranged in one plane of orientation, up to 10 - 15 on each side of rachis, often green and soft, to c. 7 cm long; leaflets closely and regularly inserted opposite in one plane of orientation, concolorous, dark glossy green, c. 24 - 60 x 1 - 3 cm; lamina abaxial surface with persistent, discontinuous white ramenta in midrib region. Staminate inflorescence erect; prophyll not seen; rachillae to c. 22 cm long. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescence erect, arching and becoming pendulous on maturity; prophyll not seen; peduncle 50 - 100 x 2.5 - 3.5 cm; rachillae arranged in horizontal fascicles, c. 120 in number, to c. 55 cm long. Pistillate flowers in upper half of rachilla length; calyx a 3-pointed cupule to 1.5 - 2.5 mm high; petals 3.5 x 4 - 6 mm. Fruit obovoid, 15 - 9 mm. Seed obovoid with squared apices, 12 - 15 x 5 - 7 mm; embryo lateral opposite raphe; endosperm homogeneous. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Southern (Samchi, Sankosh, Gaylephug and Deothang) and Central (Tongsa) Distrs. of Bhutan, and Darjeeling Distr. (Sivoka, Birick, Nimbong, Teesta and Mahanadi valleys) of West Bengal in India. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Relatively inaccessible patches of warm, wet forest or more open areas on steep rocky hillsides, ravines and cliffs from 300 to 1220 m. Flowering in May and June; fruits ripe October - December. SELECTED
+SPECIMENS EXAMINED. BHUTAN. Lower Mangde Valley, Tama, 27˚10' N, 90˚39'E, 26 June 1979 (stam.), Grierson & Long 1354 (E!); Samchi Distr., Khagra valley, near Gokti (26˚49'N, 89˚12'E), 2 March 1982 (ster.), Grierson & Long 3414 (K!). INDIA. ASSAM. Shillong, Kimin to Khunipahad, 25 Sept. 1959 (pist.), Panigrahi 19485 (CAL!). SIKKIM. 24June 1876 (ster.), King s.n. (BM!, CAL!); 19Jan. 1877 (ster.), Davis & Gamble 2387a (CAL!); 21 Jan. 1877 (ster.), Davis & Gamble 2387b (K!). WEST BENGAL. Sivoka, Teesta valley, 23 Feb. 1867 (pist.), Herb. Sikkimensis Anderson s.n. (type CAL!, K!). </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Takil (Nepalese); schap, sap, fam (Lepchas), [Gamble (1902)]. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Fruits of P. rupicola are sweet but mealy, and are eaten by mammals and birds. Gamble (1902) noted that the stem pith is eaten uncooked by local Lepcha people. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>The conservation status of P. rupicola in its wild habitat is unclear. It has a limited range, making it vulnerable to habitat loss. The ability of P. rupicola to thrive in inaccessible habitats such as steep, rocky slopes, ridges and cliffs may help ensure its survival in the wild.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phoenix sylvestris</name>
+<author>(L.) Roxb.</author>
+<citation>Hort. Bengal.: 73 (1814) </citation>
+<bibref>Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2: 787 (1832)</bibref>
+<bibref>Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 397, nom. (1840)</bibref>
+<bibref>Griff., CalcuttaJ. Nat. Hist. 5: 350 (1845)</bibref>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 270, t. 136 (1849)</bibref>
+<bibref>Griff., Palms Brit. E. Ind.: 141, t. 228 (1850)</bibref>
+<bibref>Aitch., Cat. P1. Punjab Sindh: 143 (1869)</bibref>
+<bibref>Brandis, Forest Fl. N.W. India: 554 (1874)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 364, t. 43, 3, f. 25 - 36 (1890)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc. & Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 425 (1892)</bibref>
+<bibref>Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb.: 731 (1902)</bibref>
+<bibref>Brandis, Indian Trees: 645 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>L. H. Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort.: 2594 (1916)</bibref>
+<bibref>Blatt., Palms Brit. Ind.: 3, pl. 2, 3, (1926)</bibref>
+<bibref>Osmaston, Forest Fl. Kumaon: 544 (1927)</bibref>
+<bibref>C. Fischer, Fl. Madras 3: 1559 (1931)</bibref>
+<bibref>Kashyap, Lahore Fl.: 250 (1936)</bibref>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Principes 7 (4): 157 (1963)</bibref>
+<bibref>Mahab. & Parthasarathy, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 60 (2): 374 (1963)</bibref>
+<bibref>H. G. Champion & S. K. Seth, A Revised Survey of Forest Types of India (1968)</bibref>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore &J. Dransf., Taxon 28 (1, 2/3): 67 (1979)</bibref>
+<bibref>K. M. Matthew, Mat. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic: 367 (1981) </bibref>
+<bibref>Roxb.Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1674 (1983)</bibref>
+<bibref>Malik in Nasir & Ali (eds.), F1. W. Pakistan 153: 24 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Noltie, Fl. Bhutan 3 (1): 416 (1990)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Elate sylvestris</name>
+<author>L.</author>
+<bibref>L., Musa Cliff.: 11 (1736) and Sp. Pl.: 1189 (1753)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Katou Indel</name>
+<author>Rheede ex Buch.-Ham.</author>
+<bibref>Rheede ex Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: 82 - 87 (1826)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary tree palm. Stem to 10 - 15 (20) m tall, without leaf sheaths c. 20 - 30 cm diam., with persistent, diamond-shaped leaf bases; stem base with mass of roots. Crown hemispherical, with more than 50 leaves. Leaves c. 1.5 x 4 m long; leaf sheath reddish-brown, fibrous; pseudopetiole 40 - 50 cm long x 3 - 5 cm wide at base; acanthophylls closely inserted, arranged in several planes, c. 13 - 18 on each side of rachis, conduplicate, yellow-green, very sharp, 4 - 14 cm long; leaflets irregularly fascicled, arranged in several planes, c. 80 - 90 on each side of rachis, concolorous, greyish-green, often waxy, very sharp, 18 - 35 x 1.2 - 2.4 cm. Staminate inflorescences to 25 per plant, erect, not extending far beyond prophyll; prophyll coriaceous, bright orange internally when young, splitting first adaxially (side adjacent to trunk), 25 - 40 x 6 - 15 cm; peduncle 20 - 30 x 1.2 - 2.2 cm; rachis 13 - 18 cm long with numerous, congestedly arranged rachillae, each 4 - 16 cm long. Staminate flowers white-yellow, musty-scented; calyx a deep cupule to 2 - 2.5 mm high with 3 poorly defined lobes; petals 3 (rarely 4), apices obtuse, slightly hooded, 6 - 10 x c. 3 mm; anthers 3 - 4 mm long. Pistillate inflorescences erect, arching on fruit maturation; peduncle green and upright, becoming golden-orange and arching on fruit maturation, to c. 90 x 2 cm; prophyll papery, short, splitting twice between margins, c. 24 x 5 cm; rachillae arranged in irregular horizontal whorls, c. 50 - 60 in number, yellow-green in colour, c. 8 - 34 cm long. Pistillate flowers creamy-white, c. 40 - 50 mostly restricted to distal half of rachilla; calyx cupule 1.5 - 2.5 mm high; petals 3 - 4 x 4 - 5 mm. Fruit obovoid, 15 - 25 x 12 mm, ripening from green to orange-yellow, with mesocarp moderately fleshy and astringent. Seed obovoid with rounded apices, 15 - 20 x 7 - 10 mm; embryo lateral opposite raphe; endosperm homogeneous. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Phoenix sylvestris is common, wild or cultivated, in the plains of India and Pakistan. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Phoenix sylvestris thrives from the plains to the coast in low-lying wastelands, scrub forest and areas that have been disturbed or are prone to periodic or seasonal inundation with water, causing water-logging. In its native habitat P. sylvestris flowers at the beginning of the hot season from January to April, and fruits ripen from October to December. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BANGLADESH. Chittagong, 10 Jan. 1851 (pist., stam.), Hooker 526 (K!); Chittagong (stam.), Hooker s.n. (K!). INDIA: BIHAR. Chota Nagpur, Feb. 1876 (stam., pist.), Wood s.n. (CAL!, DD!). PUNJAB. between Meerut and Delhi, 19 March 1962 (stam.), Nair 20818 (BSD!). RAJHASTHAN.Jhalawar, Batta rd., 28 May 1965 (pist.), Wadhwa 9519 (CAL!); Udaipur, Barman Hill, 4 Jan. 1986 (pist.), Swami 779 (BSD!). TAMIL NADU. Jaupore Distr., Negapatam, 25 July 1932 (pist.), Jacob s.n. (K!); Trichy Distr., Srirangam Is., 1 April 1976 (pist.), Matthew 1843 (RHT!); Trichy Fort Station, 30 Jan. 1995 (pist.) Matthew & Barrow 58, 59 (K!). WEST BENGAL. Dholutupur, Comilla, 5 Feb. 1943 (stam.), Sinclair 2840 (E!). UTTAR PRADESH. Moradabad, March 1844 (stam.), Thomson (K!). NEPAL. Kamali valley, btn. Manona and Badalkot, 25 April 1952 (pist.), Polunin et al. 3974 (BM!). </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>INDIA. Ita chettu (Telinga), [Beccari (1890)]; khurjjuri, kharjura, madhukshir (Sanscrit), khujjoor, kajar, kejur (Bengali), khaji, sendhu, kejur, khajur, khaji, salma, thalma, thakil (Hindi), ichal, kullu, ichalu mara (Kanara), khejuri (Uriya), itchumpannay, periaitcham, itcham-nar, itham pannay (Tamil), ita, pedda-ita, itanara, ishan-chedi (Telinga), [Blatter (1926)]; eechamaram, periya eecham (Tamil), [Matthew (1983)]; kubong, rotong (Lepchas), [Noltie (1994)]. PAKISTAN. Khaji, khajoor, [Malik (1984)]; taree- khajoor, [Aitchison (1869)]. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>In parts of India, particularly West Bengal, sweet sap is tapped from the stem of P. sylvestris and drunk fresh or processed into a dark sugar (gur or jaggery) or alcoholic toddy (Davis 1972). The astringent fruits are rarely eaten fresh but are processed as jellies and jams. Blatter (1926) noted the fruits to comprise one constituent of a natural restorative, and the seeds when ground up with the root of Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) and chewed with betel leaves (Areca catechu L., Palmae) are considered a remedy for 'ague'.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Phoenix sylvestris was first described as Katou-Indel by Rheede (1678 - 1703) in Hortus Indicus Malabaricus, upon which Linnaeus' description of Elate sylvestris in Musa Cliffortianus (Linnaeus 1736) was entirely based. The description of Elate sylvestris in Species Plantarum (Linnaeus 1753), comprised two elements: Palma dactylifera minor humilis sylvestris fructu minori, Hin Ind. Zeylaneus of Hermann (1698) in Paradisi Batavi Prodomus 361, and Palma sylvestris malabarica, folio acuto, fructu prunifacie in Historia Plantarum 1364 (Ray 1686 - 1704). The latter was based entirely on Rheede's Katou-indel. Roxburgh (1832), in transferring Elate sylvestris to Phoenix, failed to acknowledge these two elements and based Phoenix sylvestris solely upon Katou-indel. The name Phoenix sylvestris is thus correctly typified by Katou-indel of Rheede's Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. Hamilton (1827) recognised the two elements in Elate sylvestris but it was Martius (1823 - 53) in Historia Naturalis Palmarum who formally separated them. Palma dactylifera minor humilis sylvestris fructu minore, Hin Ind. Zeylaneus of Hermann was included by Martius in P. pusilla Gaertn., and Katou-indel was taken to refer only to P. sylvestris Roxb.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae)</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barrow</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phoenix theophrasti</name>
+<author>Greuter</author>
+<citation>Bauhinia 3: 243 - 250 (1967)</citation>
+<bibref>Greuter, Mus. Geneve ser. 2, 81: 14 - 16 (1968)</bibref>
+<bibref>O. Kirchner, Jahrb. Class. Philolog., Suppl. 3: 451 - 539 (1875)</bibref>
+<bibref>W. M. Leake, Travels in Northern Greece: 3 (1835)</bibref>
+<bibref>Langeron, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 74: 130 - 139 (1927)</bibref>
+<bibref>C. Barclay, Ann. Mus. Goulandris 2: 23 - 29 (1974)</bibref>
+<bibref>Franco, Fl. Europaea 5: 268 (1980)</bibref>
+<bibref>Anon., Kew, IUCN Threatened Plants Committee (1983)</bibref>
+<bibref>M. Boydak, Çevre Koruma 18: 20 - 21 (1983)</bibref>
+<bibref>M. Boydak, Istanbul Üniv. Orman Fak. Derg., A 33-1: 73 - 92 (1983)</bibref>
+<bibref>M. Boydak, Biol. Conservation 32: 129 - 135 (1985)</bibref>
+<bibref>M. Boydak, Istanbul Üniv. Orman Fak. Derg., A 36-1: 1 - 13 (1986)</bibref>
+<bibref>M. Boydak, Principes 31 (2): 89 - 95 (1987)</bibref>
+<bibref>Turland et al., Flora of the Cretan Area: 194, map 1728 (1993)</bibref>
+<bibref>Turland et al., Chamaerops 11: 19 - 21 (1993)</bibref>
+<bibref>M. Boydak & S. Barrow, Principes 39 (3): 117- 122 (1995)</bibref>
+<type>Crete, Sitia Prov., near Vai, 2 Oct. 1966 (pist.); Greuter; 7650</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype hb. Greuter; isotypes B, E!, G, GB, hb. mus. Goulandris, hb. Phitos, hb. Zaffran, K!, LD, M, W)</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering tree palm. Stem to 17 m tall, without leaf sheaths c. 50 cm in diam., with leaves persistent in upper trunk, otherwise with persistent, diamond-shaped leaf bases. Leaves obliquely vertical in orientation, c. 2 - 4 m long; leaf sheath fibrous, reddish-brown; pseudopetiole 50 - 70 cm long; acanthophylls irregularly arranged in more than one plane, to 10 on each side of rachis, yellow to orange-green; leaflets irregularly arranged in one to two planes of orientation, c. 65 - 100 on each side of rachis, stiff, to 50 x 2 cm; lamina concolorous, glaucous, surfaces often white with waxy coating. Staminate inflorescences erect; prophyll coriaceous, splitting twice between margins, c. 45 x 8 cm; peduncle to c. 40 cm long; rachillae to c. 10 cm long. Staminate flowers yellow-white, with strong musty scent; calyx cupule 2 - 3 mm high; petals 3 (rarely 4), 8 x 3.5 mm; stamens 6 (rarely 7). Pistillate inflorescences erect arching slightly with fruit maturity; prophyll to 50 x 6 cm; peduncle elongating on fruit set, to c. 70 cm; rachillae to c. 80 in number, elongating on fruit set, to c. 50 cm long. Pistillate flowers yellow-white, with 3-lobed calyx cupule 2 - 2.5 mm high; petals 3 (rarely 4), 2 x 3 mm. Fruit oblong, c. 15 x 10 mm, green-yellow to brown, with sparse, mealy, sweet mesocarp. Seed with rounded apices, 11 - 13 x 6 - 7 mm; embryo lateral opposite raphe; endosperm homogeneous. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>The species was first described from Vai in Crete, and is now recorded from nine coastal localities on that island (Turland et al. 1993). Since 1982 (Boydak 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987; Boydak & Yaka 1983) the species has been recorded from the Data Peninsula and Kumluca-Kara6z regions of south western Anatolia in Turkey from sea-level to 350 m. A third locality for Phoenix in Turkey was recorded by Boydak & Barrow (1995) from Gölköy near Bodrum. The history of this population and its identity are unclear but I consider it most likely to be referrable to P. dactylifera. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Phoenix theophrasti is found in coastal areas, either on steep calcareous cliffs and rocks within a few metres of the sea, or somewhat inland along moist valley floors, stream banks and rocky gullies. Occurrence of the palms invariably indicates a water-source. Salt tolerance of the species enables it to survive combined pressures of exposure to coastal winds and sea water. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CRETE. Sitia Prov., nr. Vai, 2 Oct. 1966 (pist.), Greuter 7650 (Holotypes: hb. Greuter. Isotypes: B, E!, G, GB, hb. mus. Goulandris, hb. Phitos, hb. Zaffran, K!, LD, M, W); Pre Veli, 27 June 1967 (ster.), Barclay 272 (K!); Vai, 3 April 1970 (pist.), Synge 19 (K!); Vai, 9 April 1974 (pist.), Canon & Canon 4303 (BM!); Kissamos, Hrisos, Kalitissa, 27 April 1989 (pist., photo.), Turland 93 (BM!); NW Toplou Monastery, 60 m alt., 30 March 1990 (seed, photo.), Turland et al. 115 (BM!). TURKEY. Datea peninsula, (pist.), Boydak s.n. (K!); Hurmalibfik village (K!), 22 April 1994 (pist.), Barrow & Boydak 37, 37A (K!), 22 April 1994 (stam.), Barrow & Boydak 38 (K!); Finike, Kumluca-Karaöz Bay, 24 April 1994 (pist.), Barrow & Boydak 41, 42 (K!).</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Vaion (palm leaf), (Crete), [Barclay (1974)]. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>In Crete leaves of R theophrasti are used in Palm Sunday celebrations (Barclay 1974), just as leaves of P. dactylifera are used elsewhere. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Phoenix theophrasti, the Cretan Date Palm, has been known in the Mediterranean since classical times when it was recorded by Theophrastus in Enquiry into Plants (370 - 285 BC, see Hort 1916) and Pliny in Natural History (see Rackham 1945). However, it was not until 1967 that the species was described formally by Greuter who named it in honour of the Greek botanist-philosopher. Phoenix theophrasti occupies a narrow ecological zone in coastal areas of southwestern Turkey and Crete, in habitats similar to those of feral dates: deep ravines, gorges, and water seepage areas. At present, the species is known only from Crete and southwestern Turkey, although Turland et al. (1993) reported 'P. theophrasti-like' palms from the East Aegean islands of Kalimnos, Nisiros and Simi. Phoenix dactylifera and P. theophrasti are easily confused, particularly when sterile, and thus new records of P. theophrasti must be treated with caution. Phoenix dactylifera and P. theophrasti are poorly differentiated and I consider the species status of P. theophrasti to be in doubt. Greuter (1967) considered the clustering habit of P. theophrasti to be a key character for differentiation of the species from P. dactylifera. Habit was earlier also referred to by Pliny who noted 'Some palms in Syria (referring to the area of modern Israel) and Egypt divide into two trunks, and in Crete even into three, and some even into five'. Similarly, Theophrastus (see Hort 1916) noted that '...they say that the palms in Crete more often than not have this double stem, and some of them have three stems; and that in Laporia one with five heads has been known.' Although P. theophrasti is a multiple-stemmed species, this character does not always distinguish it from P. dactylifera. In cultivation P. dactylifera exists as a single main stem with abundant basal suckers. These offshoots are generally removed for vegetative propagation purposes; however, if they are left to grow, a clump of many stems may arise from some date palm cultivars, just as with palms of P. theophrasti. All characters used to differentiate R dactylifera from other species in the genus must be considered in the context of the long history of P. dactylifera cultivation and human selection of certain morphological characteristics. Selection has focused particularly on such characters as peduncle length and fruit size, and thus they are not ideal for species differentiation. Phoenix dactylifera and P. theophrasti are difficult to differentiate on the basis of morphological and anatomical data such that the specific status of the latter species is debatable. Furthermore, molecular data supports the two species as close sisters. An extensive range of morphological variation is exhibited by P. dactylifera, and it is likely that the morphological charateristics of P. theophrasti fall within this range. Although this study comes close to considering the two species conspecific there is still, in my opinion, insufficient data to support such a decision. This problematic issue can only be resolved by an extensive morphological survey of P. dactylifera across its geographical range, and the morphological characteristics of the feral date palms of the Persian Gulf, in particular, must be clarified. If P. theophrasti is found to be very similar to the Persian date palms then I would consider it undoubtedly a synonym of P. dactylifera. Even if this is indeed proven to be so, there may still be a case for maintaining the name P. theophrasti to refer to non-cultivated, feral populations of palms occupying wild habitats. Populations of palms in Turkey, Crete and areas of the Near East (and possibly elsewhere) would then be referrable to P. theophrasti.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Tall, single-stemmed hermaphroditic fan-palms of South Thailand and Malesia eastwards to the Moluccas; leaves have fiercely toothed petioles and blades that are divided by deep and shallow splits to form deeply lobed segments; most species have large corky-warted fruit.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Pholidocarpus</name>\r
+<author>Blume in J.J. Roemer and J.A. Schultes</author> \r
+<citation>Syst. veg. 7: 1308 (1830).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Pholidocarpus rumphii; Meisn.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Pholidos — scale, carpos — fruit, referring to the corky-warted fruit of most species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary, armed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic, tree palms. Stem erect, ringed with inconspicuous, close leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, costapalmate, marcescent in immature individuals, abscising under their own weight in trunked individuals; sheath disintegrating into a conspicuous interwoven mass of reddish-brown fibres; petiole long, robust, particularly in juveniles, bearing thin caducous indumentum, slightly channelled adaxially, abaxially rounded or angular, frequently with 2 lateral yellowish lines, the margins armed with very robust, bulbous-based, horizontal spines; adaxial hastula well developed, triangular, ring-like, abaxial hastula inconspicuous or lacking; blade divided by splits along adaxial folds almost to the hastula, producing 3–4fold segments, these further divided along adaxial folds to 2/3 or 1/2 the radius into single-fold segments, also split very shallowly along abaxial folds, lowermost segments overlapping, interfold filaments not persisting, scattered caducous indumentum present along ribs in young leaves, segments longitudinally striate, midrib prominent, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, emerging from the leaf sheath mouths and arching out of the crown, branching to 4 orders, several axils (up to ca. 5) producing inflorescences simultaneously; peduncle robust; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, somewhat inflated; peduncular bracts 1–ca. 5, conspicuous, robust, tubular, tending to split rather irregularly with age; rachis longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts rather distant, each subtending a first-order branch, adnate to the inflorescence axis; subsequent bracts disintegrating or very inconspicuous; rachillae glabrous or hairy, ± spreading, bearing spirally arranged flowers, solitary or in clusters of 2–3 on low tubercles, subtended by minute triangular bracts and each bearing a minute bracteole. Flowers sessile, golden-yellow; calyx cup-shaped, shallowly 3-lobed, glabrous or sparsely hairy; corolla divided almost to the base into 3 triangular, valvate, glabrous or sparsely hairy petals; stamens 6, filaments united to form a conspicuous tube, free from the corolla, shallowly 6-lobed, tipped with short, slender, distinct filaments, bearing ± rounded or oblong, dorsifixed, introrse anthers; gynoecium tricarpellate, distinctly conical, hairy, the carpels distinct from each other basally, united apically in a long slender style, tipped with a dot-like stigma, ovule basally attached, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, symmetric or slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, perforate or finely reticulate, aperture margin occasionally finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 34–37 µm [1/6]. Fruit developing from 1 carpel, very large, globose, stigmatic remains scarcely visible but apical; pericarp massive, the epicarp smooth (P. kingiana), or cracked into numerous low corky brown warts, mesocarp thick, ± fleshy, frequently traversed by radiating fibres, endocarp crustaceous. Seed attached laterally or near the base, endosperm massive, homogeneous, but penetrated on one side by a large convoluted intrusion of seed coat; embryo subbasal or lateral. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire, lanceolate, plicate. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Six recognised species, but possibly fewer, from south Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, and the Moluccas. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), floral anatomy not studied. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Pholidocarpus has not been tested. Pholidocarpus is resolved as sister to Johannesteijsmannia with low support (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The leaves may be used for thatch. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1931). See also Dransfield and Uhl (1983a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinguished by the deeply divided leaves with compound segments and by very large smooth or corky-warted fruits. Leaf anatomy shows some affinities with Licuala.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Serdang, kepau (Pholidocarpus macrocarpus). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, species of Pholidocarpus are conspicuous palms of the lowlands, usually found in fresh water and peat swamp forest, rarely away from waterlogged soils. They may reach great heights (e.g., 45 m). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small or moderate pinnate-leaved palms from Central and South America, with distinctive long slender petioles.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Pholidostachys</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f.</author>\r
+<citation>Gen. pl. 3: 915 (1883).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Pholidostachys pulchra; H. Wendl. ex Burret</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calyptrogyne subgenus Pholidostachys</name>\r
+<author>(H. Wendl.) Wess. Boer.</author>\r
+<bibref>(H. Wendl.) Wess. Boer., Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect.: 73 (1968).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Pholidos — scale, stachys — an ear of wheat, or in botanical usage, a spike, referring to the pit bracts on the rachillae.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stems slender, erect, closely ringed with leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, marcescent; sheath tubular at first, later splitting opposite the petiole, not forming a crownshaft, thin, coriaceous, margins fibrous, lightly hairy adaxially, with dense reddish-brown tomentum abaxially; petiole long, very slender, adaxially shallowly to deeply grooved, abaxially narrowly ridged, V-shaped in cross-section, ± tomentose, becoming glabrous; blade short, leaflets broadly lanceolate, tapering to a point, median leaflets much longer than the proximal or distal, all leaflets several-fold, folds narrow, midribs ca. 4–5, elevated adaxially, interfold ribs conspicuous abaxially, blade adaxially lightly tomentose near the base, abaxially sparsely covered in scales and a dense layer of wax, transverse veinlets inconspicuous. Inflorescence solitary, protandrous, erect, becoming pendulous and infrafoliar, spicate or digitately or paniculately branched to 1(–3) orders; peduncle short, rounded or ± flattened; prophyll short, tubular, adaxially flat and 2-keeled, keels toothed, inserted near the base of the peduncle, splitting abaxially at the tip, irregularly covered in dark reddish tomentum; peduncular bract tubular with a short solid tip, much longer (3 or more times) than the prophyll, inserted well above the prophyll, splitting adaxially near the tip, caducous or marcescent, thinly covered in dark red tomentum; other peduncular bracts several, small, spirally inserted, the lowest often shortly tubular, the others open, stiff, pointed; rachis lacking, very short, or elongate, bearing spirally inserted, short, stiff, irregular bracts each subtending a rachilla; rachillae bearing obovate bracts, alternating in 5–11 closely appressed rows, ± immersed in the axis, basally tomentose, margins thin, sometimes overlapping the margins of bracts of adjacent rows, each bract subtending a triad of flowers enclosed in a pit, floral bracteoles 3, narrow, keeled, chaffy, sepal-like. Staminate flowers only about 1/2 exserted from the pit at anthesis; sepals 3, imbricate basally, keeled, chaffy, truncate or rounded to subacute and often toothed at the apex; petals 3, ovate with pointed tips, connate ca. 1/2 their length, valvate, briefly adnate to the receptacle basally, tips chaffy; stamens 6, filaments fleshy, connate for 2/3 their length in a thick tanniniferous tube, free parts angled–awl-shaped, anthers sagittate, medifixed, erect in bud, exserted and spreading at anthesis, introrse, connectives with pointed tips; pistillodes 3, minute, pointed. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually ± symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate or semi-tectate, finely perforate-rugulate, or finely reticulate with slightly ridged supratectal spines, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 35–42 µm [2/4]. Pistillate flowers with only free parts of staminodes and stigmas exserted from the pit at anthesis; sepals 3, free, narrow unequal, imbricate basally, truncate or rounded to subacute, often toothed apically, keeled, chaffy; petals 3, fleshy and connate to about 1/3 to 1/2 their length basally (or perhaps sometimes less), with valvate, ± chaffy, free tips; staminodes 6–8, fleshy, connate in a tube 2/3 their length, adnate to the corolla for a short distance basally, the free portions angled, awl-shaped, exserted and spreading at anthesis; gynoecium trilocular, triovulate, with a central elongate style terminating in 3 exserted, spreading, slender stigmas, ovules anatropous, only one maturing. Fruit moderate, obovoid, purple when ripe with basal remains of abortive carpels and stigmas; epicarp smooth, mesocarp with outer tannin layer, fleshy granulate, with thick, curved and anastomosing included fibres, endocarp tough, whitish, thinner over the hilum, with a small operculum over the embryo. Seed ellipsoidal, rapheal lines arched from the rounded hilum over the apex to the base, endosperm homogeneous, sometimes with a central hollow; embryo basal. Germination adjacent ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Four species from Costa Rica to Peru. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), leaf and stem (Wessels Boer 1968), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), and flower (Stauffer and Endress 2003). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Pholidostachys is monophyletic with high support (Asmussen 1999b, Roncal et al. 2005). The genus has been resolved as sister to Welfia with moderate support (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Common names not recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Wessels Boer (1968) and Henderson et al. (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pholidostachys differs from other Geonomateae mainly in the androecium of six stamens with filaments united in a tube basally, and free and awl-shaped distally. The short to moderate stem, long petioles, and often irregularly divided leaves give it a distinctive appearance in the forest. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>All species are found in the understory of tropical rain forest. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>
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+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pholidostachys dactyloides</name>
+<author>H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>J. Arnold Arbor. 48: 148 (1967)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem solitary, erect, 2-8 m tall and 6-10 cm in diameter, wood rather soft. Leaves 10-20 in the crown; sheath and petiole 50-150 cm long; blade 120-220 cm long, divided into 7-20 unequal pinnae on each side, the central ones 55-85 cm long and 5-20 cm wide. Inflorescence once branched, more or less hidden in the leaf axil, and enclosed in a net-like peduncular bract until fruit maturity; peduncle 10-25 cm long; rachis 4-10 cm long; branches 9-16, 15-40 cm long and 5-13 mm in diameter, with flower pits usually in 10 longitudinal rows, the surface often more or less dissolved into fibres. Fruits yellow to orange, elongate, 8-10 mm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Andean foothills in Colombia and Ecuador, W of the Andes, usually at 500-1000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pholidostachys synanthera</name>
+<author>(Mart.) H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Taxon 18: 231 (1969)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey or subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, 2-12 m tall, 6-15 cm in diameter, with relatively soft wood, usually covered distally with persistent leaf sheathes. Leaves 15-25 or rarely more in the crown; petiole to 1.5 m long; blade 100-220 cm long, divided into 8-25 unequal pinnae on each side, the central ones 50-80 cm long and 5-16 cm wide. Inflorescence branched 1-2 times; peduncle 35-100 cm long, rarely longer, with a thick, velvety, reddish brown indument when young; rachis 2-40 cm long; branches 5-16, the flower bearing part 20-50 cm long and 6-10 mm in diameter, with flower pits in 10-12 longitudinal rows. Fruits black, elongate, 10-15 mm long and 8-10 mm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Colombia to Peru, on both sides of the Andes, mostly at elevations between 500 and 1500 m.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Some differences are noted between individuals from the two sides of the Andes. Western plants are very large, with the stem to 12 m tall and 8-15 cm in diameter, and their inflorescences have a long peduncle, almost no rachis, and simple branches. Eastern plants are smaller, typically with the stem less than 5 m tall and only 5-8 cm in diameter, and their inflorescences have a shorter peduncle, a 15-40 cm long rachis, and the lower branches usually bifurcate.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small to moderate pinnate-leaved palms from Fiji, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and New Britain, distinctive in the stilt roots, the incomplete prophyll and usually highly sculptured endocarp.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Physokentia</name>\r
+<author>Becc. in Martelli</author> \r
+<citation>Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa Mem. 44: 152 (1934).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Physokentia tete; (Becc.) Becc.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Goniosperma</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Occas. Pap. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 11(4): 10 (1935).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Goniosperma vitiense; Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Goniocladus</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 86 (1940).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Goniocladus petiolatus; Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combining physa — bellows or bubble, with the generic name Kentia, named for William Kent (1779–1827), once curator of the botanic gardens at Buitenzorg, Java (now Kebun Raya Bogor), probably referring to the relatively large globose fruit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, small to moderate, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, ringed with leaf scars, stilt roots conspicuously developed, forming a cone supporting the stem base. Leaves pinnate, neatly abscising; sheaths tubular, forming a conspicuous crownshaft, usually bearing a dense covering of ± caducous, floccose tomentum, the mouth lacking a ligule; petiole absent or short, ± rounded, variously clothed in scales and/or tomentum; rachis variously scaly or tomentose like the petiole; leaflets regularly arranged, single-fold, acute or acuminate (or minutely lobed in Physokentia tete) or blade irregularly divided into single- or several-fold, narrow to broad, ± sigmoid leaflets, the proximal acute or acuminate, the distal, including the apical pair, shallowly lobed, the lobes corresponding to the adaxial ribs, blade adaxially glabrous or with minute, dot-like scales along the main veins, abaxially rather densely covered in minute, dot-like scales, the main ribs also bearing numerous conspicuous ramenta, transverse veinlets inconspicuous. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, branching to 2 (rarely 3) orders proximally, to 1 order distally, apparently protandrous; peduncle short, winged at the base, narrow elliptic in cross-section; prophyll inserted near the base of the peduncle, open abaxially in bud, not completely encircling the peduncle at the insertion; peduncular bract inserted just above and exceeding the prophyll, completely encircling the peduncle, tubular, enclosing the inflorescence in bud, ± beaked, splitting abaxially, abscising with the prophyll at anthesis; rachis longer than the peduncle, but itself relatively short, bearing ca. 12–20, spirally arranged, first-order branches; rachis bracts inconspicuous; rachillae spreading, curved or ± pendulous, somewhat flexuous, ± angled, bearing spirally arranged triads of white to red flowers in the proximal ca. 1/3, distally bearing solitary or paired staminate flowers, rarely rachillae bearing only staminate flowers; rachilla bracts prominent, rounded to acute, often ± reflexed; bracteoles membranous, rounded, or rarely (P. dennisii) each prolonged into a slender process, sometimes ciliate-margined. Staminate flowers briefly pedicellate, ± asymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, ± broad, triangular, keeled, the margins often coarsely toothed; petals 3, distinct or very briefly joined at the base, valvate; stamens 6, filaments slender, elongate, prominently inflexed at the apex in bud; anthers oblong-linear, medifixed, versatile, latrorse; pistillode conspicuous, elongate, conical or columnar, ± trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally oblate triangular; aperture a distal sulcus, less frequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-channelled or finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 33–64 µm [5/8]. Pistillate flowers ± globular, sessile; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate with short valvate triangular tips; staminodes 3, tooth-like; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, short, recurved, ovule laterally attached, hemianatropous. Fruit globose or subglobose, red or black at maturity, stigmatic remains eccentrically apical; perianth whorls persistent, epicarp smooth, or drying wrinkled, mesocarp fleshy with few flat fibres and numerous sclereids, easily separated from the endocarp, endocarp thin or thick, variously angled or ridged and sculptured or almost smooth and rather fragile (P. avia), usually with a prominent adaxial keel and a sharp to obtuse abaxial ridge, operculum rounded to 4-angled. Seed conforming to the endocarp shape, laterally attached with elongate, narrow hilum, raphe branches ± horizontal, loosely anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous or ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = ca. 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Seven species in the Fiji Islands, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and New Britain.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig et al.1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Physokentia is strongly supported as monophyletic (Baker et al. in prep.) and has been resolved as sister to Cyphosperma with moderate support (Lewis and Doyle 2002, Asmussen et al. 2006). Weaker evidence resolves Physokentia within Cyphophoenix (Baker et al. in prep.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1969d); see also Fuller (1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The incompletely encircling prophyll and highly sculptured endocarp resemble those of Cyphosperma and Burretiokentia. Heterospathe longipes also has a sculptured endocarp but the prophyll is complete.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>For common names, see Moore (1969d).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Confined to undergrowth of rain forest at low to high elevations. Physokentia whitmorei is found in forest developed on ultrabasic rock, and P. dennisii has been recorded on soils over lying limestone.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the Genus Physokentia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Moore</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 13(4) 120-136</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1969</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Physokentia dennisii</name>
+<author>H.E. Moore</author>
+<citation>Principes 13: 131 (1969)</citation>
+<type>British Solomon Islands Protectorate, Guadalcanal (North), headwaters of the Matiniko'o River, 11 April 1965; G. F. C. Dennis; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH; paratype US</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The epithet pays tribute to the persistent efforts of Mr. Geoffrey F. C. Dennis, Forest Department, Honiara, to obtain essential material of this and other species of palms, and more than that to the assistance so readily offered during and since the writer's brief field experience in the Solomons during 1964. The present species was then encountered sterile at its type locality when Mr. Dennis, Dr. and Mrs. Whitmore, and Mr. James Tedder, District Commissioner of the Central District, with his wife accompanied the writer on a Sunday excursion.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>garagara in the Kwara'ae dialect</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Folia regulariter pinnata pinnis utrinque 22-25 acutis uninervibus. In-florescentia triplo-ramosa rachillis ad 45 cm. longis, bracteolis floris foeminei angustis, subiter in apicem angustum productis. Fructus aurantiaco-ruber, subglobosus, 15 mm. altus, 10-11 mm. in diam., endocarpio 12 mm. alto, 10 mm. in diam., fragili, 4-angulato, carinis dorsalibus et lateralibus obtusis, seminis endospermio homogeneo.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trunk solitary, to 10.5 m. high, with a dense mass of 100 or more stilt roots to 1.2 m. high, some roots branched, the upper portion of trunk light green, with short internodes. Leaves spreading; crownshaft bright greyish-green, ca. 9 dm. long, considerably broader at base than at apex, covered when young or where protected with a dense indument of floccose scales or densely brown-puncticulate with persistent scale centers in age or where exposed; petiole elongate on juvenile plants but lacking or very short on mature trees (scarcely 2 cm. long); rachis ca. 1.8 m. long, densely covered above and below with minute, shining, brown, laciniate-fimbriate-margined, membranous, peltate scales or merely brown-puncticulate where exposed or weathered; pinnae 22-25 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, the central ones ca. 78 cm. long, 7 cm. wide at middle, tapered basally to an insertion ca. 1 cm. wide; upper margin longer than the lower and straight, the lower narrowed toward the acute apex; both surfaces more or less densely lepi-dote or puncticulate with minute, pale-membranous-margined, brown-centered, peltate scales or their persistent centers, midrib prominent and elevated on upper surface, with scattered floccose scales, the lower surface with prominent mid-nerve and 3-4 secondary nerves clothed with scattered, dull brown, irregularly linear, medifixed or basifixed, membranous scales 2-3 mm. long; apical and subapical pinnae shorter and narrower, 24-32 cm. long, 1.7-2.5 cm. wide, the tips often frayed and appearing praemorse; lower pinnae conspicuously narrowed and shortened toward base of rachis, the lowermost only ca. 15 cm. long, 5 mm. wide. Inflorescence greenish-ivory, ca. 9 dm. long from base to apex, paniculately three-times branched, glabrous; bracts not seen; peduncle 15 cm. long, 2 cm. wide at apex; rachis ca. 26 cm. long to last branch, bearing ca. 17 branches, the lower branch ca. 45 cm. long, again twice-branched basally, simply branched apically into ca. 9 branches, the rachillae slender, elongate, to ca. 45 cm. long, 3 mm. in diam., upper branches progressively less branched to furcate or simple. Flowers in triads to beyond the middle of the rachillae, paired to solitary stami-nate distally, or some inflorescences largely or entirely staminate; triads subtended by a prominent rounded bract often deflexed in fruit, the bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flowers membranous, narrowly rounded and usually produced in a prominent narrow ligular process exceeding the bract, the bracteoles and pedicels glabrous or w'th sparse short brownish or whitish hairs, not conspicuously white-barbate: staminate flowers white, asymmetric, more or less rounded at the apex in bud, 4-5 mm. long; sepals ca. 2 mm. high, 2.5-3 mm. wide, more or less rounded with ciliolate margins, indistmctly nerved when dry, the outer often sl'ghtly keeled; petals ca. 4 mm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide. asymmetric, rather distinctly nerved when dry; pistillode angled-columnar with angled apex, ca. two-thirds as long as the stamens in bud: pistillate flowers in bud ca. 4 mm. high, the perianth in fruit of 3 sepals 3—3.5 mm. high and often 3—lobed (entire and rounded in bud), of 3 petals ca. 6 mm. high. Fruit subglobose, ripen:ng orange-red, ca. 15 mm. high, 11 mm. w'de, 10 mm. thick, (from preserved material) with excentrically apical st'gmat'c res:-due, drying wrinkled; exocarp smooth; mesocarp with a layer of sclerosomes immediately under the exocarp and few thin fibers in thin flesh; endocarp fragile. 4-angled, 12 mm. high, 10 mm. wide and thick, sharply keeled on the adaxial (hilar) side and operculate at the base, rounded-angled abaxially; seed not perfectly mature, shaped essentially as endocarp; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Physokentia Dennisii is distinctive in several respects. The much ramified inflorescence with branches of three orders to 45 cm. long is unlike that of the remaining species, all of which have branches only to the second order except for rare instances of furcation in second order rachillae. The small fru'ts ripen orange-red (fide Corner and Wh;t-more) rather than black as in remaining species with homogeneous endosperm and the endocarp is much less sharply angled than in other spec;es except P. insolita. Bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flowers are especially striking in their ligular apices. Although possessed of a fruit in the size range of P. rosea from Fiji, P. Dennisii does not seem especially related to that species, rather in its red fruit, endocarp with obtuse angles, and homogeneous endosperm it stands midway between P. insolita on the one hand, the rema;n:ng spec:es on the other. Inflorescence bracts are not described in detail. The following excerpt from a letter dated April 12, 1965—describing Mr. Dennis's attempt to carry back alone specimens of the palm from what I know to be an exhausting journey—provides more detail: "I also collected a flower sheath, which unfortunately got lost in my struggle through the long grass on the ridges on my homeward trip, but from what I recall it was an ivory slightly green-tinted colour (as are the new flower panicles—flowers being white) 18 inches long, 3 1/2 inches wide, of a very flimsy soft texture, the base of it having a ragged edge where it has broken loose from the base of the crownshaft." Although only two collections from the vicinity of Honiara are explicitly cited, it appears likely that the species also occurs near Mt. Gallego, for the following Royal Society Expedition collection, though lacking fruit, agrees well in other details with the type and paratype: Monitor Creek, headwaters, 7 miles inland below Mt. Gallego, 2000 ft. alt., 6 July 1965, T. C. Whitmore RS S6050 (BH).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS PROTECTORATE: GUADALCANAL (NORTH) ; headwaters of the Matiniko'o River, 11 April 1965, G. F. C. Dennis s. n. (BH, holotype); headwaters of Tenaru River, path from Honiara to Betilonga Village, in forest over limestone, alt. ca. 1200 ft., 31 May 1964, E. H. Corner & T. C. Whitmore B SIP 4391 (US, paratype).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the Genus Physokentia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Moore</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 13(4) 120-136</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1969</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Physokentia insolita</name>
+<author>H.E. Moore</author>
+<citation>Principes 13: 133 (1969)</citation>
+<type>British Solomon Islands Protectorate, New Georgia Group, Kolombangara Island, east coast, 1 1/2 miles inland, ca. 200 ft. alt., 16 April 1964; T. C. Whitmore BSIP; 4095</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH; isotypes HON, US</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>manusilae or sometimes garagara in Kwara'ae dialect.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Folia irregulariter pinnata pinnis utrinque 5-6 acutis 5—8—nervibus. Inflorescentia duplo-ramosa rachillis ad 40 cm. longis, bracteolis floris foeminei angustis, apice rotundatis. Fructus ruber, globosus, 11-12 mm. altus, 10-11 mm. in diam., endocarpio 10-12 mm. alto, 9-11 mm. in diam., fragili, carina dor-sali obtusa, carinis lateralibus utrinque 2-3 indistinctis, seminis endospermio ruminato.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem solitary, slender, to 15 m. high. 17.5 cm. in diam., light brown or grey and smooth near the base with prominent leaf-scars and internodes 7.5-15 cm. long, green toward apex where internodes are shorter, with sometimes ribbed stilt roots to 15 dm. high, 2.5-5 cm. in diam., with spread of ca. 45 cm. at ground. Leaves ca. 8, spreading at maturity; crownshaft 4.5-6 dm. long, fawn-colored from dense coat of pale brown floccose scales with pale centers where protected or olive-green and pale-puncticulate where exposed, the old sheaths purple within; petiole slender 8-37.5 cm. long, 1.3—1.5 cm. wide at apex, densely dark-brown-lepidote or -puncticulate on the rounded lower surface, similarly lepidote on the channelled upper surface, the scales membranous-margined; rachis 1.5-1.8 m. long (1.77 m. in type) with scales similar to those of the petiole; blade little or irregularly divided on each side into 2-3 very broad, many-nerved pinnae in younger plants or with 4-6 mostly broad pinnae on each side in mature individuals bearing flowers and fruits; pinnae (on one entire leaf of type) 5 per side, from base to apex with respectively 6, 6, 7, 5, 8 primary nerves or a total of 32 per side for the entire blade, (1.5-) 12-38 cm. wide at insertion, 43-108 cm. long on upper margin, 6.5-13 cm. wide at about middle, falcately narrowed to an acute apex, but this sometimes broken or frayed and appearing praemorse, secondary nerves 2-4 between each primary nerve, both surfaces and all nerves rather densely dark-lepidote with minute pale-margined scales, the primary nerves with prominent, red-brown, irregularly linear, membranous, medi-fixed or basifixed scales toward the base on the lower surface. Inflorescences 1-8 on an individual plant, spreading, paniculately twice-branched, whitish at anthesis, to more than 6 dm. long and wide; lower peduncular bract thin, ca. 35 cm. long, briefly pointed, glabrous; peduncle 6-10 cm. long, 1.3-2.2 cm. wide at apex; rachis 9-22 cm. to last branch, bearing 9-10 branches, the lower of these once-branched, the upper furcate to simple and to ca. 40 cm. long, rachis and branches with small, lacerate-fimbriate, whitish, dark-centered scales at least at anthesis; rachillae bearing triads nearly to the apex, these subtended by prominent rounded to usually acute bracts, bracteoles very narrow and inconspicuous, glabrous or, as also the staminate pedicels, minutely hairy but not prominently white-barbate. Flowers cream-colored in bud: staminate flowers asymmetric, 5.5-7 mm. long when dry; sepals ca. 2 mm. long, narrow, acutish, somewhat keeled dorsally, ciliolate along the margins, not or very inconspicuously nerved when dry; petals ca. 5-6 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, rather conspicuously nerved when dry; pistillode conic when fresh, angled-columnar when dry. with angled apex, ca. one-third as high as stamens in bud: pistillate buds ca. 2.5-3 mm. high, the perianth in fruit with sepals 2.5 mm. long and often lobed (entire, rounded-acute and ciliolate along the margins in bud), petals 4 mm. high, 4.5 mm. wide, prominently ciliolate along the margins. Fruit red at maturity, globose, with excentrically apical stigmatic residue. 11-13 mm. high, 10-13 mm. in diam.; mesocarp with numerous red sclerosomes in fleshy tissue and some flattened curved fibers; endocarp 10-12 mm. high, 10-11 mm. wide, 9-10 mm. thick with acute adaxial (hilar) keel, rounded abaxial (dorsal) keel, rounded apex, 2-3 indistinct rounded partial ridges and shallow to marked depressions on each side, the operculum rounded; seed ca. 8-9 mm. high, broad, and thick, brown, irregularly sculptured and rounded in conformity with the endocarp, raphe-branches ca. 5 per side from the ventral hilar keel, lateral and anastomosing dorsally toward base; endosperm ruminate; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Physokentia insolita (insolitus—unusual, strange) is, for the genus, an unusual species. When I first saw material of it at Honiara and later when I studied the type in Ithaca, I thought it to represent an undescribed genus. The combination of shape of staminate pistillode, sculptured endocarp and seed, red fruit, red sclerosomes in the mesocarp, and ruminate endosperm seemed not to fit with any other taxon in the clinostigma-toid alliance. It was fortunate that publication was withheld pending receipt and study of Physokentia Dennisii, for the last species is intermediate between P. insolita on the one hand and previously described species on the other. Lack'ng mature fruit, there seems nothing in the inflorescence or flowers to differentiate P. insolita generically and the foilage, though unusual in the broad pinnae and generally short petiole, is approached by that of P. Dennisii. The material from low elevations on Kolombangara Island and New Georg'a seems to agree well, though fruit is mostly immature. Dr. Whitmore writes: "common to abundant on West Kolombangara as a pretty undergrowth palm from ca. 500 ft. to ca. 1000 ft. alt.; it does not grow down to sea-level." Two collections from higher elevations on Guadalcanal are referred here with some question. The fruit is slightly larger (13 mm. high, 12-13 mm. in diam.) than in the type (11-12 mm. high, 10-11 mm. in diam.) and the endocarp is more prominently sculptured (Fig. 2F). Mature flowers have not been available and the discernible differences are not of a magnitude that lends conviction to separate description. More extensive collecting and field study may ultimately show associations of differences among plants of different islands or island groups or simply a continuum of variation. The presence of a Physokentia on Santa Ysabel noted previously (Moore & Whitmore 9307) and perhaps of this relationship suggests that we have yet much to learn about the genus in the Solomons</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Specimens examined. BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS PROTECTORATE: NEW GEORGIA GROUP, KOLOMBANGARA ISLAND; east coast, 1 1/2 miles inland, ca. 200 ft. alt., 16 April 1964, T. C. Whitmore B S I P 4095 (BH, holotype: HON, US, isotypes) ; west coast, Merusu Cove, hillside, ca. 200 ft. alt., 14 Feb. 1963, T. C. Whitmore B S I P 1438 (HON, LAE, US) ; inland from Iri iri Village (Merusu Cove), wet gully forest at 2500 ft. alt., 28 Sept. 1963, T. C. Whitmore B S I P 2102 (HON, LAE, US). NEW GEORGIA (N.W.): near Jela, hill side, 250 ft. alt., 5 May 1964, A. W. Cowmeadow B S I P 3712 (HON, US); Hovoro, valley bottom, 500 ft. alt., 2 Sept. 1964, Cowmeadow's Collectors B S I P 3774 (HON,US). GUADALCANAL (N.W.); head of ridge E. of Hidden Valley, Mt. Gallego, alt. ca. 2000 ft. (but ranging from ca. 1700 ft. to ca. 3000 ft. on mountain into mist forest area), 17 Sept. 1966, G. F. C. Dennis BSIP 4648 (US); Mt. Gallego, western ridge, 2500-3000 ft., 7 July 1965, T. C. Whitmore RSS 6079 (BH,K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The lost palm of Fiji – a resolution of Goniocladus and a preliminary cladistic analysis of Physokentia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fuller</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Pages 203-213 in Andrew Henderson and Finn Borchsenius (eds.). Evolution, variation and classification of palms. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Vol 83.</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1999</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Physokentia petiolatus</name>
+<author>(Burret) Fuller</author>
+<citation>Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 83: 208 (1999)</citation>
+<type>Viti Levu, on the Rairaimatuku Plateau between Nubulolo Creek and Wainisavulevu Creek, near the Nadroga & Navosa-Naitasiri boundary, 18 Aug 1937; St. John; 18338</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Goniocladus petiolatus</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 15: 87. 1940</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Physokentia rosea</name>
+<author>H. E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Principes 10: 90. 1966</bibref>
+<type>Viti Levu, Ba Province, mossy cloud forest on upper slopes and ridges from Mt. Lomalagi beyond second peak in E direction, vicinity of Nadarivatu, 2 May 1964; Moore & Koroiveibau; 9363</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH; isotype SUVA!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for the prominent leaf petiole.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>tagadanu</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trunk erect, to 8 m tall, 10 cm diam., green, with irregular leaf scars, with a cone of prickly stilt roots to 1 m long, ca. 4 cm diam., reddish. Leaves pinnate, 8-10 in crown, stiffly spreading to ascending; sheaths forming a prominent crownshaft to 50 cm long, thickened at base, olive-green, sometimes pink flushed to red toward base; petiole to 22 cm long; pinnae 25-35 per side, dull green, once ribbed, acute with decurved margins, to 70 X 4 cm. Inflorescence infrafoliar, to 50 cm long, branched to three orders, red in bud becoming green in fruit. Flowers in spirally arranged triads, with triads along proximal half, sometimes to distal portions; staminate flowers to 5 mm long; petals 3, deep rose-red; stamens 6 with white anthers; pistillode trifid; pistillate flowers to 5 mm long; petals dark rose-red; sepals strongly imbricate. Fruit globose, to 2 cm diam., dark red at maturity; endocarp angled, keeled and longitudinally ridged. Seed same shape as fruit, 1.2 cm long, 1 cm diam. Eophyll pinnate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to Fiji and known only from the island of Viti Levu.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Grows as an understorey palm in upper montane rainforests and mossy cloud forests at altitudes of 750-1250 m. Known to flower and fruit April-May.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>This palm species is common in areas that are protected for watershed management purposes (Monasavu Hydroelectric Dam Project). However, on the basis of collection data and disturbance of some P. petiolatus habitat in other areas (e.g., Navai) by logging activities, this taxon should be considered rare. Dick Phillips (pers. comm.) has had limited success cultivating this species in Fiji, and so far I have no reports of successful cultivation of P. petiolatus outside of Fiji.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>No uses recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Additional specimens examined: Fiji: Viti Levu: Ba Province: Vuninatabua, Navai, 750-900 m, 4 Feb-26 Mar 1941, Degener 14792 (A, K, BISH, UC, US); Ridge from Mt. Namana (E of Nadarivatu) toward Mt. Tomanivi (Mt. Victoria), 1050-1120 m, dense forest, 18 Aug 1947, Smith 5700 (A, K, BISH, US). Nadroga & Navosa Province: Nad-rua, in forest, 750-900 m, 4 Feb-26 Mar 1941, Degener 14893 (A, K, BISH); Forest at Taunaisali on central plateau between headwaters of the Wainimala and Sigatoka Rivers [type locality of Goniocladus petiolatus Burret], c. 3800 ft, 9-10 Sep 1972, Moore et al. 10008 (BH, SUVA); Rairai-matuku Plateau [type location of Goniocladus petiolatus], 1100 m, Jul 1995, Masitoqi s.n. (SUVA). Naitasiri Province: Monasavu area, 17°45.706'S, 178°00.357'E, 1190 m, 11 Mar 1995, Fuller 169 (CAS, SUVA); Monasavu area, 1100+ m, 30 Sep 1995, Fuller 276, 278 (SUVA); Monasavu area, 17°45.706'S, 178°00.357'E, 1190 m, 1 Oct 1995, Fuller 281 (SUVA, US); Ra Province: Nadarivatu, Lom-alagi, South ridge, 3000 ft, dense shade, moist forest, 19 Oct 1969, Anderson s.n. (BISH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the Genus Physokentia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Moore</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 13(4) 120-136</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1969</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Physokentia tete</name>
+<author>(Beccari) Beccari</author>
+<citation>Martelli, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa, Mem. 44:153 [reprint 42]. 1934</citation>
+<type>New Hebrides, Banks group: Vanua Lava, 1000 m.; A. E. Harland;</type>
+<type_loc>Type FI; type BH</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cyphosperma ? tete</name>
+<author>Beccari</author>
+<bibref>Beccari, Webbia 3:137. 1910</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>tete</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trunk 6-7 cm. in diam. Leaves probably regularly pinnate; central pinnae lanceolate-sigmoid, obliquely truncate and praemorse-toothed at the apex(?), ca. 60 cm. long, 5.5-6 cm. wide, with a prominent elevated mid-nerve and a prominent secondary nerve on each side, dull green above, the lower surface somewhat paler with minutely puncticulate nerves, the midnerve and 2 prominent lateral nerves also with rather prominent, brown, basifixed, membranous scales. Inflorescence short-pedunculate, broader than long, the axes with rather dense, substellate, brownish or white scales in bud, glabrous in fruit; upper bract brown, very thin; rachis angled, sinuous, with more than 7 branches; lower branches again branched into flexuous rachillae of the second order to 15 cm. long, upper branches furcate or simple; bracts subtending the triads prominent, acute; bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flowers very narrow, not conspicuously white-barbate on the upper margins. Staminate flowers ovoid, somewhat asymmetric and angled by mutual pressure, 5.5-6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide; sepals with strongly ciliolate margins; petals 2-3 times as long as the sepals; pistillode columnar, very slightly enlarged at the apex, nearly as long as the stamens in bud: pistillate flowers ovoid-conic in bud. Fruit globose, 2.5-2.6 cm. high, 2.3 cm. in diam., with excentrically apical stigmatic residue, smooth when dry; mesocarp fleshy, with few fibers; endocarp thick, slightly woody, 2.4 cm. high, 2.1 cm. wide and across, with prominent adaxial (ventral) keel, prominent abaxial (dorsal) keel, and 2 prominent ridges on each side, the surface rough and becoming rugose on each side of the adaxial keel, operculum rounded-angled; seed shaped as the endocarp, 1.7 cm. high, 1.4-1.5 cm. wide and across; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type of Physokentia Tete consists of a fruiting panicle, an inflorescence in bud, and two unattached pinnae. The pinnae appear to be praemorse at the apex, as described by Beccari and noted by myself when I examined the type. With further experience, I now wonder whether the pinnae are truly praemorse or merely appear so because of fraying, a not infrequent occurrence but not de-terminable from the photographs. New collections are required before a complete description can be provided, yet the species is abundantly distinct in the characteristics of the endocarp alone.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>NEW HEBRIDES, BANKS GROUP: VANUA LAVA; 1000 m., A. E. Harland (FI, type; BH, photos and fragments).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The lost palm of Fiji – a resolution of Goniocladus and a preliminary cladistic analysis of Physokentia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fuller</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Pages 203-213 in Andrew Henderson and Finn Borchsenius (eds.). Evolution, variation and classification of palms. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Vol 83.</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1999</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Physokentia thurstonii</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>
+<citation>Martelli, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Mem. 44: 154. 1934</citation>
+<type>Taveuni, 17 Apr 1882; Thurston; s.n</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Goniosperma vitiense</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Occas. Pap. Bishop Mus. 11(4): 11. 1935</bibref>
+<type>Fiji, Vanua Levu, Cakaud-rove, Mt. Mariko, 600-866 m, dense forest, 14 Nov 1933; Smith; 417</type>
+<type_loc>holotype BISH!; isotype GH, US!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named after Sir John Thurston, who collected the type specimen (consisting only of fruits). Thurston was Colonial Secretary and Governor of Fiji in the 1880s, and Thurston Gardens in Suva is named after him.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>niu niu</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>The leaves are reportedly used in "a decoction to treat heart trouble" (Cambie &amp; Ash, 1994).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trunk erect, to 7 m tall, 10 cm diam., green with prominent leaf scars, with brown stilt roots. Leaves pinnate, 8-10 in crown, spreading, forming an olive to dark-green crownshaft to 55 cm long with brown floccose scales; petiole to 40 cm long; pinnae 25-30 per side, 20-70 X 3-8 cm; margins decurved; minor ribs visible below. Inflorescence infrafoliar, to 50 cm long, branched to two orders; rachillae stiff, white in flower becoming green in fruit; triads spirally arranged on rachillae, on the proximal half only of rachillae; staminate flowers to 6 mm high, pinkish white in color; stamens 6; pistillode angled; pistillate flowers 4.5 mm high, with narrow membranous bracteoles. Fruit subglobose, to 2.5 cm long, 2.1 cm diam., black at maturity, with apical stigmatic remains; endocarp with four sharp ridges, two lateral and an upper and lower keel. Seed similar to fruit in shape (subglobose), to 1.7 X 1.3 cm, with thick ra-phe branches radiating from the upper keel. Eophyll unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Fiji, endemic to Taveuni and Vanua Levu.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In rain forest at 250-1000 m, but usually found in montane forests above 500 m. Known to fruit and flower April-May.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>A proper assessment of the numbers of P. thurstonii in the wild needs to be undertaken, but on the basis of collection records and current threats presented by commercial logging in associated habitats, this taxon should also be considered rare. Dick Phillips (pers. comm.) has had no success cultivating this species in Fiji, and I have no information regarding cultivation of P. thurstonii outside of Fiji.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Additional specimens examined: Fiji: Taveuni: By stream on steep slopes below crest of mtn. on trail from Somosomo to crater lake, 23 Apr 1964, Moore & Koroiv-eibau 9353 (BH, SUVA); track to lake, 500-600 ft, 5 Jun 1974 (Koroiveibau & Alfred) Fiji Dept. Agr. L26191, (SUVA). Vanua Levu: Bua: Mt. Seatura, very common, 27 May 1965, (Koroiveibau) Fiji Dept. Agr. 15165 (BISH, SUVA); above Driti Village, on ridge top of Mt. Korotu-nibogi, lower slopes of Mt. Seatura, 250 m, 14 May 1995, McClatchey & Fuller 1105/197 (FTC, SUVA). Cakaudrove Province: Ridges and ravines on upper slopes of Mt. Mariko on trail from Bucalevu Village to summit, 2000-2800 ft, 17 Apr 1964, Moore 9347 (BH, SUVA); track to Mt. Nasorolevu, 2200 ft, 27 Nov 1969, (Koroiveibau & Vo-donaivalu) Fiji Dept. Agr. 17132 (SUVA). Macauta: Above Nakoroutari, side of logging rd., on ridge above Matani Creek, 1100 ft, 13 May 1995, McClatchey & Fuller 1102/192 (FTG, SUVA); along Raciba rd. heading to Mt. So-rolevu, E 179°24.773'S, 16°36.765'E, 600 m, 17 May 1995, McClatchey & Fuller 1116/209 (FTG, SUVA).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the Genus Physokentia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Moore</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 13(4) 120-136</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1969</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Physokentia whitmorei</name>
+<author>H.E. Moore</author>
+<citation>Principes 13: 129 (1969)</citation>
+<type>British Solomon Islands Protectorate, San Cristobal (East), 4 miles E. of Wainoni, headwaters of Huni R., ultrabasic outcrop, broad ridge top, 1600-1700 ft. altitude, 10 August 1965; T. C. Whitmore; RSS 6309</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH; isotype K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The epithet is but a faint tribute to the devotion which Dr. Whitmore has lavished on the flora of the Solomon Islands and to the unfailing assistance he has provided me during and after field work in the Solomons.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>manusilae in the Kwara'ae dialect</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Folia regulariter pinnata pinnis utrin-que numerosis acutis uninervibus. Inflorescentia duplo-ramosa rachillis ad 33 cm. longis, bracteolis floris foeminei angustis, apice rotundatis. Fructus ater, globosus, 2.3 cm. altus, 2.0 cm. in diam., endocarpio 17 mm. alto, 15 mm. in diam., crasso, acute 4-angulato</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trunk solitary, to 6 m. high, with stilt roots to 1.5 m. high. Leaves 5-6, suberect; sheaths green, tinged grey, forming a crownshaft 6-9 dm. high, covered, when young or where protected, with a dense, continuous mat of small, brown-centered, floccose-margined, peltate scales or becoming densely brown-puncticulate with persistent scale-bases in age or where exposed; petiole ca. 26 cm. long, densely covered above and below with shining, irregularly and narrowly membranous-margined, brown, peltate scales; rachis with a dense cover of scales similar to those of the petiole or often with a broader, paler, lacerate-fimbriate margin; pinnae regularly arranged, the number on each side of the rachis not noted, the central ca. 57 cm. long, 5 cm. wide, narrowed basally to an insertion 1.5 cm. wide and to an acute apex, but this sometimes broken or frayed, glabrous above except the prominent, elevated, brown-puncticulate mid-nerve and minute scattered puncticula-tions on some lesser nerves, below densely and minutely brown-lepidote on the midnerve, on 3 rather prominent secondary nerves on each side, and on numerous tertiary nerves, the midnerve and secondary nerves also bearing prominent, dull brown, membranous, irregularly linear, medifixed or basifixed scales to ca. 3 mm. long near the base or nearly throughout their length, apical and subapical pinnae similar but smaller, (15-25 cm. long, 1.8-2 cm. wide) with usually 2 secondary nerves on each side, the lowermost pinnae ca. 32 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide, long-attenuate, probably continuing into a rein or lora when first expanded. Inflorescence ca. 5.5 dm. long from base to apex, glabrous; bracts apparently glabrous (from a very young inflorescence obviously from within a leaf-sheath and molded) ; peduncle 8 cm. long, 1.4 cm. wide at apex; rachis 18 cm. long to last branch, bearing 9 subdisti-chously arranged branches including the terminal; lower few branches again sub-distichously branched into ca. 6 simple or rarely furcate rachillae to 28 cm. long, the upper simple, to ca. 33 cm. long in fruit, all more or less angled or even flexuous at anthesis and terminating in a brief spinose t;p; triads in the lower half or more of the rachillae, distally with paired or solitary staminate flowers, each triad subtended by a prominent acute bract 2 (-3) mm. long; bracteoles membranous, narrow, white-barbate on the upper margins as are the brief staminate pedicels. Staminate flowers 4—5 mm. long, somewhat asymmetric, more or less rounded at the apex in bud; sepals indistinctly nerved when dry, broadly imbricate, rounded to acutish, ca. 2.5 mm. high, 3 mm. wide, the margins more or less ciliolate; petals nerved when dry, valvate, ca. 5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; pistillode as long as the filaments, angled-columnar, 3-angled at apex: pistillate flowers in bud, 3^1 mm. long, the perianth in fruit of sepals 3.5^1 mm. long, 5—6 mm. wide and petals 6 mm. long, 9 mm. wide, both, and especially petals, rather strongly nerved. Fruit olive maturing black, globose when still incompletely mature, with ex-centrically apical stigmatic residue, 2.3 cm. high, 2 cm. in diam.; exocarp smooth; mesocarp thin with longitudinal fibers, not collapsing when dried; endo-carp thick, 17 mm. high, 15 mm. wide and thick, 4-angled with beaked ridge on adaxial (hilar) side lower than rounded-angled apex, operculum rounded; seed not sufficiently developed to describe. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Physokentia Whitmorei is the only species thus far known from the Solomon Islands that shows an immediate and clear resemblance to species from Fiji and the New Hebrides. The sharply angled endocarp, white-barbate bracteoles of the triads, and the pinnae are very similar to those of P. Thurstonii. Though the seeds had not developed sufficiently to provide information on endosperm, it may be anticipated that the endosperm will be homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS PROTECTORATE: SAN CRISTOBAL (EAST) ; 4 miles E. of Wainoni, headwaters of Huni R., ultrabasic outcrop, broad ridge top, 1600-1700 ft. altitude, 10 August 1965, T. C. Whitmore RSS 6309 (BH, holotype; K, isotype).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Vegetable ivory palms distinguished by the staminate flowers having relatively flat or slightly rounded floral receptacles and being sessile or borne in groups of four on short stalks.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phytelephas</name>
+<author>Ruiz and Pavon</author>
+<citation>Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil.: 299(l798).</citation>
+<type>Lectotype; Phytelephas macrocarpa; Ruiz & Pav.</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Elephantusia</name>
+<author>Willd.</author>
+<bibref>Willd., Sp. pl. 4(2): 890, 1156 (1806).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Elephantusia macrocarpa; (Ruiz & Pav.) Willd.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Yarina</name>
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 223 (1927).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Yarina microcarpa; (Ruiz & Pav.) O.F.Cook</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Palandra</name>
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 228 (1927).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Palandra aequatorialis; (Spruce) O.F.Cook</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>phyt — plant, elephas — elephant, in reference to its use as a source of vegetable ivory.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious palms. Stem robust or rarely rather slender, erect or procumbent, internodes short, covered with a mass of fibres and petiole bases, when bare marked by spiral, triangular, often pitted leaf scars. Leaves numerous or rarely few, erect, arching, evenly pinnate; marcescent; sheath tubular, sometimes with a large ligule opposite the petiole, becoming fibrous; petiole short, lacking, or rarely elongate, shallowly channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, margins rounded or sharp; rachis triangular in section, with greyish brown scales abaxially, leaflets regularly arranged in one plane, or irregularly arranged and held in different planes to give the leaf a plumose appearance, subopposite, single-fold, pointed, often pinched in at the base, usually smaller basally and distally, glossy dark green adaxially, paler and duller beneath; tomentose abaxially along a conspicuous midrib, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, staminate and pistillate dissimilar; staminate unbranched; peduncle short; prophyll short, tubular, 2-keeled laterally, broadly pointed, splitting apically; complete peduncular bracts 1, like the prophyll but longer, splitting abaxially, persistent above the inflorescence, subsequent peduncular bracts several (4–5), incomplete, spirally inserted below the flowers. Staminate flowers in groups of 4, sessile or with a conspicuous common stalk, usually lacking a subtending into sepals and petals at maturity (but see Uhl and Moore 1977b); stamens 36–900 or more, filaments erect, awl-shaped, anthers elongate, latrorse; pistillode lacking. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually with slight or, occasionally, with obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 72–90 µm [3/7]. Pistillate inflorescence head-like; peduncle short, dorsiventrally flattened; prophyll and first peduncular bract as in the staminate, subsequent peduncular bracts numerous, larger than in the staminate, sometimes in series, elongate, pointed, ± covering the flowers. Pistillate flowers asymmetrical, each subtended by a pointed bract, spirally arranged, closely appressed; sepals 3 or more, triangular, ± elongate; petals 4–10, long, narrow, variously folded and wrinkled; staminodes numerous, 35 or more, like the stamens but irregular in size; gynoecium of 4–10 united carpels, ovarian part short, rounded, stigma long, narrow, cylindrical, styles as many as the carpels, long, narrow, conduplicately folded with stigmatoid tissue along the margins, ovules 1 per carpel, hemianatropous or anatropous. Fruit clusters, individual fruits ± rounded, 4–10-seeded, covered with large, woody, pointed warts, stylar remains terminal; epicarp woody, mesocarp fibrous, endocarp surrounding each seed bony or shell-like, bifacial adaxially with round basal projection, rounded abaxially. Seed ±kidney-shaped, basally or laterally attached, hilum round, median to basal, raphe branches numerous, laterally ascending and anastomosing; endosperm homogeneous, hard (vegetable ivory), embryo basal or lateral. Germination remote-ligular; eophyll pinnate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Six species occurring in the Amazonian Basin in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru, and along the northwest coast of Ecuador, Colombia and into Venezuela and Panama. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Vegetative (Tomlinson 196l, Barfod 1991), root (Seubert 1996b), floral (Moore and Uhl 1973, Uhl and Moore 1977b, Uhl and Dransfield 1984) and seed (Werker 1997). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>In more densely sampled studies, Phytelephas is monophyletic with high or moderate support (Barfod et al. 1999, Trénel et al. 2007). Asmussen et al. (2006) recover a non-monophyletic Phytelephas with moderate support, but they only include two species. Phytelephas is highly supported as sister to a highly supported clade of Aphandra and Ammandra (Baker et al. in review, in prep., Trenél et al. 2007). For interspecies relationships, see Trenél et al. (2007). </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used for thatch; immature pericarp and endosperm are edible; mature endosperm is hard and used as vegetable ivory for carvings. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Barfod (1991). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>A sandstone cast of a fruit, Phytelephas olssonii, is reported from the Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene of Ecuador (Brown 1956b). Fossil stem material described from the Miocene of Antigua (Kaul 1943) is questionable (Uhl and Dransfield 1987). </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The three genera of this tribe are separated largely on characters of the staminate flowers. Phytelephas is distinguished from Aphandra by sessile staminate flowers and by up to about 250 rather than more than 900 stamens, and from Ammandra by flat rather than club-shaped receptacles in staminate flowers.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ivory palms, tagua, yarina. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Strictly confined to rain forest usually under large trees along streams and on wet hillsides. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phytelephas aequatorialis</name>
+<author>Spruce</author>
+<citation>J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 179 (1869)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem solitary, to 15m tall or more, but often only a few meters, ca. 20 cm in diameter, rough ringed from persisting leaf bases, usually with several dead leaves hanging down below the crown. Leaves 6-8 m long; pinnae 200-300 on each side, arranged in groups and spreading in different planes, or rarely regularly inserted in one plane, the central ones 60-90 cm long and 4-6 cm wide. Male inflorescence 1-2.5 m long, cream to yellow, with 300-500 crowded flower clusters. Male flowers borne on long stalks. Fruiting heads ca. 30 cm in diameter, with up to 12 fruits. Seeds 5-6 per fruit, ca. 5 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to W Ecuador, where it is common in moist forest up to 1500 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Lower risk/least concern (Borchsenius & Skov 1999).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The species is unique within the genus in its long-stalked male flowers, a character which separates it from the otherwise rather similar P. tumacana O. F. Cook, distributed in parts of SW Colombia. Populations of individuals with regularly inserted pinnae held in one plane and very small male inflorescences have been observed near San Lorenzo in NW Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phytelephas macrocarpa</name>
+<author>Ruiz & Pav.</author>
+<citation>Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil.: 301 (1798)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A monographic study of the subfamily Phytelephantoideae (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barfod</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Opera Botanica 105: 1-73</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1991</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phytelephas seemannii</name>
+<author>O.F.Cook</author>
+<citation>Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr. U.S.D.A. 242: 68 (1912)</citation>
+<type>Colombia. Choco: Bay of Cupica, 28-31 Sept. 1847 (sterile); Seemann; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype BM</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Anta (Quechua); sam (Cuna).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary rosette palm, with prostrate subterranean part of stem and aerial part wanting, or mid-sized palm tree with decumbent, or erect stem up to 4 m tall. Leaves 10-15, semierect to erect, evenly bending from base to apex; leaf sheath split to the base; leaf 60-100 cm long from point of insertion to blade; petiole 4—5 cm wide distally, deeply rounded abaxially, with shallow, sharply edged groove adaxially, or semiterete in cross-section, green on the adaxial face often with a drab-colored waxy covering tapering into a point below the rachis; rachis 350-550 cm long, green, with median ridge adaxially raising gradually from the distal end of the petiole, often with brown tomentum along the median adaxial ridge and the lateral faces bearing the pinnae; pinnae 75-110 per side, often drying to lustrous pale green, midnerve prominent, submarginal veins indistinct, transverse commissures often conspicuous; basal pinnae alternate, 30-60 x 0.3-0.5 cm, 1-3 cm apart or remote and pendent on long petiolate individuals, middle pinnae subalternate, 55-80 x 3.4-4.5 cm, 4-7 cm apart, distal pinnae opposite, 15-25 x 0.8-1 cm, 3-4 cm apart. Staminate peduncle 60-80 cm long, glabrous, compressed, 3.5-5 x 2-2.5 cm in cross-section in the middle part; prophyll 35-65 x 7-10 cm; first peduncular bract inserted 25-35 cm above the peduncle base, 40-55 cm long, bicarinate distally, outside light brown, inside brownish-orange; incomplete peduncular bracts 3-5, oblique, deltoid or elliptic with attenuated base, plicated basally, the proximal one 4—6 cm long; rachis 50-110 cm, compressed, 2x3 cm in cross-section in the middle part; flowers sessile, closely inserted in groups of 4(-5), or fewer proximally on rachis, distal flowers solitary; receptacle covered by masses of 300-600 stamens, expanded in width and flattened, slightly raised, rounded in outline at early anthesis, later extending to ovate or fusiform, 1.5-2 x 1-1.5 cm; perianth fused basally to receptacle and elongated forming a narrow shiny zone, only tips of the perianth segments free; filament 6-12 x 0.2 mm, subulate; anther 2-6 X 0.4-0.6 mm, shortly apiculate. Pistillate peduncle 15-25 cm long, compressed, 1.5-2.5 x 2-3.5 cm in cross-section in the middle part; prophyll 25-35 x 5-7 cm, smooth, drab-colored; first peduncular bract inserted 10-17 cm above the base, 20-30 cm long; incomplete peduncular bract 5-7, spirally arranged and covering 1.5-2.5 cm of peduncle below the bracts subtending flowers, 3-8 x 1.5-2 cm, obliquely ovate to deltoid, the proximal one with short acumen, the others increasingly narrow towards the bracts subtending flowers; flower-bearing zone 1-2 cm long, with 5-8 flowers; floral subtending bracts deltoid 3-5 x 1-1.5 cm, with long acumen; sepa-loid bracts 6-7, 4—6 cm long, narrowly deltoid with long acumen to strap shaped; tepals 6-7, 15-18 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide basally; non-functional stamens 25-35, 10-25 mm long; anther 6-9 mm long, obliquely sagitate basally, apiculum usually absent; pistil obliquely pyri-form, bulky, smooth, with 6-9 locules; style 11-13 cm long; stigmas 5-6, 5-7 cm long. Infructescences usually numerous, up to 25 on one palm, 17-25 cm in diam.; peduncle 20-30 cm long, 3-4 x 1-2 cm in cross-section in the middle part; prophyll and first peduncular bract 10-15 cm apart, partly resolved; incomplete peduncular bracts with persistent base or caducous; fruit-bearing zone 2-3 cm long, fruits 4—8, perianth early caducous; fruits 6-10 cm long, tangential face rounded in outline, 12-16 cm in diam., flat with central depression, with spiny processes of variable length from 0.5 to 2.5 cm, style residuals usually absent, abscission scar to 3.5 cm in diam.; inner mesocarp thin, with network of flattened fibres adherent to pyrene and exposed upon drying; seeds 6-9 in fully developed fruits; pyrenes rounded with blunt edges; rostrum absent or short; umbo basally on median blunt ridge, occasionally raised considerably, flattened or ridged, ovate in outline with the narrow end pointing up or upper margin emarginate. Seedling robust with three scale leaves, of which two are usually exposed above the ground; eophyll with 32-36 opposite pinnae.
+</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Cook (1913) described five new species of Phytelephas from Panama and gave a list of valuable distinguishing characters. The characters mentioned were all related to the fruit. Most of them show a large within-population variation and vary even within a single palm. The flat inner mesocarp fibres are characteristic for P. seemannii, as is the large-sized umbo, but the shape of this structure is highly variable. Phytelephas seemannii has 36 stamens per flower according to the original description. That is the same number as shown on Gaudichaud's plate of Phytelephas ruizii (Gaudichaud 1866, pl. 14 [Fig. 3]). This plate may have been available to Seemann several years before it was published (see Johnston 1944) and he may partly have relied on it in his decription of Phytelephas seemannii. I have never observed any species of Phytelephas with less than 150 stamens per flower. Reproduction is often hampered by the masses of dead leaves trapped in the crowns in forest communities with many deciduous species. The pistillate inflorescences abort because they have never been exposed properly and pollinated.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The seeds were exported from Panama and Colombia before World War Two. Currently a few factories located in Colombia use the hard endosperm for differnt kinds of handicrafts.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Typification: Based on P. macrocarpa in Seemann's "The Botany of the Voyage of H. M. S. Herald" (1852-1857). Seeman observed it along the pacific shore of Darien in Panama and the Northern part of Choco in Colombia. He collected it in the bay of Cupica and one of his sheets, kept at the British Museum (BM), is designated lectotype.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phytelephas tenuicaulis</name>
+<author>(Barfod) A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Palms Amazon: 291 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems usually clustered, up to 8 together, each to 7 m tall and 8-10 cm in diameter. Leaves 2-4.5 m long; pinnae 35-75 on each side, inserted regularly and opposite each other on the two sides, spreading in one plane, with inconspicuous marginal veins, the central ones 30-60 cm long, and 2.5-3 cm wide. Male inflorescence 60-100 cm long, covered by densely crowded, sessile male flowers. Fruiting heads 15-40 cm in diameter, with ca. 10 fruits, each 6-9 cm long. Seeds ca. 5 per fruit.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Amazon region in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Common throughout the E lowlands, both on river plains and on terra firme.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This taxon was originally described as a subspecies of P. macrocarpa, a species distributed in the W Amazon region in Peru and Bolivia, but is distinct in its taller and more slender stems, and smaller size of the crown. Plants from terra firme forest tend to have few stems and individuals with a solitary stem occasionally occur.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Phytelephas tumacana</name>
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>
+<citation>J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 224 (1927)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem solitary, to 5 m tall or more and ca. 20 cm in diameter. Leaves 10-15, semi-erect to erect 4-6 m long; pinnae 80-110 on each side, regularly arranged and spreading in one planes, the central ones 60-100 cm long and 4-6 cm wide. Male inflorescence 1-2.5 m long, cream to yellow, with numerous densely crowded flower clusters, warm to the touch at anthesis. Male flowers sessile or subsessile, each with 150-250 tortuous stamens, 25-35 mm long. Female inflorescence with 5-10 flowers, each with 5-8 tepals, 20-25 cm long, and a 10-12 cm long style with 5-6 tortuous stigmas, 12-15 cm long. Fruiting heads 20-25 cm in diameter, with 5-8 closely inserted fruits. Seeds 5-6 per fruit.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a small area on the coastal plain in SW Colombia (Deparment of Nari�o) and NW Ecuador (Province of Esmeraldas).
+Distribution in Ecuador. The first record from Ecuador was made in 2004.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distuinguished from P. aequatorialis by its regularly inserted pinnae, sessile (or subsessile) male flowers with tortuous stamens and female flowers with long, strongly tortuous stigmas (11-15 cm versus 7-9 cm in P. aequatorialis)</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Massive, elegant, solitary tree palms of the Sulawesi, Moluccas and New Guinea; sheaths, rachis and leaflet margins armed with soft spines; the palms are pleonanthic and dioecious, with inflorescences interfoliar, sometimes becoming infrafoliar in fruit; fruits are remarkably small in comparison with those of other Calamoideae.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Pigafetta</name>\r
+<author>(Blume) Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Malesia 1: 89 (1877). (‘Pigafettia’).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Pigafetta filaris; (Giseke) Becc.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Metroxylon section Pigafetta</name>\r
+<author>(Blume) Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Blume) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 213 (2nd Edn) (1845).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Antonio Pigafetta (ca.1491–ca.1534), Italian mariner, who circumnavigated the world with Magellan.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Massive, solitary, armed, pleonanthic, dioecious, tree palms. Stem erect, becoming very tall, with conspicuous nodal scars, internodes glossy, green in distal areas, becoming brown with age, usually bearing abundant, somewhat spine-like, adventitious roots near the base, the cortex very hard, pith soft. Leaves pinnate, strongly curved, abscising neatly in trunked individuals; sheath splitting opposite the petiole, bearing a tattered ligule around the mouth or two conspicuous auricles, the sheath unarmed at the very base, distally armed abaxially with low collars bearing abundant soft flexible spines, both sheath surface and spines with a dense caducous felt of tomentum; petiole (true petiole) absent (P. filaris) or massive (P. elata), channelled adaxially, rounded and armed like the sheath abaxially; rachis angled adaxially, rounded and armed with sparse collars and spines abaxially; leaflets single-fold, numerous, regularly arranged, curving, slender, elongate, acuminate, armed with short marginal bristles and long bristles on the main veins, midribs large, one other pair of large veins evident, transverse veinlets sinuous, moderately conspicuous. Inflorescences axillary, interfoliar at anthesis, sometimes becoming infrafoliar after abscission of the subtending leaf, ± horizontal, tending to diverge obliquely from the plane of the leaf, branched to 2 orders; prophyll tightly sheathing, with 2 triangular limbs and dense caducous indumentum; peduncular bracts (ca. 8), tubular, in the staminate inflorescence somewhat inflated, with short triangular limbs and dense caducous indumentum; rachis much longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts subtending pendulous first-order branches, partly adnate to the primary axis above the bract; first-order branches with a tightly sheathing prophyll and numerous tubular bracts each subtending a ± pendulous rachilla; flower-bearing part of the rachilla exserted from the bracts on a bare flattened basal stalk; rachilla prophyll minute, 2-keeled, empty, borne at the distal end of the rachilla stalk; rachilla bracts minute, membranous, striate, triangular, in the staminate inflorescence subtending a dyad of fertile staminate flowers, and in the pistillate subtending a single fertile pistillate flower; bracteoles in both sexes minute, obscured by a deep pile of crowded hairs. Staminate flowers symmetrical; calyx striate, cupular, with 3 very shallow lobes; corolla exceeding the calyx, tubular at the base, divided distally into 3 striate, narrow, triangular valvate lobes; stamens 6, borne at the mouth of the corolla tube, the filaments adnate laterally in a low ring, the anthers elongate, somewhat sagittate, apparently latrorse; pistillode minute. Pollen grains spheroidal, symmetric; inaperturate; ectexine tectate to semitectate, reticulate with frequently interrupted, angular or spinulose muri; infratectum columellate; longest axis 29–36 µm [2/2]. Pistillate flowers ± globose; calyx cupular with 3 very short lobes, later splitting; corolla divided ± to the base into 3 broad triangular lobes; staminodes 6, united by their filaments into a short ring with 6 narrow lobes bearing flattened empty sagittate anthers; gynoecium incompletely trilocular, triovulate, globose, covered in reflexed scales, stigmas 3, short, reflexed, ovules anatropous, basally attached. Fruit relatively very small, ovoid, single-seeded; epicarp covered in neat vertical rows of reflexed scales, mesocarp thin, endocarp thin, not differentiated. Seed basally attached, laterally somewhat flattened, covered in thick sweet sarcotesta, endosperm homogeneous with very shallow depressions and laterally with a shallow pit; embryo lateral, opposite the pit. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid, with very narrow leaflets and softly spiny petiole. Cytology: 2n = 28.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species, Pigafetta filaris, confined to Moluccas and New Guinea and P. elata endemic to Sulawesi. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Pigafetta is strongly supported as monophyletic (Baker et al. 2000a, 2000b). For relationship, see Pigafettinae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The trunks of P. elata are used for the piles of houses, floor boards and for simple furniture in parts of Sulawesi (Rotinsulu 2001). These beautiful palms have been much sought after by collectors. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1918), Dransfield (1998). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>There is a remarkable similarity between the rachillae of Pigafetta and those of Plectocomia. Otherwise, the two genera are very different, Pigafetta being tall solitary pleonanthic trees and Plectocomia hapaxanthic rattans. Metroxylon and Pigafetta show similarity in habit and leaves but the structure of the inflorescences, flowers and fruit is very different. Until recently, there was thought to be but a single species, but two taxa can be clearly differentiated (Dransfield 1998). \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Pigafetta palm, wanga. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Pigafetta elata seems to behave as a pioneer palm of disturbed habitats in the mountains, where it is most abundant between 300 and 1500 m. It grows on old landslips, old lava flows and river banks, and also seems to colonise cultivated land reverting to secondary forest. Seedlings appear to require high light intensities. Pigafetta filaris also seems to be a pioneer species, but rather less is known of its behaviour in the wild. Both species have very small seeds for the size of the palm; that of P. elata shows staggered germination. These are the tallest recorded palm species in the Asian tropics, individuals sometimes reaching 50 m in height; both are also very fast growing (see Dransfield 1976b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Acaulescent, or erect, diminutive or robust palms of Southeast Asia to New Guinea, with crownshafts, with entire or lobed leaflet tips and a single large bract in the inflorescence, the pistillate flowers borne throughout the rachillae, seed with basal hilum.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Pinanga</name>\r
+<author>Blume</author>\r
+<citation>Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl. l: 65 (1838).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Pinanga coronata; (Blume ex Mart.) Blume</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Cladosperma</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author>\r
+<bibref>Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3: 165 (1851).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Ophiria</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 128 (1885).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Ophiria paradoxa; (Griff.) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Pseudopinanga</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 188 (1936).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Pseudopinanga insignis; (Becc.) Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Latinization of the Malay vernacular name, pinang, applied to the betel palm, Areca catechu and species of Areca, Pinanga and Nenga in the wild.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Very small to robust, solitary or clustered, acaulescent or erect, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem very slender to moderate, with elongate or short internodes and conspicuous leaf scars, occasionally stilt-rooted. Leaves undivided and pinnately ribbed, with or without an apical notch, or pinnate; sheaths tubular, forming a well-defined crownshaft, with leaves neatly abscising, very rarely leaves marcescent and crownshaft not well developed; petiole present or absent, adaxially rounded or channelled, abaxially rounded, glabrous or variously indumentose; leaflets 1 to several-fold, regularly to irregularly arranged, acute, acuminate, or lobed, the lobes corresponding to the folds, the apical leaflets almost always lobed, blade occasionally mottled, sometimes paler beneath, often with a wide variety of scales and hairs, transverse veinlets usually obscure. Inflorescence mostly infrafoliar, rarely interfoliar in acaulescent species with marcescent leaves, very rarely bursting through marcescent leaf sheaths (Pinanga simplicifrons), usually rapidly becoming pendulous, occasionally erect, protogynous, unbranched or branching to 1 order only; peduncle usually short, dorsiventrally flattened, glabrous or tomentose; prophyll thin, membranous, 2-keeled, enclosing the inflorescence in bud, quickly splitting to expose the flowers except in P. simplicifrons and P. cleistantha where persistent and enclosing inflorescence up to almost mature fruiting; peduncular bracts absent; rachis usually longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts triangular, usually very inconspicuous; rachillae bearing spiral or distichous triads throughout, or triads in 4 or 6 vertical rows, or, more rarely, spiral proximally and distichous distally; triads sometimes partially sunken in the axis of the rachilla, but well-defined pits not present; floral bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers asymmetrical, sessile, rarely stalked at the base, very rarely the stalk of one flower much longer than the other (P. cleistantha); calyx cupular with 3 triangular, frequently unequal lobes; petals 3, triangular, frequently unequal, joined briefly basally, valvate in bud, much exceeding the calyx lobes, usually very fleshy; stamens rarely 6, usually 12–68, filaments short, anthers linear, latrorse; pistillode absent. Pollen usually ellipsoidal, occasionally oblate triangular, with at least one plane of symmetry, less frequently without symmetry; aperture either a distal sulcus, a distal trichotomosulcus, an extended sulcus or a presumed meridional zonasulcus (rare); ectexine either tectate, semitectate, or intectate; ectexine tectate or semitectate pollen finely to coarsely perforate, finely rugulate-reticulate, finely to coarsely reticulate (in some species the muri perforate or reticulate), discrete, psilate ring-like elements, dense supratectal clavae (in some species vertically striate), or finely reticulate with large smooth, broad-based supratectal spines; ectexine of intectate pollen with semi-coalesced mushroom-like pilae interspersed with dense granulae or spinulae, spines interspersed with dense granulae or small clavae, small and large gemmae interspersed or, urceolae interspersed with small dense clavae; infratectum columellate; longest axis 26–60 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetragonal, and possibly also tetrahedral [50/128]. Pistillate flowers usually globose, symmetrical, much smaller than the staminate; sepals 3, membranous, striate, imbricate, distinct, or connate proximally with 3 broad, sometimes imbricate lobes distally; petals 3, distinct, imbricate, membranous; staminodes absent; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, globose, stigma usually convolute, sessile or on a short style, ovule basally attached, anatropous. Fruiting rachillae usually brightly coloured (reddish or orange). Fruit globose, or ellipsoidal to spindle-shaped, sometimes narrow spindle-shaped and curved (P. salicifolia and others), bright crimson, scarlet, orange or black, very rarely dull brown or green, frequently passing through pink to crimson to black at maturity, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp usually smooth, shiny, with a silky sheen, or dull, mesocarp usually thin, fleshy, sweet, rarely greatly expanding (e.g., P. keahii), endocarp of longitudinal fibres, usually adhering to the seed, becoming free at the basal end only (see Nenga), fruit without a solid beak. Seed conforming to the fruit shape, but usually slightly hollowed at the base, with conspicuous basal hilum and anastomosing raphe branches, endosperm deeply ruminate or, very rarely, subruminate or homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid or rarely entire with a minute apical cleft. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 131 species ranging from the Himalayas and south China to New Guinea, with the greatest diversity in the wet areas of the Sunda Shelf; very poorly represented in Papuasia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), and fruit (Essig and Young 1979). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Pinanga is strongly supported (Loo et al. 2006). For relationships, see Areca. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems may be used as laths, and leaves as thatch; fruit are rarely used as a betel substitute. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1886) is the last monograph of this genus and many species have been described since, for example, by Furtado (1934), Dransfield (1980b, 1991c), Fernando (1994), and Hodel (1997). There is a useful regional account for Malaya (Lim 2001) and for Java and Bali (Witono et al. 2002). A modern monographic account is much needed. </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a wonderfully diverse genus as far as habit is concerned, but it seems to show rather little variation in inflorescence presentation and form. The pollen, however, is extremely varied (Ferguson et al. 1983). Pollination, where casually observed, appears to be by beetles. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Pinang, bunga. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Almost all species are plants of the forest undergrowth; a few massive species such as Pinanga insignis contribute to the lower part of the forest canopy. In altitude, the genus ranges from sea level to ca. 2800 m in the mountains. Some species may be associated with various rock types, including limestone and ultramafics, but the greatest diversity appears to be in primary forest developed on sandstones on Borneo, where in some rich localities, as many as nine species may be found growing sympatrically. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga albescens</name>
+<author>Becc. ex Hubert Winkler</author>
+<citation>Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 48: 89 (1912)</citation>
+<type>S Borneo, between Batu Babi and Lumovia; Hubert Winkler; 2880</type>
+<type_loc>Type BO</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pseudopinanga albescens </name>
+<author>(Becc.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Burret in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin- Dahlem 13: 193 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Burret (1936) established the genus Pseudopinanga and transferred Pinanga albescens to it. Following Moore (1973), I do not regard Pseudopinanga as being distinct from Pinanga.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga aristata</name>
+<author>(Burret) J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 775 (1980)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Kinabalu; J. and M. S. Clemens; 27259</type>
+<type_loc>holotype B†; isotype K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pseudopinanga aristata</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 191 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga capitata</name>
+<author>Becc. ex Gibbs</author>
+<citation>J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42: 168 (1914)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Kinabalu; Gibbs; 4219</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BM</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>I have long been puzzled by the polymorphism of the large montane Bornean species of Pinanga which bear inflorescences with many branches. In the G. Mulu National Park, two superficially very distinct taxa belonging to this form of Pinanga grow side by side in upper montane forest on the ridge of G. Mulu itself. One of the two taxa bears leaves with leaflets diverging from the rachis at an acute angle, with the terminal compound pair of leaflets joined along part of their length; the other taxon is strikingly different, bearing leaflets which diverge at right or obtuse angles, with the two terminal leaflets strictly opposite and divaricate, not joined together. I have seen very few specimens of this second taxon; a photograph in Florence herbarium, which appears to be of a leaf of this taxon from a collection by Lobb from Borneo, is annotated 'Nenga? divaricata Becc.' and 'Gigliolia?' by Beccari, and 'Certainly not Gigliolia insignis, pinnae with 2-3 primary nerves. Probably Kentiae, genus quid?' by H. E. Moore. Since this collection by Lobb, a few collections have been made in the 4th and 5th Divisions of Sarawak and in Brunei. This small range of specimens has allowed me to build up some conception of the variation of the divaricate Pinanga. The non-divaricate leafleted Pinanga appears to be similar to species described from Kinabalu, in particular four species, two described by Beccari and two by Furtado. P. capitata Becc. ex Gibbs is based on a collec- tion of a high altitude pinang with a rather congested crownshaft; P. clemensii Furtado is also based on a high altitude pinang, but without the congested crownshaft. The inflorescences of these two taxa are almost indistinguishable; similarly the leaves differ only in size and I am sure these two taxa are conspecific. P. capitata is probably a particularly exposed form of the other taxon. Many other collections from the upper reaches of Kinabalu suggest that P. capitata is a common constituent of upper montane forest. P. gibbsiana Becc. and P. dallasensis Furtado were both based on collections from the lower slopes of Kinabalu, and represent much more robust plants with much larger inflorescences, the former having distichously arranged flower groups, the latter with spirally arranged flower groups. Superficially, these two taxa appear to be very closely related, if not conspecific; the apparently rather precise difference in arrangement of flower groups which was used by Beccari to delimit sections of the genus, is known in other species to be un- reliable. (Thus in Pinanga latisecta and Pinanga variegata var. hallieriana, flower arrangement may be spiral or distichous, and mixed inflorescences even occur.) The two Kinabalu taxa are also closely related to P. capitata. Unfortunately it has not been possible to ascertain whether there is one very variable species with a wide altitudinal range or two species, one on the lower slopes, one on the upper slopes; this requires field work on Kinabalu. However in using P. capitata for naming the ridge top plant from Mulu, I am certain there is no earlier name. The inflorescence of the divaricate leafleted Pinanga from G. Mulu is also indistinguishable from that of P. capitata; I have examined very carefully details of flowers and fruit and they are identical, and similarly textural and indumentum features of the stem, sheath and lamina are the same. Yet the leaflet arrangement is strikingly different. That this leaflet difference is the only difference between the two plants suggests that the divaricate leafleted species should be regarded as a variety of P. capitata.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga capitata var. divaricata</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 777 (1980)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak; Dransfield; JD 5361</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a varietate typica foliolis valde divaricatis, iis paris apicalis manifeste oppositis, secus margines interiores non connatis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering montane monoecious unarmed pinnate palm with stems rarely exceeding 2 m long. Stem to 2.5 cm diam. with internodes to 10 cm long, the stem surface densely covered with dark red-brown to blackish scales. Crownshaft only slightly swollen, to 70 cm long, 2.5 cm wide near the base. Leaf sheaths dull greenish-brown, densely covered with dark red-brown to blackish scales. Leaves about 6-8 in crown, to 1 m long in well-grown mature individuals, shorter in exposed individuals, occasionally up to 2 m long in rosette stages of juvenile; petiole to 40 x 0.5 cm, densely covered with silvery and dull reddish-brown scales; leaflets 7-12 on each side of the rachis, rather irregularly arranged and reflexed in the proximal part of the leaf, regular and opposite and divaricate in the distal part, with 1-2 folds; proximal leaflets longer than distal, 25-30 x 0.7-2 cm, the distal leaflets occasionally much smaller, the leaflets frequently constricted at the insertion on the rachis; bifid scales sometimes present on the main veins, on abaxial surface; abaxial surface of lamina also densely covered with minute scales and papillae. Inflorescence erect or pendulous, with spreading branches; peduncle to 2 cm long, 5 mm wide near the base; rachillae to 8 in number, 7.5 x 0.3 cm, somewhat flattened, glabrous, bearing distichously arranged flower groups up to 5 mm distant. Staminate flowers not known. Post anthesis pistillate flower with 3 imbricate, shortly apiculate, minutely ciliate, rounded sepals to 2 mm long; corolla with 3 petals similar to the sepals; ovary to 2 mm, oblong, tipped with an irregular, convoluted stigma. Rachillae turning reddish at fruit maturity. Mature fruit purplish-black, to 12 x 7 mm, tipped with the eroded stigmatic remains, with very thin pericarp with a poorly developed fibrous layer. Seed to 10 x 5 mm. Endosperm deeply ruminate. Embryo sub-basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>4th Division, Kelabit Highlands, summit of Apo Duat, mossy forest, 1600 m Paul Chai S 35494 (BH, K, SAR). G. Mulu National Park, upper montane forest on summit ridge, 1700 m, Dransfield JD 5361, (holotype K; isotype SAR). BRUNEI. G. Pagon Priok, 1600 m, Ashton A 281 (K); A 257 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga chaiana</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 779 (1980)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak; Paul Chai; S 39601</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, L, KEP, SAN, SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>This handsome 'pinang' is named after Paul Chai, the Forest Botanist, Kuching, who collected the type, and whose enthusiasm for palms has done much to enrich our knowledge of Bornean palms.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>species Pinangae compta vaginis foliorum lateritio-tomentosis, foliis furcatis non pinnatifidis, inflorescentiae rachillis 5-7 pendulis, triadibus florum distichis distinctissima. Structura inflorescentiae P. patulae similis, sed characteres vegetativi omnino diversi.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious undergrowth palm. Stem erect, unbranched, up to 5.5 m tall, about 2.5 cm diam., with internodes to 5 cm; nodes only slightly prominent; stem surface dull greenish-brown, densely covered with pale brown flocculent indumentum. Crownshaft elongate, about 40 cm long, only slightly wider than the stem, about 3.5 cm diam., dull green but densely covered with abundant flocculent pale buff to bright reddish-brown indumentum; ligule poorly developed; about 7 leaves in crown. Whole leaf including leaf sheath to 1.8 m long; leaf sheath to 30 cm long; petiole to 18 cm x 7 mm, triangular in cross-section; lamina entire except for a deep apical split, to 130 cm long, 38 cm wide at the widest point near the leaf tip, coarsely and shortly toothed at the apex, the toothed edge about 17 cm long, the lamina shallowly folded with about 32 main adaxial ribs, with a few less prominent parallel ribs between these; lamina when fresh pale dull green, slightly paler on lower surface than on upper, on drying becoming dull green on upper surface and russet brown on lower surface; brown indumentum very sparse, scattered along main veins on abaxial surface. Inflorescence infrafoliar, pendulous, to about 18 cm long; prophyll not known; all other parts turning black on drying; peduncle erect at base, then sharply reflexed, about 2 cm x 7 mm, with 5-7 crowded parallel branches; rachillae to 20 cm x 2 mm, glabrous; triads borne strictly distichously, about 4 mm apart; staminate flowers not known; pistillate flower globular, ± partly sunken into the rachilla; calyx of 3 free or basally shortly joined, rounded, cucullate, imbricate petals 1.2 mm diam.; ovary rounded, c. 1 mm diam., tipped with an irregular umbonate stigma. Mature fruit not known; almost mature fruit greenish-yellow, spindle- shaped, 10 x 6 mm, terminating in a moderately sharp point. Seed 8 x 4 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>I observed it sterile in a habitat similar to that of the type, at the foot of G. Buda, in the proposed extension of the G. Mulu National Park in October 1977. This pinang is very distinctive in its russet brown crownshaft, undivided leaves, and branched inflorescence. In inflorescence structure it appears to approach P. patula Blume, but is vegetatively quite distinct. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>SARAWAK. 4th Division, G. Mulu National Park, Ulu Sg. Berar, on ridge top in mixed Dipterocarp forest with heavy yellow clay soil, on Setap shale, c. 170 m, Paul Chai S 39601 (holotype K; isotypes BH, L, KEP, SAN, SAR). BRUNEI. Andalau Forest Reserve, damp clay soil in valley, periodically inundated, Ashton A 501 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Pinanga in Java and Bali</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Witono</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.R.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Mogea</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.P.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Somadikarta</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 46(4) 193-202</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga coronata</name>
+<author>(Blume ex Mart.) Blume</author>
+<citation>Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Neerl. 1: 65. 1838 </citation>
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 2: 83. 1839</bibref>
+<type>Java; Blume; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus L!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Areca coronata</name>
+<author>Blume ex Mart.</author>
+<bibref>Blume ex Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 179. 1838</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Seaforthia coronata</name>
+<author>(Blume ex Mart.) Mart.</author>
+<bibref>(Blume ex Mart.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 185. 1845</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychosperma coronata</name>
+<author>(Blume) Miq.</author>
+<bibref>(Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned.-Indie 24. 1855</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga kuhlii</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<bibref>Blume, Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Neerl. 1: 65. 1838</bibref>
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 2: 82. 1839</bibref>
+<type>Java; Blume; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype L!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Seaforthia kuhlii</name>
+<author>(Blume) Mart.</author>
+<bibref>(Blume) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 185. 1845</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychosperma kuhlii</name>
+<author>(Blume) Miq.</author>
+<bibref>(Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned.-Indie 21. 1855</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga costata</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<bibref>Blume, Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Neerl. 1: 65. 1838</bibref>
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 2 : 80. 1839</bibref>
+<type>Java; Blume; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype L!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychosperma costata</name>
+<author>(Blume) Miq.</author>
+<bibref>(Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned.-Indie 25. 1855</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga noxa</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<bibref>Blume, Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Neerl. 1: 65. 1838</bibref>
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 2: 81. 1839</bibref>
+<type>Java; Blume; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype L!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychosperma noxa</name>
+<author>(Blume) Miq.</author>
+<bibref>(Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned.-Indie 23. 1885</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Bing-bin (West Java), piji (Central Java, East Java, and Bali), pinang rante (East Java).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Small, clustered, undergrowth palm. Stems erect, unbranched, 2-8 (10) m tall, 1.5-7 (10) cm diam., with internodes 4.5-12 (20) cm, scars 0.5-1.2 cm; stem surface green to brownish green. Crownshaft swollen elongate, 50-100 cm long, 2.5-10 cm diam., slightly wider than the stem, green, yellowish or brownish green, or brownish to reddish yellow when adult, with brown scales, ligule poorly developed. Leaves 4-7 in the crown; whole leaf including leaf-sheath 150-300 cm; leaf-sheath 35-80 cm; petiole 20-100 cm, deeply oblique adaxially, convex abaxially; rachis 90-180 cm, petiole and rachis smooth or silvery indumentose below, flattened adaxially, convex abaxially, sharp near the apex; leaflets 6-30 on each side of rachis, entire, regularly arranged, elongate linear-lanceolate, falcate-sigmoid, basal leaflets 22-85 x 0.5-6.5 cm, with 1-5 ribs, middle leaflets 32-90 x 0.8-9 cm, with 1-7 ribs, apical leaflets 16-45 x 1.5-10 cm, with 2-13 ribs, notched to deeply cuneate to dentate, indumentose on lower ribs, the surfaces discolorous, upper pale green, lower dark green when fresh, on drying becoming pale brown to pale greenish brown on lower surface and dark brown to dark greenish brown on upper surface. Inflorescence infrafoliar, pendulous or erect then pendulous, green when young, becoming yellow pink to red, base very stiff; peduncle flattened, 1-6.5 x 0.5-2 cm; prophyll 20-28 x 4.5-8 cm, pale yellow when fresh, light brown when dry, smooth; rachis 2-9 x 0.2-1 cm, smooth; rachillae 5-22, glabrous, straight, spreading to parallel, not in same plar basal rachillae with 19-51 triads on each sid apical rachillae with 15-36 triads. Staminate flow sessile, creamy white, stamens 12-16 (28), pale yellow, about 3-3.5 x 0.2 - 0.4 mm. Pistilla flower creamy white, sessile, calyx cup-shape sepals orbicular to very broad orbicular, 2.5-5 2-3.5 mm, membranous, striate, imbricate acuminate-mucronate-obtuse at the apex, cilia at margins; petals usually smaller than sepal orbicular to very broad orbicular, 2-4.5 x 2-3. mm, membranous, striate, imbricate, acuminate-mucronate-obtuse at the apex; ovary rounded about 1-2 x 1 mm. Fruit obovoid, ellipsoid to ovoid, 11-15 x 6-10 mm, green when youn becoming yellow pink, red to brownish red stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, shiny mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp with longitudinal fibers. Seed conforming to the fruit, 7.5-12 x 5-7. mm; endosperm deeply ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Sumatra, Java, to Lesser Sund Islands</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring on very steep hillsides in montane forest and flat areas in lowland forest, from sea level to 1800 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Frequently cultivated as an ornamental and sometimes used for building material.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Blume described P. kuhlii based on a specimen apparently from West Java (Java Occidentalis). Beccari (1886) mentioned that the type locality of P. kuhlii was Cisoka, West Java. This locality is in Lebak District, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province. Index Kewensis says that the type locality of P. kuhlii is Malaya. This information is incorrect, and indeed no specimen or record has ever been documented from Malaya. Pinanga coronata was described based on a specimen from Megamendung, on the slopes of Mt. Gede-Pangrango, to the south-east of Bogor in West Java. Again Index Kewensis incorrectly cites the type locality of P. coronata as Celebes; however, P. coronata has so far never been found in Celebes. Blume (1839) separated P. kuhlii and P. coronata primarily based on leaves and growth of the inflorescence. The rachis of P. kuhlii is covered with small scales on the abaxial surface, the leaflets are broad (lanceolate to falcate), 10-13 in number and the inflorescence is pendulous. Characters of P. coronata are rachis smooth, leaflets narrow (linear to elongate), numerous, and inflorescence erect then pendulous. Specimens that were collected from lowlands usually have characters similar to P. kuhlii, but specimens from montane forest (>1000 m above sea level) usually have characters similar to P. coronata. In fact, between P. kuhlii and P. coronata, there are intermediate forms. Based on this evidence we conclude that the clustered Pinanga of Java and Bali represents a single species. Pinanga costata and P. noxa, are reduced to P. coronata because they have similar characters and are indistinguishable in the field and in the herbarium. Pinanga coronata was chosen by Beccari and Pichi-Sermolli (1955) as the type of the genus Pinanga, because Pinanga was first published by Blume, not in Rumphia (1838-1843), but in Bulletin des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles en Neerlande vol. 1 (1838). Although the genus Pinanga was described in the Bulletin, the species were merely listed and are nomina nuda. Before Rumphia 2 was published, Martius published Historia Natumlis Palmarum, vol. 3 (1838), in which he made the combination Areca coronata, which is the first validly published name for this species. The valid name of the clustered Pinanga in Java and Bali is thus P. coronata (Blume ex Mart.) Blume.
+Other names for clustered Pinanga in Java are P. nenga which was published by Blume (1838-1843), and P. neglecta which was published by Burret (1940). Pinanga nenga is the type of the genus Nenga. At present, the correct name for it is Nenga pumila. Pinanga neglecta is synonymous with Nenga pumila (Fernandol983).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>JAVA. West Java Mandalawangi, Mt.Pulasari, Apr 1974, Dransfield JD4182 (BO); Pandeglang, Ujung Kulon Nationa Park, Sept 1951, Waalkes 406 (BO); Apr 1971 Dramfield JD1448 (BO); Apr 1971, Dransfield JD1464 (BO); May 1992, McDonald & Afriastin 3325 (BO); Oct 1998, Witono 79 (BO); Depok, Dei 1894, Hallier 1894 (BO); Nov 1896, Hallier s.n (BO); Hallier 1899 (BO); Aug 1898, Koorders 3104i (BO); Apr 1903, Koorders 40185 (BO); Apr 1904 Koorders 40191 (BO), Koorders 40192 (BO), Koorden 40193 (BO); Oct 1898, Backer 26279 (BO); Mai 1921, Backer 31254 (BO); May 1939, Van Steenh 11236 (BO), Van Steenis 11237 (BO); Bogor, Ocl 1910, Scheffer 16317 (BO); Aug 1935, Frank 35 (BO); Mt. Salak, Apr 1971, Dransfield JD1352 (BO), Dramfield JD13S9 (BO); Jul 1974, Yoshida 1576 (BO); Ciampea, Jul 1898, Koorders 30778 (BO); Jul 1914, Backer 15124 (BO); Burck s.n. (BO); Ciapus, Jun 1896, Hallier s.n. (BO); Hallier s.n. (BO); Cipancar, Jun 1896, Scheffer s.n. (BO); Jasinga, Oct 1 1970, Dransfield JD1012 (BO); Cibodas, Jul 1895, Hallier 412 (BO); Oct 1898, Koorders 32072 (BO); May 1914, Lorzing 1831 (BO); June 1941 Bloembergen 115 (BO); May 1948, Main 136 (BO); March 1952, Meijer 35 (BO); Jan 1971, Dransfield JD1135 (BO); Mar 1979, Mogea 1715 (BO); Boerlage s.n.; Cianjur, Jun 1900, Koorders 33369 (BO); Sukabumi, Lengkong, Nov 1970, Dransfield 1058 (BO); Apr 1980, Mogea 865 (BO), Mogea 866 (BO), Mogea 867 (BO); Ploem s.n. (BO); Jampang Kulon, Aug 1974, Yoshida 1888 (BO); Mt. Halimun, June 1980, Balgooy & Wiriadinata 2902 (BO); Karawang, : De Monchy 126 (BO); Bandung, Apr 1911, Smith 121 (BO); Oct 1918, Backer 26236 (BO); Augl941, Popta 31 (BO); Feb 1971, Dransfield JD1277 (BO); Aug 1976, Mogea 811 (BO); Oct 1976, Mogea 821 (BO), Mogea 822 (BO); Garut, Jan 1897, Koorders 26673 (BO); Bukit Himalaya Nature Reserve, Feb 1999, Witono 89 (BO); Feb 1999, Witono 90 (BO); Tasikmalaya, Aug 1913, Backer 8987 (BO); Aug Backer 9044 (BO); Jul 1917, Koorders 44345 (BO); Jan 1971, Dransfield JD1153 (BO); Jan 1971, Dransfield JD1212 (BO); Cirebon, Mt. Ciremai, Oct 1912, Backer 5059 (BO); Mt. Beser, Jun 1917, Backer 22611 (BO); Jun 1917, Smith 726 (BO); Mt. Cikukur, Mar 1914, Backer 12899 (BO); Mt Hiyang, Oct 1913, Backer 9652 (BO); Mt. Masigit, Mar 1914, Lorzing 1241 (BO); Mt. Windu, Apr 1909, Soegandiredja 233 (BO); West Java, Apr 1938, Franck 121 (BO); Mausjet 581 (BO); Raap 484 (BO); Central Java, Cilacap, Nusa Kambangan Island, Nov 1907, Legign (BO); Nov 1938, Kostermans 92 (BO);Purwokerto, Mt. Slamet, Pancuran Tujuh, Feb;1999, Witono 85 (BO); Purbalingga, Mt. Slamet, Goa Lawa, Febl999, Witono 89 (BO); Tegal, Jan 1919, Beumee 3699 (BO); Pekalongan, Mt. Prabata, Sept 1914, Backer 15970 (BO); Kendal, Kaliwungu, Cordes s.n. (BO); Yogyakarta, Teysmann s.n. (BO); Kudus, Mt. Muria, Nov 1951, Kostermans 6265 (BO); Jepara, Ngarengan, May 1899, Koorders 33226 (BO); May 1899, Koorders 33619 (BO), Koorders 33620 (BO); May 1916, Beumee 58 (BO); Rembang, Apr 1904, Koorders 36522 (BO); Feb 1 Koorders 42260 (BO; East Java. Madiun, Mt. Wills, Oct 1892, Koorders 6132 (BO); May 1896, Koorders 23153 (BO); Nov 1900, Koorders 38635 (BO); Kediri, Jun 1896, Koorders 22959 (BO); Mt. Wills, Feb 1914, Backer 11836 (BO); Dec 1998, Witono 82 (BO); Dec 1998, Witono 83 (BO); Witono 84 (BO); Malang, Mar 1971, Dransfield JD1330 (BO); Jul 1980, Mogea 2538 (BO); Besuki, Mt. Ijen, j7 Nov 1893, Koorders 14649 (BO); Feb 1896, Koorders 21686 (BO); Jul 1916, Koorders 42924 (BO); Apr 1920, Backer 30620 (BO); Jul 1938, Van Steenis 10717 (BO); Mar 1971, Dransfield JD1282 (BO); Kobus s.n. (BO); Jember, Mem Betiri National Park, Oct 1998, Witono 80 (BO); Situbondo, Mt. Argopuro, Apr 1914, Backer 13258 (BO); Banyuwangi, Mem Betiri National Park, May 1973 Dransfield JD3529 (BO); Oct 1998, Witono 81 (BO); Madura, Bawean Isl., Mt. Tinggi, May 1928, Karta 117 (BO). Bali. Bedugul, Bukit Tapak, May 1973, Dransfield JD3515 (BO); Bukit Lesung, Mar 1992, Afriastini 92 (BO); Bratan Lake, Jun 1976, Meijer 10538 (BO); Mt. Kelatakan, Jul 1918, Maier 64 (BO).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Sarawak</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 691-698</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1991</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga cucullata</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 46: 691 (1991)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak; Dransfield et al.; JD6072</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, BO, L, PNH, SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>P. tomentellae Becc. pagina inferiore laminae tomentella calyce floris pistillati connato affinis sed lamina profunde bifida, habitu dense caespitoso distinguibilis.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender colonial palmlet spreading by short rhizomes or stolons; stem erect, rarely exceeding 60 cm long, 4-8 mm diam., internodes 3-4 cm long, the surface covered with dark brown scales and white hairs, adventitious branching sometimes occurring from the middle of the internodes. Crown of about 8 leaves, the sheaths forming an elongate crownshaft; leaf sheaths c. 11 x 1.4 cm, smooth, almost succulent when fresh, striate on drying, bearing scales and hairs as the internodes, distally with 2 short rapidly disintegrating auricles 6 x 3 mm; petiole very short, c. 20 x 2.5 mm, bearing scales and hairs as the sheath; blade when fresh, dark shiny green adaxially, grey hairy abaxially, deeply bifid, the costa c. 5 cm only, the two lobes conspicuously cucullate, to 25 x 3 cm, with about 5 ribs, the tips entire rather than lobed, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface densely grey-scurfy, particularly along the folds. Inflorescence unbranched or bifid, pendulous or porrect, to 8 cm; prophyll not preserved; peduncle very short, not exceeding 8 mm, c. 4 mm diam. near the base; rachilla c. 2 x 1 mm diam., pale cream, thickening and becoming red at fruit maturity, rather densely covered in caducous branched scale-like trichomes, and bearing strictly distichous triads of flowers. Staminate flowers (based on one very imperfectly preserved flower) c. 4 x 3 mm; calyx c. 0.5 mm high, irregularly 3-lobed; petals c. 4 x 2 mm, unequal; stamens at least 4 (exact number not known), filaments 0.5 mm, anthers elongate, 1.3 mm; pollen not known. Pistillate flower globular, c. 2 mm diam.; calyx gamo- sepalous, striate, c. 1.5 mm high, shallowly 3-lobed; petals imbricate, ovate, c. 1.5 x 1.5 mm, the margins minutely ciliate; staminodes absent; ovary ellipsoid, c. 2 x 1 mm, tipped with an irregularly lobed stigma. Mature fruit black, ellipsoid, c. 13 x 5 mm. Seedling not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>It seems always to be found in 'kerangas' (Bornean heath forest) and, although all collections are from the same locality, I have observed it else- where in the 1st Division at Semengoh Forest Reserve near Kuching and in Sempadi Forest Reserve on the Bau-Lundu Road. Although abundant where it occurs, it is, like many kerangas palms, a shy flowerer.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a pretty species, very distinctive in its cucullate bifid leaves of a curious almost succulent texture, adaxially shiny green and abaxially grey-hairy. It seems most closely related both in vegetative and floral details to P. tomentella Becc.; the latter, however, is immediately distinguishable by its entire, lanceolate, scarcely bifid leaf.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BORNEO. Sarawak: 1st Division, Serian District, Sabal Tapang Forest Reserve, Dransfield et al. JD6072 (holotype K; isotypes BH, BO, L, PNH, SAR), Dransfield et al. JD4656 (BH, K, KEP, L, SAR), Ilias Paie S.5397 (K, SAR).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga dumetosa</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 781 (1980)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak; Dransfield; JD 5340</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, KEP, L, SAN, SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a ceteris speciebus borneensibus Pinangae habitu dumetoso, foliolis miro modo lanceolatis cucullatis a rachide angulo acutissimo divergentibus, et inflorescentia erecta florum triades spiraliter vel distiche gerenti, floribus masculis persistentibus calyce paupere evoluto differt, P. brevipedi et P. crassipedi similis sed caule evoluto et charac- teribus folii valde distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, low, thicket-forming, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stems suckering at the base, rarely more than 1 m long, frequently decumbent with only the terminal portion and the crownshaft erect, to 1.3 cm diam. just above the node, to 1.6 cm diam. just below the node, with nodes prominent and about 6 cm distant; stem surface dull green, bearing abundant dark reddish-brown, pale buff-edged scales. Crownshaft elongate, to 25 cm long, scarcely swollen, up to 2 cm diam., dull greenish-brown, rather densely covered in reddish-brown scales as the stem, becoming striate on drying; about 7-8 leaves in crown. Whole leaf including the sheath c. 1.5 m long; leaf sheath c. 25 cm long terminating in an irregularly tattering very short ligule; petiole up to c. 75 cm long, 6 mm wide, triangular in cross-section when fresh, diverging from the crownshaft at an acute angle, dull green, covered in scattered reddish-brown scales as on the sheath; leaflets 6-8 on each side of the rachis, diverging at an acute angle, sub- opposite or alternate; lowermost pair of leaflets narrower than the rest, to 37 x 3.5 cm, frequently narrower; mid-leaf leaflets noticeably lanceolate, not sigmoid, ± parallel sided, to 40 x 5 cm, sometimes wider, with up to 5 main ribs; terminal pair diverging only slightly, joined for up to 14 cm, to 35 x 6 cm, lanceolate, cucullate, the apex shortly toothed with teeth corresponding to the main ribs (up to 9 of them); all leaflets somewhat plicate, dull green, same colour on both surfaces, glabrous except for scattered brown scales along the main veins on the lower surface near the leaflet tips; leaflets rarely much narrower and more numerous, but still detectably lanceolate. Inflorescence infrafoliar, erect, remaining so even to fruit maturity, rarely somewhat spreading; prophyll 6.5 x 3 cm, ovate, strongly 2-keeled, cream-coloured when fresh, quickly turning brown; peduncle scarcely exceeding 1 cm, branching to one order to give up to 8 rachillae to 6 cm long, densely grey tomentose when young; triads rather irregularly arranged, spirally below, distichously above, or distichously throughout, or subdistichously throughout. Staminate flowers not caducous, frequently persisting as shrivelled remains at mature fruiting, the whole flower asymmetric, sometimes very shortly pedicellate, usually sessile; calyx very poorly developed, present as a reflexed, bilobed, undulate collar partly fused with the petal bases, the lobes sometimes interlocking round the pistillate flower, the calyx rarely more than 1 mm high; corolla with 3 well- developed triangular lobes 5 x 2 mm, joined shortly below; stamens about 16; filaments 0.5 mm long; anthers 5 x 1.75 mm. Pistillate flower sessile; calyx cup-shaped, 3 mm diam., with 3 low triangular ciliate lobes to 1.25 mm high; corolla with 3 cucullate free ± rounded ciliate petals 2 mm high; ovary rounded, 2 mm diam., tipped with a subtrigonou cristate stigma. Rachillae becoming orange-red at fruit maturity, glabrescent. Mature fruit turning from crimson to purplish-black, fusiform, 15 x 7 mm; epicarp glabrous; mesocarp thinly fleshy; endocarp fibrous; seed with basal embryo and deeply ruminate endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a curious species, probably most closely related to P. brevipes, P. crassipes, P. latisecta and P. angustisecta. All these species, however, are acaulescent. It is interesting to note that, as in P. dumetosa, the triads in P. latisecta also may be either spiral or distichous, and the staminate flowers are persistent (Dransfield 1974).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>SARAWAK. 1st Division, Serian District, Sabal Tapang F.R., DransfieldJD 4657 (K, SAR); lst/2nd Division boundary, G. Buri, Martin and O. Ismawi S 36931 (K, SAR); 3rd Division, Kapit District, Bt. Raya, G. Smith S 28217 (A, BH, K, KLU, L, SING, SAN, SAR). 5th Division, G. Mulu National Park proposed extension, foot of G. Buda, alluvial forest at 150 m Dransfield JD 5340 (holotype K; isotypes BH, KEP, L, SAN, SAR).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>New Species of Pinanga (Palmae : Arecoideae) from Luzon Island, Philippines</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 775-784</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1994</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga egregia</name>
+<author>Fernando</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 49: 775 (1994)</citation>
+<type>Luzon, Quezon Prov., Real, Sierra Madre Mountains, Sitio Balete; Fernando; 549</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus LBC; isotypi BH, K, PNH</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>P. geonomiformi Becc. magnitudine et caulibus gracilibus similis sed habitu solitario, inflorescentia saepe ramosa et fructibus late ovoideis distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary slender unarmed pleonanthic monoecious undergrowth palm, to 2 m tall. Stem to 1.5 cm diam.; internodes 2-4 cm long. Crownshaft elongate, cylindrical, slightly swollen, to c. 20 cm long. Leaves to 7 in crown; sheath to c. 12.5 cm long, yellowish- or creamish-white with light green tinge, covered with brown scaly indumentum; leaf without sheath c. 58-65 cm long; petiole c. 13-22 x 0.5 cm, yellowish, flattened adaxially, convex abaxially, covered with indumentum as sheath; rachis angular, bifacial adaxially, obtusely rounded abaxially, covered with indumentum as sheath and petiole. Leaflets to 6 on each side of the rachis, unequal, ± sigmoidal, inequidistant, 1-9 cm apart, except those of the apical leaflet pair, long-acuminate to subfalcate, green above and with prominently elevated costae, paler underneath and generally glabrous, rarely with sparse ramentae along the costae; basal leaflets 1-4-costate, 8.5-15 x 0.7-3 cm; middle leaflets 6-7-costate, c. 21-29 x 6-8 cm; apical leaflets 5-8-costate, c. 9-14 x 4-6 cm, joined to 9 cm at the base along the rachis, the apex incised to as many lobes as there are costae, the lobes to 1 cm long and further incised at their tips to 5 mm deep, resulting secondary lobes acute-acuminate. Inflorescence infrafoliar, pendulous; prophyll not known; peduncle c. 1.5-3 x 0.2 -0.4 cm, flattened, glabrous, the inflorescence very rarely simple and unbranched; rachillae often 2-3, rarely 4 or more, each to 8-15 cm long, flattened, to 3 mm wide, 1.5 mm thick when dry, glabrous, drying finely striate, the subtending bract a narrow, low collar. Staminate and pistillate flowers not known. Infructescence pendulous. Fruiting perianth depressed-cupular, 2 mm high, 3 mm across, with a contracted mouth; the petals and sepals free and imbricate, subequal, glabrous; subtending bract a low, explanate, semi-annular collar to 0.5 mm high. Fruits distichous, 3-6 mm apart, pinkish, ripening red then purplish-black, broadly ovoid, c. 1.6 x 0.8 cm, shortly beaked; epicarp drying striate; mesocarp thinly fibrous; seed ovoid, c. 9 x 5 mm, acute at tip, caudiculate at base; endosperm ruminate; embryo basal. Eophyll bifid, to 6 cm long including petiole and sheath; leaf segments 3-4-costate, c. 4 x 1.5 cm, cucullate, acuminate at tips.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Luzon (Quezon Prov.) and Polillo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In dipterocarp forest; c. 500 m. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>This species was discovered in an area adjacent to a slash-and-burn farm. It is seriously threatened due to continuing alteration of its habitat.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pinanga egregia is a remarkable palm for its elegant habit. It is similar to P. geonomiformis in size and in the very slender stems, but differs in its solitary habit, its often branched inflorescence, and the broadly ovoid fruits. The leafsheath is also generally yellowish- or creamish-white.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>LUZON. Quezon Prov., Real, Sierra Madre Mountains, Sitio Balete, Fernando 549 (holotype LBC; isotypes BH, K, PNH), and 851 (LBC), Sitio Daraitan, Fernando 629 (BH, LBC), and 631 (K, LBC), Marcon logging area, Hernaez 3567 (CAHP, LBC); POLILLO Is.: Fernando 612 (LBC).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>New Species of Pinanga (Palmae : Arecoideae) from Luzon Island, Philippines</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 775-784</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1994</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga glaucifolia</name>
+<author>Fernando</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 49: 776 (1994)</citation>
+<type>Luzon, Camarines Norte Prov., Bicol National Park; Fernando; 558</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus LBC; isotypi BH, K, PNH</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>P. philippinensi Becc. similis, sed habitu solitario, pagina inferiore foliorum distincte glauca, et fructibus maturitate globosis vel spheroidalibus differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, slender to moderate, pleonanthic monoecious undergrowth palm, to 3 m tall. Stem to 6 cm diam.; internodes 3-7 cm long, the younger portions of the stem often covered with greyish-brown indumentum as the leaf sheath. Crownshaft elongate, cylindrical, slightly swollen, to 45 cm long. Leaves to 8 in crown; sheath to 30 cm long, densely covered with greyish-brown indumentum; leaf without sheath to 1 m long; petiole c. 9-23 x 0.6-1 cm, shallowly channelled adaxially, convex abaxially, densely covered with brown scaly indumentum; rachis angular, bifacial adaxially and nearly glabrous, obtusely rounded abaxially and densely covered with brown scaly indumentum as petiole. Leaflets to 24 on each side of the rachis, ± sigmoidal, generally unicostate except occasionally for basal and subapical and apical leaflets, regularly arranged, 2.5-4 cm apart, the apex long-acuminate to subfalcate, glossy green adaxially and drying greyish, prominently glaucous on undersurface when fresh, the mid- costa sharply edged, the leaflets often drying brittle; basal leaflets 1-costate, rarely 2- or 3-costate, c. 17-41 x 0.5-2.7 cm; middle leaflets 1-costate, c. 44-47 x 1.1-1.3 cm; apical leaflets 5-6-costate, c. 14-27 x 2.0-2.5 cm, joined to 4 cm at the base along the rachis, the apex incised to as many lobes as there are costae, the lobes acute to acuminate, to 2 cm long. Inflorescence infrafoliar, pendulous; prophyll ensiform, 2-keeled, c. 19 x 5.5 cm; peduncle c. 2-3 x 1-1.5 cm, flattened, to 4 mm thick, glabrous, somewhat orange when fresh; main axis 3-6 cm long, tapering distally; rachillae 6-10, each 10-18 cm long, flattened, ± triangular at very base only, to 5 mm wide, 3 mm thick when dry, somewhat orange when fresh as peduncle, the subtending bract a narrow, low collar; triads borne distichously along the rachilla. Staminate flower triangular, trigonous, asymmetrical, 11 x 7 mm; calyx poorly developed, present only as a shortly 3-lobed very low collar to 6 mm across, rarely to 1 mm high; petals 3, unequal, valvate, + ovate-lanceolate, 8-10 x 5-7 mm; stamens about 26-30; anthers basifixed, 3 x 0.5 mm; filaments to 0.3 mm long. Pistillate flower depressed-globose, 4 x 4-5 mm, sepals as long as the petals; sepals 3, free, unequal, imbricate, ± obtusely rounded at tips, 3 x 4 mm; petals ? narrower than the sepals and more cucullate, the apex shortly apiculate; ovary broadly ovoid, 3.5 x 3 mm, tipped with an irregularly-lobed stigma. Fruiting perianth depressed-cupular, 2.5 mm high, 4 mm across, with a flat base and slightly contracted mouth, the petals and sepals free, imbricate, subequal, glabrous, the subtending bract a low, explanate, semi-annular collar to 0.5 mm high. Fruit distichous, 7-10 mm apart, ripening yellow then red, but ultimately satiny purplish-black; juvenile fruits fusiform, ultimately ovoid-globose or sphaeroidal when ripe, c. 2 x 1.8 cm, obtusely apiculate; epicarp in unripe fruits drying light brown and finely striate, that in ripe fruits generally smooth and often retaining blackish colour; mesocarp fibrous; seed broadly ovoid-globose, c. 1 x 1 cm, ± rounded at both ends; endosperm ruminate; embryo basal. Eophyll bifid, to 6.5 cm long including petiole and sheath; leaf segments to 4-costate, c. 5 x 1.2 cm, cucullate, acuminate at tips.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Luzon (Camarines Norte Prov.)</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In lowland dipterocarp forest; c. 100-200 m. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Pinanga glaucifolia is the second species of Pinanga, after P. bicolana Fernando, recently discovered from the now rapidly diminishing Bicol National Park. Both species are greatly endangered due to habitat destruction in the area caused by uncontrolled illegal logging, timber poaching, charcoal making and slash-and- burn farming.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is similar to Pinanga philippinensis in general features but it is distinguishable in its solitary habit, the leaflets distinctly glaucous on the undersurface and the mature ripe fruits ovoid-globose or sphaeroidal.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>LUZON. Camarines Norte Prov., Bicol National Park, Fernando 496 (LBC), 504 (K, LBC), 558 (holotype LBC; isotypes BH, K, PNH), 823 (LBC), and 857 (K, LBC), Hernaez 3586 (CAHP).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Pinanga in Java and Bali</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Witono</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.R.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Mogea</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.P.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Somadikarta</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 46(4) 193-202</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga javana</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<citation>Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Neerl. 1: 65. 1838</citation>
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 2: 81. 1839</bibref>
+<type>Java; Blume; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus L!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Pinang hanyawar, pinangpanyawar (West Java), palem barong (East Java), pinang jawa.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary palm. Stem erect, 4-10 m tall, 10-15 cm diam., internodes to 10-30 cm, stem surface green brownish, smooth, slightly fissured longitudinally. Crownshaft elongate, 150-200 cm long, 25 cm diam., swollen, purplish brown, with brown scales. Leaves 10 in crown, pinnate; whole leaf (including leaf-sheath, petiole, and rachis) 250-300 cm with silvery indumentum on petiole and rachis, very massive; leaf-sheath to 100 cm; petiole to 30 cm, concave adaxially, convex abaxially; rachis 3 cm diam.; leaflets 10-15 on each side of rachis, regularly arranged, slightly arcuate, elongate linear-lanceolate, falcate-sigmoid, equidistant, basal leaflets 65-95 x 1-6 cm, ribs 1-3, middle leaflets 70-115 x 2.7 cm, ribs 1-3, apical leaflets 19-55 x 1.5-7.5 cm, ribs 2-7. Inflorescence infrafoliar, hand-like, spreading pendulous, 40-50 cm long, peduncle erect at base, flattened, 9-16 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm thick; prophyll not known; rachillae 8-13, arranged distichously alternate, at the base 23-35 cm with 19-21 triads, at the apex 18-27 cm with 15-17 triads, peduncle, rachis, and rachillae green when young, pinkish red with age. Triads distichous, alternate. Pistillate flower (calyx and corolla) cream, ovary green; calyx cup-shaped, sepals 3, imbricate, broadly orbicular, 6-8 x 4-4.5 mm, smooth, thick at the middle, thin at side, with ciliate margins, apex mucronate; corolla with 3 cucullate rounded ciliate petals, 4-6 x 3-4 mm, apex mucronate-obtuse. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, 20-26 x 11-14 mm, pale pinkish yellow when young, when ripe turning dark red then black, pericarp densely fibrous, endocarp thin, membranous. Seed ovoid to ellipsoid, 18-21 x 10-13 mm, deeply ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to Java, now confined to the mountains of West Java. This species was recorded on Mt. Slamet (Central Java) (Whitten et al. 1994) but was not found when we searched for it in 1999. Specimens collected by Backer in 1914 from Mt. Wills and by Kobus from Mt. Tengger indicate that it once grew in East Java; however, during field observation in 1998, no P. javana was found in either locality. It is possible that this species is extinct (extirpated) at these locations.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring on very steep hillsides in moist lower montane forest and damp montane forest in deep soil at altitudes of 800-1,700 m above sea level, but not on ridgetops.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Dransfield collected P. iavana in 1973 on Mt. Pulasari, Mandalawangi, West Java, where this species is abundant in summit mossy forest at altitude 800 m asl. In its morphology, P. javana is quite different from P. coronata. It is a robust palm, always solitary, and the arrangement of the rachillae is always alternate and distichous. On the other hand, P. coronata is a small and clustered palm, and the arrangement of its rachillae is always spiral. The distribution of these species is also different. Pinanga javana is very restricted, found only in lower montane forest (800-1,700 m asl) in West and East Java, while P. coronata is more widespread, and is found from Sumatra, Java, to Lesser Sunda Islands, from sea level to montane forest.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>JAVA. West Java. Mandalawangi, Mt. Pulasari, Apr 1974, Dransfield JD4185 (BO); Bogor, Mt. Salak, Apr 1971, Dransfield JD1358 (BO); Mt. Salak, Jul 1971 Dransfield JD1758 (BO); Cibodas, Oct 1970, Dmnsfield JD9S1 (BO); East Java. Kediri, Mt. Wills, Feb 1914, Backer 11491 (BO); Mt. Tengger, Kobus 204 (BO).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga lepidota</name>
+<author>Rendle</author>
+<citation>Journ. Bot. 39: 177 (1901)</citation>
+<bibref>Merrill in Bibl. Enum. Born. Pl. 85 (1921)</bibref>
+<type>Borneo, Baram; Hose; 702</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BM</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga baramensis</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado in Feddes Repert. 35: 277 (1934)</bibref>
+<type>Borneo, Baram, Sept. 1907; Hewitt;</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga barramensis</name>
+<author>Becc. ex Martelli</author>
+<bibref>Becc. ex Martelli in Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Res. Pisa Mem. 44: 124 (1934)</bibref>
+<type>Borneo, Baram; Foxworthy; 511</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pinanga lepidota was based by Rendle on a specimen collected by Charles Hose on the Baram, 4th Division, Sarawak, in April 1895. One sheet in Kew of Pinanga collected by Hose on the Baram on 17 April 1895, but without number, is identical to the type of P. lepidota except in the dissection of the leaf; the type has a lamina with a large entire terminal portion and two small basal leaflets while that of the Kew specimen has 3 subequal leaflets on each side of the rachis. I believe this second sheet represents a variant of P. lepidota as it differs only in leaf dissection, usually a very variable character in the genus. As in the previous species, Martelli and Furtado published almost simul- taneously. In Martelli's paper (1934) Pinanga barramensis was based on a collection from the Baram in Sarawak, probably 'Foxworthy 511, Baram, May-June 1908' in Florence. In Kew, there is another specimen, annotated by Beccari, Pinanga barramensis, with no collector's name, but further annotated 'Baram, Sept. 07' almost certainly collected by Hewitt. A second collection in Kew, also collected by Hewitt on the Baram in Sept. 1907, is the holotype of Pinanga baramensis Furtado, published in 1934 just before Beccari's P. barramensis (cf. notes under P. ridleyana). All these specimens differ from P. lepidota only in variations of leaf dissection. Recent collections from other northern parts of Borneo display a range of leaf form from entire through to dissected into 3-4 leaflets on each side of the rachis. I therefore have no doubt that P. baramensis and P. barramensis must be included in synonymy under P. lepidota.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Sarawak</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 691-698</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1991</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga mirabilis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 3: 126 (1886)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak, Kuching; Beccari; PB 389</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>P. malaiana var. barramensis differs from P. mirabilis only in the dissection of the leaf blade; in the former it is irregularly pinnatisect, in the latter entire. In the field, as in the Lambir Hills National Park, populations occur with both entire- and pinnate-leaved individuals. P. malaiana var. barramensis is thus reduced to P. mirabilis which although closely related to P. malaiana var. malaiana I still consider to be distinct in its habit, leaf-costa orientation, rachillae, flowers and fruit.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga mooreana</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 783 (1980)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak; Dransfield; JD 5313</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for my friend and frequent mentor, Prof. H. E. Moore Jr,</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>P. malaianae affinis sed habitu robustissimo, foliis majoribus foliolis colore texturaque dissimilibus, inferne non albescentibus, a rachide angulo majore abeuntibus differt; inflorescent- iae rachillae 5-8 (in P. malaiana 1-4); fructus maturans forma dissimilis, colore viridi, tum flavo, tum aurantiaco, maturitate atropurpureo (in P. malaiana colore eburneo, tum roseo, tum cerasino, maturitate atro- purpureo).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem with basal suckers forming rather close clumps; stem robust to 8 m or more tall, to 2.5 cm diam. just above the nodes, to 3.5 cm diam. just below the nodes, rarely with greater diameter; nodal scars very conspicuous, about 1.5 cm wide, whole internode to 9 cm long; stem surface dull purplish-brown above, grey-brown below, in young parts densely covered with chocolate-coloured scales. Crownshaft to 1.25 m long, slightly swollen, dull purplish-brown. Leaves 6-8 in crown; leaf sheath to 75 cm long, dull purplish-brown, densely covered with chocolate-coloured scales; leaf without sheath to 3 m long; petiole 35-100 cm, slightly channelled adaxially, rounded abax- ially, c. 1.5 cm in diam., with caducous chocolate-coloured scales; leaflets to 25 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, rather stiff, diverging from the rachis at an angle of about 60 degrees, mostly 2-ribbed except for occasional 1- or 3-ribbed leaflets, and the apical compound pair; lowermost leaflets to 33 x 2 cm, long-acuminate; mid lamina leaflets to 65 x 4 cm, very gradually narrowed towards the tip; uppermost 2-3 leaflets on each side with lobed tips corresponding to the major ribs; apical leaflet pair joined along mid line for about 15 cm of rachis, with lower margin to 33 cm long, and upper margin to 23 cm long, to 10 cm wide, conspicuously lobed with adaxial splits to 1 cm deep and abaxial splits to 4 cm deep; lamina dull dark green, coriaceous when fresh, drying dull green-brown, only slightly paler on abaxial surface, very slightly rugose when dried, glabrous except for very sparse brown scales along abaxial ribs on abaxial surface. Inflores- cence infrafoliar, pendulous; prophyll not known; peduncle to 5 cm long, flattened, 2 x 0.5 cm wide at the prophyll scar; rachillae 5-8 held ± in the same plane, the longest to 27 cm long, flattened, 6 x 3 mm in T.S.; triads arranged distichously, to 10 mm distant with subtending bracts very inconspicuous. Staminate flowers unknown. Pistillate flower depressed globose; calyx with 3 rounded, imbricate, ciliate-margined lobes to 2.5 mm long, 5 mm wide, joined for c. 0.5 mm at the very base; corolla with 3 rounded, imbricate, ciliate-margined lobes to 2.25 mm long, 4.5 mm wide; staminodes absent; ovary rounded, about 3 mm diam., tipped with irreg- ularly lobed and flattened stigma. Half-mature fruit greenish, with black calyx and corolla, borne on a yellowish-green rachilla, the fruit ± cylindrical, 15 x 5 mm. Maturing fruit turning yellowish, then orange, finally deep purplish-black, the rachillae eventually yellowish to orange. Mature fruit broadly ellipsoid, very slightly curved, to 3 x 1.5 cm, with a distinct low collar surrounding the apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth but not satiny; endocarp with conspicuous longitudinal fibres; seed adhering to the endocarp, to 2 x 1 cm, attached basally; endosperm deeply and irregularly ruminate; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>So far P. mooreana is known only from the 4th and 5th Divisions of Sarawak.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>So far P. mooreana is known only from the 4th and 5th Divisions of Sarawak where it seems to be confined to lowland forest. In the G. Mulu National Park it is one of the characteristic features of alluvial forest; in the Bintulu area, however, I have collected it at the edge of kerangas forest.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pinanga mooreana, named for my friend and frequent mentor, Prof. H. E. Moore Jr, is closely related to the highly polymorphic Pinanga malaiana (Griff.) Scheff. It differs from the latter in being very robust in all its parts, with leaf much larger with leaflets of a different texture and coloration, not greyish below, and diverging from the rachis at a much greater angle; the inflorescence has 5-8 rachillae as opposed to 1-4 (very rarely more) in P. malaiana, and the fruit is of a different shape in its development, and changes in colour from green to yellow to orange to purplish-black rather than cream to pink to red to purplish-black. Furthermore the fruit of P. malaiana has a curiously satiny texture which is absent in P. mooreana.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>SARAWAK. 4th Division, G. Mulu National Park, proposed extension, Sg. Buda near Sg. Medalam, alluvial forest, 100 m, DransfieldJD 5313. (holotype K; isotype SAR). Ulu Sg. Berar, Tii Puan Ching S 39580 (BH, K, SAR) Paul Chai S 39531 (BH, K, KEP, L, SAN, SAR); Miri: Lambir National Park, Awang Morshidi S 24085 (BH, K, SAR), Banyeng and Sibat S 24467 (BH, K, L, SAR, SING); 21st Mile, Lambir-Subis, Sylvester Tong S 36593 (K, SAR); Niah, Ulu Sg. Batu, Ilias Paie S 39047 (BH, K, L, SAN, SAR); Marudi, Batang Tinjar at Long Palau, Fuchs 21218 (A, G, K, L, SAR); Bintulu: Sg. Geraes, H. E. Moore 9148 (BH, K, SAR); Ulu Stiran, Labang, Ashton S 18076 (K, SAR); Nanga Sapulan, Segan F. R., Ilias Paie S 27019 (BH, K, L, SAR); Bt. Urang, Dransfield 776 (K); N Setungan, Ulu Segan, Ashton S 22006 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Sarawak</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 691-698</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1991</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga pachyphylla</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 46: 695 (1991)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak; Dransfield et al.; JD5912</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>solitaria vel caespitosa P. strictae Becc., P. ligulatae Becc. et P. patulae Bl. verosimiliter affinis sed textura laminae folii crassa coriacea vel vix succulenta, foliolis distantibus inflorescentia compta rachillis divaricatis distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary or clustering undergrowth palm with stems to 3 m tall, c. 2 cm diam., conspicuously marked with nodal scars, internodes c. 5-10 cm, the surface covered with caducous brown scales. Crown of c. 5 pinnate leaves, the sheaths forming a well-defined green crownshaft c. 30 x 2 cm; sheath 15-25 x 2 cm, rather succulent in texture when fresh, drying dull brown, striate, with caducous scattered scales, apparently lacking any ligule- like appendages; petiole c. 30 x 1 cm, bearing caducous scales as the sheath; rachis c. 90 cm, scaly as the petiole, bearing 9-20 very thick, stiff, almost succulent narrow rather divergent leaflets, bright green when fresh, drying silky dull green to brown, acuminate, mostly composed of single folds except for the compound terminal leaflet pair, the longest in mid-leaf to 50 x 2.2 cm, the apical pair c. 25 x 3 cm, both surfaces glabrous. Inflorescence spreading or pendulous, 14-20 cm long with 4-6 divergent rachillae held stiffly ± in one plane; prophyll not preserved; peduncle 10-20 x 6 mm just above the base; rachillae green at anthesis, glabrous, c. 11-17 x 0.4 cm, bearing strictly distichous triads subtended by minute scarcely visible bracts, rachilla becoming orange after fertilisation. Staminate flower irregularly flattened and curved by close-packing; calyx irregularly explanate and 3-lobed, ca. 1-2 mm high; petals irregular, very fleshy, two ± triangular-ovate, c. 8.5 x 4.5 mm, the third c. 8 x 2.5 mm; stamens about 10, filaments very short, 0.2-0.5 mm, anthers elongate 2.5 x 0.8 mm with broad connective. Pollen grains monosulcate, ellipsoid in apertural view; long axis (27-)30.3(-34) m, short axis (21-)23.0(-25) Am, wall thickness, c. 1-1.5 Am, sulcus membrane thin, underlying small finely reticulate insulae, sulcus shorter than long axis, exine semitectate, finely reticulate, lumina slightly reduced in diameter at sulcus margin. Pistillate flower globular depressed, c. 2 x 3 mm; calyx of 3 separate imbricate, rounded striate sepals, c. 2 x 2.5 mm, with imbricate, rounded, striate sepals, c. 2 x 2.5 mm, with minutely toothed margins; petals 3, imbricate, similar to the sepals; staminodes lacking; ovary rounded c. 1.5 mm diam., tipped with conspicuous curved, irregularly lobed stigma. Immature fruit green, broad-ellipsoidal, pointed at both ends, 9 x 5 mm; seed spherical, 4 mm diam., deeply ruminate. Seedling not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology">A rare palm found in lowland and submontane kerangas forest on sandstone.<p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>. pachyphylla is peculiar in its strange succulent texture. It is probably related to P. stricta Becc., P. ligulata Becc. and P. patula Bl., but is distinctive in the texture of the leaves, the distant leaflets and its neat inflorescence with stiff divergent glabrous rachillae.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BORNEO. Sarawak: 1st Division, Bako National Park, Dransfield et al. JD5912 (holotype K; isotypes BH, SAR), Dransfield et al. JD740 (K); Serian District, Sabal Tapang Forest Reserve, G. Gaharu, Dransfield et al. JD6097 (BH, K, L, SAR).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga pilosa</name>
+<author>(Burret) J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 775 (1980)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Kinabalu; J. and M. S. Clemens; 29205</type>
+<type_loc>holotype B†; isotype K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pseudopinanga pilosa</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 186 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>These two species were among several described by Burret in a new genus Pseudopinanga; other taxa were transferred there from Pinanga. Pseudopinanga was separated from Pinanga on the single character difference of the united calyx of the pistillate flower in the new genus, and the separate calyx lobes in Pinanga. I follow Moore (1973) in regarding this as insufficient grounds for splitting the genus Pinanga; furthermore intermediate states are observable. Although Moore (l.c.) has included Pseudopinanga in Pinanga, there has been no transfer of those species first described in Pseudopinanga to Pinanga. P. aristata and P. pilosa are here formally transferred (see also notes under Pinanga albescens). P. pilosa may well be conspecific with P. trichoneura Becc. ex Martelli, based on Hallier 3163 from Amai Ambit in Western Borneo; unfortunately the type, supposedly in Bogor, has not been traced, and the fragment in Florence is too small to be of help in elucidating this. I have therefore preferred to continue to use Burret's name until the type of P. trichoneura is found. The other species described as new in Pseudopinanga are best not transferred to Pinanga until they are either recollected or duplicate specimens located and re-examined. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga ridleyana</name>
+<author>Becc. ex Furtado</author>
+<citation>Feddes Repert. 35: 282 (1934)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Jambusan; Ridley; 12472</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari annotated a collection made by Ridley (12472) of an entire leaved Pinanga sp.; the specimen was collected at Jambusan, Sarawak, and is in Kew. Beccari evidently also described the plant in detail and had every intention of publishing it as P. ridleyana Becc. However, he died before it could be published and his manuscripts were edited by Martelli and published in 1934 in Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali Residente in Pisa Memorie Vol. 44. On 15 July 1934 Furtado published a paper in Feddes Repertorium Vol. 35: Nr. 928/935 to account for nomenclatural changes and new species in the genus Pinanga. In it he described Pinanga ridleyana Becc. in sched., based on the same collection made by Ridley. The date of Martelli's paper is less precise, being 1934 only. Dr F. Garbari of Pisa has kindly elucidated the problem of priority. Martelli presented his paper to the Societa Toscana on 12 July 1934 as recorded in the Processi Verbali of the Society, 43:106 (1934) with a note that the paper would be published in a volume of the Memorie of the Society. This means that the actual date of publication of the paper in Memorie must postdate 15 July 1934 even though the actual date is still not known; hence Furtado's descrip- tion of Pinanga ridleyana has priority over Martelli's. The same problem of priority is also found in P. baramensis Furtado vs. P. barramensis Becc. ex Martelli (q.v.).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga rivularis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 3: 130 (1886)</citation>
+<type>Sarawak, Tubau; Beccari; PB 3773</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotype K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Sarawak</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 691-698</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1991</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga rupestris</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 46: 693 (1991)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak; Dransfield et al.; JD5917</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, L, SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>habitatione egregia verosimiliter affinis P. rivulari Becc. inflorescentia spiciformi sepalis floris pistillati connatis et ramificatione internodiali sed lamina angusta integra breve bifida statim distinguibilis.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Diminutive clustering palmlet, erect or more usually pendulous from crevices in sandstone rock faces. Stems rarely exceeding 60 cm long, usually much less, c. 4-6 mm diam., conspicuously marked with nodal scars, inter- nodes 1-3 cm, surface with scattered brown scales, stem base producing aerial roots and dense clusters of sucker shoots, the stem also frequently producing bulbil-like shoots from the middle of the distal internodes. Crown of about 6 leaves, the sheaths forming an elongate crownshaft; leaf sheaths c. 80 x 7 mm, striate on drying, covered in scattered dull brown scales, distally with a rapidly disintegrating laciniate ocrea to 16 mm; petiole of leaves of mature stems c. 8-17 cm, c. 3 mm diam., ± triangular in cross section, bearing scattered scales when fresh; blade dull brown or greenish brown when dry, narrow, entire, bifid, to 50 cm long, gradually widening from the base to 6 cm near the tip, usually shorter and narrower, split to 7.5 cm, the two halves with c. 6 shallow lobes to 7 mm deep; adaxial surface minutely punctate, abaxial surface bearing inconspicuous thin grey indumentum. Inflorescence unbranched, pendulous, 6 cm long; prophyll c. 6 x 1.4 cm; peduncle very short, not exceeding c. 7 mm; rachilla surface hairy; triads strictly distichous, borne in a plane radial to the stem, each subtended by a low rachilla bract to 1 mm high. Staminate flowers ± triangular ovate in outline, laterally flattened or curved by close packing; calyx irregularly 3-lobed, the lobes 1-2 mm high; petals cream-coloured, fleshy, irregular, two c. 6.5 x 3 mm, the third c. 6.5 x 4.5 mm; stamens 7-8, filaments c. 1 x 0.2 mm, anthers c. 2 x 0.6 mm, with broad connectives. Pollen grains monosulcate, ellipsoid in apertural view; long axis (31-)33.3(-36) µ/m, short axis (24 -)26.2(-30) µ/m, wall thickness c. 2 ,im; sulcus membrane not observed, sulcus somewhat longer than long axis; exine intectate, clavate, the larger clavae interspersed with smaller diameter, shorter clavae, clavae not modified at sulcus margin. Pistillate flower very low; calyx tubular, ± striate, c. 0.8 mm high, very shallowly 3-lobed; petals imbricate, ovate, c. 0.8 mm long, the margins sparsely ciliate; staminodes lacking; ovary c. 0.8 mm diam., tipped with an irregularly lobed stigma. Fruit not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>This remarkable little 'pinang' is found only on the great sandstone cliffs and boulders of Bako National Park.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>It is by no means abundant, but is very distinctive. No fruits have been found although dead inflorescences can be seen on herbarium specimens and in the field. How the palm is dispersed to crevices in vertical cliffs is a mystery.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>P. rupestris, although superficially very different, seems to me to be related to the rheophyte, P. rivularis Becc., from neighbouring Brunei and the 4th and 5th Divisions of Sarawak. Both species are diminutive, and have internodal branching and simple, hairy inflorescence axes bearing gamosepalous pistillate flowers; the leaves of P. rivularis are, however, very finely pinnate as befits a rheophyte.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BORNEO. Sarawak: 1st Division, Bako National Park, Dransfield et al. JD5917 (holotype K; isotypes BH, L, SAR), Dransfield JD746 (K), Ashton S.17961 (K, SAR), Jugah ak Kudi S.36627 (BH, K, KEP, L, SAN, SAR).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga salicifolia</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<citation>Rumphia 2: 93 (1843)</citation>
+<type>; Müller; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Type L</type_loc>
+<bibref>Scheff., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 32: 179 (1873)</bibref>
+<bibref>Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 151 (1876)</bibref>
+<bibref>H. Wendl. in Kerch., Palm.: 253 (1878)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc. in Malesia 3: 132 (1886)</bibref>
+<bibref>Merrill, Bibl. Enum. Bornean Plants: 85 (1921)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Seaforthia salicifolia</name>
+<author>(Blume) Mart.</author>
+<bibref>(Blume) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 313 (1853)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychosperma salicifolia</name>
+<author>(Blume) Miquel</author>
+<bibref>(Blume) Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. 3: 28 (1855)</bibref>
+<bibref>(Blume) Miquel, De Palm. Arc. Ind. 23 (1868)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga canina</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 135 (1886)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga canina f. major</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 136 (1886)</bibref>
+<type>; Beccari; PB 2713</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga canina f. intermedia</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 136 (1886)</bibref>
+<type>; Beccari; PB 2920</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga canina f. minor</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 136 (1886)</bibref>
+<type>; Beccari; PB 1585</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Blume based his description of Pinanga salicifolia on three fronds collected by George Müller on the river Karang Intang in South Borneo, preserved in Leiden. The fronds have an appearance very distinctive within Pinanga; each frond consists of a densely grey and brown indumentose rachis bearing 22-24 regularly arranged short narrow sigmoid leaflets. The leaflets are all unicostate except for one of the lowermost which bears two costae, and the terminal leaflet pair which is compound and bears 2-3 ribs on each side; the leaflets have a distinctive coloration, being dark, almost chocolate- coloured on the adaxial surface and dull brown on the abaxial surface. The leaf sheaths in the type specimen are densely grey indumentose. Later Teysmann collected similar but larger fronds of the same taxon on Mt Penein in West Borneo; his collection consists of 3 fronds (known to me), labelled Ptychosperma salicifolia Mart., in Leiden. He also managed to introduce the species into cultivation in Buitenzorg; a young plant presum- ably of this stock in Buitenzorg was sent via Wardian case to Kew in 1881 but was dead on arrival. Fortunately the dead plant was preserved in the herbarium and it matches Teysmann's fronds from Borneo. Scheffer (1876) illustrates one frond of Pinanga salicifolia in the same plate as that illustrating P. malaiana and Areca glandiformis. As Scheffer does not describe any repro- ductive features we may assume that all the reproductive features in the plate, apart from those obviously separated into Fig. 3 which belong to A. glandiformis, belong to P. malaiana; they do in fact fit P. malaiana. The frond illustrated again matches the herbarium material collected by Teysmann. Scheffer (L.c.) also refers Pinanga tenella (H. Wendl.) Scheff. as a synonym of P. salicifolia, in this following Miquel (in De Palmis Archipelagi Indici). Neither Miquel nor Scheffer appears to have seen the holotype of Wendland's P. tenella. Wendland based his species on a collection by Thomas Lobb on the banks of the river at Bungul in North Borneo (now Sabah), the specimen being preserved at Kew. Lobb's collection has a frond superficially similar to those of P. salicifolia, but, on close examination, quite different in texture and colour, and lacking the distinctive scales and hairs of the latter species. I believe therefore that two quite distinct species are represented by the names P. salicifolia and P. tenella. Beccari (1886) made a revision of all the species of Pinanga described at that date, including in his paper many new species collected for the first time by him on his travels in South East Asia. Beccari preferred to regard P. salicifolia and P. tenella as distinct species, but he also appears not to have seen the fertile holotype of P. tenella in Kew, though describing the infruc- tescence and fruit. Among the new species described by Beccari are three taxa, P. rivularis, P. calamifrons and P. calamifrons var. tenuissima all based on material of curious fine-leafleted palmlets growing on rocks by rivers in Borneo. He suggests that P. tenella may be related to these extraordinary rheophyte taxa (see under P. tenella). Beccari also described Pinanga canina with 3 forms all from near Kuching or on G. Matang in Sarawak. The plant, named by Beccari P. canina, is a widespread and distinctive palm characteristic of well-drained semi- podsolized soils in the lowlands and hills, habitats such as steep ridge tops or the edges of 'kerangas' forest where mor humus builds up on the soil surface, and more rarely in waterlogged soils in peat swamp forest, but in the last habitat the palm tends to occur on mounds. P. canina is a variable plant; in particular, the lamina may be divided into uni- to 10-costate leaflets. The inflorescence usually has 2-7 rachillae. The fruit is very dis- tinctive, being long and very narrow and curved. Indumentum on the leaf sheaths, petioles and rachides is distinctive, consisting of grey inflated hairs borne on brown scale-like bases, and rich brown narrow hairs, the indumen- tum thus identical to that of P. salicifolia. Furthermore the leaflets dry chocolate-coloured above, and dull brown below, and bear similar minute hairs and scales, and are similar in texture to those of P. salicifolia. However most significant of all is a curious dimorphism of foliage, apparently not known to Beccari and rarely represented in herbarium collections, though very striking in the field. In most populations the leaves of mature erect stems bear few (3-6) broad sigmoid leaflets; at the base of the stem grow sucker shoots which bear leaves carrying numerous small unicostate leaflets exactly like those of the type of P. salicifolia. Seedlings also bear this finely pinnate fern-like foliage. Rarely populations exist where the adult fronds bear uni- to bi-costate leaflets. The broad-leafleted populations match Beccari's types in Florence. I have no doubt that the type of P. salicifolia represents sucker shoot or seedling leaves of the taxon known to Beccari and later botanists as P. canina. Pinanga salicifolia is hence the correct name for this remarkable taxon. I have observed such a wide range in size and dissection of leaves that I do not believe it possible to recognize distinct taxa within the species, so have disregarded Beccari's 'formas'. Pinanga salicifolia is thus a common Bornean palm; outside Borneo, in Sumatra and Malaya, can be found taxa of Pinanga which are obviously closely related to P. salicifolia. In Sumatra I have collected a slender under- growth Pinanga on a steep podsolized ridge top with Agathis at 900 m altitude between Sg. Penuh and Tapan (Dransfield & Mogea JD 4108); it has leaves with mostly unicostate leaflets similar to those of P. salicifolia but the infruc- tescence is unbranched and the fruit only slightly curved. In Malaya there are three taxa known as P. paradoxa (Griff.) Scheff., P. subintegra Ridley and P. beccariana Furtado which have some of the characters of P. salicifolia. There is much confusion over the identity of P. paradoxa; plants from the type locality (Mt Ophir in Johore) have dimorphic foliage as in P. salicifolia, but the inflorescence is unbranched. P. beccariana is a slender undergrowth palmlet with unicostate leaflets and unbranched inflorescence; the Sumatran plant described above could well fit within P. beccariana. P. subintegra is a very small clustering palmlet with entire leaves or with laminae divided irregularly to give very few broad leaflets; it too has an unbranched inflorescence. Variation in these three taxa may overlap and I have not had sufficient material at my disposal to work out the relationship of the Malayan taxa with P. salicifolia. Although it is unsatisfactory to leave these problems unsolved, expedience demands a name for the Bornean taxon; I have no hesitation in using P. salicefolia in the knowledge that none of the names used for the Malayan taxa predates it. It is to be hoped that the relationships with P. paradoxa can soon be elucidated.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga sessilifolia</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<citation>Feddes Repert. 35: 283 (1934)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Bau; Ridley; 11812</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype SING</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga clemensiae</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado in Feddes Repert. 35: 278 (1934)</bibref>
+<type>Borneo, Gat; Clemens; 22088</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype Bt; isotype K</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga albescens var. sarawakensis</name>
+<author>Becc. ex Martelli</author>
+<bibref>Becc. ex Martelli in Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Naturali Res. Pisa Mem. 44: 126 (1934)</bibref>
+<type>Sarawak; Hewitt; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pseudopinanga albescens var. sarawakensis</name>
+<author>(Becc. ex Martelli) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Becc. ex Martelli) Burret in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 193 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Furtado (1934) described two new species of Pinanga, P. clemensiae and P. sessilfolia, among others, in the same paper. P. sessilfolia is described as being very similar to P. clemensiae but differing in having sessile leaves. The type specimens of these two species are indeed very similar and differ only in the length of the petiole. Furthermore, recently collected material illustrates a range in petiole length from an almost sessile leaf to one with a well- developed petiole. Fruit characters and features of leaf texture and indu- mentum are similar throughout and I do not believe that the two taxa described by Furtado can be retained as distinct. In choosing P. sessilfolia as the name for this taxon, I have been able to rid the genus of the confusion between P. clemensiae and P. clemensii, the latter a quite distinct taxon described by Furtado in the same paper as the other two names. In Martelli (1934), P. albescens var. sarawakensis is described, based on a collection from Sarawak in Kew, presumed to have been collected by Hewitt, but with no date or locality. The variety was distinguished by having the leaf divided into three segments, differences in indumentum on the lower lamina surface, and the unbranched glabrous inflorescence. Typical P. albescens may have leaves divided into leaflets, and have a simple inflorescence. However, the glabrous inflorescence of the variety sarawakensis is distinctive; fruit accompanying the holotype of the variety but not mentioned by Beccari is quite distinct from that of P. albescens. This specimen is in fact P. sessilifolia Furtado, and P. albescens var. sarawakensis is hence transferred to synonymy.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>New Species of Pinanga (Palmae : Arecoideae) from Luzon Island, Philippines</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 775-784</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1994</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga sierramadreana</name>
+<author>Fernando</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 49: 780 (1994)</citation>
+<type>Luzon, Quezon Prov., Nakar, Sierra Madre Mountains, Sitio Sablang; Fernando; 521 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus LBC; isotypus K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>P. isabelense Becc. habitu, magnitudine et characteribus infructescentiarum fructuumque similis sed indumento squamoso vaginis foliorum cineraceo-brunneo, foliolis brevioribus subtus subglaucis in siccitate brunneolis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary slender unarmed pleonanthic monoecius undergrowth palm, to 5 m tall. Stem to 2.5 cm diam.; internodes 2.5-8 cm long. Crownshaft elongate, cylindrical, slightly swollen, to 34 cm long. Leaves to 5 in crown; sheath to 27 cm long, greyish-green, covered with greyish-brown scaly indumentum; leaf without sheath to 90 cm long; petiole c. 16-35 x 0.7 cm, flattened or only slightly channelled adaxially, convex abaxially, covered with indumentum as the sheath; rachis angular, bifacial adaxially and nearly glabrous, obtusely rounded abaxially and covered with brown scaly indumentum. Leaflets 6- 10 on each side of the rachis, unequal, ? sigmoidal, inequidistant, c. 2.5 - 7.5 cm apart, the costae above sharply elevated, slightly glaucescent below when fresh, but drying brownish, ramentae present along the main costae below; basal leaflets 1-2-costate, c. 10-16 x 0.8-1.7 cm; middle leaflets 1-6-costate, c. 17-25 x 1.3-7 cm; apical leaflets 6-9-costate, c. 14 x 8 cm, joined at the base to 10 cm along the rachis, + cuneiform, the tips incised to as many lobes as there are costae, the lobes to 2 cm long and further incised at their tips to 8 mm deep. Inflorescence infrafoliar, pendulous; prophyll not known; peduncle c. 3-5 x 0.5 cm, flattened; main axis to 4.5 cm long, tapering distally; rachillae often 6-8, rarely to 11, borne 0.7-2 cm apart, each c. 11-19 cm long, flattened and ± straight, to 2 mm wide, 1 mm thick when dry; the subtending bract very narrowly annulate, shortly apiculate at middle part to 0.5 mm; peduncle and rachillae purplish-red when young. Staminate and pistillate flowers not known. Infructescence pendulous. Fruiting perianth depressed-cupular, 2 mm high, 3 mm across, with a flat base and contracted mouth, the sepals and petals free and imbricate, subequal, glabrous, glossy when dry; the subtending bract a very low explanate, semi-annular collar. Fruit distichous, c. 8-13 mm apart, green ripening red then purplish-black, fusiform-ellipsoid or ovoid, c. 1.2 x 0.6 cm, shortly beaked; epicarp drying light brown and finely striate; mesocarp thinly fibrous; seed ovoid, c. 1.0 x 0.5 cm, acute at tip, caudiculate at base; endosperm ruminate; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Luzon (Nueva Vizcaya and Quezon Provs.)</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In dipterocarp forest; c. 800 m. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species resembles P. isabelensis in growth habit and size and in general features of the infructescence and fruits, but differs in the glaucescent greyish- brown scaly indumentum of the leafsheath and in the leaflets much shorter, glaucescent on the undersurface and drying light brown. A sheet at PNH (Gutierrez 61-289) collected from Sancad, Palanan in nearby Isabela Province probably also belongs here. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>LUZON. Nueva Vizcaya Prov., Mt Caraballo, Vidal 3951 (K); Quezon Prov., Nakar, Sierra Madre Mountains, Sitio Sablang, Fernando 521 (holotype LBC; isotype K), 526 (LBC), 705 and 707 (K, LBC), Sitio Kabanbanan, Fernando 767 (BH, K, LBC), and 860 (K, LBC).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>New Species of Pinanga (Palmae : Arecoideae) from Luzon Island, Philippines</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 775-784</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1994</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga sobolifera</name>
+<author>Fernando</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 49: 782 (1994)</citation>
+<type>Luzon, Quezon Prov., Nakar, Sierra Madre Mountains, Sitio Sablang; Fernando; 518</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus LBC; isotypi K, PNH</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>P. heterophylla Becc. habitu caespitoso, magnitudine et floribus fructibusque spiraliter dispositis similis sed caudicibus stolonibus instructis, rachillis inflorescentiae numerosioribus (8- 11), semine basi caudiculato et foliolis magis regulatim dispositis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender unarmed pleonanthic monoecious undergrowth palm, to 2 m tall. Stem to 2.5 cm diam., internodes to 5-10 cm long; runner shoots or stolons produced at base of stem. Crownshaft elongate, cylindrical, slightly swollen, to 35 cm long. Leaves to 5 in crown; leaf sheath c. 30 cm long; leaf without sheath to 1.1 m long; petiole c. 8 x 0.8 cm, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially. Leaflets 10-13 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged to 6-7 cm apart; basal leaflets 1-2-costate, c. 24 x 1.5 cm, sigmoidal, the apex long-acuminate; middle leaflets 2-costate, c. 45-55 x 2.7 cm, ± straight, lanceolate, the apex long-acuminate; terminal leaflets to 8-costate, c. 34 x 5.7 cm, joined at the base to 18 cm along the rachis. Inflorescence infrafoliar, pendulous; prophyll elliptic-ensiform, 2-keeled, c. 10 x 4.5 cm; peduncle 2.7 x 0.5 cm, flattened, greenish when fresh; rachillae 8- 11, borne 1 cm apart, each to 17 cm long, angular, 2 mm thick, greenish as peduncle; the subtending bract narrowly annular, apiculate in the middle part; triads borne spirally in 3 series along the rachilla. Staminate flower triangular, trigonous, asymmetrical, 5 x 3.5 mm; sepals 3, triangular, acuminate, 2 x 1 mm; petals 3, unequal, valvate, triangular or ovate-lanceolate, 4 x 3 mm; stamens about 9-12; anthers basifixed, 2 x 1 mm; filaments 0.5 mm long. Pistillate flower depressed-globose, 2 x 2.5 mm, sepals ± as long as the petals; sepals 3, free, imbricate, 1 mm high, ± narrower than the sepals and more cucullate, ciliolate along the margins; ovary shortly oblong 1.5 x 1 mm, tipped with an irregularly-lobed stigma. Fruiting perianth depressed-cupular, 2 mm high, 3 mm across, with a flat base and contracted mouth, the sepals and petals free and imbricate, subequal, glabrous; the subtending bract a very low explanate annular collar. Fruits spirally arranged along the rachilla, c. 5 mm apart, ripening pinkish then purplish-black, ellipsoid-ovoid, c. 1.2 x 0.8 cm, shortly beaked; epicarp drying light brown and finely striate; mesocarp thinly fibrous; seed ovoid, 1 x 0.7 cm, acute at tip, caudiculate at base; endosperm ruminate; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Luzon (Quezon Prov.)</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In dipterocarp forest; c. 800 m. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is similar to P. heterophylla in the clustering habit and size and in the spirally arranged flowers and fruits. It is, however, recognizable in producing runner shoots or stolons, in having more rachillae (8 - 11) in the inflorescence, in the seed caudiculate at the base, and in the more regularly arranged leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>LUZON. Quezon Prov., Nakar, Sierra Madre Mountains, Sitio Sablang, Fernando 518 (holotype LBC; isotypes K, PNH), and 709 (K, LBC).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga tenacinervis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.,</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 785 (1980)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Sarawak; Dransfield; JD 5342</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus SAR</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>ab aliis speciebus Pinangae distincta foliolis sigmoideis fibris elasticis illis folii Corni sanguineae similibus. Quamquam P. patulae superficialiter similis, haec species habitu acaulescente radicibus gralliformibus et calyce floris feminei gamosepalo differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, acaulescent, unarmed, pleonanthic monoecious palm. Stems apparently suckering underground to produce rather loose colonies of 3-5 stems; stem very short, scarcely more than 10 cm tall, surrounded by conspicuous stilt roots, about 3 mm diam.; stem to 1.2 cm diam., with internodes to 8 mm long, with surface dull greenish-brown, glabrous. Crownshaft to 16 x 2 cm, bright green, shiny when fresh, dull, striate when dry, with inconspicuous scattered brown scales. Crown with 5-6 leaves. Whole leaf including leaf sheath to c. 110 cm; leaf sheath c. 10 cm long; petiole 45 cm x 3 mm, triangular in cross-section, bright green, bearing very sparse, scattered brown scales; leaflets 5-6 on each side of the rachis, subopposite or alternate, dark green, shiny above when fresh, ± sigmoid, the apical pair joined; lowermost leaflet pair generally narrower than the rest to 18 x 2 cm; mid-leaf leaflets to 22 x 5 cm, long-acuminate, rarely a single fold leaflet present to 1 cm wide; apical leaflets to 12 cm long, 4 cm wide with a coarsely dentate upper margin; leaflets 1-6-ribbed; lamina very sparsely brown-scaly on upper surface, on lower surface with scattered minute, brown-based, branched, white hairs; fibres of fibrovascular bundles extremely tough, the leaflets hence difficult to tear, the fibres protruding from torn surfaces in the manner of the leaf of Cornus sanguinea. Inflorescence spicate or bifid, pendulous, to 10 cm long with a basal peduncular portion about 2 cm long; prophyll only known in immature state, strongly two- keeled; rachillae green, glabrous; triads arranged strictly distichously, about 4 mm distant. Staminate flower unknown except in a very immature state; stamens apparently 8 in number. Pistillate flower globular, somewhat sunken into the rachilla; calyx tubular below with 3 ovate, cucullate, glabrous sepals, about 1.5 mm high; corolla of 3 ovate, cucullate, glabrous, imbricate petals about 1.2 mm high; ovary ovoid about 1 mm high, tipped with irregular umbonate stigma. Almost mature fruit crimson, shiny, fusiform, about 1.2 x 4 mm; endosperm apparently ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>I have seen no other specimen of this distinctive Pinanga. Although there is a superficial resemblance to P. patula Blume, the gamosepalous pistillate flower suggests a relationship with P. albescens Becc. ex H. Winkler.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>SARAWAK. 5th Division, G. Mulu National Park, by Sg. Medalam, near G. Buda, in alluvial forest, on shallow soils overlying limestone, 150 m, Dransfield JD 5342 (holotype K; isotype SAR).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga tenella</name>
+<author>(H. Wendl.) Scheff.</author>
+<citation>Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 32: 179 (1871)</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Bungal; T. Lobb; 131</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>
+<bibref>Beccari, Malesia 3: 131 (1886)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychosperma tenella . </name>
+<author>H. Wendl.</author>
+<bibref>H. Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 17: 63 (1859)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Mention has already been made of the confusion between P. salicifolia and P. tenella caused by Scheffer and Miquel; now that P. salicifolia is better understood, the plants can be seen to be totally different. Pinanga tenella is one of the extraordinary rheophyte species, confined to rocks on banks of rivers throughout Borneo. These rheophytic species all have very slender stems and leaves with very narrow but tough-textured leaflets; they grow above the average water level but in a zone liable to be flooded. It is assumed that the fine foliage is an adaptation offering relatively little resistance to water flow. Lobb's specimen, the holotype of P. tenella, is annotated 'Shrub 2 feet, by the river at Bungal, NE Borneo'. Another collection from Bungal of the same taxon made by Burbidge, is annotated 'Grassy leaved caespitose palm, Tawaran River near Bungol in N Borneo. ?subaquatic'. Beccari himself collected fine-leafleted species of Pinanga from river banks in Borneo on three occasions. One, from the banks of the Tubau in Ulu Bintulu he named P. rivularis (PB 3773), a second from the banks of the Rejang he named P. calamifrons (PB 3841), and the third from the banks of the Sekrang (Batang Lupar) P. calamifrons var. tenuissima (PB 3848). Beccari distinguished P. rivularis from P. tenella on its shorter, fatter, unbranched inflorescence and by the calyx lobes of the pistillate flower being obtuse; he described the leaflets of P. rivularis as being less acuminate than those of P. tenella. The two taxa both have unicostate leaflets. P. calamifrons was separated by Beccari on the basis of its leaflets being bicostate rather than unicostate. The rheophytic Pinanga spp. do look remarkably similar, yet on close examination some specimens are separable on characters of the flowers. In some specimens the calyx of the pistillate flower consists of a low tube with 3 obtuse lobes, whereas in others the calyx comprises 3 free imbricate sepals. This striking difference is the difference used by Burret to distinguish the genus Pseudopinanga from Pinanga. I have followed Moore (1973) in disregarding Burret's genus, but the difference is still striking. The holotype of P. rivularis has the tubular type of calyx; though the calyx may become split as the fruit ripens, its essentially tubular state can be seen in flowers which have not been fertilized. The types of P. tenella and P. calamifrons have imbricate sepals. There are other features which make P. rivularis very distinct. Its stems frequently bear branches, one at each inter- node and sometimes one borne adaxially to the inflorescence at the node; this situation has never been observed in the other rheophytic Pinanga species. The corolla of its staminate flower consists of 3 subequal petals rather than 2 subequal and one smaller petal; the triads are frequently not strictly distichous, the rachilla is thick and densely hairy, and there is a tendency for the pistillate flowers to be borne in two rows, adaxial and abaxial, rather than lateral in relation to the stem. P. rivularis is thus easily distinguished from the other rheophytes; all collections are from the 4th Division of Sarawak. The remaining collections of rheophyte Pinanga can be grouped into two- those with single fold leaflets and those with two-fold leaflets. The former are all from Sabah, and the latter from throughout the rest of Borneo, excluding Sabah. The inflorescences even within populations may have 1-4 branches tion of number of ribs in the leaflet is normally unreliable for distinguishing species in Pinanga, populations of other Pinanga species frequently being very variable among themselves. Yet from the available specimens the two leaflet states in the rheophytes (excluding P. rivularis) appear to be very consistent and geographically separated. I feel P. calamifrons is not specifically distinct from P. tenella but that the consistent leaflet difference should receive some taxonomic recognition. I therefore have reduced P. calamifrons to varietal rank within P. tenella.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Systematic Notes on Pinanga (Palmae) in Borneo</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 769-788</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga tenella var. tenuissima</name>
+<author>(Becc.) J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 773 (1980)</citation>
+<type>Sarawak, Rejang; Beccari; PB 3841</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pinanga calamifrons var. tenuissima</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 133 (1886)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Clustering high-climbing pinnate-leaved rattan palms of Southeast Asia and West Malesia; sheaths lack knees and the ocrea is very short or absent; hapaxanthic and dioecious, the first-order branches of the inflorescence are pendulous and bear conspicuous dictichous bracts, partially enclosing the very short rachillae.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomia</name>\r
+<author>Mart. ex Blume in J.J. Roemer and J.A. Schultes</author> \r
+<citation>Syst. Veg. 7: 1333 (1830).</citation> Type: \r
+<type>Type; Plectocomia elongata; Mart. ex Blume.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Plectos — plaited, come — hair, referring to the appearance of the inflorescence branches.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust (very rarely slender), solitary or clustered, high-climbing, spiny, hapaxanthic, dioecious, rattan palms. Stem eventually becoming bare, with long internodes and conspicuous nodal scars, sometimes bearing multiple, bulbil-like shoots in the proximal part of the lower internodes, clear gum frequently exuding from cut surfaces. Leaves of mature climbing stems usually massive, cirrate, pinnate; sheath tubular, unarmed or sparsely to very densely armed with spines, usually borne in partial whorls, and also bearing abundant, caducous, floccose hairs on and between spines; knee absent; ocrea absent; flagellum absent; petiole present or absent, it and the proximal portion of the rachis deeply channelled and sparsely to densely armed; cirrus and distal part of rachis armed abaxially with regular groups of massive reflexed grapnel spines; leaflets numerous, single-fold, entire, usually lanceolate, regularly arranged or grouped and fanned within the groups, adaxial surface often with scattered bands of caducous indumentum, the abaxial often bearing white tomentum, midribs and submarginal ribs slightly larger than other veins, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences produced simultaneously in the axils of the most distal 2–20, frequently reduced, leaves, axis of inflorescence adnate to the proximal part of the internode above the subtending leaf, emerging from the leaf-sheath mouth, branching to (1) 2 (very rarely 3) orders; peduncle short; prophyll empty, tightly sheathing, 2-keeled, usually included within the leaf sheaths; peduncular bracts few, tubular, tightly sheathing; rachis much longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts similar to the peduncular, ± distichous, each subtending a pendulous first-order branch; first-order branches 3–20 or more, each with a basal tubular 2-keeled prophyll and 1–several empty tubular bracts, distal bracts very conspicuous, distichous, tubular at first, before anthesis splitting longitudinally almost to the base opposite the insertion, spreading or usually remaining imbricate and partially or completely enclosing the rachillae, or very rarely subtending second-order branches bearing similar bracts subtending the rachillae (?teratological), bract texture thin to very thick, coriaceous or subwoody, glabrous or with scattered hairs or scales; rachillae unbranched, slender, frequently densely covered in trichomes, in the pistillate inflorescence bearing from (1) 2–10 flowers, in the staminate from 2–ca. 100 flowers; staminate flowers sometimes borne in distinct dyads, otherwise basic dyad arrangement obscured by overcrowding and elongation of pedicels, rachilla bracts minute; floral bracteoles minute or obscure. Staminate flower sessile or with a stalk-like base; calyx tubular, much shorter than the corolla, with 3 short lobes; corolla tubular at the very base with 3 triangular to lanceolate lobes; stamens usually 6, rarely to 12, filaments sometimes connate basally, borne near the mouth of the corolla tube, anthers usually elongate, latrorse or introrse; pistillode minute or absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; apertures equatorially disulcate; ectexine tectate, finely or coarsely perforate (perforations sometimes sparsely distributed), perforate-rugulate, or granular-rugulate, aperture margins similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 26–49 µm [6/16]. Pistillate flowers solitary, often pedicellate with the rachilla bract carried by adnation and subsequent growth on to the pedicel, each flower also bearing a 2-keeled bracteole; calyx tubular at the base, with 3, very short to very long, triangular lobes, usually splitting further after anthesis; corolla tubular at the base with 3, narrow to broad, triangular lobes, slightly to greatly exceeding the calyx, becoming flattened out in fruit; staminodes 6 with flattened filaments and empty anthers; gynoecium rounded, scaly, stigmas 3, usually very long, flexuous, sometimes with a well-developed style, locules 3, incomplete, ovules 3, basally attached, anatropous. Fruit 1 (rarely 2–3)-seeded, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp covered in numerous vertical rows of reflexed scales, the scale tips frequently fringed and upward pointing, mesocarp thin, fibrous, endocarp not differentiated. Seed attached near the base, sarcotesta thick but not juicy, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll where known, simple, lanceolate, plicate, not split. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 16 species distributed from the Himalayas, south China and Hainan, south through Burma and Indochina to the Sunda Shelf and the Philippines; not known east of Wallace’s Line. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, petiole, stem, root (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1996a); similar to Myrialepis in having large epidermal cells. The biomechanics of the stems of Plectocomia have been studied by Rowe, Isnard and co-workers (Rowe et al. 2004, Isnard et al. 2005, Isnard 2006). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Plectocomia is strongly supported as monophyletic (Baker et al. 2000a, 2000b). The relationships between the three genera, Plectocomia, Myrialepis and Plectocomiopsis, are somewhat ambiguous in published studies. \r
+Plectocomiopsis has been resolved as sister to Plectocomia (Baker et al. 2000b) or to Myrialepis (Baker et al. 2000a). However, additional DNA data (Baker et al. in prep.) strongly support the latter resolution. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The stems of Plectocomia species have a soft pith that renders them unsuitable for fine furniture construction. They are used only for coarse or temporary basketry. The dried inflorescences are sometimes used as ornaments. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Madulid (1981). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The inflorescence of Plectocomia is striking and beautiful; the long pendulous first-order branches with large distichous boat-shaped bracts are unlike those of any other palm. Of particular note are the much reduced rachillae with scarcelyevident bracts. The distinctive first-order branches and paired staminate flowers separate Plectocomia from the other hapaxanthic, high-climbing rattans, Myrialepis and Plectocomiopsis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rattan, rotan. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Plectocomia elongata and P. mulleri are the two most widespread species and also appear to have the widest altitudinal range, being found from sea level up to ca. 2000 m in the mountains; the former is characteristic of disturbed sites on poor soils and the latter is found in similar habitats but also as a conspicuous component of some facies of peat-swamp forest and heath forest (‘kerangas’). Other species are less well known and seem to be more restricted in distribution; however, many do appear to be characteristic of seral forest on poor soils. In the Himalayas, P. himalayana has been recorded at altitudes of about 2000 m. There are indications that the hapaxanthic habit may be an adaptation to the colonization of temporary habitats such as landslips. There are suggestions that, in some localities, P. elongata may flower gregariously (see Dransfield 1979a). Trigonid bees and nitidulid and staphylinid beetles have been observed visiting the intensely fragrant staminate flowers of P. dransfieldiana. Nothing is known of fruit dispersal. Neither is anything known of the time taken to reach flowering size. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomia assamica</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author>\r
+<citation>Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 :1845</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.6:479. 1893</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 38. 1918</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>A high climbing rattan; stem clustering, with leafsheath about 3 cm in diameter. Leaves cirrate; leaflets up to 60 cm long, 6 - 6.5 cm broad at middle, whitish and scurfy below, non-filamentous at apices; petiole with stout marginal spines and smaller seriate spines on the dorsal side. Male inflorescence not seen. Flower branches in female inflorescence about 1 m long, thickly covered with rust-coloured tomentum; bracts on the flower branches distichous, cuneatc, oblong with triangular tips, 6 - 7 x 2.5 - 3 cm. Female flowers 3 - 7 in number in each bract, shortly pedicellate, bractcolatc; bractcoles 4-5 mm long. Fruits globose, slightly conically beaked, densely villous outside, about 2.5 cm in diameter; seed globose, 1.8 cm in diameter; fruiting perianth flat, not channelled at middle.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh). Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>A component of the moist hill forests up to 2000 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Not cultivated.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not used for furniture making. The tribal people of the forests use long canes for making hanging bridges over mountain streams and rivulets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is not well represented in the Indian herbaria. Due to absence of recent collections its present population in the forests is unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Upper Assam, : 11.3.1840, Jenkins s.n. (CAL !).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomia bractealis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 1918</citation>\r
+<bibref>Madulid in Kalikasan 10: 19</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Vegetative parts unknown. Bracts on flower branches of female inflorescence 7-7.5 x 3 cm, thickly covered with indumentum. Female flowers 5 in number in each bract, pedicel late, bracteolate; bracteoles 5-15 mm long, acuminate, tomentose outside; calyx deeply divided into 3 elongate, triangular, acuminate, 10-13 mm long sepals; each striated and puberulous outside; petals 3, broad-based, lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5 -1.8 cm long; ovary coarsely woolly outside; wools arise from the laciniate points of scales; style short, conical, trigonous with subulate stigmas not longer than sepals; staminodes with narrowly sagittate sterile anthers.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Upper Assam). Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Not cultivated at present.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Unknown</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>According to Beccari (1918), type specimens were collected from a plant cultivated in the then East India Company's botanic Garden, in Calcutta (now Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah). This species is no longer in the Garden.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Upper Assam Holotype! Masters s.n. (CAL Ace. no. 495006).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomia elongata var. elongata</name>\r
+<author>Mart. ex Bl.</author>\r
+<citation>in J. A. & J. H. Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 1333 (1830)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 23 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Madulid, Kalikasan 10: 45 (1981)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 36 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 218 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Plectocomia griffithii</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc.in Hooker f., Fl. Br. India 6: 478 (1893)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 27 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 55 (1979)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Elongate</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary rattan climbing to 50 m; stem without sheaths to 6 cm diam. near the base, to 10 cm or more in upper parts, with sheaths to 20 cm diam., internodes to 30 cm long; lower parts of old stems frequently with bulbil-like shoots from the nodes. Sheaths dull green armed with horizontal or oblique combs of golden brown or deep reddish-brown spines to 4 cm long, and abundant white or buff-coloured indumentum; knee absent. Leaf very large, to 7 m long including the cirrus to 3 m and petiole to c. 30 cm; leaflets to c. 60 on each side of the rachis, arranged irregularly in 2s-7s and fanned within the groups. bluish green on the upper surface, whitish beneath. Inflorescences produced from the top 7-10 nodes, to c. 80 cm long and bearing c. 12 crowded pendulous branches to c. 1 m; bracts chestnut brown, c. 7 × 5 cm, with triangular tips but scarcely truncate. Male flowers up to c. 20 within each bract; female flowers 3-9 within each bract, ± completely concealed. Mature fruit about 8 within each bract (if fewer, then fruit larger), very crowded, c. 1.5 cm diam., with reflexed stigmas and covered in c. 50 vertical rows of fimbriate-margined reddish-brown scales. Seed c. 1 cm diam. Seedling leaf lanceolate, undivided. (Fig. 83).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from Bt. Retak. Elsewhere rare on Kinabalu and G. Mulu, abundant in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Java; a variety known in Palawan.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>See under genus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is an imperfectly known species in Borneo. Large plants of P. mulleri from sites on good soil may appear very similar. Apart from the extreme poor soil form of P. mulleri, the two taxa can only be told apart with certainty if fertile material is available.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Bt.Retak, Wong 450.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomia himalayana</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author>\r
+<citation>Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 100: 1845</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 : 478. 1893</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 36. 1918</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tehri Bet, Runul Bet, Rano Bet.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>A high climbing rattan; stem clustering, with leafsheath 2-4 cm in diameter. Leaves cirrate about 2.5 m long; leafsheath semi-woody, covered outside with spirally disposed 1.5-2 cm long needle-like brown spines; petiole absent in adult leaves; rachis 3 cm broad, armed below with single row of digitate claws; leaflets alternate to irregularly disposed on rachis, 5-nerved, 30 - 40 cm long, 2-3 cm broad at middle. Inflorescence with 1 m - 1.5m long pendulous primary flower branches; primary bracts tubular, obliquely truncate with triangular appendage on one side, tomentose at base; flower branches 60-80 cm long, slender, sinuous, covered with alternate, triangular-ablong, acute to acuminate, 4-5 cm long, 5 cm broad bracts; bracteoles in male rachilla subulate; male flowers sessile, trigonous, 7-8mm long; petals much longer than calyx, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens with subulate filaments; anthers broadly linear, 4 mm long; pistillode with 3 rudimentary papillae. Female flowers about 9 in number in each bract, biseriate; each 8 - 9 mm long; calyx shortly cupular, with 3 long, acuminate teeth; corolla with 3 concave acuminate petals; ovary globose with non-laciniate scales; stigma sessile, trigonous. Fruit 1.5 cm in diameter, not wooly outside; fruit scales numerous arranged in longitudinal series with pappilose margins and obtuse tips; seed orbicular, depressed, 1 cm in diameter.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Sikkim, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh). Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>A dominant rattan species in the middle and upper hill forests (1500 - 2500 m altitude) of eastern Himalaya.</p></div>\r
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Not cultivated.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Canes are soft and therefore unsuitable for furniture making; used by the hill people for tying fences and for making tea baskets for plucked tea-leaves.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>East Himal. Herb. Griffith 6425 (CAL Ace. no. 494961) & K. type.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomia khasiyana</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author>\r
+<citation>Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 1845</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6:478. 1893</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 40. 1918</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>A high climbing rattan; stem robust, 18-25 m long. Leaves curate; leaflets broadly lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic, tapering at both ends, green above, whitish beneath, 30-60 cm long, 8 mm broad at middle; midnerve conspicuous on lower side; marginal nerves ciHate. In male inflorescence flower branches 45 - 60 cm long, slender, densely bracteate; bracts 5 - 6 cm long, triangular-oblong, acute, greyish-tomentose outside, ciliate at margins, smooth at upper part. Male flowers 10-12 mm long, sessile,; calyx shallowly trigonous, at base with three 2 mm wide acuminate teeth; petals thick, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens with thick subulate filaments; anthers sagittate, acute, 3 mm long; pistillode sessile. Fruit 2.5 cm in diameter, distinctly beaked, covered with dark brown scales each with fimbriate points; seed globose, slightly depressed, 1.8 x 1.5 cm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Meghalaya). Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>A component of moist forest of Khasia hills between 600-1200 m. Now infrequent in its natural habitats.</p></div>\r
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Not cultivated</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Meghalaya : Khasia hills, Hook.f. & Thompson (CAL Ace. nos. 494954, 494951).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomia mulleri</name>\r
+<author>Bl.</author>\r
+<citation>Rumphia 3: 71 (1847)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 30 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 59 (1979</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 34 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 216 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Madulid, Kalikasan 10: 55 (1981)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Plectocomia minor</name>\r
+<author>Ridl.</author>\r
+<bibref>Ridl., J. Roy. Asiatic Soc. Str. Br. 50: 151(1908)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Salomon Muller, early German collector in S Borneo</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Semerangan (Dus.), Wi Tibu (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustered moderate to robust rattan climbing to 30 m or more; stem without sheaths 2-10 cm diam., with sheaths 3-15 cm diam. (rarely even more), internodes to c. 30 cm long. Sheaths without knee, bright green armed with rather close full or partial whorls of brown spines to 2 cm, the spines united by their bases to form collars, buff indumentum abundant on newly emerged sheaths. Leaves very variable, 2-7 m including the cirrus (1-3.5 m) and petiole 10-20 cm; leaflets to 35 on each side of the rachis, arranged irregularly in groups of 2-5, fanned within groups, the longest to c. 40 × 3.5 cm, dark green on the upper surface, same colour beneath except in populations in kerangas where usually chalky-white beneath. Inflorescences produced simultaneously from up to 32 nodes in male, usually fewer in the female. Male inflorescence longer than the female, to 1 m with up to 40 pendulous branches to 30 cm; bracts to 2 × 1.5 cm, truncate with short triangular tip, subtending 60-100 flowers. Female inflorescence to c. 40 cm, bearing c. 6 pendulous branches to 50 cm; bracts to 3.5 × 2 cm, truncate with short triangular tip, subtending 2-4 flowers. Mature fruit ± rounded, 2-3 cm diam., tipped by stigmatic remains and covered in c. 65 vertical rows of fimbriate chestnut brown scales. Seed c. 1.5 cm diam. Seedling leaf lanceolate, undivided. (Fig. 82, Pl. 15C, 15D).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread on poor soils at altitudes up to 920 m above sea level. Elsewhere throughout Borneo; also in Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>See notes under genus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Plectocomia mulleri is particularly abundant in forest on poor soils, especially where the forest has been disturbed. It is very characteristic of some facies of kerangas. In Borneo it ranges from the lowlands up to c. 1,400 m above sea level. It is very variable, so much so that extremes look remarkably different from each other. The leaflets vary from being concolorous to strongly discolorous, but even those individuals which appear concolorous carry indumentum on the lower surface of the leaves at the shoot tips. Individuals on extreme kerangas soils have small narrow leathery dark green leaflets, densely chalky white beneath. However, flowers and fruit characters link all these populations together as one variable species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Bt.Belalong, Dransfield J. 7211.TUT: Rambai, Tasek Merimbun, Bernstein 246.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Clustering high-climbing pinnate-leaved rattan palms of Southeast Asia; sheaths are densely to very sparsely armed and an ocrea is present; hapaxanthic and dioecious, the staminate flowers are borne in dense clusters representing condensed rachillae, each flower solitary, the pistillate flowers also in clusters, but with fewer flowers, each individual flower solitary; fruit relatively large, covered with conspicuous scales.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomiopsis</name>\r
+<author>Becc. in Hook.f.</author> \r
+<citation>Fl. Brit. India 6: 479 (1893).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Plectocomiopsis geminiflora; (Griff.) Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combining the generic name Plectocomia with the ending -opsis — similar to.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to robust, clustered, high-climbing, spiny, hapaxanthic, dioecious, rattan palms. Stem eventually becoming bare, often 3-angled, with long internodes and conspicuous nodal scars, basal branches borne in an axillary position. Leaves of mature climbing stems pinnate, cirrate; leaf sheath tubular, rather sparsely armed or unarmed, usually bearing caducous indumentum; knee absent; ocrea present, sometimes tattering, but usually remaining entire and conspicuous; flagellum absent; petiole present or absent, it and the proximal part of the rachis deeply channelled and sparsely spiny; cirrus and distal part of rachis abaxially armed with regularly arranged groups of reflexed grapnel spines; leaflets few to numerous, single-fold, lanceolate, entire, regularly arranged, sometimes armed along margins and/or midrib with conspicuous bristles and bands of caducous scales, midribs evident, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences produced simultaneously from the axils of the most distal, often reduced leaves, branched to 2 (3) orders, inflorescence axis adnate to the proximal part of the internode above the subtending node, emerging from the leaf sheath mouth; peduncle short; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, included within the leaf sheath; peduncular bracts absent (?always); rachis much longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts tubular, ± distichous, each subtending a horizontal or ± pendulous, first-order branch; first-order branches with basal, 2-keeled prophyll and close, distichous, tubular bracts with triangular limbs, each subtending a flower cluster (except in Plectocomiopsis corneri where inflorescences diffusely branched to 3 orders, and flowers borne on axes of all 3 orders); flower cluster monopodial, representing a condensed rachilla. Staminate flowers borne ± distichously in clusters of up to 32 flowers, each flower in the axil of a cup-like rachilla bract and bearing a cup-like, 2-keeled bracteole; calyx thick, very leathery, tubular, with 3 short lobes, the abaxial surface often covered in scale-like trichomes; corolla thick, leathery, tubular through most of its length, split distally to form 3 approximate triangular lobes, covered in scale-like trichomes; stamens 6, epipetalous, united laterally to form a tube tipped with 6 short, reflexed, free filaments bearing short, rounded to oblong, medifixed, introrse anthers; pistillode minute. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; apertures equatorially disulcate; ectexine tectate or semitectate, finely perforate rugulate, or reticulate, alternatively exine intectate with angular clavae interspersed with granulae, aperture margins similar to or slightly finer than surrounding ectexine; infratectum columellate; longest axis 19–34 µm [5/5]. Pistillate flowers rarely solitary, or borne in groups of 2–4 (rarely more), each in the axil of a cup-like rachilla bract and bearing a 2-keeled, cup-like bracteole and rarely a minute second bracteole; calyx tubular, thick, leathery, divided into 3 low lobes, frequently bearing scale-like trichomes, persisting into fruiting stage, enlarging, splitting and cracking irregularly; corolla thick, leathery, densely scaly, divided into 3 short lobes, later splitting irregularly; staminodial ring epipetalous, bearing 6 very short lobes and pendulous empty anthers; gynoecium ovoid to cylindrical, at anthesis scaly only near the base of the 3 apical stigmas, locules 3, incomplete, each with 1 anatropous, basally attached p vule. Fruit 1 (very rarely 2)-seeded, perianth whorls persistent and enlarging, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp covered in somewhat irregular vertical rows of reflexed scales, mesocarp thin, endocarp not differentiated. Seed basally attached, usually depressed, globose, sarcotesta thick, but not juicy, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid, lamina composed of several folds. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Five species distributed in south Thailand (1 species), the Malay Peninsula (4), Sumatra (2) and Borneo (3). </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Plectocomiopsis has not been\r
+tested. For relationships, see Plectocomia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The apex of Plectocomiopsis geminiflora, though bitter, is highly esteemed in Borneo as a vegetable; opinions vary concerning other species,with some villagers regarding them as good, others aspoisonous. The stems are of little value being prone to splitwhen bent and are used only in coarse basketry.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1982b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>See Myrialepis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rattan, rotan. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>All species, like Myrialepis, seem to be adapted to colonizing disturbed habitats within primary forest. Plectocomiopsis triquetra and P. wrayi are confined to lowland peatswamp forest in Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, respectively; P. corneri and P. mira are local plants of lowland dipterocarp forest up to about 700 m altitude, whereas P. geminiflora is found in a wide range of forest types up to about 1200 m altitude.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomiopsis corneri</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<citation>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 13 (1951) 333</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>EJ.H. Corner 1906 -, eminent natural historian</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan rilang gajah</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust high climbing clustering hapaxanthic rattan with stems to about 25 m tall, without sheaths 1.5 - 2 cm in diameter, with to 3.5 cm. Internodes to 40 cm on juvenile stems, usually much less. Sheaths rich bright green, with thin covering of silvery grey indumentum and very sparse spines, most sheaths inerm, spines normally only present on juvenile stems, as a vertical row of golden spines about 3 cm long, below the petiole. Knee absent. Ocrea very conspicuous, about 3 cm high, though shorter in adult flowering stems, orangey-yellow, truncate, not tattering. Leaf to 2.75 m; petiole non-existent or very short; leaflets about 9 on each side of the rachis, very broad, somewhat cucullate about 30 cm long by 7 cm wide, bright green; cirrus to about 1.25 m. Dimensions of leaves subtending inflorescences much smaller. Inflorescences produced in the axils of the topmost 5-10 reduced leaves, male and female superficially similar but male more highly branched than female, unarmed, to 30 cm long with rather curving divaricate rachillae. Fruit borne on persistent, greatly enlarged and split calyx; fruit somewhat wider than high, about 2.5 cm high and 3 cm in diameter, covered in pale bright orangey-brown scales in 30-35 rows. Seed somewhat depressed, covered in very thin flesh. Endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf bifid flagellate, of very thin texture.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Trengganu, Pahang, Perak, Johore. Also collected once in Jambi Province, Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Very poor quality, easily splitting and deforming on drying.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Plectocomiopsis corneri is an extremely distinctive rattan found in lowland freshwater swamp forest and lowland Dipterocarp forest on the East Coast from Trengganu to Johore and one locality (G. Bubu) in Perak. It is nowhere very common, usually being found as occasional clumps. It appears to be favoured by disturbance - in areas where this species is indigenous, especially fine clumps may be seen along old logging trials. This species can hardly be confused with any other, it is the only Malayan rattan with the combination of non-kneed sheaths, prominent truncate ocrea bright yellow in colour, and broad cucullate leaflets, and very sparsely armed or unarmed sheaths.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomiopsis geminiflora</name>\r
+<author>(Griff.) Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>in Hooker f., Fl. Br. India 6: 479 (1893)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 48 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 61 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 37: 246 (1982)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 38 (1984) and Ratt. Sarawak 210 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus geminiflorus</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author>\r
+<bibref>Griff., Palms Br. India 70 (1850)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Paired flowers</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Embalua (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, moderate to robust rattan with stems to 30 m or more, forming rather dense thickets. Stem without sheaths to 30 mm diam., with sheaths to 60 mm diam., but usually more slender, internodes to 40 cm, shorter in exposed stems. Sheaths generally dull green with persistent grey tomentum and scattered caducous reddish-brown scales, and abundant scattered golden-yellow spines to 8 mm long, the spines sometimes absent on the sheaths subtending the inflorescences; knee absent; ocrea not well developed except on juvenile shoots where irregular, oblique and tattering. Leaf to 3 m including the cirrus to 1 m; petiole present on juvenile stems, absent in adult; leaflets c. 30 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, the largest to 40 × 4 cm, bright shining green, concolorous, with short bristles along the margins, the mid nerve on the upper surface with conspicuous golden bristles to 1.5 cm. Inflorescences up to 15 produced simultaneously, the male with more slender branches than the female, to 40 cm, with curving branches to 30 cm bearing clusters of flowers. Ripe fruit oblate, to 2.5 × 3 cm, covered in up to 42 vertical rows of pale greenish to chestnut brown scales. Seed c. 2 × 2 cm; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf bifid. (Fig. 79, Pl. 13B).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Local in mixed dipterocarp forest scattered throughout Brunei at altitudes up to 750 m above sea level, but remarkably patchy in distribution. Elsewhere a common rattan throughout Borneo, Sumatra, S Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cabbage, although bitter, is highly esteemed, and is sometimes sold in village markets. The cane seems only to be used for coarse basketware and cordage.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The clustering habit, moderate to robust size, absence of knee and the conspicuous long bristles on the upper surface of the main vein of the leaflets make this a very easily distinguished species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Bt.Belalong, Wong 1393.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomiopsis mira</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 37: 247 (1982)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 40 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 212 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Surprising</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Matar (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust high-climbing rattan with stems to 40 m; stem without sheaths slightly triangular in section, 15-20 mm diam., with sheaths to 35 mm, internodes to 40 cm in juvenile shoots, less in mature climbing stems. Sheaths rich bright green, with a thin covering of silvery grey indumentum and very sparse spines or unarmed; knee absent; ocrea very conspicuous, to 3 cm, orange-yellow, truncate, horizontal not tattering. Leaf to 2.75 m including the cirrus to 1.25 m; leaflets c. 9 on each side of the rachis, broad, spathulate, to 30 × 7 cm, bright green. Inflorescences produced simultaneously from the topmost c. 5-10 nodes, male and female superficially similar but the male more finely branched, to 30 cm, with curving ± divaricate branches. Fruit ± oblate, c. 2.5 × 3 cm, covered in 30 -35 vertical rows of bright orange-brown scales. Seed c. 2 × 2 cm with thin sarcotesta. Seedling leaf bifid with very thin texture. (Fig. 80, Pl. 16C, 16D).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A local rattan found in scattered localities throughout Brunei. It grows in lowland and hill dipterocarp forest on a variety of soils at altitudes up to 800 m above sea level. Elsewhere in scattered localities in Borneo, Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The lack of a knee and the curious ocrea set this and P. triquetra apart from other rattans in Brunei; P. triquetra is more slender than P. mira, usually has more spines on the leaf sheath, the ocrea is longer on the side opposite the petiole, the leaflets are more slender and the plant is known only in peat swamp forest and kerapah. Vegetatively P. mira is identical to P. corneri Furt. of Peninsular Malaysia and can only be identified with certainty when inflorescences are available.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Sungei Liang, Andulau F.R., Dransfield J. 7248.TEM: Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 12.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomiopsis triquetra</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 6 (1980)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 37: 250 (1982)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 43 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 215 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus triqueter</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 62 (1886)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Three-angled</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, clustering high-climbing rattan with stems to 40 m; stem without sheaths distinctly 3-angled, to 8 mm diam., with sheaths to 20 mm diam., internodes to 30 cm long, shorter in exposed stems. Leaf sheath dull to bright green, very sparsely armed with golden yellow horizontal spines to 1 cm arranged in a vertical line below the petiole and along the other 2 angles, also with scattered brown indumentum; knee absent; ocrea conspicuous, usually bright yellowish-brown, up to 2 cm, tightly enclosing the stem, distinctly longer on the side opposite to the petiole, tending to form a triangular limb. Leaf to 1.2 m including the petiole to 15 cm and cirrus to 60 cm, leaflets 5-10 on each side of the rachis, ± regularly arranged, narrow lanceolate, to 30 × 3 cm with very sparse marginal bristles. Inflorescences about 5 produced simultaneously, the male more finely branched than the female, to 35 cm, bearing pendulous branches to 18 cm; flowers in groups of 4-7. Mature fruit as in P. mira; details of scales not available. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 81, Pl. 16A, 16B).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from one collection. Elsewhere in Sarawak, Sabah and Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Plectocomiopsis triquetra is confined to peat swamp forest and kerapah in the lowlands. For differences between this species and P. mira see under the latter.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Seria, Badas F.R., Dransfield J. 7282</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Plectocomiopsis wrayi</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1893) 480</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (2) (1918) 55</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 65</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 13 (1951) 329</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Plectocomiopsis dubius</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (2) (1918) 56</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 66</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 13 (1951) 331</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield in Malay. Forester 41 (1978) 326</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>L. Wray Jr. 1853 -1942 Curator of Perak Museum 1883 -1908</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan pepe</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate-sized hapaxanthic rattan with stems to about 30 m tall forming rather dense thickets. Stem without leaf sheaths triangular in cross-section up to about 1.3 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 2 cm. Internodes to 40 cm long below, to about 20 cm long above. Leaf sheaths dull green armed with evenly scattered, 3 mm long slightly upward pointing golden spines, and sparse reddish-brown indumentum. Knee absent. Ocrea very short, to 5 mm tall, truncate, golden brown in colour. Leaf to 2 m long, including the cirrus about 1 m long. Petiole well-developed about 15 cm long rather densely covered in red-brown caducous scales. Leaflets 15-20 on each side, arranged regularly, somewhat distant (ca. 5 cm)., to 30 cm long by 3 cm wide, acuminate in long drip tips the leaf surface with rather conspicuous lateral veins, and armed along the upper surface of the main vein with short golden spinules to 2 mm long. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar but the male more highly branched than the females, crowded together one each in the axils of the uppermost reduced leaves. Inflorescence to 30 cm long with arcuate rachillae bearing bracteoles subtending groups of flowers. Male flower about 2 mm long. Female flower not seen. More or less ripe fruit about 2.5 cm high and 3 cm wide obscurely trigonous, shortly beaked, covered in 14 vertical rows of reflexed yellow-brown scales with dark margins. Seed about 2 cm wide by 1.5 cm wide. Endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Selangor. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Rotan pepe is a highly distinctive rattan found in peat and freshwater swamp forests in Perak and Selangor where it can form large thickets. The lack of knee, very short ocrea and rather densely armed sheaths, and narrow leaflets are characters useful for identifying it. I have examined the types of Pl. wrayi and Pl. dubius and have come to the conclusion that they represent the same species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Tall solitary very spiny pinnate-leaved palms, native to the Mascarene Islands, with conspicuous crownshafts and seed with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Acanthophoenix</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<citation>Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 16: 181 (1867).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Acanthophoenix rubra; (Bory) H. Wendl.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Akanthos — spine, phoenix — a general name for a palm, referring to the abundant spines.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary, spiny, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, usually unarmed, rarely spiny on new growth, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, slightly swollen at the base. Leaves pinnate, neatly abscising; sheaths tubular, forming a well-defined crownshaft, bearing abundant tomentum and black, rather fragile spines, rarely very sparsely armed, ligule absent; petiole rather short, adaxially flattened or shallowly channelled, abaxially rounded, tomentose or glabrous, ± unarmed to densely armed with black spines, especially in juveniles; rachis glabrous or scaly, tomentose or bearing ramenta; leaflets elongate, single-fold, acute, regularly arranged, ± pendulous, with white wax abaxially, adaxially usually armed with slender, bulbous-based bristles along the midrib near the base, rarely also armed abaxially, abaxially bearing minute dot-like scales and conspicuous ramenta along the main vein near the insertion, sometimes with white wax, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, protandrous, erect in bud, branching to 2 orders near the base, to 1 order distally; peduncle short, winged at the base, tomentose to becoming glabrous, unarmed or armed with flat, dark brown, straight or sinuous spines; prophyll inserted near the base of the peduncle, tubular, elliptic, briefly beaked, 2-keeled, completely enclosing the inflorescence in bud, unarmed or rarely spiny, glabrous or tomentose, splitting along one face, deciduous; peduncular bract 1, inserted just above and similar to the prophyll but less conspicuously 2-keeled, also caducous; rachis much longer than the peduncle, rachis bracts very inconspicuous, low, triangular, glabrous to tomentose, often spiny; first-order branches spirally arranged, rather distant; rachillae ivory-white to reddish at anthesis, becoming green in fruit, elongate, pendulous, sinuous, bearing very inconspicuous to prominent, spirally arranged, triangular bracts, each subtending a triad throughout the rachilla length except at the very tip where subtending solitary or paired staminate flowers; floral bracteoles low, very inconspicuous. Staminate flowers often briefly pedicellate, asymmetrical, white, cream-coloured to red; sepals 3, distinct or briefly connate, imbricate, short, acute, ± keeled; petals 3, basally ± briefly connate, valvate, 3–4 times as long as the sepals, ± elliptic, fleshy; stamens (4–)6–12, exserted at anthesis, filaments slender to wide, elongate, often coiled in bud but not inflexed, anthers dorsifixed, linear, basally sagittate, versatile, latrorse; pistillode ± ovoid, short, briefly to deeply trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, psilate-foveolate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 35–45 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers ± ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, broad, rounded; petals 3, distinct, imbricate except for the minute, valvate, triangular tips; staminodes 6–9, tooth-like or absent; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, ovoid, stigmas broad, ovule large pendulous, campylotropous. Fruit borne with persistent perianth whorls, ellipsoidal to subglobose, black at maturity, with lateral to subapical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth or slightly pebbled when dry, mesocarp with tanniniferous parenchyma overlying a shell of short sclereids, external to a layer of tanniniferous parenchyma with included thin, flat, longitudinal fibres, endocarp thin, crustaceous, fragile, with circular basal operculum. Seed attached laterally near the base, hilum circular, raphe branches ascending and anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid or pinnate. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species confined to Mauritius and Réunion, once common, now exceedingly rare in the wild; elsewhere cultivated, but not very common.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Fruit (Essig et al. 2001).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Oncosperma.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cabbage is eaten, this being responsible for the near extinction of this palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore and Guého (1984) and Ludwig(2006).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Ludwig's recent paper has clarified much of the confusion in the erstwhile recognised single species, Acanthophoenix crinita, by demonstrating the presence of good morphological characters for separating three species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Palmiste rouge.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Acanthophoenix rubra grows at altitudes less than 600 m, A. rousselii occurs in drier forest at less than 850 m, while A. crinita occurs at higher elevations in montane forest. All wild populations are very small and disturbed.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Slender colonial monoecious palms with pinnate leaves and praemorse leaflets, sometimes acaulescent, sometimes erect, found in Equatorial West African rain forest. Inflorescence is spicate with pits and flowers borne on stalks; fruit has basal stigmatic remains.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Podococcus</name>\r
+<author>G. Mann and H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<citation>Trans. Linn. Soc. London 24: 426 (1864).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Podococcus barteri; G. Mann and H. Wendl.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Podos — foot, kokkus — grain, seed or berry, referring to the characteristic stalked fruit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small, colonial, unarmed, acaulescent or erect, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, slender, reed-like, or subterranean, covered in reddish-brown fibrous leaf bases, eventually bare and ringed with leaf scars, axillary stolons present basally and extending horizontally and eventually vertically, developing roots, and becoming new shoots; prop roots with pneumatophores developed basally. Leaves few, marcescent, pinnate, the first leaves on new shoots undivided, elliptical, pinnately ribbed, margins toothed, apex very shallowly bifid; sheath tubular, becoming split opposite the petiole, margins fibrous; petiole very slender, narrowly channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, with dot-like scales and deciduous tomentum; rachis like the petiole but longer, tapering, extending through the terminal, often minutely bifid leaflet; leaflets rhombic, single-fold, basal half of each leaflet wedge-shaped with smooth margins, the upper half triangular, margins doubly toothed, 5 large ribs divergent from the base, midrib not evident, blade glabrous adaxially, densely covered with slender, bulbous-based, tanniniferous hairs abaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, spicate, erect at first, pendulous in fruit, protandrous; peduncle very slender, with deciduous tomentum; prophyll basal, tubular, 2-keeled, disintegrating into long fibres; peduncular bracts 2–3, inserted at wide intervals above the prophyll, tubular, disintegrating as the prophyll; rachis about as long as or longer than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged triads of flowers basally, paired or solitary staminate flowers distally, flowers enclosed in pits; rachis bracts subtending the triads evident only as raised, curved lower margins of the pits, densely covered in stellate hairs between and inside the pits; floral bracteoles membranous, irregular, mostly pointed. Staminate flowers ± adaxial to the pistillate; staminate sepals 3, distinct, somewhat keeled dorsally, tips irregular or rounded, imbricate basally; petals 3, valvate, about twice as long as the sepals, at anthesis adnate about 2/3 their length to a solid receptacle, nearly equalling the depth of the pit, distinct lobes exserted, spreading; stamens 6, in 2 whorls, the outer opposite the sepals and shorter than the inner antepetalous whorl, filaments awl-shaped, rather short, incurved distally, anthers short, dorsifixed near the base, latrorse, connective tanniniferous; pistillode short, briefly 3-lobed. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 27–32 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flower symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, irregular, variously notched distally, about half as long as the petals, imbricate; petals connate and adnate basally 1/3 to 1/2 their length to a solid receptacle, nearly equalling the depth of the pit, apices imbricate in bud, spreading at anthesis; staminodes 6 (according to Mann and Wendland 1864), minute; gynoecium ovoid, trilocular, triovulate or 2 locules abortive, style not evident, stigmas 3, short, recurved at anthesis, ovule pendulous. Fruit long, ellipsoidal or with ellipsoidal lobes, often slightly curved, bright orange, 1–3-seeded, stigmatic remains central in 3-seeded fruits, lateral in 1–2-seeded fruits, the base briefly stalked, lobes developing horizontally to the floral axis; epicarp thin, smooth, rather leathery, mesocarp gelatinous with an internal layer of fibres ±adherent to the seed, endocarp crustaceous. Seed ellipsoidal, basally attached, hilum basal, raphe branches anastomosing from the base, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral near the middle, (?)± basal relative to the plane of the seed. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll rhombic, undivided, minutely bifid, toothed above the middle. Cytology not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species of western Africa from Nigeria to Gabon, ranging from the Niger Delta almost to the Congo River. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Silica bodies of stegmata spherical, central vascular bundles of petiole with two phloem strands (Parthasarathy pers. comm.); root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b); sepals of both staminate and pistillate flowers usually lacking a vascular supply or rarely second sepal in pistillate flower with 1–2 small fibrous bundles; petals with 4–5 parallel bundles in pistillate and about 9 parallel bundles in staminate flowers; stamens each with a single trace; in young gynoecium, carpels connate with a distal septal nectary and the pistillode also apparently secretory; each carpel with 1 dorsal and 2 ventral bundles and a pendulous ovule with two integuments (Uhl unpublished). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Podococcus has not been tested. For relationships, see tribe Podococceae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>van Valkenburg et al. (2007). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Podococcus is similar in leaf and gynoecial structure to some members of Iriarteeae but several characters set it apart.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found in rain forest at low elevations. The genus apparently never occurs more than 200 km inland. Its distribution conforms roughly to the limits of the Biafran forest and closely related associations, and it is not found in post-cultivation or roadside habitats. The species mostly occur on soils of the feralitic latosol type but are not confined to one soil type (Bullock 1980a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Slender solitary or clustering erect or short climbing palms, found in Malay Peninsula and Borneo; immediately distinguished by the two strange erect spiny slender ear-like lobes (auricles) at the base of the petiole.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Pogonotium</name>\r
+<author>J. Dransf.</author> \r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34(4): 763 (1980a).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Pogonotium ursinum; (Becc.) J. Dransf.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Pogon — beard, otion — a little ear, referring to the finely spiny auricles.</p></div> \r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustered, spiny, erect or short-climbing, pleonanthic, dioecious, rattan palms. Stem with short internodes. Leaves pinnate, without cirrus; sheath tubular, densely armed with whorled and scattered spines and caducous tomentum, terminating in 2 erect, narrow auricles, 1 on each side of the petiole, the auricles variously armed like the sheath; knee absent or poorly developed; flagellum absent; petiole well developed, flat adaxially, rounded abaxially, armed with reflexed grapnel spines and various papillae and hairs; rachis armed as the petiole; leaflets few to very numerous, linear, single-fold, regularly arranged, very crowded to very distant, the surface covered with a variety of bristles and scales, midribs prominent adaxially, transverse veinlets short, conspicuous. Inflorescences axillary but adnate to the internode and leaf sheath of the following leaf, held erect between the 2 auricles of the subtending leaf, ± sessile, the pistillate branching to 2 orders, the staminate to 3 orders; prophyll enclosing the inflorescence, boat-shaped, with a flattened beak, armed or unarmed, splitting longitudinally along the mid adaxial or abaxial line, thus exposing the flowers; rachis bracts very much smaller than the prophyll, with free tips, each and the prophyll subtending a variously hairy branch; bracts on first-order branches tubular at the base, with triangular limbs. Staminate flowers solitary, borne subdistichously on branches of the second or third-order, each subtended by a minute, short, tubular, triangular bract and bearing a 2-keeled bracteole; calyx tubular in proximal part, striate, with 3 triangular lobes; corolla split almost to the base into 3 triangular valvate lobes; stamens 6, borne at the base of the corolla lobes, filaments fleshy, elongate, inflexed at the tips, anthers oblong, medifixed, sagittate basally, latrorse; pistillode minute. Pollen spheroidal, bi-symmetric; monoporate with pore on one of two short axes of grain; ectexine tectate or semi-tectate, perforate-rugulate or foveolate-reticulate, aperture margin usually similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 18–32 µm [2/3]. Pistillate flowers in dyads, each subtended by a small, triangular bract, and consisting of a pistillate and a sterile staminate flower and two 2-keeled cup-like bracteoles. Sterile staminate flower like the fertile but tending to be contorted by close-packing and with empty flattened anthers and a variable pistillode. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate; calyx cupular, striate, lobes triangular, valvate; corolla split almost to the base into 3 triangular, valvate lobes; staminodes 6, epipetalous; gynoecium incompletely trilocular, triovulate, ovoid, scaly, stigmas 3, fleshy, rugose, divergent, ovule basally attached, anatropous. Fruit 1-seeded, globose or ovoid, beaked, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp covered in neat vertical rows of reflexed magenta to chestnut-coloured scales, mesocarp becoming thin and dry at maturity, endocarp not differentiated. Seed basally attached, sarcotesta thick, sweet, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll pinnate or with a single pair of divergent leaflets. Cytology not studied.</p></div> \r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species, one in Malay Peninsula and Sarawak (Borneo), the other two confined to Sarawak. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Pogonotium has not beentested. For relationships, see Calamus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Pogonotium ursinum is very decorative, especially when young,but has not been introduced into general cultivation.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1980a, 1982c). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The highly reduced inflorescence nestling between thetwo auricles makes this a distinctive and unusual rattan genus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In Borneo, all three species occur as small populations confined to podsolised soils on ridgetops at about 700–1000 m altitude (at the transition between lowland and montane forest) or to some facies of ‘kerangas’ forest (heath forest). In the Malay Peninsula, Pogonotium ursinum has been found in lowland dipterocarp forest. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Pogonotium divaricatum</name>\r
+<author>J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 766 (1980)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 196 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Divaricate, referring to the arrangement of the leaflets in the type specimen</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, short-stemmed, erect rattan, rarely taller than 4 m; stem without sheaths to 10 mm diam., with sheaths to 20 mm diam., internodes 5-10 cm. Sheaths densely covered in fine long black spines to 3 cm, sometimes with straw-coloured tips, mostly in horizontal groups with joined bases, some spines much smaller, bristle-like, and abundant pale brown hairs, the sheaths ending in 2 long, slender, tapering, erect ear-like processes (auricles), one on each side of the petiole, to 20 cm long, 1 cm wide at the base (usually less), ± convex, armed with scattered and grouped spines, the inner surface unarmed. Leaf to 1.2 m, ecirrate; petiole to c. 30 cm, c. 0.5 cm wide at the base, armed with pale reflexed grapnel spines and scattered black spicules and abundant indumentum, later becoming minutely roughened; rachis neatly curved, armed as the petiole; leaflets up to c. 60 on each side of the rachis, very regularly arranged, c. 20 × 1 cm, each with a bunch of fine bristles at the base on the undersurface, and abundant soft bristles on both surfaces, the margins with long bristles interlocking with those of the next leaflet; young leaves tinged pink. Inflorescences small and inconspicuous, borne on the leaf sheaths, held erect between the auricles of the subtending leaf, rarely more than 16 cm long, closely adpressed to the sheaths; peduncle very short or absent, the entire inflorescence enclosed within the unarmed or bristly prophyll, splitting along its length to expose the flowers, other bracts very small. Mature fruit ± barrel-shaped, c. 17 × 14 mm, beaked, covered in 16-17 vertical rows of dull red-brown, thin, scarcely channelled scales. Seed 8 × 6 × 4 mm; sarcotesta sweet and juicy. Seedling leaf pinnate with c. 6 hairy leaflets on each side. (Fig. 72, Pls. 13A, 14C, 14D).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A rather rare palm of ridges in the headwaters of the major rivers; elsewhere known from the Mulu National Park in Sarawak.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>P. divaricatum seems to be a speciality of submontane ridge tops and some facies of kerangas. This is a beautiful rattan with its numerous, fine, soft, bristly leaflets. This species was first described from the Mulu National Park in Sarawak where there seemed to be strong differences between it and P. ursinum, described from the First Division of Sarawak. Now, almost twenty years later, we have a wider range of material from different parts of Sarawak and several collections from Brunei and the rather neat differences between the two species are not so clear cut. It is possible that P. divaricatum, differentiated by its smaller number of leaflets, shorter auricles and larger fruit with a greater number of vertical rows of fruit scales, may prove merely to be a robust form of P. ursinum. The material from Brunei is named here P. divaricatum but it must be admitted that it is more or less intermediate between the type specimen and typical plants of P. ursinum from near Kuching in Sarawak.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt. Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6594. TEM: Amo, Bt. Belalong, Dransfield J. 7139; Amo, Bt. Belalong, Dransfield J. 7186; Amo, Bt. Belalong, Wong 1508; Amo, Ulu Belalong, Dransfield J. 7378. TUT: Rambai, Bt Bahak, Coode 7093.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Pogonotium moorei</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Principes 26: 174 (1982)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>H. E. Moore Jr., 1917 - 1980, eminent palm botanist</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, low, short-stemmed erect rattan, not exceeding 2 m tall. Stem without sheaths c. 10 mm diam., with sheaths c. 18 mm diam., internodes c. 5 cm long. Sheaths armed with abundant, close, oblique and horizontal combs of black or straw-coloured spines, 1-22 mm long and abundant pale brown tomentum; ear-like processes c. 8.5 x 1.5 cm, gradually tapering, convex, armed as the sheath on the outer surface, the inner surface unarmed. Leaf to 1.1 m, ecirrate or with a minute vestige of a cirrus; petiole to 50 cm, scabrid, armed with scattered reflexed spines; leaflets few, distant, regularly arranged, c. 9 on each side of the rachis, ± divaricate, the longest c. 32 x 2.5 cm, the apical pair much smaller, the margins sparsely bristly, otherwise bristles lacking; young leaves tinged pink. Inflorescence, only female known, very small and inconspicuous, held erect between the auricles; peduncle very short or absent, the prophyll c. 12 cm long, split opposite the leaf sheath (?always), hairy and bearing abundant spines and spicules as the sheath; other bracts small. Flowers small, glabrous. Mature fruit obpyriform, c. 13 x 9 mm, tipped with a short beak and covered in 15 - 16 vertical rows of pinkish-brown, scarcely channelled scales. Seed ellipsoid, c. 11 x 7 mm, the sarcotesta thin. Seedling leaf with 2 very small widely diverging leaflets tipped with bristles (Fig. 98).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A very rare palm known only from G Gaharu on the border with Kalimantan in the 1st Division; endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>P. moorei is so far known only from a few individuals observed near the summit of G Gaharu at c. 600m altitude; it grows in very mossy, submontane kerangas forest on sandstone. It is very inconspicuous and could be passed over as a seedling of a species of Calamus or Daemonorops. From the other two species of Pogonotium it is immediately distinguishable by the very few leaflets and the top-shaped fruit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Pogonotium ursinum</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 763 (1980)</citation>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops ursina</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 22 (1902)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12:96 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 90 (1979)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Bear-like, probably referring to the abundance of hair-like spines</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, short-stemmed, erect rattan, rarely taller than 4 m; stem without sheaths to 10 mm diam., with sheaths to 20 mm diarn,, internodes 5-10 cm. Sheaths densely covered in fine long black spines to 3 cni, sometimes with straw-coloured tips, mostly in horizontal groups with joined bases, some spines much smaller, bristle-like, and abundant pale brown hairs, the sheaths ending in 2 long, slender, tapering, erect ear-like processes (auricles), one on each side of the petiole, to 35 long, 1 cm wide at the base (usually less), ± convex, armed with scattered and grouped spines, the inner surface unarmed. Leaf to 1.2 m, ecirrate; petiole to c. 30 cm, c. 0.5 cm wide at the base, armed with pale reflexed grapnel spines and scattered black spicules and abundant indumentum, later becoming minutely roughened; rachis neatly curved, armed as the petiole; leaflets up to c. 100 on each side of the rachis, very regularly and closely arranged, c. 15 x 0,6 cm, limp, soft, each with a bunch of fine bristles at the base on the undersurface, and abundant soft bristles on both surfaces, the margins with long bristles interlocking with those of the next leaflet; young leaves tinged pink. Inflorescences small and inconspicuous, borne on the leaf sheaths, held erect between the auricles of the subtending leaf, rarely more than 16 cm long, closely adpressed to the sheaths; peduncle very short or absent, the entire inflorescence enclosed within the unarmed or bristly prophyll, splitting along its length to expose the flowers, other bracts very small. Mature fruit ± barrel-shaped, c. 17 x 14 mm, beaked, covered in 16-17 vertical rows of dull red-brown, thin, scarcely channelled scales. Seed 8x6x4 mm; sarcotesta sweet and juicy. Seedling leaf pinnate with c. 6 hairy leaflets on each side (Fig. 96).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A rare palm restricted to the 1st and 2nd Divisions; elsewhere known from one collection from Pahang in Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>P. ursinum seems to be a speciality of submontane ridgetops. It has been collected on G Matang, G Buri and G Gaharu. This is a beautiful rattan with its numerous, fine, soft, bristly leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate, solitary pinnate-leaved palms, native to the Caroline Islands, all with crownshafts and praemorse leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ponapea</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 13 (1924).</citation> \r
+<type>Type; Ponapea ledermanniana; Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for the island of Ponape (Pohnpei).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, moderate, smooth, grey, ringed with leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, arching; sheath forming a prominent crownshaft, abaxially densely covered with grey scales; petiole well developed, deeply channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, covered with small brown punctiform scales; rachis channelled basally, ridged distally; leaflets broadly lanceolate, regularly arranged, tips oblique to truncate, conspicuously praemorse, adaxially glabrous, abaxially covered with numerous dark brown ramenta on major veins, transverse veinlets not apparent. Inflorescences infrafoliar, held horizontally, branched to 4 orders basally, to 2–1 orders distally; peduncle short, rather slender, flattened, glabrous; prophyll tubular, membranous, bearing scattered scales, rounded at the tip, splitting abaxially allowing the peduncular bract to emerge; peduncular bract borne just above the prophyll, exceeding the prophyll, longitudinally splitting, caducous, bearing scales as the prophyll; peduncular bract tubular, caducous, shortly beaked, splitting abaxially, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely to lightly covered in stellate brown scales, scar of 1 incomplete peduncular bract present; rachis much longer than the peduncle, elongate, tapering, bearing rather widely spaced ± angled first-order branches, each subtended by a very small, ridge-like bract; rachillae white, slender, spreading, somewhat divaricate and zig-zag, glabrous, bearing subdistichous, distant triads of flowers for 2/3 their length and paired to solitary staminate flowers distally; floral bracteoles large, low, rounded. Staminate flowers symmetrical, bullet-shaped; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, irregularly rounded, somewhat gibbous; petals 3, distinct, ovate, valvate, evenly thickened, adaxially grooved; stamens ca. 100, filaments erect in bud, short, awl-shaped, anthers oblong-elliptical, curled, deeply bifid basally and apically, dorsifixed near the base, ?latrorse, connective broad, tanniniferous; pistillode conical, much shorter than the stamens. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 43–51 µm [1/3]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, margins variously split; petals 3, distinct, broadly ovate and imbricate, tips thick, valvate, opening briefly apically to expose the stigmas at anthesis; staminodes 3, irregular, tooth-like; gynoecium asymmetrical, ovoid with a bulge on one side, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, fleshy, recurved at anthesis, ovule very large, laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit ovoid when fresh, drying irregularly 5-ridged, red at maturity, stigmatic remains apical, perianth persistent; epicarp smooth, becoming somewhat striate when dry, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp thick, black, conspicuously 5-ridged (Ponapea leddermanniana), ridged and straw-coloured (P. hosinoi), or terete and straw-coloured (P. palauensis). Seed attached laterally, ovoid, conforming to the shape of the endocarp, hilum elongate, raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid with broad conspicuously praemorse lobes. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species in the Caroline Islands (Pohnpei and Palau). </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Fruit (Essig 1977). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Ponapea is a strongly supported monophyletic group that is resolved as sister to Drymophloeus hentyi with high support (Lewis et al. in prep.). Asmussen et al. (2006), Norup et al. (2006) and Baker et al. (in review) resolve Ponapea as sister to Ptychosperma with low to moderate support, but D. hentyi was not sampled in these studies. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1885). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The three described species have very different endocarps. Furthermore, Ponapea ledermanniana and P. hosinoi have short conical pistillodes, shorter than their stamens, whereas P. palauensis has a bottle-shaped pistillode, like that commonly found among other Ptychospermatoid palms.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found in rain forest along banks of streams at low elevations. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small or moderate pinnate-leaved palms from Central and South America and the Caribbean, with rather coarse leaflets, rarely the leaf undivided; rachillae are generally brightly coloured.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Prestoea</name>\r
+<author>Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f.</author> \r
+<citation>Gen. pl. 3: 875, 899 (1883)</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Prestoea pubigera; (Griseb. and H. Wendl.) Hook.f.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Martinezia</name>\r
+<author>Ruiz and Pav.</author>\r
+<bibref>Ruiz and Pav., Fl. peruv. prodr. 148 (1794).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Martinezia ensiformis; Ruiz and Pav.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Oreodoxa</name>\r
+<author>Willd.</author>\r
+<bibref>Willd., Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Hist. (Berlin) 1804: 34 (1807).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Oreodoxa acuminata; Willd.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Acrista</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 555 (1901).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Acrista monticola; O.F. Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Euterpe</name>\r
+<author>Gaertn. sensu Becc. (non Mart.)</author>\r
+<bibref>Gaertn. sensu Becc. (non Mart.), Pomona Coll. J. Econ. Bot. 2: 351 (1912).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Euterpe sect. Euterpe subsect. Leiostachys</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 63: 50 (1929). </bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Euterpe sect. Meteuterpe</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 14: 328 1939).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for Henry Prestoe (1842–1923), British botanist and traveller, who collected plants in Trinidad.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, rarely solitary, usually clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious tree palms. Stem slender or relatively stout, erect or decumbent, brown or grey, sometimes swollen basally, leaf scars prominent or obscure, adventitious roots present or absent. Leaves regularly or irregularly pinnate, or undivided, curving or erect; sheath tubular, splitting opposite the petiole, usually not forming a distinct crownshaft, but crownshaft sometimes evident in Prestoea acuminata, often scaly or tomentose, becoming glabrous; petiole usually elongate, rarely short, often slender, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, both surfaces densely dark tomentose or scaly, rachis channelled at the base, flat to ridged adaxially, rounded abaxially, densely tomentose (?always); leaflets long, narrow, opposite or subopposite, regularly arranged in one plane, shorter basally and distally, sometimes curved, tips pointed, edges often thickened, single-fold or several-fold distally or in partly entire leaves, midribs of folds prominent adaxially, other veins small, ± equal or 1–2 pairs slightly larger, blade adaxially ± glabrous, abaxially lightly tomentose, whitish dot-like hairs usually abundant, large to small tattered scales along the midrib and sometimes along larger veins, often waxy, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences usually interfoliar in bud, becoming infrafoliar at anthesis or in fruit, branched to 1 order or rarely spicate; peduncle short or more usually elongate, longer than the rachis; prophyll usually persistent, markedly shorter than the peduncular bract, tubular, 2-keeled laterally, ± flat, splitting apically and dorsi-ventrally so as sometimes to appear bifid, inserted at the base of the peduncle, chartaceous to coriaceous, variously scaly; peduncular bract usually persistent, several times longer than the prophyll, terete, with a long hard beak, usually inserted some distance above the prophyll, chartaceous or coriaceous; rachis bearing spirally arranged, short, thin, membranous or stiff, rounded or pointed bracts, each subtending a rachilla; rachillae white at anthesis, usually becoming reddish in fruit, slender, moderate to elongate, erect at first, becoming divaricate or stiffly ascending, sometimes markedly swollen or bulbous basally, rachis and rachillae densely covered with soft pale hairs or with dark red or brown tomentum or glabrous; rachilla bracts very shallow, membranous, subtending triads of flowers basally and paired to solitary staminate flowers distally, flowers superficial or in a slight depression, triads with the staminate flowers only slightly larger than and lateral to the pistillate, rarely (Prestoea longepetiolata var. cuatrecasasii) the pistillate flower surrounded by 2 large bracteoles. Staminate flowers symmetrical or asymmetrical, ovoid, stalked or sessile; sepals 3, distinct and shortly imbricate basally or united in a low cupule, margins smooth or hairy with tufts of hairs at the tips, usually keeled to some extent; petals 3, ovate, distinct, valvate, tips valvate or appressed, margins smooth or hairy with tufts of hairs at the tips; stamens 6, filaments terete, briefly inflexed at the apex, anthers linear, acute or bifid apically, sagittate or free basally, dorsifixed slightly below the middle, latrorse; pistillode columnar or trifid, light or dark. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 26–46 µm [7/10]. Pistillate flowers broadly ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, margins smooth or hairy; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, rounded, tips valvate; staminodes 6, small, tooth-like; gynoecium ovoid, asymmetrical, unilocular, uniovulate, style not evident, stigmas 3, appressed or reflexed, ovule large, basal, form unknown. Fruit rounded, dark purple to black at maturity (?always), perianth persistent, stigmatic remains subapical or near the middle; epicarp smooth or slightly irregular, mesocarp fleshy, with an inner layer of wide flat fibres, endocarp thin, crustaceous. Seed globose, laterally attached, hilum elongate, raphe branches numerous, anastomosing to form a network, endosperm ruminate or rarely (P. longepetiolata var. cuatrecasasii) homogeneous; embryo subbasal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid (e.g., P. acuminata) or pinnate (e.g., P. decurrens). Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Ten species distributed throughout the West Indies, from Nicaragua southward in Central America, and into Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. One taxon (Prestoea acuminata var. montana) is widespread in the Lesser Antilles. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Stems, leaves and roots (Henderson and Galeano1996), and root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Prestoea is monophyletic (Henderson 1999a).The genus is resolved as sister to Oenocarpus and Neonicholsoniawith moderate support (Baker et al. in review), or as sister toOenocarpus (Henderson 1999a).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The ‘cabbage’ is edible (Hodge 1965),and some species are desirable ornamentals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson and Galeano (1996), see alsoHenderson (1999a).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>For differences from Euterpe, see comments under Euterpe.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Mountain cabbage palm (Prestoeaacuminata var. montana). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Mostly on well-drained slopes at moderate to rather high elevations. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Prestoea acuminata</name>
+<author>(Willd.) H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 9: 286 (1963)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, to 10 m tall, and 10 cm in diameter. Leaf sheaths partially closed, forming a crown shaft, this purple in mature palms; blade 1-2.5 m long; pinnae 30-80 on each side, below with brown scales on the midrib, terminally abrubtly narrowing into 3-5 cm long filamentous point, the central ones 60-100 cm long and 4-7 cm wide. Inflorescence with peduncle 3-20 cm long; rachis 40-80 cm long; branches 20-120, 20-70 cm long. Flower buds lilac. Fruits black, globose, 10-12 mm in diameter. Seedling leaves bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in the Antilles, Central America, and in the Andes from Colombia to Bolivia at 1000-2500 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Three varieties of this species are recognised. The Ecuadorean plants belong to var. acuminata which is wide spread in Central American mountains and in the Andes.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>
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+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
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+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
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+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Prestoea acuminata var. acuminata</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Different from the two other varieties of the species in having the combination of angular rachillae and small globose fruits.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Prestoea carderi</name>
+<author>(W.Bull) Hook.f.</author>
+<citation>Bot. Mag. 116: t. 7108 (1890)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems solitary or clustered, very short, ca. 5 cm in diameter. Leaf sheaths open, green; petiole 80-120 cm long; blade 100-200 cm long; pinnae 15-30 on each side, the central ones 35-70 cm long and 3-5 cm wide, abruptly narrowed at the tip into long filamentous point. Inflorescence with peduncle 50-140 cm long; rachis 20-70 cm long, with 20-60 short branches, 10-25 cm long. Fruits black, globose, 7-10 mm in diameter. Seedling leaves bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Patchy in mountain areas in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, at 1000-2000 m elevation. In Ecuador it is known from a few localities on the E Andean slopes.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Prestoea decurrens</name>
+<author>(H.Wendl. ex Burret) H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 9: 286 (1963)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, 1.5-5 m tall, and 4-8 cm in diameter, often yellowish green. Leaf sheathes partly closed, green, often persisting; petiole 30-80 cm long; blade 120-220 cm long; pinnae 50-80 on each side, the central ones 30-60 cm long and 3-5 cm wide, abrubtly narrowed at the tip into a 3-5 cm long filamentous point. Inflorescence with peduncle 8-40 cm long; rachis 20-50 cm long; branches 10-70, 25-50 cm long, 2-5 mm in diameter, with numerous simple, white hairs, especially when young. Fruits black, globose, 7-11 mm in diameter. Seedling leaves pinnately divided.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central America to Ecuador W of the Andes, in moist to wet forest below 1000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Plants from central and S Ecuador are smaller than typical for the species, and strongly resemble P. schultzeana</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
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+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
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+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
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+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
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+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
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+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Prestoea ensiformis</name>
+<author>(Ruiz & Pav.) H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 9: 286 (1963)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey or subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, to 10 m tall, and 8-12 cm in diameter, distally with some persisting, black leaf sheaths. Leaves with petiole 50-100 cm long; blade 150-250 cm long; pinnae 40-60 on each side, the central ones 50-80 cm long and 3-5 cm wide, gradually tapering at apex into a short point. Inflorescence with peduncle 30-100 cm long; rachis 30-80 cm long; branches 20-60, 45-75 cm long, and 2-3 mm in diameter. Fruits black, globose, 7-10 mm in diameter. Seedling leaves bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Costa Rica to Ecuador W of the Andes, and in S Ecuador to Peru E of the Andes, usually at elevations below 1500 m.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
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+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
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+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
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+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
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+</mods:name>
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+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Prestoea pubens</name>
+<author>H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 12: 37 (1980)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems solitary or clustered, to 3 m tall and 5 cm in diameter. Leaf sheath open; blade 0.5-2.0 m long, simple or regularly divided into 8-20, broadly lanceolate to nearly sigmoid pinnae on each side, these narrowed at the tip into a slender, up to 6 cm long point. Inflorescence unbranched or with up to 11 branches; peduncle to 50 cm long. Fruits black, globose, 8-10 mm in diameter. Morphology of seedling leaves not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Patchy in Panama and Colombia W of the Andes, and in a small area on the E slopes of the Andes in Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Two varieties are recognised. The Ecuadorian plants apparently correspond to var. semispicata </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Prestoea pubens var. semispicata</name>
+<author>(de Nevers & A.J.Hend.) A.J.Hend. & Galeano</author>
+<citation>Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 72: 68 (1996)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Inflorescence unbranched or more rarely once branched with up to 4 branches. Fruits with scarcely ruminate endosperm. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>This variety is otherwise known only from Panama, while Colombian plants belong to var. pubens</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Prestoea pubens var. pubens differs in that the inflorescence is once branched with 3-10 branches and the endosperm is deeply ruminate. Fruits of Ecuadorian plants have not yet been collected and the taxonomic position of these thus remains slightly uncertain.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Prestoea schultzeana</name>
+<author>(Burret) H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 12: 34 (1980)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, usually only one stem well-developed, but a number of stem-less juvenile shoots present at base. Leaf sheath open; petiole 80-160 cm long; blade 120-220 cm long; pinnae 30-40 on each side, the central ones 40-60 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, abrubtly narrowed into a filamentous, ca. 6 cm long point. Inflorescence with peduncle 40-80 cm long; rachis 5-30 cm long; branches 5-15, 30-70 cm long. Fruits black, globose 7-10 mm in diameter. Seedling leaves pinnately divided.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Common throughout E Ecuador, mainly on poorly drained or regularly flooded ground.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary hermaphroditic fan palms found on scattered islands through the western Pacific and with a major radiation on the Hawaiian Islands, immediately recognisable by the long peduncles and flowers in which the tip of the corolla falls off to expose the stamens.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia</name>
+<author>Seem. and H. Wendl. ex H. Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Bonplandia 10: 197 (1862)</citation>
+<type>Type; Pritchardia pacifica; Seem. & H.Wendl.</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Eupritchardia</name>
+<author>Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 3(3): 323 (1898).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Eupritchardia pacifica; (Seem. & H.Wendl.) Kuntze</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma</name>
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241 (1915).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Styloma pacifica; (Seem. & H.Wendl.) O.F.Cook</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Honors William T. Pritchard, one-time British Consul in the Fiji Islands.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic tree palms. Stem erect, sometimes deeply striate, ringed with close leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, costapalmate, marcescent in immature acaulescent individuals, deciduous in trunked individuals; sheath tomentose, soon disintegrating into a mass of fibres; petiole elongate, flattened or channelled adaxially, abaxially rounded or angular, extending into the costa without interruption, usually tomentose; adaxial hastula a ridge with a central point, abaxial hastula absent; blade divided to ca. 1/3 to 1/2 its radius along adaxial folds into single-fold segments, further shallowly divided along abaxial folds, interfold filaments often present, segments stiff, held in 1 plane or variously pendulous, surfaces similar or more distinctly glaucous abaxially, usually copiously tomentose along ribs, frequently with small scales on abaxial surface, transverse veinlets conspicuous or obscure. Inflorescences interfoliar, solitary or 2–4 together in each axil, sheathed by a common prophyll, branched to 3 orders; peduncle conspicuous, stiff, ± erect to pendulous, shorter or longer than the leaves; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, closely sheathing, densely tomentose, sometimes disintegrating into a weft of fibres; peduncular bracts several, similar to the prophyll, tending to split along one side, irregularly tattering, sometimes inflated, adaxially glabrous, densely tomentose abaxially, rarely becoming glabrous; rachis much shorter than the peduncle; rachillae straight, curved or somewhat zigzag, tending to be crowded forming a head of flowers, glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy, bearing spirally arranged, minute bracts subtending solitary flowers. Flowers sessile or borne on very low tubercles, floral bracteoles apparently absent; calyx tubular, shallowly 3-lobed distally, rather thick and coriaceous; corolla considerably exceeding the calyx, coriaceous, tubular at the base, divided distally into 3 ± elongate valvate lobes, the lobes forming a cap deciduous at anthesis; stamens 6, borne near the mouth of the corolla tube, the filament bases connate to form a conspicuous tube projecting beyond the calyx, with 6 short distinct tips bearing oblong, ± erect, latrorse anthers; gynoecium tricarpellate, the carpels wedge-shaped, distinct in the ovarian region, connate in a common elongate style bearing a minutely 3-lobed stigma, ovule basally attached, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight to obvious asymmetry, occasionally oblate triangular; aperture a distal sulcus, less frequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, scabrate, or perforate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 38–53 µm [7/27]. Fruit spherical or ovoid, developing from 1 carpel only, bearing apical stigmatic and sterile carpel remains; calyx persistent; epicarp smooth, mesocarp rather thin, fleshy, fibrous, endocarp thin, woody and rather brittle, sometimes thickened at the base. Seed ± spherical, basally or subbasally attached, with rounded hilum, endosperm homogeneous, the seed coat slightly thickened by the hilum but endosperm without conspicuous intrusion of the seed coat; embryo basal. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire, lanceolate, plicate. Cytology: 2n = 36, 36 ±2.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 27 recognised species from Fiji, Tonga, Danger Islands and Hawaii. All but five species are Hawaiian endemics; many are extremely rare and endangered, or not seen in the wild for several years. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The large leaves are used as fans and umbrellas. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965), fruit (Reddy and Kulkarni 1982), endocarp (Murray 1973). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Asmussen et al. (2006) found strong support for the monophyly of Pritchardia and moderate support for its sister relationship with Washingtonia. There is also moderate support for a sister relationship between Pritchardia and Copernicia (Uhl et al. 1995, Baker et al. in review). </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari and Rock (1921). See also Hodel (1980, 2007). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Leaves: Pritchardites (P. wettinioides) from the Tertiary of Italy (Bureau 1896) was placed in the synonomy of Phoenicites by Read and Hickey (1972). Silicified fruits that, “come very close to some species of Pritchardia and Licuala specially [sic] the latter” (Shete and Kulkarni 1985) are reported from the Indian Deccan Intertrappean, Maharashtra State (although the age span of these volcanic deposits is controversial, see Chapter 5). Numerous records of Pritchardia pollen and seeds are reported from the pre-human Holocene of Kaua’a Island, Hawaii (Burney et al. 2001). Thick-walled monosulcate pollen, with a distinctive narrow infratectum, Palmaepollenites kutchensis, from the Middle Eocene of Central Java (Nanggulan Formation) is compared with pollen of Pritchardia, and with two arecoid genera, Basselinia and Burretiokentia (Harley and Morley 1995). </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Characterised by the deciduous cap of the corolla lobes and usually distinguishable by the inflorescence, which has a relatively long peduncle with flowering branches clustered at the end. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Loulu palms. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Most of the Hawaiian species are found on the windward slopes of the islands in wet forested areas from sea level to over 1400 m altitude; a few species occur in dry forest on the leeward sides. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia arecina</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Webbia 4: 224. 1913</citation>
+<type>Honomanu, Maui (E. Maui), Hawaii; Rock; 8821</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotypes BISH!, GH</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma arecina</name>
+<author>(Becc.) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) O. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 15 m tall, emergent; proximal margins of petiole with moderate to abundant fibers; leaf blade slightly undulate to nearly flat, divided 1/4-1/3, abaxial surface completely covered with lepidia and appearing silvery grayish while to somewhat reddish brown, segment tips stiff; inflorescences composed of 1 or 2 panicles, equaling to exceeding petioles in flower, exceeding petioles or equaling leaf blades in fruit, panicles branched to 2 orders, rachillae permanently clothed with dense, felt-like to nearly woolly indumentum; fruits 45 x 38-40 mm, ellipsoid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet forest on the north and northeastern slopes of Haleakala, East Maui, 450-1300 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia arecina is distinguished by its petioles with an abundance of fibers proximally, leaf blades completely covered abaxially with lepidia, and large fruits. It is I similar to the highly variable P. martii, but the latter differs in its petioles with irregularly shaped, papery ligules or wings or only a few fibers proximally. It is also somewhat similar to P. woodii, which occurs not too far to the southwest in East Maui but in slightly drier areas; P. wDodii, however, differs in its leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia and petioles with only a few fibers proximally.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Specimens Examined. U.S.A. Hawaii. Maui (E. Maui): above Hana, Forbes 2692, 2693 (BISH); Honomanu, Forbes 2592, 2593, 2594 (BISH), I Rock 8821 (BISH); Kawaipapa, Wood 7980, 7989, 7990, 7991, 7997, 8000 (PTBG); Waikamoi, Forbes 2621 (BISH). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Foster Garden ex Nahiku, E. Maui, Potter s. n., 27 Feb. 1958 (BISH). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia beccariana</name>
+<author>Rock</author>
+<citation>Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 386. 1916</citation>
+<type>Glenwood, Hawaii, Hawaii; Rock; 10356</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!; isotypes FI, GH</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia beccariana var. giffardiana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: S9. 1921</bibref>
+<type>Kalaiulehua, Olaa, Hawaii, Hawaii; Rock; 12799</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 20 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with slight to moderate fibers; leaf blade nearly flat, divided 1/5-1/4, abaxial surface incompletely covered with scattered lepidia, segment tips stiff; inflorescences composed of 2-4 panicles, shorter than or equaling petioles in flower and fruit (infrequently slightly exceeding petioles in fruit), panicles branched to 3 orders, rachillae glabrous to clothed with scurfy indumentum in flower, glabrous in fruit; fruits 40 x 30-40 mm, globose to ellipsoid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet forest on the northeastern and eastern slope of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 300-1300 m elevation. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia beccariana is distinct in its large, flat, round, shallowly divided leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia and with stiff segment tips, inflorescences shorter than or about equaling the petioles, and large fruits. It is similar to P. gordonii and P. schattaueri, both of which differ in their leaf blades with pendulous segment tips and petiole margins with an abundance of conspicuous fibers proximally.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Hawaii: Kulani Road (Stainback Highway), Degener 21797 (BISH), Henrickson 4133 (BISH), Krajina 660702117 (HAW), St. John 22370 (BISH); above Hilo, Rock 3650, 3654 (BISH); Glenwood (29 mile marker above Hilo) Degener 9716, 9717 (BISH), Rock 10356 (BISH), Rock s. n., Aug. 19l5 (BISH); Upper Olaa Forest Reserve, Wright Road, Hodel 146,147 (PTBG); Kalaiulehua, Rock 12799 (BISH), Rock 12959 (BISH); S. of Saddle Road, 10 miles from Hilo, Bishop 1833 (HAW). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Waimea Valley Audubon Center, 79p1071, Zona 1003 (HAW).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia forbesiana</name>
+<author>Rock</author>
+<citation>Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 52. 1921</citation>
+<type>Honokohau, Mauna Eke, Maui (W. Maui), Hawaii; Forbes; 472</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!; isotype FI</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 10 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with abundant fibers; leaf blade undulate, divided 1/3, abaxial surface incompletely covered with scattered lepidia, segment tips stiff to drooping; inflorescences composed of 1-4 panicles, shorter than to equaling petioles in flower and fruit, panicles branched to 2 orders, rachillae glabrous to clothed with scurfy indumentum in flower, glabrous in fruit; fruits 40-45 x 32-35 mm, ellipsoid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet forest on northeastern and eastern slopes and valleys of the Puu Kukui massif, West Maui and far eastern Molokai,300-1300 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia forbesiana, one of four Hawaiian species that is recorded from more than one island, is distinguished by its petiole margins with an abundance of conspicuous fibers proximally, leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia and with drooping segment tips, inflorescences shorter than or equaling the petioles, and large fruits. On Molokai P. forbesiana occurs with or near P. lowreyana but the latter differs in its longer inflorescences that in fruit equal the leaf blade.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Maui (W. Maui): Honanana Stream, Oppenheimer 50201 (BISH); just below Mt. Eke, Degener 9711 (BISH), Forbes 472 (BISH); beyond Haelaau Cabin on Puu Kukui Trail, Annable 3815 (BlSH), Bishop 1137 (HAW); Poohahoahoa Stream; Wagner 5842 (BISH); Kahakuloa, Wood 3161 (PTBG); Waihee, Wood 7409 (PTBG). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Waimea Valley Audubon Center, 855422, ex N. shore of Molokai, Hodel 2013 (BISH), 795567, ex N. of Halawa Valley, Molokai, Hodel 2014 (BISH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia glabrata</name>
+<author>Becc. & Rock</author>
+<citation>Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 42. 1921</citation>
+<type>Iao Valley, Maui (W. Maul), Hawaii; Rock; 14077</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI (photo!)</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia lanaiensis</name>
+<author>Becc. & Rock</author>
+<bibref>Becc. & Rock, Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 41. 1921</bibref>
+<type>Mauna Lei Gorge, Lanai, Hawaii; Rock (ex Munro); 17242</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia elliptica</name>
+<author>Rock & Caum</author>
+<bibref>Rock & Caum, Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 9(S): 14. 1930</bibref>
+<type>Kunoa Valley, Lanai, Hawaii, 18 Oct. 1927; Munro; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 5 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with only a few fibers; leaf blade undulate, divided 1/2, abaxial surface incompletely covered with scattered lepidia, segment tips stiff to drooping; inflorescences composed of 1-3 panicles, shorter than or equaling petioles in flower and fruit, panicles branched to 2 or 3 orders, rachillae glabrous; fruits 20-30 x 20-2S mm, globose to ellipsoid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Moist forest on Lanai and the southern and southeastern slopes and valleys of the Puu Kukui massif, West Maui, 300-900 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>I could find no reliable characters to separate Pritchardia glabrata from P. eiliptica and P. lanaiensisi thus, with the inclusion of these in synonymy, P. glabrata is another of the four Hawaiian species that is recorded from more than one island. Pritchardia glabrata is difficult to distinguish from P. remota and P. waialealeana. All three share the undulate leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia and with drooping segment tips, inflorescences shorter than or equaling the petioles with panicles branched to three orders, glabrous rachillae, and small fruits. Both the latter species, however, differ in their generally larger habit. Also, P. remota differs in its slightly waxy glaucous leaf blades while P. waialealeana differs in the lack of cottony hairs or mealy indumentum on the abaxial folds of its leaf blades and the longer-than-wide fruits. The holotype of Pritchardia lanaiensis at FI is unnumbered while the isotype at BISH has a Rock number, probably one that Rock added later to Munro's specimen. Rock not infrequently added his or some other number (perhaps a number from a herbarium numbering system) to other collectors' material.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Maui (W. Maui): Iao Valley, Flynn 2699 (PTBG), Perlman 12969 (PTBG), Rock 12801 (BISH), 14077 (FI), Wood 256,257, 7586 (PTBG); upper Waikapu, Wood 7579 (PTBG). Lanai: Haua Gulch, Palea Ridge, Perlman 16386 (PTBG), Wood 7526 (PTBG); Kunoa Valley, Munro s. n. 18 October 1927 (BISH), Munro 221, 350 (BISH), Perlman 16388, 16392, 16394 (PTBG), Wood 7517 (PTBG); Kunoa Ridge, Wood 7530 (PTBG); Mauna Lei Gorge, Hobdy 208 (BISH), Mllnro s. n., March 1918, 56 (BlSH), Rock 17242 (BISH); 3rd valley east of Kaiholena, Munro 202 (BISH); Waialala, Perlman 12938, 16382, 16384, 16385 (PTBG); mountain at east end of island, Munro 245 (BlSH). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Maui: Kahanu Garden, Hana, Flynn 5797 (PTBG), Lorence 7668 (PTBG). Oahu: Waimea Valley Audubon Center, 885168, Zona 1004 (HAW).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia hardyi</name>
+<author>Rock</author>
+<citation>Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 61. 1921</citation>
+<type>Power Line Trail, Kauai, Hawaii; Rock; 17296</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!; isotypes F1, GH</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia weissichiana</name>
+<author>Rock</author>
+<bibref>Rock, Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 23: 62. 1962</bibref>
+<type>Power Line Trail, Kauai, Hawaii, 19 Jan. 1962; Rock; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 10 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with only a few fibers; leaf blade flat, divided 1/2, abaxial surface completely covered with lepidia and appearing silvery grayish white, segment lips stiff; inflorescences composed of 2-5 panicles, equaling or exceeding leaf blades in flower, greatly exceeding leaf biades in fruit, panicles branched to 2 or 3 orders, rachillae clothed with dense, felt-iike indumentum or glabrous; fruits 20-35 x 15-16 mm, ellipsoid to obovoid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet forest beiow the Waialeale massif near and along the Power Line Trail in east central Kauai, 500-750 m elevation</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia hardyi is distinctive in its leaf blades completely covered abaxially with lepidia, inflorescences equaling to exceeding the leaf blades in flowers and exceeding them in fruit, and small fruits. It is similar to P. viscosa but the latter differs in its viscous panicles and inflorescences shorter than the petioles. The photograph of P. hardyi in Beccari and Rock (1921, PI. XlII A) actually depicts P. waialealeana. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Kauai: Power Line Trail, Bishop 1280 (HAW), Herbst 2851 (HAW), Read 87-206,87-207,87-208,87210 (PTBG), Rock 17296 (BISH), Rock s. n. 19 Jan. 1962 (BISH), Wood 229,230,231 (PTBG); ridge between Kahili and Kawaikini, Wood 3509 (PTBG); Kahili, Bishop 1275 (HAW); loil headwaters, Wood 7963, 7966, 7966-A (PTBG). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Wahiawa Botanical Garden, HBG 67.492, Wiser 87-28 I (PTBG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia hillebrandii</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 3: 292. 1889 (1890)</citation>
+<type>Cult., Honolulu, Oahu (?) or Molokai (?), Hawaii; Hillebrand; s. n. or 467</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B (destroyed, photo at FI!); isotypes K, FI (fragments!)</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Washingtonia hillebrandii</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 737. 1891</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Eupritchardia hillebrandi</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 3(2): 323. 1898</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma hillebrandii</name>
+<author>(Becc.) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) O. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. S: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia insignis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 4: 219. 1913</bibref>
+<type>Cult. Botanic Garden, Demerara, Georgetown, Guyana; Anonymous; 7970 and 8800</type>
+<type_loc>Syntypes B (destroyed)?; isosyntypes FI (photos!), K</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma insignis</name>
+<author>Becc.) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) O. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 8 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with only a few fibers; ieaf biade strongly undulate and often of a rather coarse appearance, divided 2/5-1/2, conspicuously waxy-glaucous, grayish green, rarely to nearly white or plain green, abaxial surface more or less devoid of lepidia, segment tips stiff to drooping; inflorescences composed of 1-5 panicles, shorter than or equaling petioles in flower and fruit, panicles branched to 3 orders, rachillae glabrous; fruits 15-22 x 14-19 mm, globose, often keeled or ridged. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Now restricted to the tops of the stack-like, rocky islets of Huelo and Mokapa off the north coast of Molokai, 75-100 m elevation (Front Cover). As recently as the 1970s, a few plants of Pritchardia hillebrandii were also on the valley floors and at the base of the immense coastal sea cliffs along the north coast of Molokai although these may have been cultivated because they were near or at sites of human activity. Nonetheless, they are gone today, rats and goats likely having driven them to extinction (S. Perlman and K. Wood, pers. comm.). </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia hillebrandii is distinctive in its conspicuously waxy glaucous leaf blades more or less devoid of lepidia, inflorescences shorter than or equaling the petioles, and small fruits. Leaf blades can be so heavily glaucous that they appear nearly white (Fig. 18). It is similar to P. maideniana but the latter differs in its diamond-shaped (in outline) leaf blades (the result of strong and conspicuous folding) that mostly lack the giaucous covering. It is unclear whether Hillebrand's type material originated from cultivated plants in Honolulu or from wild or cuitivated plants on Molokai. Beccari (1890) noted that much confusion surrounded the provenance and labels on Hillebrand's specimens at B, although there is a loose note in the photograph at FI of the type at B with the name Molokai handwritten on it. It is also unclear whether the numbers identifying the syntypes of P. insignis (7970 and 8800) were applied by the Botanic Garden in Guyana or its herbarium or by the Berlin Herbarium. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Molokai: Mokapa Islet, Wood 8299 (PTBG); Huelo Islet, Woad 3838,8028 (PTBG). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Honolulu, Rock 12002, 12005, 12007, 12013, 12014 (BISH); University of Hawaii, Krajina 6277 (BI5H); Waimea Valley Audubon Center, 75p2294, Zona 1006 (HAW). Oahu or Molokai: Hillebrand s. n. (FI); Rack 17345 (BISH); Kamalo, Rack s. n., Feb. 1920 (BISH). Kauai: Hanapepe, Wood 210 (BISH). Guyana: Georgetown, Demerara, Botanic Garden, Anonymous 7970 and 8800 (FI). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia kaalae</name>
+<author>Rock</author>
+<citation>Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 46. 1921</citation>
+<type>Makaleha Valley, Waianae Mountains, Oahu, Hawaii; Rock; 17250</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!; isotypes FI, GH</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia kaalae var. minima</name>
+<author>Cauffi</author>
+<bibref>Cauffi, Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 9(S): 13. 1930.</bibref>
+<type>Makua-Makaha Ridge, Waianae Mountains, Oahu, Hawaii; Landgraf; 25</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 10 m tall; proximal margins of petioie with only a few fibers; ieaf blade slightiy undulate, divided 1/3-1/2, abaxial surface incompieteiy covered with scattered lepidia, segment tips stiff to drooping; inflorescences composed of 1-3 panicles, equaling to exceeding leaf blades in flower, exceeding leaf blades in fruit, panicles branched to 2 orders, rachiIlae glabrous; fruits 25 x 25 mm, globose. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Moist forest in valleys or on exposed ridges in the northern and northwestern Waianae Mountains, Oahu, 450--980 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Among the Hawaiian species, Pritchardia kaalae is distinctive in its leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia and inflorescences equaling or exceeding the leaf blades in flower and exceeding them in fruit. The other Hawaiian species with exceedingly long inflorescences, P. hardy; and some forms of P. martii, differ in their leaf blades compietely covered abaxiaily with lepidia. Pritchardia thurstonii, a South Pacific species, has leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia and inflorescences exceeding the leaf blades; however, it differs in its flat leaf blades only shallowly divided and with stiff segment tips, lepidia conspicuously arranged in parallel lines, and smaller fruits. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Rock s. n. (BISH); Waianae Mts., Makaleha Valley, Bishop 1211 (HAW), Rock 17250 (BISH); MakuaKeaau forest Reserve, Wood 300 (PTBG); Puu Kaiena, Wood 1566 (PT BG); Makua-Makaha Ridge (Ohikilolo), Bishop 1200 (HAW); Landgraf 25 (BISH). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Waimea Valley Audubon Center, 90s264, Zona 1008 (HAW). Kauai: Nationai Tropical Botanical Garden, NTBG 950531.001, Chapin 16 (PTBG); Pacheco 1 (PTBG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia kahukuensis</name>
+<author>Caum</author>
+<citation>Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 9(5): 13. 1930</citation>
+<type>Pupukea-Malaekahana Trail, Kahuku, Oahu, Hawaii; Caum; 154</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 15(-25) m tall; proximal margins of petiole with few, coarse, tan, papery, fibers or ligules; leaf blade slightly undulate, divided 1/3-1/2, adaxial surface glossy green, abaxial surface completely but thinly covered with lepidia and appearing grayish, segment tips drooping; inflorescences composed of one panicle, erect and slightly shorter than leaf blades in flower, arching and about equaling or slightly exceeding leaf blades in fruit, panicle branched to 2(3) orders, rachillae permanently clothed with short, dense reddish brown hairs; fruits 15 x 11 mm, ellipsoid to ovoid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet forest at the northwestern end of the Koolau Mountains, Oahu, 500-550 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Long included as a synonym of Pritchordia l1lortii (Read & Hodel 1999), this unusual species with large, tall trunks and full, heavy crowns of leaves occurs sparingly as widely scattered individuals on steep slopes and ridge tops at the very northwest end of the Koolau range on Oahu. It grows with or close to forms of P. martii with inflorescences greatly exceeding the leaf blades in fruit, which at I times in the past had been erroneously referred to P. kahukuensis. Pritchardia martii differs, however, in its leaf blades wilh stiff segment tips, generally hemispherical crowns of leaves, and, in this region, inflorescences greatly exceeding the leaf blades in fruit. With its full, spherical crown of leaves with drooping segment tips, Pritchardia kahukuensis is similar in habit to P. waialealeana, P. schattaueri and P. gordonii, all three of which differ in their leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia. The paucity of collections of P. kahukuensis may be more apparent than real because characters for distinguishing it from P. martii are not readily apparent in the herbarium. Although Caum originally described the fruits of Pritchardia kahllkuensis as "15 mm long, 11 mm in diameter", and there are fruits of this size in the type collection, additional fruits in the type collection are much larger, to 45 x 35 mm. However, Leland Miyano and I visited the type locality and, while we were unable to find mature fruits on the tree, we observed rateaten, apparently full-sized fruits under several trees that were the size that Caum noted in his original description. The much larger fruits in the type collection were likely placed there in error and probably represent P. martii. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Koolau Mts., Malaekahana opposite Kahuku, Brash s. n., 1 April 1962 (BlSH); Pupukea, Hodel 2017,2018 (BISH), Stone 2824 (BISH); Pupukea-Malaekahana Trail, Kahuku, Caum 154 (BISH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia lanigera</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 3: 298. 1889 (1890)</citation>
+<type>Kohala Mountains, Hawaii, Hawaii; Lydgate; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B (destroyed, photo at FI!); isotype FI (photo of fragment!).</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Washingtonia lanigera</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 737. 1891</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Eupritchardia lanigera</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 3(2): 323. 1898</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma lanigera</name>
+<author>(Becc.) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) O. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia eriostachya</name>
+<author>Beec.</author>
+<bibref>Beec., Webbia 4: 232. 1913</bibref>
+<type>Naalehu, Hawaii, Hawaii; Rock; 10004</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotypes BISH!, GH</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma eriostachya</name>
+<author>(Becc.) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) O. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia montis-kea</name>
+<author>Rock</author>
+<bibref>Rock, Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 65. 1921</bibref>
+<type>Mana, Hawaii, Hawaii; Rock; 17348</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!; isotype GH</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 15 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with moderate fibers; leaf blade slightly undulate to nearly flat, divided 2/5-1/2, abaxial surface incompleteiy covered with scattered iepidia, segment tips stiff; inflorescences composed of 1-3 panicles, equaling or exceeding petioles in flower, exceeding petioles but shorter than leaf blades in fruit, panicles branched to 2 orders, rachiUae permanently clothed with dense, reddish brown, cottony or woolly indumentum; fruits 35-55 x 30-40 mm, globose to ellipsoid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet forest in the Kohala Mountains, northern and eastern slopes of Mauna Kea, and on the southeastern slope of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, SOG-1400 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia lanigera is distinguished by its leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia, inflorescences equaling or exceeding the petioles in flower and exceeding the petioles but shorter than the leaf blades in fruit, and the rachillae permanently clothed in cottony to woolly indumentum. It is similar to P. woodii but the latter differs in its rachillae clothed with felt-like rather than cottony or woolly indumentum. Although Beccari (1890) and Beccari and Rock (1921) stated that Lydgate collected the type, photographs at FI of the destroyed holotype at B show it to have only Hillebrand's name on it. Lydgate frequently collected for or with Hillebrand, though, and it is likely that Hillebrand, who sent his original set of specimens to B, would have put his own name on specimens even if Lydgate had collected them.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Hawaii. Kohala Mountains: Hillebrand 5. n. (BISH); Lydgate s. n. (FI); above Awini, Rock 8820 (BISH); above Waimea, Rock 17349 (BISH); between Waimanu and Kawainui, Wood 4651 (BISH, PTBG); Waimanu, Perlman 16406 (PTBG), Wood 7611 (PTBG). Mauna Kea: below Mana, Rock 17348 (BlSH). Kau: above Naalehu, Hodel 154 (PTBG), Rock s. n., January 1912, Rock s. n., March 1918 (BISH), Rock 10004 (BISH). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Waimea Valley Audubon Center, 76585, Zona 1002 (HAW). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia lowreyana</name>
+<author>Rock</author>
+<citation>Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 53. 1921</citation>
+<type>Waialeia cliffs, Molokai, Hawaii, June 1918; Rock; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!; isotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia brevicalyx</name>
+<author>Becc. & Rock</author>
+<bibref>Becc. & Rock, Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 56. 1921</bibref>
+<type>Wailau Valley, Molokai; Rock; 16000</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia lowreyana var. turbinata</name>
+<author>Rock ex Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Rock ex Becc., Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 55. 1921</bibref>
+<type>Waialeia Ridge, Molokai, Hawaii; Rock; 17344</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!; isotype GH</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia donata</name>
+<author>Caum</author>
+<bibref>Caum, Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 9(5): 12. 1930</bibref>
+<type>Cult., Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii; Caum; 152</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 10 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with moderate fibers; leaf blade slightly undulate, divided 2/5-1/2, abaxial surface incompletely covered with scattered lepidia, segment tips drooping to occasionally stiff; inflorescences composed of 1-3 panicles, equaling or exceeding petioles in flower, exceeding petioles or equaling leaf blades in fruit, panicles branched to 2 or 3 orders, rachillae glabrous to clothed with scurfy indumentum in flower, glabrous in fruit or rarely with scurfy indumentum; fruits 35-60 x 30-45 mm, globose to ovoid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet to moist forests in valleys and on exposed slopes and sea cliffs, eastern Molokai, 250-1000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia lowreyana is distinctive in its leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia, inflorescences equaling to exceeding petioles in flower and exceeding petioles to equaling leaf blades in fruit, glabrous rachillae, and large fruits. On Molokai it occurs with or near P.forbesiana, but the latter differs in its petioles with a greater abundance of fibers proximally and inflorescences shorter than or equal to the petioles. One anomalous collection, Rock 17346 from Waiakapua Valley, Molokai, is rather striking in its fruiting rachillae densely clothed with scurfy indumentum. This well-documented species from Molokai has frequently been identified as or confused with Pritchardia gaudichaudii and P. macrocarpa (see the account of the former under P. martii and the latter in the section on dubious or insufficiently known species for an explanation). In Beccari and Rock (1921), photographs of P. lowreyana are erroneously captioned as P. gaudichaudii ( PI. VIII A, B) and as P. macrocarpa (Pl. XII A, B). Pritchardia lowreyana has long been cultivated in Honolulu, the most famous plant being the tree at Hillebrand's former residence, now Foster Botanical Garden of the Honolulu Botanical Gardens system, and has official designation as an Exceptional Tree of Hawaii (Belknap 1982). The holotype of Pritchardia lowreyana at BISH is unnumbered while the isotype at Fl is numbered Rock 14075. St. John (1984, p. 479) selected one of the syntypes of P. donata (Caum 152) as the lectotype for this binomial. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Molokai: Kahanui Ridge, Bishop 1684, 1685 (HAW); Waialeia, Rock s. n., March 1918 (BISH), Rock s. n. June 1918 (BISH), Rock 17344 (BISH); Waiakapua Valley, Rock 17346 (BISH); Wailau, Degener 9713 (BISH), Forbes 542 (BISH), Fosberg 9673 (BISH), Rack 16000 (BISH), St. fohn 23337, 23522 (BISH); Kapailoa, above Haupu Bay, Woad 9233 (PTBG). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Molokai: Meyer Residence at Kalae, Rack 17340 (BISH). Lanai: beginning of trail to Haalelepaakai Summit, Woad 7516 (PTBG). Oahu: Honolulu, Caum 152 (BISH), Caum 153 (BISH); Wahiawa Botanical Garden, Annable 3637 (BISH); Mary Foster's Garden (Foster Garden, HBG 71.500), Bishop 1673 (HAW), Rack 12800, 12817 (BISH), Sinego s. 11., 25 Sept. 1995 (BISH); Bishop Museum, Bishop s. n., 31 March 1971 (BISH). Kauai: National Tropical Botanical Garden, NTBG 890138.005, ex ridges above Wallau, Chapin 65 (PTBG), O'Rourke 5 (PTBG), Tangalin 1 (PTBG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia maideniana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Webbia 4: 213. 1913</citation>
+<type>Cult. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Australia (dated 1912); Boorman; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FI (photo!)</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma maideniana</name>
+<author>(Becc.) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) O. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia affinis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 37. 1921</bibref>
+<type>Kealia, S. Kona, Hawaii, Hawaii; Rock; 12796</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia affinis var. gracilis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 40. 1921</bibref>
+<type>Kiholo Bay, N. Kona, Hawaii, Hawaii; Rock; 12797</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia affinis var. holaphila</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 39. 1921</bibref>
+<type>Kalapana, Puna, Hawaii, Hawaii; Rock; 12795</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia affinis var. rhopalocarpa</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 40. 1921</bibref>
+<type>Napoopoo, Kealakekua Bay, S. Kona, Hawaii, Hawaii; Rock; 12779</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI; isotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 10 m tall; dead, persistent leaves often forming a skirt, proximal margins of petiole with a few to moderate hair-like fibers; leaf blade diamond-shaped in outline and strongly folded from lateral compression, divided 1/2, slightly waxy-glaucous, abaxial surface incompletely covered with scattered lepidia, segment tips mostly stiff, occasionally drooping; inflorescences composed of 1-5 panicles, shorter than to equaling petioles in flower and fruit, panicles branched to 2 orders, rachillae glabrous; fruits 12-23 x 12-23 mm, globose. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Grouped around brackish water ponds near sea level to scattered or grouped in dry to moist forest, Kona, Kau and Puna, Hawaii, to 700 m elevation. The range of Pritchardia maideniana encompasses an area with a long history of intense human activity; thus, it is difficult to determine which individuals or populations, if any, are truly wild and which are remnants of cultivated plants.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari (1913) based Pritchardia maideniana on two unnumbered collections that. J. Boorman had made from one or two cultivated plants, purportedly of Hawaiian origin, in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Australia, and that J. Maiden had forwarded to Beccari in 1911 and 1912 (one is dated 1911 and the other is dated 1912). Because it is more complete, I have selected Boorman's 1912 collection at FI as the lectotype. I have examined photographs of the types at FI, the (or one of the) original living plant(s) growing in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney from which the types were collected, and living plants in Hawaii grown from seeds from the Australian plant, and I can find no differences between Pritchardia maideniana and Pritchardia a(finis. The latter is synonymized here. Pritchardia maideniana is distinguished by its cuneate (diamond-shaped in outline) leaf blades (the result of conspicuous lateral folding, somewhat like that of an accordion) incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia, and inflorescences shorter than or equaling petioles in flower and fruit. It is similar to P. hillebrandii, but the latter differs in the rounder leaf blades with a distinctive and conspicuous glaucous covering. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Hawaii. N. Kona: S. of Aanaehoomalu at Kaloapoa, Hodel 125 (PTBG); Kiholo Bay, Hodel 126, 127 (PTBG), Rock 12797 (BISH). S. Kona: S. of Kailua-Kona, Degener 9723 (BISH); Kaohe, Rock 17347 (BISH); Kealakekua Bay, Rock 12780, 12798 (BISH), Napoopoo, Rock 12779 (BISH); Kealia, Rock 12796 (BISH); Hookena, Wood 8913 (PTBG); Milolii, Hodel 165, 166 (PTBG). Kau: Punaluu, Hodel 145, 167, 172 (PTBG), Wood 8912 (PTBG). Puna: Kalapana, Rock 12795 (BISH). CULT. Australia. New 50uth Wales: Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Boorman s. n., 1912 (FI), Boorman s. n., 1911 (FI). USA. Hawaii: Kamoa State Historical Park, Holualoa, Com s. n., 6 Sept. 1985 (BlSH). Oahu: Honolulu, Rock 12000, 12001, 12003, 12006 (BlSH); Bishop Museum, [mada 2001-47 (BISH); Foster Garden, Anonymous s. n., 17 Aug. 1962 (BISH); University of Hawaii, Krajina 620210230 (BISH); Waimea Valley Audubon Center, 76s1088, Zona 1000 (HAW), 88s140, Zona 1035 (HAW). Maui: Kahanu Garden, Hana, Wood 209 (PTBG). Kauai: National Tropical Botanical Garden ex Palani junction, N. Kona, Hawaii, O'Rourke 6 (PTBG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia martii</name>
+<author>(Gaudich.) H. Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Bonplandia 10: 199. 1862</citation>
+<type>Oahu, Hawaii; Gaudichaud; s. n</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype P (photo!); isolectotypes G (photo!), K (photo!)</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Livistona martii</name>
+<author>Gaudich.</author>
+<bibref>Gaudich., Voy. Bonite, Bot.: t. 58, 59. 1842</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Washingtonia martii</name>
+<author>(Gaudich.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Gaudich.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 737. 1891</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Eupritchardia martii</name>
+<author>(Gaudich.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Gaudich.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 3(2): 323. 1898</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma martii</name>
+<author>(Gaudich.) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Gaudich.) O. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Livistona gaudichaudii</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (ed. 2): 242. 1849</bibref>
+<type>Oahu, Hawaii; Gaudichaud; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype G (photo!); isotypes FI (fragment, photo!)</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia gaudichaudii</name>
+<author>(Mart.) H. Wendl.</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) H. Wendl., Bonplandia 10: 199. 1862</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Washingtonia gaudichaudii</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 737. 1891</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Eupritchardia gaudichaudii</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 3(2): 323. 1898</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma gaudichaudii</name>
+<author>(Mart.) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) O. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia rockiana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 4: 228. 1913</bibref>
+<type>Punaluu, Oahu, Hawaii; Rock; 8822</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!; isotype GH</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma rockiana</name>
+<author>(Becc.) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) O. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia kahanae</name>
+<author>Rock & Caum</author>
+<bibref>Rock & Caum, Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 75. 1921</bibref>
+<type>Kahana Valley, Oahu, Hawaii; Rock (ex Caum); 18001</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia martioides</name>
+<author>Rock & Caum</author>
+<bibref>Rock & Caum, Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 76. 1921</bibref>
+<type>Puu Kaaumakua, Oahu, Hawaii; Rock (ex Caum); 18000</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia kamapuaana</name>
+<author>Caum</author>
+<bibref>Caum, Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 9(5): 10. 1930</bibref>
+<type>Hauula-Kaluanui Ridge, Oahu, Hawaii; Caum; 151</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH; isotype BH</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia macdanielsii</name>
+<author>Caum</author>
+<bibref>Caum, Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 9(5): 10. 1930</bibref>
+<type>Hauula-Kaluanui Ridge, Oahu, Hawaii; MacDaniels; 168</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!; isotype BH</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 10 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with irregularly shaped, papery ligules or wings or only a few (to rarely moderate) fibers; leaf blade slightly undulate to nearly flat, divided 1/4-1/2, abaxial surface completely covered with lepidia and appearing silvery grayish white to sometimes tinged with brown, segment tips stiff; inflorescences composed of 1-4 panicles, shorter than petioles in flower and fruit to exceeding petioles or leaf blades in flower and greatly exceeding leaf blades in fruit, panicles branched to 2 orders, rachillae clothed with dense, felt-like indumentum or glabrous; fruits 40-50 x 25-40 mm, eiiipsoid to globose to ovoid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Moist to wet forests in valleys and on exposed ridges and cliffs, Koolau Mountains and southern Waianae Mountains, Oahu, 300-800 m elevatIon.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia martii can be distinguished by its petioles with irregularly shaped, papery ligules or wings or only a few fibers proximaiiy; leaf blades completeiy covered abaxiaiiy with lepidia; rachiiiae glabrous or with felt-like indumentum; and large fruits. Pritchardia arecina is similar but differs in its petioles with an abundance fibers proximaiiy. Although poorly documented, the identities of Pritchardia martii and P. gaudichaudii are, nonetheless, inextricably linked and critical to establishing taxonomic and nomenclatural order among the Hawaiian taxa, because they are the oldest names in the genus. Gaudichaud coiiected the original material of both during the voyage of the Bonite in Hawaii in October, 1836. The original material of Livistona martii consists of a small, perhaps juvenile leaf and old inflorescence without fruits at P and similar leaves at G and K. The material at P bears a label stating "Gaudichaud lles Sandwich" but has no date although St. John annotated the leaf in 1954 with the date "1836." The material at G and Kbear labels stating "lies Sandwich M. Gaudichaud 1839," with the date most likely being in error because Gaudichaud was not in Hawaii that year. Gaudichaud's original illustration and accompanying explanation (Voy. Bonite, Bot.: t. 58, 59. 1842.), obviously based on the specimens (although they are not cited), formally establish Livistona martii, yet they are hardly diagnostic and reveal little if anything about the nature of the species. In the first description of L. martii, however, Martius (1849) described the leaf as "subtus densegriseotomentoso- furfuraceis" in apparent reference to I the abaxialleafbiade surface being completely covered with lepidia. This critically diagnostic character, while not apparent in Gaudichaud's illustration, is present on the leaf at G, or at 5-28 ieast once was (patches of It apparently have fallen away with time). Where it is present it forms a solid cover (Fred Stauffer, pers. comm.). Because Gaudichaud's illustrations and specimens share equal ranking as original material, I have selected the Gaudichaud specimen at P as the lectotype and the specimens at G and Kas isolectotypes. Beccari (1890) contended that, based on voyage information in the log of the Bonite, Gaudichaud probably collected the original material of Pritchardia mardi and P. gaudichaudii on Oahu. If so, Gaudlchaud most likely collected them in the Koolau Mountains. The Koolau range is easily accessible from Honolulu, the major port and city on Oahu where the Bonite would have likely docked, and where Gaudicahud disembarked and spent time exploring. There are no collections from the Koolau range that have scattered lepidia incompletely covering the abaxial leaf blade surface; all collections have lepidia completely covering the blade surface. Beccari (1890) determined that, based on Gaudichaud's concept, Pritchardia martii was a larger plant with larger leaf biade segments and the abaxial surface most likely completely covered with lepidia while P. gaudichaudii was a smaller plant with smaller segments and the abaxial surface with scattered lepidia. Beccari felt that P. gaudichaudii was common in the vicinity of Honolulu and P. martH, while proving to be somewhat elusive, most certainly would eventuaily be found also on Oahu. Indeed, Beccari (Beccari & Rock 1921), after examining specimens that Rock had sent him from the Koolau range near Honolulu, described the abaxial leaf blade surface as "very densely clothed wIth an appressed felt or tomentum," thus concurring with MarHus and identifying this palm as P. martii. Martios (1849) named and described the second species, Livistona gaudichaudii, based on Gaudicahaud's 1836 coilections. It is unclear if Martius segregated out a portion of the original L. martii material that he had examined and felt was different or if the material was separate from the original. Martius distinguished L. gaudichaudii from L. martii primarily on the number of leaf blade segments, an extremely variable character of little or no merit. The type of Livistona gaudichaudii at G consists of a small, perhaps juvenile leaf with the label "Isles Sandwich M. Gaudichaud 1836", and is quite similar in size, shape and presentation to the leaves of L. martii at P, G and K. Like that of L. martii, the abaxial leaf blade surface of L. galldichalldii at G is completely covered with lepidia, or at least at one time was. Where it is present, it forms a solid cover (Fred Stauffer, pers. comm.). Beccari (Beccari & Rock 1921) surprisingly changed his mind about the origin of Pritchardia gaudichaudii, saying he could now identify this species with material that Rock had collected on the cliffs of Waialeia above Kalaupapa on Molokai, despite the fact that the log of the Bonite did not mention landing on Molokal. Beccari alleged that Rock had also seen this species on the rock islets off the north coast of Molokai but was unable to collect it there. Beccari explained how he had decided that the origin of P. galldichalldii was now Molokai rather than Oahu, as he had contended in his 1890 account. He stated, "That this Molokai palm is really one of the two collected by Gaudichaud in the Hawaiian Islands is extremely probable, in consideration of the fact that clumps of it are plainly visible from the sea, and very likely had been noticed by naturalists of the Bonite". He attempted to bolster his conclusion by stating, "But the best argument for the identification of Pr. Galldichalldii with the palm of the cliff of Molokai, rests on the perfect correspondence of the nature of the indument that covers the lower surface of the leaves of the type specimens of Pr. Gaudichaudii with that covering those collected by Rock." I feel that Beccari misinterpreted the type material of Pritchardia gaudichaudii. He did not say he saw the material at G and, if he had, it may be that he interpreted the patchy nature of the lepidia on the abaxial leaf blade surface to mean it was incompletely covered. Or, perhaps he had seen additional, different material, now lost or destroyed, that was juvenile in nature. This character (the extent of lepidia completely covering the abaxial leaf blade surface) is a function of time and age for species that possess it. It is lacking or incompletely covers abaxial leaf blade surfaces of juvenile plants; complete coverage of the blade surface, if it is to occur, develops only on older plants. Beccari also felt that the palms on the islets were the same as those on the cliffs of Molokai proper. He surmised, probably correctly, that the islets were likely once connected to Molokai. Perhaps more significantly for him, though, he stated that fruits purportedly collected by Spencer (here Beccari erroneously attributes the collector to Lydgate) on these islets, which Beccari illustrated in his 1890 account, matched perfectly with Rock's material. That Pritchardia gaudichaudii grew on these islets is highly unlikely, though, because Huelo and Mokapa islets have been recently and thoroughly explored and only P. hillebralldii has been collected there. Spencer's collections probably came from the Molokai sea cliffs or valleys, not the offshore islets. Nonetheless, Beccari and Rock (1921) placed Pritchardia gaudichaudii primarily on the windward sea cliffs and valley walls of eastern Molokai from Waialeia to Wailau valleys although they noted it also occurred on the ridges and flat areas just above and inland. There it grew with P. lowreyana, which was distinct in its "larger, ovate, conically pointed fruit, and in the different aspect of the lower surface of the leaf-blade, which is dotted with a quite different form of lepidia." In summary, it is clear that the name Pritchardia martii is best applied to material from the Koolau Range on Oahu, which like the type, has lepidia completely covering the abaxial leaf blade surface. The name P. goudichaudii is also best applied to material from the Koolau range on Oahu and, thus, is a synonym of P. mami because only one species (albeit a highly variable one) occurs there near downtown or the historic section of Honolulu. Gaudichaud most likely collected on this By far the most variable species of the genus, Pritchardia martii displays an astonishing and frustrating range of characters from one end of the Koolau Mountains to the other. Individuals clinging to the windward cliffs are typically dwarfed and stunted with much reduced, compact crowns of small leaves (Back Cover) while a short distance away, just lee of the Koolau crest and in protected valleys or swales where soU is better and deeper and moisture more constant, individuals are robust and tall with fuller, more expansive crowns of large leaves. The two forms could easily be mistaken as two, distinct species. Inflorescences range from shorter than the petioles to greatly exceeding the leaf blades. I had hoped to be able to segregate out these forms of P. martii with exceptionally long inflorescences, which occur primarily at the northwestern and southeastern ends of the Koolau range, but the existence of intermediate forms precluded me from doing so. The Koolau range is also where P. martii forms its famous vertical, line-like colonies that can extend for 100 meters or more down the neariy sheer windward cliffs. The inclusion of the famous outlier in the southern Waianae Mountains, consisting of two somewhat stunted and spindly yet reproductive individuals posed precariously at the top of a basalt cliff and one juvenile in the rocky rubble below, within Pritchardia martii is bound to be controversial. Many people feel this population, discovered in the 1980s, should be formally described and named, if for no other reason than to give it formai recognition so it can be officially assessed and assigned the appropriate conservation status. However, it easily falls within the range of variability encompassed by P. martii in the Koolau Mountains to the west. island and all material from the Koolau range has lepidia completely covering the abaxial leaf blade surface (like the type) while no collections from Molokai have this character. The name P. gaudichaudii has been erroneously applied to material in cultivation of P. lowreyalla, which is from Molokai. The Waianae population may not have always been so isolated. Before the arrival of humans in Hawaii, moist forest covered the great, sweeping Leilehua plain, which extends westward from the Koolau range to connect with the Waianae range. Fossil evidence shows that Pritchardia once inhabited this intermountain plain, at least along its southern fringes. It is likely that the P. martii in the Koolau range extended throughout the moist forest of the Leilehua plain and even up into the Waianae range. As human activity and/or natural events destroyed the forest on the Leilehua plain, the Waianae population of P. martii was cut off and isolated from the Koolau populations. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu. Koolau Mountains: Gaudichaud s. n. (P; G, K); t. 58, 59, Voy. Bonite, Bot. (1842); Gaudichaud s. n. (G, FI); Pearsall s. n., 25 April 1948 (BISH); Aiea, Takeuchi 236 (BlSH); Anahulu Trail, Degener 10466 (BISH); Halawa Ridge, Degener 10467 (BlSH); Halawa Valley, Woodward 3 (BISH); Halawa-Heeia Divide, Haiku, SI. fohn 20435 (BISH); Hauula-Kaiuanul Ridge, Caum 151 (BISH), MacDaniels 168 (BISH); Kahana Valley, Rock (ex Caum) 18001 (BISH); Kahana, Waikane-Schofield Trail, Fosberg 8771,12179, 12253 (BISH), St. fohn 10180 (BISH); Kaluanui, Meebold s. n., May 1932 (BlSH), St. fohn 10110, S-32 10589, 10590, 10591 (BISH); Kamapuaa Summit, Degener 10468 (BISH); Kawailoa, Bryan 871 (BISH); Kawailoa trailhead at Kuhuku Cabin, Warshauer 597 (BISH); Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, Fosberg 9750, 9789 (BISH), Cowan 96, 97 (BISH); Kipapa-Waiahole Crest, Grant 7231 (BISH); Kipapau, Wood 7571 (PTBG); Koloa, Takeuchi 2940 (BISH, HAW); Koolauloa and Waialua, Wood 232,233 (PTBG); Kuliouou-Niu Ridge, Obata 87-452 (BISH); Kullouou, Wood 2613 (PTBG), Zschokke 1282 (BISH); Laie, Takeuchi 2616 (BlSH); Laie-Malaekahana Ridge, Fosberg 9437 (BISH), St. fohn 11559 (BISH); Moanalua, Bishop 1249 (HAW), Rock s. n.,1916 (BISH), Swezey 17350 (BISH); Mt. Olympus, Forbes 2556 (BISH), Rock s. n., Oct. 1912, 12539 (BISH), Swezey s. n., 3 Oct. 1921 (BISH); Niu Valley, Hillebrand s. n. (BlSH); Poamoho Trail Summit, Fosberg 13325 (BISH); Punaluu, Halemano Gulch, Bryan 1500 (BISH); PunaluuKaipaupau, Forbes s. n., 3 May 1909 (BISH); Punaluu Mountains, Degener 9719 (BlSH), Forbes s. n., 14 Nov. 1908 (BISH), Rock 8822 (BISH), Rock s. n., 31 Oct. 1914 (BISH), Selling 3644 (BISH), St. fohn 10592, lOS93, 10954, 10595 (BISH); Pupukea-Kahaluu Trail, Degener 9718 (BISH); Puu Kaaumakua, Rock (ex Caum) 18000 (BISH); Puu Konahuanul, Bishop 1675 (HAW), Degener 9714 (BISH); Puu KonahuanuiMt. Olympus, Forbes 1645, 2256 (BlSH), MacDaniefs 120 (BlSH); Waiahole Ditch Trail, Meebold s. n., June 1932 (BISH); Waiahole Valley, Rock 17251 (BISH), Takeuchi 2240 (BISH); Waikane-Kahana Divide, Takeuchi 2041 (BISH, HAW); Waikane-Schofield Trail, Warshauer 993 (BISH); Wailupe Valley, Hatheway 515 (BISH), Rock s. n., Jan. 1915, Rock 10361 (BISH), Swezey s. n. (BISH); Waiomao, Takeuchi 2611 (BISH); Wiliwilinui Ridge, 51. John 22686 (BISH). Waianae Mountains: Palikea, Palawai, Hodel 2006 (BISH), Perlman 5400, 5673 (BISH, PTBG), Wood 1209 (PTBG). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Lyon Arboretum, Little 31256 (BISH), Zona 999 (HAW); Wahiawa Botanical Garden, HBG 73.0014, Annable 3635 (BISH); Waimea Valley Audubon Center, 84p324, Zona 1007 (HAW). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia minor</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Webbia 3: 137. 1910</citation>
+<type>Halemanu, Kauai, Hawaii, March 1909; Rack; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI (photo!)</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia eriophora</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 4: 235. 1913</bibref>
+<type>Halemanu, Kauai, Hawaii; Rock (ex Wilder); 8846</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI?; isotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma eriophora</name>
+<author>(Becc.) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) O. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 10 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with only a few fibers; leaf blade nearly flat, divided 1/3-1/2, abaxial surface completely covered with lepidia and appearing silvery grayish white, segment tips stiff or only slightly drooping in shade; inflorescences composed of 1 or 2 panicles, shorter than petioles in flower and fruit, panicles branched to 2 orders, rachillae permanently clothed with dense, pinkish brown, woolly indumentum; fruits 15-30 x 12-13 mm, ovoid to ellipsoid to obovoid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Moist to wet forests in valleys and on exposed slopes, western Napali Coast, Kokee, and Waimea Canyon, Kauai, 500-1300 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia minor is distinguished by its small fruits and panicles permanently clothed with thick, pinkish brown, woolly indumentum. One of the smaller species of the genus, Pritchardia minor is similar in habit to P. napaliens is, and their ranges may overlap slightly, but the latter differs in its leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia and the panicles and rachillae lacking hairs. The type of Pritchardia minor consists of a few fruits that Rock collected on Kauai in 1909 and sent to nurseryman F. Franceschi in Santa Barbara, California who forwarded them to Beccari. After Beccari had named and given an unusually meager description of P. minor in 1910, Rock sent complete material to Beccari in 1911 upon which the expanded description in the 1921 monograph was based (Beccari & Rock 1921). </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Kauai: Cranwell 3103, Degener 30209 (BISH), Gemmill 5 (PTBG), Rock s. n., March 1909, via D. Franceschi (Fl), Rock 5061 or 17319 (BISH); Halemanu, Rock 8846 (BISH); Honopu, E. rim, Degener 21512 (BISH), Wood 2825, 5051, 7721 (PTBG); Kaumuohua, Kalalau, Rock 17319 (BISH); Kaholuamanu, Opaiwela, Rock 8846a, 17098 (BISH); between Kalalau and Honopue, Fosberg 12703 (BI5H); Kalalau Trail, Meebold 26359 (BI5H); head of Kawaikoi, Bryan 1489 (BI5H); Koaie Canyon, Wood 3462 (PTBG); Kokee, Bishop 1253 (HAW), Chock 1120 (PTBG), Rock s. n., Feb. 1956 (BI5H), Wood 226, 245, 7946 (PTBG); Kokee, Kalalau Valley, Chapin 82 (PTBG), Flynn 3209, 3974 (PTBG), Hobdy 3050 (BISH), Wood 250, 1638, 7360, 7537 (PTBG); Kokee, NW. of Lehua Makawi, Degener 23957 (BI5H); Kokee, Honopu Ridge, Kalalau, Montgomery s. n., 22 Jan. 1991(BISH); Kokee, Kumuwela Ridge Jeep Trail, Bishop 1258 (HAW), Plucknett 3387 (BISH), St. fohn 13842 (BISH); Nualolo Valley, Bishop 1293 (HAW); Pihea, St. fohn 22916 (BISH); Pohakuao, Perlman 12690 (PTBG); Waimea Canyon, Degener 9722 (BlSH), Forbes 936 (BlSH), Lorence 5768 (PTBG). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Waimea Valley Audubon Center, 79p1074, Zona 1033 (HAW). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia mitiaroana</name>
+<author>J. Dransf. & Y. Ehrh.</author>
+<citation>Principes 39: 37. 1995</citation>
+<type>Mitiaro, Cook Islands, 26 April 1991; Ehrhart; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K (photo!); isotype P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 10 m tall; proximal margins of petiole, moderately and coarsely fibrous; stem smooth, moderately to dark gray, slightly ventricose, emitting a hollow, resonating, drum-like sound when sharply struck with the knuckles of the closed fist; leaf blade slightly undulate, divided 1/4-1/3, abaxial surface white-waxy, abundantly but incompletely covered with lepidia, segment tips stiff or slightly drooping; inflorescences composed of 1 panicle, shorter than or about equaling petioles in flower and fruit, panicles branched to (3 or) 4 orders, rachillae glabrous; fruits 5-7 mm diam., globose. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Moist forest on rough karst limestone, Mitiaro Island of the Cook Islands and Makatea and Niau islands of the Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia, 5-100 m elev. On Mitiaro, Pritchardia mitiaroana occurs as scattered, dense colonies, the under story of which is completely covered with a thick layer of dead, fallen leaves of the palms. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The smooth, gray, slightly ventricose trunk, which emits a hollow sound when struck, is by itself sufficient to distinguish Pritchardia mitiaroana in life. The highly ramified, large panicles typically branched to four orders and very small fruits are also distinctive. Wilder (1934) erroneously referred to and illustrated this species as P. vuylstekeana. It is difficult to traverse the thick, scrubby vegetation (frequently with numerous Pandanus with their exceedingly prickly leaf margins) and rocky, sharp, uneven terrain where Pritchardia mitiaroana occurs on Mitiara and Makatea Islands. On Makatea it is especially difficult and even dangerous because the terrain is rather densely punctuated and pockmarked with precipitous depressions, many of them up to five meters deep or more unwary explorer. Although some of these holes are natural, many are the result of extensive phosphate mining that once occurred on Makatea. The mining and accompanying destruction of vegetation probably also devastated the populations of P. mitiaroana on the islandi relatively few individuals exist there today. Fortunately, the species is more common on Mitiara, and jean-Yves Mayer reported (pers. comm.) that on Niau, not too far from Makatea, it is especially abundant, with about 1000 reproductive individuals and numerous juvenile plants. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>COOK ISLANDS Mitiaro: Ehrhart s. n. 26 April 1991 (K); Flynn 7046 (PTBG). FRENCH POLYNESIA. Tuamotu Archipelago: Makatea, Wilder s. n. 28 Aug. 1929 (BISH), Wilder 1200 (BISH); Niau, Florence 10093 (P [photo]), 10178 (BISH, P [photo]). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia munroi</name>
+<author>Rock</author>
+<citation>Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 62. 1921</citation>
+<type>Kamalo, Molokai, Hawaii; Rock; 17342</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH; isotype GH</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 5 m tall; proximal margins of petiole moderately fibrous; leaf blade strongly undulate, divided 1/2, abaxial surface incompletely covered with scattered lepidia, segment tips drooping; inflorescences composed of 1-5 panicles, shorter than petioles in flower and fruit, panicles branched to 2 orders, rachillae permanently clothed with thick, uniform, grayish brown hairs; fruits 22 x 20 mm, globose. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Dry to moist forest, lee side of eastern Molokai and south side of Puu Kukui massif, West Maui, 600-1000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia munroi is another of the four Hawaiian species that is recorded from more than one island. The rachillae densely covered with uniform, grayish brown, permanent hairs and small fruits are diagnostic. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Molokai: Kapuaokoolau Gulch, Bishop 17S2 (HAW), Perlman 16555 (PTBG); Wawaia Gulch, Perlman 18256 (PTBG), Wood 6289 (PTBG); above Kamala, Rock 17342 (BISH). Wood 1383 (PTBG). Maui (W. Maui): Pohakea Gulch, Degener 9712 (BISH), Hobdy 404, 538 (BISH), Wood 7314 (PTBG); Ukumahame, Wood 7318 (PTBG). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Molokai: Meyer Residence at Kalae, Rock 17341 (BISH). Oahu: Waimea Valley Audubon Center, 75s2295, Zona 1036 (HAW). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia napaliensis</name>
+<author>H. St. John</author>
+<citation>Pacific Sci. 35: 97. 1981</citation>
+<type>Hoolulu Valley, Kauai, Hawaii; Christensen; 39</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!; isotype US</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia limahuliensis</name>
+<author>H. St. John</author>
+<bibref>H. St. John, Phytologia 64: 177. 1988</bibref>
+<type>Limahuli Valley, Kauai, Hawaii; Perlman; 7</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 10 m tall; proximal margins of petiole sparsely to moderately fibrous; leaf blade nearly flat, divided 1/2, abaxial surface incompletely covered with scattered lepidia,segment tips stiff or only slightly drooping in shade; inflorescences composed of 1-3 panicles, shorter than to equaling petioles in flower and fruit, panicles branched to 2 (or 3?) orders, rachillae glabrous; fruits 17-23 x 14-18 mm, ellipsoid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Moist to wet forests on steep slopes, Napali Coast, Kauai, 150-600 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia napaliensis is distinguished by its flat leaf blade incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia, inflorescences shorter than or equaling the petioles, and small fruits. Pritchardia napaliensis is similar in habit to P. minor and their ranges may overlap slightly but the latter differs in its ieaf blades completely covered abaxially with lepidia and the panicles permanently clothed with thick, pinkish brown, woolly indumentum. I am unable to find significant differences between Pritchardia napaliensis and P. limahuliensis after examining the types and liVing plants at the type localities of both species. Collections and cultivated plants from higher eievations in upper Limahuli Valley, which have been annotated or labeled as P. limahuliensis, have the abaxial leaf blade surface completely covered with lepidia and are best referred to P. perlmanii.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Kauai: Hanakapiai Valley, below Pohakea, Perlman 15446, 16521, 16686 (PTBG); Hoolulu Valley, Christensen 39 (BISH), St. John 23185 (BISH), Wood 215,216, 7289 (PTBG); lower Limahuli Valley, Perlman 7 (BISH), Perlman 12932 (PTBG), Wood 295, 296 (PTBG); Pohakuao, Perlman 12690 (PTBG), Wood 1784,7651,7652, 8055, 9883 (PTBG). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Kauai: National Tropical Botanical Garden, NTBG 930109, Chapin 75 (PTBG) </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia pacifica</name>
+<author>Seem. & H. Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Bonplandia 10: 197. 1862</citation>
+<type>(Cult.): Fiji; Seemann; 659</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K (photo!); isotypes FI (photo of fragment!), GH, MEL, P (photo!)</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Washingtonia pacifica</name>
+<author>(Seem. & H. WendI.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Seem. & H. WendI.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 737. 1891</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Eupritchardia pacifica</name>
+<author>(Seem. & H. Wendl.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Seem. & H. Wendl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 3(2): 323. 1898</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma pacifica</name>
+<author>(Seem. & H. Wendl.) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Seem. & H. Wendl.) O. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia pacifica var. samoensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 4: 206. 1913</bibref>
+<type>Samoa; Powell; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K?</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia pacifica var. marquisensis</name>
+<author>F. Br.</author>
+<bibref>F. Br., Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 84: 118. 1931</bibref>
+<type>Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands, French Poiynesia; Brown; 647</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 15 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with only a few fibers; leaf blade undulate, divided 1/4-1/3, slightly waxy-glaucous, abaxial surface more or less devoid of lepidia, segment tips stiff; inflorescences composed of 1-4 panicles, shorter than to equaling petioles in flower and fruit, panicles branched to 2 orders, rachillae glabrous; fruits 11-12 mm diam., globose. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from cultivation, typically around sites of human activity, sometimes escaping and groWing wild in nearby secondary growth, Marshall Islands, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Niue, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, French Polynesia, 0-100 m elev.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia pacifica is distinguished by its rounded, undulate leaf blades with stiff segment tips and abaxial surface more or less devoid of lepidia, inflorescences shorter than or equaling the petioles, and small S-38 fruits. Perhaps the most widely cultivated species of the genus in tropical landscapes and gardens, it is among the most handsome of palms. Truly natural populations of Pritchardia pacifica are unknown. Dennis and McQueen (1989) reported it groWing wild on Nggela Island north of Guadaleanal in the Solomon Islands but referred to it as P. wood(ordiana, a name of no botanical standing. Pritchardia pacifica has erroneously been reported to be growing wild on Eua Island in Tonga (Lister 1893, Beccari & Rock 1921, Watling 200S), but the species there is actually P. thurstonii. Burkill (1901) reported P. pacifica on Vavau Island of Tonga, but I have not seen the specimen at K to verify its identity. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Cultivated Specimens Examined: FIJI. Seemann 659 (K, FI, Pl. Rotuma: Motusa Island: McClatchey 69 (BISH); Itutiu, St. John 19778 (BISH). MARSHALL ISLANDS. Likiep Island: St. John 21819 (BISH). NIUE. Alofi: Yuncker 9976 (BISH). Halagigie: Sykes 589 (BISH). TONGA. Niuatoputapu Island: Fakaalofa, Kirch 239 (BISH). WESTERN SAMOA. Savaii: Fanga, Christophersen 3598 (BISH); Salailua, Christophersen 2842 (BISH). AMERICAN SAMOA. Tutuila: Pago Pago, Bryan 1004 (BISH); Setchell 265 (BISH).Manua Group: Ofu Island, Aloafao, Garber 1012 (BISH), Ragone 2000-01 (PTBG). FRENCH POLYNESIA. Marquesas Islands: Nukuhiva, Hapua Valley, Brown 647 (BISH). U.S.A. Hawaii. Kauai: National Tropical Bot. Gard. (NTBG 860148.01), Chapin 54 (PTBG); Sheraton Poipu Hotel, Wood 208 (PTBG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia perlmanii</name>
+<author>Gemmill</author>
+<citation>Novon 8: 18. 1998</citation>
+<type>Waioli Valley, Kauai, Hawaii; Wood; 1545</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype PTBG!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 5 m tall; proximal margins of petiole sparsely to moderately fibrous; leaf blade nearly flat, divided 2/5-1/2, abaxial surface completely covered with lepidia or nearly so, appearing silvery grayish white, segment tips stiff or slightly drooping; inflorescences composed of 1 panicle, shorter than or equaling petioles in flower, equaling petioles to equaling leaf blades in fruit, panicle branched to 2 orders, rachillae glabrous; fruits 19-40 x 12-21 mm, obovoid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet forest on the northeastern slope of the Waialeale massif and the Makaleha Mountains, Kauai, 600-800 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia perlmanii is distinguished by its flat leaf blades completely covered abaxially with lepidia, glabrous rachillae, and small fruits. I interpret P. perlmanii more broadly than did Lorence and Gemmill (2004). I refer collections from the Power Line Trail and the Makaleha Mountains to P. perlmanii while they referred these to P. flynnii, which differs in its undulate leaf blades and rachillae clothed with felt-like indumentum. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Kauai: Lumahai Valley, Perlman 16270, 16271, 16272, 16343 (PTBG), Wood 7331,7343 (PTBG); Power Line Trail, Chapin 76 (PTBG); Wainiha, Christensen 289 (BISH, PTBG), Wood 2347 (PTBG); Hanalei River headwaters, Wood 2448 (PTBG); Makaleha Mountains, Lorence 7413, 7424, 8380, 8383 (PTBG), Perlman 16260 (PTBG), Wood 2501,2675,7304,7306 (PTBG); Wainiha Valley, Taylor 1 (PTBG); upper Waioli Valley, Perlman 12935 (PTBG); Wood 1545 (PTBG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia remota</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 3: 294. 1890</citation>
+<type>Cult., Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii; Hillebrand; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K (photo!)</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Washingtonia remota</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 737. 1891.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Eupritchardia remota</name>
+<author>(Kuntze) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Kuntze) Kuntze, Revis, Gen. PI. 3(2): 323. 1898</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma remota</name>
+<author>(Becc.) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) O. F. Cook, ]. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii</name>
+<author>H. St. John</author>
+<bibref>H. St. John, Pacific Sci. 13: 163. 1959</bibref>
+<type>Mokollia Valley, Niihau Island, Hawaii; St. John; 22813</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 10 m tall; proximal margins of petiole moderately fibrous; leaf blade strongly undulate, slightly waxy glaucous, divided 2/5-3/5, abaxial surface incompletely covered with scattered lepidia, segment tips drooping; inflorescences composed of 1-5 panicles, shorter than to equaling petioles in flower and fruit, panicles branched to 3 orders, rachillae glabrous; fruits 18-20 x 18 or 19 mm, globose.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Dry forest at the base of basalt cliffs, Nihoa and Niihau (Leeward Hawaiian Islands), 75-250 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia remota is another of the fOUf Hawaiian species that is recorded from more than one island. It is difficult to distinguish from P. glabrata and P. waialealeana. All three share the undulate leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia and with drooping segment tips, inflorescences shorter than or equaling the petioles with panicles branched to three orders, glabrous rachilJae, and small fruits. However P. glabrata differs in its leaf blades lacking the glaucous covering while P. waialealeana differs in the cottony hairs or mealy indumentum lacking on the abaxial folds of its leaf blades and the longerthan- wide fruits. Also, leaf blades of P. remota have a somewhat coarse and heavy-looking appearance. I am unable to find significant differences between Pritchardia remota and P. aylmer-robinsonii after examining the types and cultivated living plants from the type localities of both species. Some cultivated plants of P. remota have distinctive orange flowers yet photographs taken by Derral Herbst at the type locality on Nihoa show the flowers to be yellow. Beccari initially based Pritchardia remota on a portion of an inflorescence that Hillebrand had collected from a plant cultivated on the grounds of lolani Palace in Honolulu that a Dr. Rooke had procured from Nihoa Island in 1858. Beccari (Beccari & Rock 1921) later expanded the description from material that Brown had collected on Nihoa in 1911 and that Rock had forwarded to Beccari. There is another Hillebrand collection at K, which is complete and contains leaves and inflorescences, that Beccari may have also used to expand the description. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Nihoa: Brown s. n., 1911 (BISH), Brown 10347 (BISH, FI [photo]), Christophersen 9a (BISH), Cooke s. n., June 1923 (BISH); Valley 2 & S, Callm 72 (BISH); E. Valley, Lang 2412 (HAW), 2440 (BISH, HAW); W. Valley, Long 2443 (BISH, HAW). Niihau: Brawn 1430 (BISH); Kiekie, St. fohn 23657 (BISH); Mokouia Valley, 51. fohn 22813 (BISH). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Honolulu, Hillebrand s. n. (K [photo]), Rock 12004 (BISH); Jolani Palace, Hillebrand s. n. (K); Oahu College, Punahou, Rock 12011 (BJSH); Foster Garden, Potter s. n., 7 Feb. 19S8 (BJSH). Kauai: Kekaha, 24.9 mile marker, Wood 249 (PTBG); National Tropical Botanical Garden, NTBG 950198.001, Chapin 59 (PTBG), ex W. Palm Valley, Nihoa, O'Rollrke 4 (PTBG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia schattaueri</name>
+<author>Hodel</author>
+<citation>Principes 29: 31. 1985</citation>
+<type>Papa, S. Kona, Hawaii, Hawaii; Moore; 10570</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 25 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with abundant fibers; leaf blade slightly undulate, divided 1/3-2/S, abaxial surface incompletely covered with scattered lepidia, segment tips droopingi inflorescences composed of 1-4 panicles, shorter than or about equaling petioles in flower and fruit, panicles branched to 2 orders, rachillae glabrous; fruits 30-50 x 30-40 mm, globose to obovoid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Moist forest on gentle slopes, South Kona, Hawaii, 600-800 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia schattalleri can be distinguished by its leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia and divided to more than onethird with pendulous segment tips, inflorescences shorter than or about equaling the petioles, glabrous rachillae and large fruits. It is similar to P. gordonii but the latter differs in having leaf blades with narrower and more deeply bifid segment tips (resulting in the tips appearing more conspicuously pendulous), slightly longer inflorescences equaling or exceeding the petioles in fruit, and oblate fruits. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Hawaii. South Kona: Papa, Hoomau Ranch, Hadel 169 (PTBG), Moore 10570 (BH), Woad 372 (PTBG); Honomalino, Bishop 1832 (HAW). CULT. U.S.A. Hawaii. Oahu: Waimea Valley Audubon Center, 76s454, Zona 1001 (HAW). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia thurstonii</name>
+<author>F. Muell. & Drude</author>
+<citation>Gartenflora 36: 486. 1887</citation>
+<type>Fiji Oct. 1886; Thurston; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype MEL; isolectotype K (photo!)</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Washingtonia thurstonii</name>
+<author>(F. Muell. & Drude) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(F. Muell. & Drude) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 737. 1891</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Eupritchardia thurstonii</name>
+<author>(F. Muell. & Drude) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(F. Muell. & Drude) Kuntze, Revis, Gen. PI. 3(2): 323. 1898</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma thurstonii</name>
+<author>(F. Muell. & Drude) O. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(F. Muell. & Drude) O. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 8 m tall, erect, rarely distinctly serpentine or saxophone-shaped; proximal margins of petiole with only a few fibers; leaf blade flat, divided 1/5-1/4, slightly waxy-glaucous, abaxial leaf blade surface with lepidia conspicuously arranged in distinct, parallel lines, segment tips stiff; inflorescences composed of 1 panicle, equaling or exceeding leaf blades in flower to greatly exceeding leaf blades in fruit, panicles branched to 2--3 orders, rachillae glabrous; fruits 7 mm diam., globose. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Moist to wet forest on rough, sharp, folded, pitted, fissured karst limestone, slopes, cliffs, large boulders and small islands, Fiji (Lau Group: Vanuabalavu, Vulaga, and Ogea Drikj) and Tonga (Eua), 0-200 m elev. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The lepidia on the abaxial leaf blade surface, conspicuously arranged in distinct, parallel lines, are diagnostic for Pritchardia thurstonii. It is rather widely cultivated in tropical gardens. On Vulaga and Ogea Driki in the Lau Group of Fiji, Pritchardia thurstonii is restricted, in rather spectacular fashion, to the tops of small, mushroom-shaped, karst limestone islets in their lagoons, nearly to the exclusion of all other woody vegetation (Fuller 1997, Fuller & Jones 1999, Watling 2005). On Eua island in Tonga, it is confined to the rock escarpment 200-300 m high on the southeast coast. There it occurs from the lip or crest near the top of the escarpment, sometimes with serpentine trunks, down to the sea coast. At the base of the escarpment, near and at the sea, is a jumble of gigantic, limestone boulders, some as much as 10-15 m in diameter, amongst and on top of which grow P. thurstonii. There is no barrier reef at this point, and waves crashing on the rocks at times envelope the surrounding area, including the palms, in a salt-laden haze. Because Mueller and Drude did not designate a holotype from the original material, Moore selected a lectotype at MEL and an isolectotype at Kas the type material for this species (Moore 1979). Several workers (Lister 1893, Burkill 1901, Beccari & Rock 1921, Watling 2005) have erroneously referred to Tongan material of Pritchardia thurstonii as P. pacifica. likewise, herbarium specimens of P. thurstonii from Tonga are frequently misidentified as P. pacifica. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>FIJI (Lau Group). Thurston s. n. (K). Ongeandriti (Ogea Driki): Bryan 389 (BISH). Fulanga (Vulaga): Smith 1230 (BISH). TONGA. Eua Island: south plateau cliffs, Parks 16374 (BlSH, K [photo]); Vaifefe, Sykes Il29 (Bl5H); Haaluma, Yuncker 15607 (BISH). CULT. I U.s.A. Hawaii. Kauai: National Tropical Bot. Gard. (NTBG 950211.001) Chapin 058 (PTBG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia viscosa</name>
+<author>Rock</author>
+<citation>Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: 66. 1921</citation>
+<type>Kahiliwai Valley, Kauai, Hawaii; Rock; 17295</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BISH!; isotypes Fl, GH</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 10 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with only a few fibers; leaf blade flat, divided 1/3, abaxial surface completely covered with lepidia, appearing silvery grayish white, segment tips stiff; inflorescences composed of 1-5 panicles, shorter than petioles in flower and fruit, panicle branched to 2 orders, rachillae clothed with scurfy indumentum in flower, glabrous or nearly so in fruit, rachillae and flowers viscous; fruits 19-40 x 12-21 mm, ellipsoid to obovoid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet forest on the northeastern slope of the Waialeale massif and the Makaleha Mountains, Kauai, 600-800 m elevation. This species is very rare; only a few plants are known. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Its leaf blades completely covered abaxially with lepidia, inflorescences shorter than the petioles, and especially the viscous panicles and flowers, which alone are diagnostic, readily distinguish Pritchardia viscosa. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Kauai: Power Line Trail, Flynn 3545 (PTBG); Kahiliwai Valley, Rock 17295 (BISH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia vuylstekeana</name>
+<author>H. Wendl.</author>
+<citation>in Andre, Rev. Hort. 55: 329. 1883</citation>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Washingtonia vuylstekeana</name>
+<author>(H. Wendl.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(H. Wendl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 737. 1891.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Eupritchardia vuylstekeana</name>
+<author>(H. Wendl.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(H. Wendl.) Kuntze, Revis, Gen. Pl. 3(2): 323. 1898.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Styloma vlIylstekeana</name>
+<author>(H. Wendl.) 0. F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>(H. Wendl.) 0. F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 241. 1915</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Habit unknown; leaf blade glabrous, devoid of lepidia on the abaxial surface; fruits 24 x 20 mm, globose to ellipsoid; seed 14 x 15 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This binomial has a history similar to that of Pritchardia pericularum. It first appeared as a name only (Rev. Hort. 55: 206. 1883) in a discussion of plants that Vuylsteke had exhibited at the Exposition Internationale de la Societe Royale d'Agriculture et de Botanique de Gand in 1883. The binomial may have also appeared in Vuylsteke's nursery catalogs or seed lists of the same era, although a search of the available catalogs failed to reveal the name. The binomial was again listed as a name only (Gard. Chron. 109: 693. 1883) in a discussion of plants that Vuylsteke had presented at the Paris Exhibition in 1883. In that account, an illustration proVided by Vuylsteke of a juvenile plant accompanied the article. early simultaneously, Andre (Rev. Hort. 55: 329. f. 59. 1883), reporting on the 1883 Gand (Ghent) expOSition, proVided a more lengthy account of Pritchardia vuylstekeana in which, quoting directly from a letter or other information that Wendland had written, appeared the name and a description of the fruits, seeds and (very briefly) a leaf from a young plant. Thus, the name and description were formally validated and are attributed to Wendland. Also, the same illustration that appeared in The Gardeners' Chronicle was reproduced in Andre's article. As no type was designated, it is accepted as the holotype. Andre gave additional, general information about the plant, which he had seen at Ghent, and commented on its suitability as a horticultural subject for European stovehouses. He also provided information (probably from Vuylsteke) about the habitat of this species in the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia. He stated that the seeds were collected from a low, uninhabited island with no prior European contact that, because of rocky cliffs, was nearly inaccessible and so difficult to land upon that many boats had crashed in previous attempts. The seeds retained their viability after a seven-month voyage and germinated. No information was provided about who collected them or when, or the exact location or name of the island. Beccari (1890, 1907) gave a brief description of the fruits, simply repeating the scant information that Andre had proVided. A few years later Beccari (1913), citing material he had examined at Bthat originated from a plant cultivated at Herrenhausen, provided a more detailed description of a leaf, apparently from an adult plant. As was the case with Pritchardia pericularum, there is no way to verify the authenticity of the material at B, although there is a high probability that it was authentic Pritchardia vuylstekeana. Beccari (Beccari & Rock 1921) gave a very brief description of the fruits and seeds, obviously relying again on Wendland's scant original information, and of the leaf blade, which he noted was glabrous and devoid of lepidia on the abaxial surface. Like Pritchardia pericularum, the identity of this poorly known and documented entity remains a mystery. Its origin in the Tuamotu Archipelago is dubious. Nearly all islands in the archipelago are low, coral atolls without rocky cliffs. The one well known raised island with rocky cliffs in the archipelago is Makatea. Although Makatea does have an indigenous Pritchardia, it is P. mitiaroana, which differs in its small fruits 7 mm in diameter, about onethird the size of those of P. vuylstekeana. The report of P. vlIylstekeana on Makatea (Wilder 1934) is an error. Material cultivated as P. vuylstekeana in collections in Hawaii, Tahiti and perhaps elsewhere, is P. pacifica. 5-50 Whatever their final disposition, Pritchardia pericularum and P. vuylstekeana. are probably the same taxon. Their fruit size and abaxial leaf blade surface devoid of lepidia immediately conjure up P. hillebrandii or perhaps P. maideniana. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia waialealeana</name>
+<author>Read</author>
+<citation>Principes 32: 135. 1988</citation>
+<type>Power Line Trail, Kauai, Hawaii; Lorence; 8446</type>
+<type_loc>Neotype PTBG!; isoneotype K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 20 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with only a few fibers; leaf blade slightly undulate, divided 2/5, abaxial surface incompletely covered with scattered lepidia and mostly lacking cottony indumentum on folds at base, segment tips drooping to occasionally stiff; inflorescences composed of 1-3 panicles, shorter than or equaling petioles in flower and fruit, panicles branched to 3 orders, rachillae glabrous; fruits (immature) 20 x 15 mm, ellipsoid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet forest below the Waialeale massif in east central Kauai, 500-750 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia waialealeana is difficult to distinguish from P. glabrata and P. remota. All three share the undulate leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia and with drooping segment tips, inflorescences shorter than or equaling the petioles with panicles branched to three orders, glabrous rachillae, and small fruits. However, both P. glabrata and P. remota differ in the folds on the abaxial surface of their leaf blades clothed with thick, cottony or mealy indumentum and the more or less rounded fruits. A search failed to reveal any of Read's designated type material (Read 87-211) at US, BISH, HLA (HAW), BH, or PTBG; thus, I have designated Lorence 8446 from the type locality as the neotype. A photograph of Pritchardia waialealeana is erroneously captioned P. hardy; in Beccari and Rock (1921, PI. XIII A).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Kauai: Power Line Trail, Bishop 1279 (HAW), Lorence 8446 (PTBG), Wood 227, 228 (PTBG); Makaleha Mountains, Wood 7305 (PTBG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate hermaphroditic fan palm endemic to New Caledonia, remarkable for its large fruit, the endocarp with a keel and a basal extension.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Pritchardiopsis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Webbia 3: 131 (1910).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyi; Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derived from Pritchardia and opsis — similar to.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, armed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic, tree palm. Stem erect, smooth, ringed with conspicuous leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, briefly costapalmate, neatly abscising; sheath disintegrating into a network of fine rusty-brown fibres; petiole elongate, adaxially flat to ridged, abaxially rounded, margins distally smooth, basally with short recurved spines in juvenile plants, smooth in adults, adaxial hastula short, rounded, abaxial hastula lacking; blade stiff, regularly divided to or beyond the middle into single-fold, briefly bifid, lanceolate, spreading segments, glabrous on both surfaces, midribs and intercostal ribs prominent, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, branched to 4 orders, branches angled; peduncle very short, flattened; prophyll not seen, inserted above the base; peduncular bracts lacking; rachis very short, deeply divided into 3 elongate first-order branches, each branch bearing l peduncular bract below 2 unilateral second-order branches subtended by tubular, chartaceous bracts, bifid and flaring at the apex; proximal two second-order branches flattened, adnate to the first-order branch, subsequent second-order branches not subtended by tubular bracts, not adnate; bracts not evident at bases of rachillae; rachillae short, ± clustered at the ends of second-order branches, bearing rather distant cincinni of 3 flowers basally and solitary flowers distally. Flowers sessile, ebracteolate; calyx tubular, adnate basally to the receptacle, with 3 short free lobes; petals 3, briefly connate basally, valvate and adaxially hollowed distally, persistent; stamens 6, inserted at throat of the corolla, filaments erect, briefly connate and adnate to the petals basally, anthers erect, subglobose, sagittate, introrse; gynoecium globose-trilobate, trilocular, triovulate, carpels distinct in ovarian region, connate through styles, style slender, short, awl-shaped, stigma dot-like, ovule inserted basally, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, occasionally slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 23–24 µm [1/1]. Fruit large, 1-seeded, globose, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, purplish, mesocarp fleshy to fibrous near endocarp, endocarp woody, rounded on one side, keeled on the opposite side, laterally elongate and attenuate basally. Seed globose, erect, hilum basal, raphe orbicular, adjacent to hilum, endosperm homogeneous, deeply hollowed out basally with a large, erect intrusion of seed coat; embryo eccentrically apical. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire, oblanceolate, toothed distally. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species in New Caledonia. Restricted to south-eastern New Caledonia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The apex is edible and destructive exploitation has resulted in near extinction. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf with coryphoid midrib, irregular 2-layered adaxial hypodermis, and indistinct or lacking palisade layers (Uhl and Martens 1980); floral (Uhl pers. obs.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>There is low bootstrap support for a sister relationship between Pritchardiopsis and a clade of Johannesteijsmannia and Pholidocarpus (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore and Uhl (1984) and Hodel and Pintaud (1998).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardiopsis differs from most other Old World members of the Trachycarpeae in lacking any kind of armature on the petioles. The endocarp is unlike that of any other member of the group. In habit, it resembles Livistona, and in the branching of the inflorescence, it is much like L. woodfordii. \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names not recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>On steep slopes with serpentine soils at ca. 200 m in the vicinity of the Bay of Prony, once thought to be extinct but recently relocated in three very small populations.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Relatively short stemmed pinnate-leaved Caribbean tree palms, often with bottle-like trunks; crownshaft present; flowers are hermaphroditic or occasionally unisexual towards the tips of the rachillae and the ovary with three locules and three ovules. The fruit is lobed when more than one seed develops.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Pseudophoenix</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Sarg.</author> \r
+<citation>Bot. Gaz. 11: 314 (1886).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Pseudophoenix sargentii; H.Wendl. ex Sarg.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chamaephoenix</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Curtiss</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl. ex Curtiss, Florida Farmer Fruit Grower 1(8): 57 (1887).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Chamaephoenix sargentii; (H.Wendl. ex Sarg.) Curtiss</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Sargentia</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude ex Salomon</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl. and Drude ex Salomon, Palmen. 160 (1887) (rejected name).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Cyclospathe</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook in Northrop</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook in Northrop, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 12: 25 (1902).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Cyclospathe northropii; O.F.Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Pseudo — false, phoenix — the date palm, though why Wendland chose this name is not clear.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, pleonanthic, polygamous or hermaphroditic palms. Stem erect, often swollen, prominently ringed with rather wide leaf scars, smooth to finely striate, grey or green, waxy. Leaves few, mostly ca. 10, reduplicately pinnate, deciduous by a basal abscision zone; sheath forming a short, somewhat swollen crownshaft, splitting distally opposite the petiole, waxy; petiole channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially; rachis flat to angled adaxially, rounded abaxially, ± glabrous; leaflets numerous, irregularly arranged, grouped and fanned within the groups, stiff, acute, single-fold, waxy on both surfaces, midribs evident, other veins small, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences interfoliar, pendulous or arched, branched to the fifth order; peduncle elongate, dorsiventrally flattened; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, flattened, leathery, persistent, opening at the apex; peduncular bracts 2, the first similar to the prophyll, the second usually collar-like; rachis longer than or about as long as the peduncle; rachillae stiffly spreading or pendulous, each subtended by a small open bract. Flowers borne singly, spirally arranged, each subtended by an acuminate bract, hermaphoditic proximally but the distal few staminate with a much reduced pistil, base of the flower extended in a pseudopedicel formed by fusion and elongation of the receptacle and the base of the calyx; calyx 3-lobed with rounded, apiculate tips; petals 3, valvate, thick, much longer than the calyx, basally connate in a very short tube; stamens 6, filaments thin, dilated and briefly connate in a ring basally, the apex lying in a groove in the abaxial surface of the anther to about the midpoint of the connective, then bent sharply inward, anthers large, elongate, ± pointed apically and basally, dorsifixed, latrorse; gynoecium conical, trilocular, tri-ovulate, with 3 glands at the base opposite the petals, stigmas sessile, very short, becoming recurved after fertilisation, ovules campylotropous, inserted on the adaxial side of the locule. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually more or less bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, foveolate or reticulate, aperture margin and proximal face similar, but lumina smaller; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 43–55 µm [3/4]. Fruit 1–3-seeded, waxy red, globose or 2–3-lobed, stigmatic remains near the base or in a central depression in 3-seeded fruits; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy, with raphides, lacking fibres, endocarp hard, brown, smooth. Seed not adherent to endocarp at maturity, hilum basal, raphe branches ascending and spreading in shallow grooves, endosperm homogeneous; embryo subbasal. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll narrow lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 34.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Four species from Florida, the Bahama Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Dominica, to Mexico and Belize. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf and floral (Read 1968), and root (Seubert 1996b). The vascular system of the carpel, which consists of three major bundles with ventral bundles in ‘lateral’ positions and an ovular supply associated with ventral bundles only, resembles that of ceroxyloid and chamaedoreoid palms. The ground tissue of the gynoecium, which lacks tannins but has abundant raphides, is like that of Chamaedorea (Read 1968, Uhl and Moore 1971). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Pseudophoenix is monophyletic with high support and on a long branch (Asmussen et al. 2006, Trénel et al. 2007). For relationships, see tribe Cyclospatheae and for interspecies relationships, see Trénel et al. (2007). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves may be used for thatch, and the fruit of some species for animal feed. In the past, juice from the trunk of Pseudophoenix vinifera and P. ekmanii was used in making a fermented drink. All species are striking ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Quero (1981), Read (1968, 1969) and Zona (2002a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Reticulate trichotomosulcate pollen from the Lower Eocene of Saudi Arabia is compared erroneously with Pseudophoenix pollen (Srivastava and Binda 1991). Reticulate monosulcate palm-like pollen, Liliacidites tritus Frederiksen, from the Upper Eocene (Upper Jacksonian) of Texas, is also suggested to have an affinity with Pseudophoenix (Frederiksen 1980, 1981). Although geographically less persuasive, this fossil is probably more like the reticulate pollen of Ceroxylon. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pseudophoenix stands apart as the only genus of the Ceroxyloideae having hermaphroditic flowers and a well-developed crownshaft. It has unique anatomical features of the leaf and attachment of the anther, as well as an unusually elongate base or pseudopedicel on the flower. The spirally arranged single flowers on a highly branched interfoliar inflorescence, certain anatomical features, and the presence of just one single phloem strand in the central vascular bundles of the petiole ally Pseudophoenix with the Ceroxyleae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Cherry palm, buccaneer palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Pseudophoenix occurs on well-drained sand or porous limestone near the coast or inland on dry hills. The seeds are long-lived for palms, germinating after as much as two years in storage. Fruits become buoyant when dry and in P. sargentii may be adapted for dispersal by sea (Read 1968). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Pseudophoenix</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Zona</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 46(1) 19-38</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pseudophoenix ekmanii</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. ser. 3: 19, t. 3A. 1929</citation>
+<type>Dominican Republic, Barahona; Ekman; H-7055</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype S!; isotypes IJ!, K!, NY!, US!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem 5–6 m tall, strongly ventricose, most slender above the swelling, ca. 60 cm dbh, with prominent brown leaf scars and waxy white internodes when young, gray when mature. Leaves ca. 12 in the crown, spreading (mature) or ascending (juvenile); leaf ca. 2–3 m long; sheath ca. 35 cm long, green with silvery gray scales near the apex; petiole absent; rachis ca. 161 cm long, often with brown scales along its margin; number of leaf segments per one side of the rachis not known; middle leaf segment 31.0–39.5 cm long, 1.7–2.3 cm wide, lanceolate with an acuminate tip, gray-green, densely glaucous on both sides, ramenta present on the abaxial surface of the midvein at the base of the leaf segment. Inflorescence erect, ascending or arching, branched to 3 orders, ca. 154 cm long; peduncle not extending far beyond the leaf sheaths, glabrous; prophyll not seen; inner bract not seen; rachillae 5.9–8.0 cm long and 0.8–0.9 mm diam., divaricating. Flower pseudopedicel 7.2–7.6 mm long, 0.4–0.5 mm diam., green to glaucous; calyx a shallow triangular cupule, 3.5–3.8 mm diam., green to glaucous, margins hyaline; petals ovate, ca. 7.0 mm long and 3.7 mm wide, green, glaucous abaxially, spreading, with ca. 13 major veins; filaments 1.3–1.7 mm long, briefly connate, anthers ovoid, ca. 2.8 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide, yellow; gynoecium and pistillode not seen. Fruit 11.8–14.3 mm long, 11.7–13.2 mm diam. (in single-seeded fruits); endocarp 11.7–13.2 mm long, 11.1–12.6 mm diam., ca. 0.2 mm thick. Seed 6.8–7.1 mm long, 8.5–9.4 mm diam.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Pseudophoenix ekmanii occurs at low elevations in the Parque Nacional Jaragua and Isla Beata. The vegetation in classified by Hager and Zanoni (1993) as Barahona Peninsula Dry Forest, and the substrate is limestone with little or no overlying soil. The region receives 630–800 mm of precipitation per year and has a distinct dry season from December to May (Hager & Zanoni 1993). </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Although virtually the entire population of Pseudophoenix ekmanii occurs in a national park, the palm is still harvested for its sweet sap which is fermented into alcohol. Decapitated juveniles attest to the activities of sap poachers. In addition, seed harvesting, if excessive, may threaten the reproductive health of the population. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This poorly known species is perhaps the most beautiful of all the Pseudophoenix. As juveniles, the trunks are waxy white with brown nodes and the leaves are gray and stiff. At maturity, the stems become strongly ventricose to bottle-shaped. They are striking palms. Pseudophoenix ekmanii resembles P. vinifera, in that they both have strongly ventricose trunks. Unlike that of P. vinifera, the trunk of P. ekmanii has waxy white internodes when young. Pseudophoenix ekmanii has a divaricating inflorescence and smaller fruits (<13.2 mm diam.), whereas the inflorescence of P. vinifera has distally directed branches and the fruits are larger (16.2–22.2 mm diam.). At any stage, P. ekmanii is easily distinguished from any other species by its absence of a petiole, that is to say, there is no obvious petiole between the sheathing leaf base and the leafy rachis. Read (1968) reported that the stamen filaments are short (less than 1.5 mm long), but his observation was made from immature flower buds. The filament length reported here is based on the persistent filaments of the immature fruits of Zanoni et al. 36100. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Pedernales: Barahona, Ekman H-7055 (S, IJ, K, NY, US); 7 km S of Los Tres Charcos and ca. 7–8 additional km (by animal) toward Playa Blanca, Zanoni, Mejía & Pimentel 36100 (NY); Isla Beata, Loomis 94 (US). CULTIVATED. USA. Florida: Miami-Dade Co., Coral Gables, Fairchild Tropical Garden, 97-336, Zona 785 (FTG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Pseudophoenix</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Zona</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 46(1) 19-38</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pseudophoenix lediniana</name>
+<author>Read</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 10: 189, pl. 13C. 1968</citation>
+<type>Haiti, Riv Levange; Read & Pierre-Louis; 1154</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH!; isotype FTG!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem ca. 5 m tall, fusiform or ventricose, 25.1–32.5 cm dbh, gray, with prominent leaf scars when young. Leaves 15–17 in the crown, spreading; leaf ca. 270–310 cm long; sheath 36.0–58 cm long, green with silvery gray scales near the apex; petiole 25–60 cm long; rachis ca. 236 cm long, often with brown scales along its margin; leaf segments 140–160 per one side of the rachis; middle leaf segment 49.0–66.5 cm long, 1.6–2.5 cm wide, lanceolate with an acuminate tip, gray-green, glaucous abaxially, glaucous to glossy adaxially, ramenta absent on the abaxial surface of the midvein at the base of the leaf segment. Inflorescence arching to pendulous, branched to 3 orders, ca. 1.7 m long; peduncle ca. 95 cm long and 4.0 cm diam., glabrous; prophyll ca. 104 cm long, ca. 8.5 cm wide, bearing dark brown scales along both edges (keels); inner bract not seen; rachillae 13.0–14.7 cm long and 1.5–1.7 mm diam., directed toward the apex of the inflorescence. Flower pseudopedicel 0.7–2.0 mm long, 1.4–1.7 mm diam., green to glaucous; calyx a shallow three-lobed cupule, 4.0–5.2 mm diam., lobe apices rounded, green to glaucous, margins hyaline; petals ovate, 5.5–6.0 mm long, 4.7–4.9 mm wide, green, glaucous abaxially, spreading, with ca. 12 major veins; filaments ca. 2.1 mm long, not connate, anthers ovoid, ca. 4.3 mm long and 2.1 mm wide, yellow; gynoecium (in bisexual flowers) ca. 3.2 mm long and 2.0 diam.(pistillode in staminate flowers smaller), green. Fruit 17.2–25.1 mm long, 14.8–21.7 mm diam. (in single-seeded fruits); endocarp 15.2–17.6 mm long, 15.6–17.3 mm diam., ca. 0.5 mm thick. Seed 12.3–14.6 mm long, 10.9–14.2 mm diam. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Pseudophoenix lediniana is known only from wet forest along small canyons around Riv. Levange (Dep. de l’Ouest), which is the type locality.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In cultivation, Pseudophoenix lediniana is said to be the fastest-growing of all Pseudophoenix. It makes a lovely ornamental palm, but it is not yet common outside the collections of botanical gardens and enthusiasts.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>The palm is not valued for wine-making, and the area is under no severe threats by human activities. Nevertheless, the species is highly vulnerable and without protection.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pseudophoenix lediniana is similar in many respects to P. vinifera, but the lobed calyx of P. lediniana is markedly distinct from the unlobed calyx of P. vinifera. The stem of P. lediniana is not strongly bottle-shaped, as in P. vinifera, but rather slightly ventricose.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>HAITI. Ouest: Trouin, Cook s.n. (US), Cook s.n. (BH); Riv Levange, Read & Pierre-Louis 154 (BH, FTG); Grand Goave, limestone cliffs, Read 237 (BH); between Grand Goâve and Port-au-Prince, S of Fauché on old road to Jacmel, 18°24’N 72°44’W, Henderson, Aubry, Balick & Vaval 1031 (NY); Grand Goâve, steep limestone cliffs, Ekman H5860 (IJ, K, FTG, NY, S, US). CULTIVATED. USA. Florida: Miami-Dade Co., Coral Gables, Fairchild Tropical Garden, 53-198A, Zona 782 (FTG), 96-947, Zona 777 (FTG).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Pseudophoenix</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Zona</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 46(1) 19-38</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pseudophoenix sargentii</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Sarg.</author>
+<citation>Bot. Gaz. 11: 314. 1886</citation>
+<type>USA, Florida, Elliott Key, 16 Apr 1886; Sargent; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype A!; isotype GH!; type (photo) BH!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chamaephoenix sargentii</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. ex A. H. Curtiss</author>
+<bibref>H. Wendl. ex A. H. Curtiss, Florida Farmer & Fruit Grower 1(8): 1. 1887</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cyclospathe northropii</name>
+<author>O.F.Cook</author>
+<bibref>O.F.Cook [as “northropi”], Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 12: 25. 1902</bibref>
+<type>Bahamas, Andros Island; J.I. & A.R. Northrop; 508</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype NY!; isolectotype US!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pseudophoenix saonae</name>
+<author>O.F.Cook</author>
+<bibref>O.F.Cook, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 13: 406. 1923.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pseudophoenix sargentii subsp. saonae</name>
+<author>(O.F.Cook) Read</author>
+<bibref>Gentes Herb. 10: 210. 1968</bibref>
+<type>Dominican Republic, Saona Island; Taylor; 513</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype US!; isotype NY!; type (fragment) BH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pseudophoenix linearis</name>
+<author>O.F.Cook</author>
+<bibref>O.F.Cook, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 13: 407. 1923</bibref>
+<type>Cuba, Cayo Romano; Shafer; 2644</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype US!; isotype NY!; type (fragment) BH!; type (photo) FTG!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pseudophoenix gracilis</name>
+<author>Ekman ex Burret</author>
+<bibref>Ekman ex Burret, Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. ser. 3: 28. 1929</bibref>
+<type>Haiti, Ile de La Gonâve; Ekman; H-9622</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype S!; isotypes A!, DA, K!, NY!, S!, US!)</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pseudophoenix navassana</name>
+<author>Ekman ex Burret</author>
+<bibref>Ekman ex Burret, Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. ser. 3: 27. 1929</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pseudophoenix sargentii var. navassana</name>
+<author>(Ekman) Read</author>
+<bibref>(Ekman) Read, Gentes Herb. 10: 211. 1968</bibref>
+<type>Navassa Island; Ekman; H-10302</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype S!; isotypes K!, NY!, US!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem 1–8 m tall, cylindrical, 9.5–25.0 cm dbh, gray, with prominent leaf scars when young. Leaves 7–16 in the crown, spreading or ascending; leaf 0.9–2.2 m long; sheath 18–41 cm long, green with silvery gray scales near the apex; petiole 24–119 cm long; rachis 64–165 cm long, often with brown scales along its margin; leaf segments 37–122 per one side of the rachis; middle leaf segment 29–64 cm long, 0.9–3.2 cm wide, lanceolate with an acuminate tip, gray-green, glaucous abaxially, glaucous to glossy adaxially, ramenta present on the abaxial surface of the midvein at the base of the leaf segment. Inflorescence erect, ascending or horizontal, branched to 3 or 4 orders, 100–150 cm long; peduncle often hidden by the leaf bases, 60–88 cm long, 1.7–1.8 cm diam., glabrous; prophyll 24–105 cm long, 2.6–6.0 cm wide, bearing dark brown scales along both edges (keels); inner bract 10–74 cm long, 1.6–5.0 cm wide, bearing dark brown scales along both edges; rachillae 1.3–5.5 (–9.0) cm long and 0.4–1.4 mm diam., strongly divaricating. Flower pseudopedicel 2.2–7.6 mm long, 0.4–1.0(–1.7) mm diam., green to glaucous; calyx a shallow triangular cupule, 2.1–4.2 mm diam., green to glaucous, margins hyaline; petals ovate, 4.8–6.6 mm long, 3.2–4.8 mm wide, green, glaucous abaxially, spreading, with ca. 7–13 major veins; filaments 2.2–3.7 mm long, basally connate forming a short staminal tube, anthers ovoid, 2.4–4.1 mm long, 0.8–2.5 mm wide, yellow; gynoecium (in bisexual flowers) 3.0–4.2 mm long, 1.0–2.3 mm diam. (pistillode in staminate flowers smaller), green. Fruit 10.6–17.1 mm long, 9.1–16.1 mm diam. (in single-seeded fruits); endocarp 7.9–13.5 mm long, 6.8–11.8 mm diam., 0.1–0.2 mm thick. Seed 6.4–10.5 mm long, 6.6–9.6 mm diam.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Pseudophoenix sargentii is found in coastal habitats, although one site in southern Quintana Roo, Mexico, is more than 30 km inland (where the palm population is thought to represent relic populations along an ancient coastline) (Quero 1981). It occurs on limestone or dune sand over limestone in seasonally dry forest, tropical hammock, coastal scrub, etc. (Seifriz 1943, Ledin et al. 1959, Read 1968, Quero 1981). Under harsh conditions, it grows very slowly such that mature individuals have trunks less than 50 cm tall. It grows easily but slowly in cultivation, a situation which has contributed to the destructive practice transplanting wild specimens to gardens and landscapes. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>On the northern coast of the Dominican Republic, near Sosua, P. sargentii has been extirpated by coastal development. (Zanoni 1986). Several populations of this species are endangered, one critically so. In Florida, small populations remain on Elliott Key (Lippencott 1992), where they are protected, but have been extirpated from Long and Sands Keys, where they once grew. In Mexico, populations are threatened by coastal develop-ment and agriculture (Quero 1981, Durán 1995). The most seriously threatened population is that from the island of Navassa. Zanoni and Buck (1999) reported that Pseudophoenix on Navassa is now reduced to a single adult palm. Introduced goats prevent reproduction by eating seeds and seedlings. Unless immediate action is taken, this unique population will be lost in the wild (offspring from Navassa palms survive in cultivation). </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Read (1968, 1969) recognized several infraspecific taxa whereas a recent field guide (Henderson et al. 1995) recognize only one. Read himself (as quoted in Lippencott 1992) suggested that the infraspecific taxa do not deserve formal taxonomic rank, a suggestion endorsed here. The taxonomic disposition of this, the most widespread taxon, is not uncontroversial. Some populations from small islands (Navassa, Gonâve, Saona) were previously recognized at some taxonomic rank, e.g., Pseudophoenix navassana, Pseudophoenix gracilis, Pseudophoenix saonae. Indeed these populations share a morphological trait – slightly larger fruits and seeds – that allow them to be distinguished from other populations of P. sargentii. Recognizing each island population as a distinct taxon seems misleading, as specimens cannot be readily distinguished from one another without knowledge of their geographic origin. Placing all of the populations in a single taxon is equally unsatisfactory, as such an action would imply that these island populations share a single common ancestor. In fact, these island populations are likely to have polytypic origins. The characters of the inflorescence posture and length, along with primary bract length relative to the peduncle length, were employed by Read (1968, 1969). While there is certainly variation in these characters, the variation appears to have no geographic or population base. One population that I examined on Whale Key, Bahamas, had palms in which the inflorescence was either erect, horizontal or pendulous, and one-third to onehalf as long as the leaves and in which the primary bract was one-half the length of the peduncle. Although this population corresponds to Read’s Pseudophoenix sargentii ssp. saonae var. saonae, the bract length character alone corresponds to Read’s P. sargentii ssp. sargentii. Quero (1981) noted similar difficulties in applying Read’s taxonomic criteria to populations in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BAHAMAS. Locality unknown, Nickerson & Gross 3044 (A, FTG, MO); Andros, High Point Cay, Brace 5301 (NY), Purser Point, Wide Opening, edge of marsh, Brace 6771 (NY), Big Cabbage Creek, west side, Northrop & Northrop 671 (NY), Loggerhead Creek, Northrop & Northrop 508 (NY, US), small key near Mastic Key, Bailey 1047 (BH); North Andros, ca. 8 mi. S of Fresh Creek, coppice, Correll, Fehling & Stevenson 49397 (FTG, NY); Berry Islands, Whale Key, coppice, Britton & Millspaugh 2197 (NY); S. Bimini, Millspaugh 2398 (NY); Eleuthera, S of Glass Window, scrub, Webster & Williams 10727 (FTG, S, US), Cape Eleuthera, coppice, Correll & Hill 45332 (FTG, NY), 0.5 mi SE of Glass Window, Proctor 30906 (IJ); Hummingbird Cay, Kessler et al. 2754 (A, FTG); Great Exuma, between George Town airstrip and the coast, Correll & Correll 47937 (FTG); Inagua, Miner’s Tent to Balsom Hill, scrubland, Nash & Taylor 1290 (FTG, NY); Little San Salvador, Britton & Millspaugh 5671 (NY); Long Is., 2–6 mi S of Galloway’s Landing, along Diamond Crystal Salt Company road, Hill 2398 (FTG, NY); Mayaguana, SE point, Wilson 7563 (GH, NY); New Providence, S of Fox Hills, coppice, Britton & Brace 547 (K, NY), ca. 3 mi E of airport, Corell 44313 (FTG). BELIZE. Ambergris Cay, off the north coast, Turner 33 (BH). CUBA. Oriente [Camagüey or Guantánamo], north coast, Natenson 25008 (HAJB); Camagüey: Cayo Guajaba, hills SE end, Shafer 2815 (NY) and Shafer 680 (A, GH, NY); Cayo Romano, Lomo de Loro, Shafer 2644 (NY, US; fragment at BH, photo FTG), Alto del Aji, Shafer 2790 (NY); Cayo Sabinal, Ekman 18572 (S); Guantánamo: Maisí, León 16291 (GH, HAJB, US); Maisí, Sabana, León 16662 (GH, HAJB, US) and León 16748 (HAJB, US), Cuesta del Chivo, Legrá s.n. (FTG); Las Tunas: Puerto Padre, El Copey, Curbelo 16660 (HAJB); Santa Clara: Caibarién, Cayo Francés, Ekman 18572 (S). DOMINICA. Near Mero, dry hill overlooking Castaways Hotel, Read 2008 (US); Mero Estates, Mero, Garvue et al. s.n. (FTG). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. La Altigracia: Isla Saona, SW shore of island, Loomis 23 (US), in woods, Liogier & Liogier 21878 (NY) and Liogier & Liogier 27279 (NY), interior, N of Playa El Canto de la Playa (on S side, E of Mano Jaun), 18°07’N 68°40’W, Zanoni, Mejía & Ramírez 15154 (NY), Banks of salt lake, Taylor 513 (NY, US; fragment and photo at BH); 2 km N of Guaraguao on road to Bayahibe, in wetland, Zanoni & Mejía 16970 (NY); Puerto Plata: Sosua at Punta Goleta, coastal thickets, Ekman H14526 (K, NY, S, US). HAITI. Ile de La Gonâve, hills above Pointe à Raquettes, Ekman H-9622 (A, FTG, K, NY, S, US). MEXICO. Quintana Roo. Res. Sian Xa’an, 8 km NE of Vigia Chico, 19°48’N 87°31’W, Sanders & Frame 1720 (NY, FTG); 2 km inland from Puerto Juarez on road to Valladolid, Moore 8087 (BH); Isla Mujeres, 21°15’27”N 86°45’06”W, Flores & Ucán 8815 (CICY); 0.5 km N of Xel-Ha, Quero 2373 (MO); Yucatán: W of El Cuyo, among dunes, Read et al. 79-012 (US); Mpio. Río Lagartos, cruce de playa Las Coloradas hacia Río Lagartos, Orellana et al. 396 (CICY); Parque Natural Ría Lagartos, near Las Coloradas, Leal & Espejel 205 (CICY); Mpio. Tizimin, road to El Cuyo, Espejel & Ucán 200 (CICY); 6 km W of El Cuyo, Ucán & Espejel 779a (CICY); entrance to town of El Cuyo, 21°30’45”N 87°40’46”W, Chan 5179 (CICY), 3 km E of El Cuyo, Quero 2382 (MO); 8–10 km W of El Cuyo, 21°32’00”N 87°45’50”W, Escalante 733 (CICY). NAVASSA ISLAND (USA). Kiem & Pitt s.n. (BH), E of the lighthouse, Ekman H10802 (FTG, K, NY, S, US) PUERTO RICO. Mona Island: 0.8 km WNW of Uvero, Proctor et al. 45905 (FTG). TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS. East Caicos. Jacksonville, Buden s.n. (A); Middle Caicos, Proctor 34073 (IJ). USA. Florida: locality unknown (probably Elliott or Long Key), Curtiss s.n. (A), locality unknown (sent to Beccari by Sargent), Anonymous s.n. (FI); Miami-Dade Co., Elliott Key, Simpson 541 (GH), Small & Nash s.n. (NY), Mr. Filer’s place, 19 Apr 1886, Sargent s.n. (A; photo BH), ca. 2 mi south of northern end, in dense thicket, Ward & Ward 1579 (BH), Small, Matthaus & Mosier 9499 (NY, US); Long Key, Curtiss (?) s.n. (A), near E end, high sandy hammock, Small, Bailey, Matthaus 11592 (MO, NY), Bailey & Bailey 6128 (BH, FTG), Curtiss 5637 (BH, GH, K, MO, NY, US), Sands Key, hammock, Small & DeWin Keller 10770 (GH, NY). CULTIVATED. BAHAMAS. New Providence, Nassau, garden, Brace 381 (K, NY). CUBA. La Habana: Santiago de las Vegas (cultivated?), Anonymous 343 (US); La Habana: Menocal estate, near Havana, Bailey & Bailey 12532 (BH). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Prov. unknown: Arenoso near Santiago, Bailey 311 (BH); Puerto Plata: Puerto Plata, (cultivated?), Read s.n. (FTG). MEXICO. Yucatán: Mpio. Río Lagartos, Río Lagartos, Espejo et al. 4614 (CICY); Mérida, Espinosa 2 (CICY), Espinosa 18 (CICY), Narváez 1171 (CICY), Narváez 1322 (CICY), 21°01’30”N 89°38’30”W, Simá 1710 (CICY). USA. Florida: locality unknown, imported as adult trees from the Bahamas, Hudson s.n. (FI); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, Franceschi s.n. (FI), Anonymous s.n. (US), Bessey s.n. (FI), Read s.n. (BH), Hotel Royal Palm, Andrews s.n. (A), old Miami cemetery, Dahlbert s.n. (BH), Key Largo, Read s.n. (BH); Fairchild Tropical Garden, Moore 5838 (BH), Moore 5839 (BH), Moore 5840 (BH), plot 113, CA-1104B, Hull H-15 (BH, FTG), 58-872 (transplanted from wild population on Elliott Key), Sanders 1667 (BH), plot 88, P4059D, Hull H-31 (BH, FTG), 58-872, Read 759 (BH, FTG), RM1522B (source: Cuba), Zona s.n. (FTG), 53-198A, Zona 828 (FTG), 60-171C, Balick et al. 3382 (NY), 58-80D, plot 166, Houghton 1376 (FTG), 60-171N, plot 189B, Zona & Kernan 798 (FTG), RM1522C, plot 68, Hull H-82 (FTG), 59-504, Balick 3383 (NY), 60- 171J, Beck & Beck 1106 (FTG, NY); Monroe Co., Upper Matecumbe Key, Small & Britton 9326 (BH), transplanted from Long Key, Miller 1703 (US). Read (1968, 1969) recognized several infraspecific taxa whereas a recent field guide (Henderson et al. 1995) recognize only one. Read himself (as quoted in Lippencott 1992) suggested that the infraspecific taxa do not deserve formal taxonomic rank, a suggestion endorsed here. imported as adult trees from the Bahamas, Hudson s.n. (FI); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, Franceschi s.n. (FI), Anonymous s.n. (US), Bessey s.n. (FI), Read s.n. (BH), Hotel Royal Palm, Andrews s.n. (A), old Miami cemetery, Dahlbert s.n. (BH), Key Largo, Read s.n. (BH); Fairchild Tropical Garden, Moore 5838 (BH), Moore 5839 (BH), Moore 5840 (BH), plot 113, CA-1104B, Hull H-15 (BH, FTG), 58-872 (transplanted from wild population on Elliott Key), Sanders 1667 (BH), plot 88, P4059D, Hull H-31 (BH, FTG), 58-872, Read 759 (BH, FTG), RM1522B (source: Cuba), Zona s.n. (FTG), 53-198A, Zona 828 (FTG), 60-171C, Balick et al. 3382 (NY), 58-80D, plot 166, Houghton 1376 (FTG), 60-171N, plot 189B, Zona & Kernan 798 (FTG), RM1522C, plot 68, Hull H-82 (FTG), 59-504, Balick 3383 (NY), 60- 171J, Beck & Beck 1106 (FTG, NY); Monroe Co., Upper Matecumbe Key, Small & Britton 9326 (BH), transplanted from Long Key, Miller 1703 (US). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Pseudophoenix</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Zona</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 46(1) 19-38</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pseudophoenix vinifera</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Becc.</author>
+<citation>Pomona Coll. Jour. Econ. Bot. 2: 268. 1912</citation>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Euterpe vinifera</name>
+<author>Martius</author>
+<bibref>Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. 1: t. ZII, F. 18, 19. 1845</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cocos vinifera</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 324. 1853</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Gaussia vinifera</name>
+<author>(Mart.) H. Wendl.</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) H. Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 245. 1878</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Aeria vinifera</name>
+<author>(Mart.) O.F.Cook</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) O.F.Cook, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 13: 399. 1923</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pseudophoenix insignis</name>
+<author>O.F.Cook</author>
+<bibref>O.F.Cook, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 13: 400. 1923.</bibref>
+<type>Haiti, Dept. de L’Artibonite, Passe Reine; Cook; 28</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype US!; type (fragment) BH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem 5–15 m tall, strongly ventricose, most slender above the swelling, gray, with prominent leaf scars when young. Leaves ca. 24 in the crown, spreading; leaf 2–3 m long; sheath 34–49 cm long, green with silvery gray scales near the apex; petiole 11–30 cm long; rachis 270 cm long, often with brown scales along its margin; leaf segments 115–131 per one side of the rachis; middle leaf segment 53–83 cm long, 1.7–3.1 cm wide, lanceolate with an acuminate tip, gray-green, glaucous abaxially, glaucous to glossy adaxially, ramenta present on the abaxial surface of the midvein at the base of the leaf segment. Inflorescence erect, ascending or arching, branched to 2 or 3 orders, ca. 125 cm long; peduncle down-curved, extending well beyond the leaf bases, glabrous; prophyll 102–156 cm long, ca. 8 cm wide, bearing dark brown scales along both edges (keels); inner bract ca. 50 cm long, bearing dark brown scales along both edges; rachillae 12.0–19.5 cm long and 1.5–2.6 mm diam., directed toward the apex of the inflorescence. Flower pseudopedicel (0.8–)2.5–4.4 mm long, 0.8–1.5 mm diam., green to glaucous; calyx a shallow triangular cupule, 3.1–5.9 mm diam., green to glaucous, margins hyaline; petals ovate, 6.4–8.9 mm long, 4.6–5.8 mm wide, green, glaucous abaxially, spreading, with ca. 24 major veins; filaments 4.2–5.1 mm long, basally connate forming a short staminal tube, anthers ovoid, 5.1–6.1 mm long, 2.4–2.9 mm wide, yellow; gynoecium (in bisexual flowers) 4.4–6.1 mm long, 2.5–3.7 mm diam. (pistillode in staminate flowers smaller), green. Fruit 17.6–23.7 mm long, 16.2–20.2 mm diam. (in single-seeded fruits); endocarp 15.2–16.9 mm long, 13.9–16.0 mm diam., 0.2–0.4 mm thick. Seed 11.1–14.7 mm long, 10.6–14.5 mm diam.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>In Haiti, P. vinifera survives in only two populations: between Poteau and Passe Reine (Dep. de l’Artibonite) and near Source Matelas (Dep. de l’Ouest) (Henderson et al. 1990). In the Dominican Republic, scattered palms are seen in the southern part (Provs. Azua and Barahona), but nowhere are populations large.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Pseudophoenix vinifera occurs in dry forest, at 300–400 m elevation, in Haiti and the southwestern Dominican Republic.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>In the past, this species was much exploited for the sweet sap that was fermented into “wine” (hence the epithet “vinifera”). The palm is still occasionally used for this purpose, but past exploitation has so diminished populations that the practice seems to have diminished as well. Pseudophoenix vinifera makes a striking ornamental palm and is occasionally cultivated by collectors and botanic gardens.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pseudophoenix vinifera is distinguished from its congeners by its strongly bottle-shaped stem at maturity, its distally directed rachillae and its triangular calyx. In gross appearance, it most closely resembles P. ekmanii, but in aspects of the inflorescence, flower and fruit, it resembles P. lediniana.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Azua: NE of Azua, between Azua and Estebania, 18°28’N 70°40’W, alt. 300 m, Zanoni, Ramírez, & Peláez 15371 (NY); Barahona: El Jimi de Maygi, near Naranja, 7 km from Cabral on road to Polo, 18°11.535’N 71°14.631’W, Zona et al. 739 (FTG); near Barahona, Bailey 276 (BH); 1 mi W of Barahona, dry thickets, Liogier 13607 (GH, IJ, NY); Independencia: hillside of Loma Grande, in Arroyo de Río Las Damas, 5.7 km from Puerto Escondido on road to Duverge, 18°20.5’N 71°32’W, alt. 350 m, Zanoni & Pimentel 26455 (NY); 2 km N from Puerto Escondito, on road to Duverge, 18°22’N 71°32’W, alt. 425 m, Gentry & Mejía 50807 (FTG, NY). HAITI. Locality unknown, van Sterson s.n. (K); Anonymous s.n. (FI); Artibonite: mountains 2–4 miles NE of Poteaux, 500 m elev., Read 277 (BH); Passe Reine, Cook s.n. (US); Between Gonaïves and Ennery, Cook 28 (US; frag & photo: BH); Poteaux, Bailey 146 (BH); Centre: Morne Cabrit, elev. 2000 ft., Cook s.n. (US); Nord-Ouest: Valleé des Frois-Rivières, Port-de-Paix, Bassin Bleu, Ekman H3977 (S); Ouest: ca. 2 mi S of Cabaret, Read 276 (BH); Fond Chaleur, near Etang Saumatre, Henderson & Aubry 1184 (NY); 3 km N of Source Matelas, Zanoni, Mejía & Pimentel 33602 (NY); Ciment d’Haiti, along coastal road from Portau- Prince to St. Marc, Henderson, Aubry & Vaval 1039 (NY); Croix-des-Bronquets, Morne-à-Cabrits, elev. ca. 400 m, Ekman H5496 (A, K, NY, S), Ekman & Barker 5496 (EHH, photo BH); 15 mi N of Portau- Prince, Read 211 (BH). CULTIVATED. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Province unknown: Arenoso near Santiago, Bailey 311 (BH); Distrito Nacional: Santo Domingo, Parque Eriquillo, Zanoni et al. 11409 (NY); USA. Florida: Miami- Dade Co., Coral Gables, Fairchild Tropical Garden, 96-1416, Zona 776 (FTG); Miami, Montgomery Botanical Center, 91-444A, Zona s.n. (FTG), Baker 1002 (FTG); Miami, USDA Plant Introduction Station, Read 1397 (BH, FTG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary pinnate-leaved palm, native to New Guinea, with crownshaft and praemorse leaflets; the fruit is relatively large and has an elaborated grooved and ridged black endocarp; the seed has homogeneous or ruminate endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ptychococcus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 100 (1885).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Ptychococcus paradoxus; (Scheff.) Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Ptyx — groove, coccus —seed, referring to the grooved seed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem slender to moderate, ringed with leaf scars, grey or brownish. Leaves pinnate, spreading to ascending, blade ± horizontal basally but twisting toward an arched apex; sheath forming a long crownshaft, margins oblique lacking a ligule, covered in dense, partially deciduous scales or tomentum; petiole very short, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, densely tomentose; rachis adaxially flat basally, with a central ridge at midlength to ridged distally, abaxially rounded, densely tomentose; leaflets lanceolate, single-fold, apically very oblique, truncate, or somewhat pointed, and toothed, red-brown or pale scales on both surfaces, denser abaxially and along veins, midrib prominent, marginal ribs also large and sometimes (?always) densely tomentose, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, stiff, usually several clustered below the crownshaft, horizontal in flower, drooping in fruit, branched to 3 orders basally, fewer orders distally, all branches densely scaly, becoming glabrous; peduncle short, stout, dorsiventrally compressed; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled laterally, slightly beaked, bearing deciduous tomentum; peduncular bract like the prophyll but lacking keels, second partial peduncular bract present in young stages; rachis longer than the peduncle bearing very short, wide, rounded bracts subtending distant branches and rachillae; rachillae rather short, sometimes zigzag, bearing very short rounded bracts subtending distant triads of large flowers, flowers borne nearly throughout the rachillae, projecting on either side of the rachillae; floral bracteoles irregular, rounded, those surrounding the pistillate flower of medium height; scar of pistillate flower very large compared to those of staminate flowers. Staminate flowers slightly asymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, keeled dorsally toward a gibbous base, margins split and bearing hairs; petals 3, distinct, valvate, ovate, glabrous or densely covered in small membranous scales; stamens numerous (up to 100), filaments short, awl-shaped, anthers elongate, notched apically, deeply bifid basally, dorsifixed near the base, ± introrse, connective tanniniferous; pistillode bottle-shaped with neck as long as the stamens, apically with a few short pointed tips. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 46–66 µm [2/3]. Pistillate flowers ovoid, smaller than the staminate at anthesis; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, sometimes covered with small hairs; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate with short, thick valvate tips, sometimes densely scaly; staminodes 3, ± united in a low semicupule; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, style not differentiated, stigma 3-lobed, ovule pendulous, 5-angled, form unknown. Fruit ovoid, prominently wrinkled and angled when dry, orange to red at maturity, perianth persistent as a large cupule, stigmatic scar slightly eccentric; epicarp with short oblique fibrous bundles and interspersed brachysclereids, mesocarp fleshy with tanniniferous cells and vascular bundles lacking fibrous sheaths, endocarp with large keel, deeply grooved between 3 lateral and 2 ventral ridges, wall hard, thick. Seed 5-lobed, like the endocarp in shape, hilum round, apical, raphe branches thin, endosperm homogeneous with shallow marginal ruminations and a deep intrusion in the rapheal lobes or deeply ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid, tips toothed. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species, in New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961) and fruit (Essig 1977).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Ptychococcus has never been tested in a phylogenetic analysis. For relationships, see Brassiophoenix.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The wood is extremely tough and used for bows, arrows, and building. The seed is said to be edible.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Zona (2003).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The thick hard endocarp is highly distinctive, being pointed at both ends with sharp or irregular, not rounded, ridges. The variability in endosperm structure, from completely homogeneous to deeply ruminate in the same species, Ptychococcus paradoxus, is remarkable (Zona 2003).</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In rain forest along rivers in the lowlands and on mountain ridges.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Variable small to moderate, solitary or clustered pinnate-leaved palms, native to the Moluccas through New Guinea to Solomon Islands and Australia, all with crownshafts and praemorse leaflets, and generally with fibrous ridged endocarp.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ptychosperma</name>\r
+<author>Labill.</author>\r
+<citation>Mém. Cl. Sci. Math. Inst. Natl. France 1808 (2): 252 (1809).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Ptychosperma gracile; Labill.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Seaforthia</name>\r
+<author>R.Br.</author>\r
+<bibref>R.Br., Prodr. 267 (1810).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Seaforthia elegans; R.Br.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Actinophloeus</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Becc.) Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 126 (1885).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Actinophloeus ambiguus; (Becc.) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Romanowia</name>\r
+<author>Sander ex André</author>\r
+<bibref>Sander ex André, Rev. Hort. 71: 262 (1899).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Strongylocaryum</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 95 (1936).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Strongylocaryum macranthum; Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Ptyx — a fold or cleft, sperma — seed, referring to the grooved seed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stems erect, usually slender, smooth, often grey, obscurely or conspicuously ringed with leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, rather short, vertical to ± horizontal, relatively few in the crown; sheath elongate, forming a prominent crownshaft, bearing tattered, peltate, or tufted scales and tomentum, the sheath apex with or without a triangular or ligulate, sometimes divided appendage opposite or to one side of the petiole; petiole short or elongate, channelled adaxially, usually rounded abaxially, tomentose or with scales; rachis longer than the petiole, adaxially ridged, abaxially rounded, variously scaly; leaflets regularly or irregularly arranged, or clustered, single-fold, wedge-shaped, linear or wider medianly, apices obliquely or concavely praemorse, or praemorse and notched, the margins extending beyond the midrib, midrib always prominent, marginal ribs thickened, usually glabrous adaxially, the large or small distal leaflets linear to broadly wedge-shaped, ramenta present or absent along abaxial ribs, transverse veinlets evident (?always). Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched usually to 2, 3, or 4(–6) orders, protandrous; peduncle usually short but elongate in Ptychosperma tagulense, angled, glabrous, or with scales and tomentum throughout; prophyll tubular, dorsiventrally flattened, keeled laterally, attached at the base of the peduncle, splitting apically, then abaxially, early caducous; peduncular bract tubular, similar to, attached close to, and enclosed by the prophyll, often with a hard short or tapering beak, splitting abaxially, early caducous, an incomplete peduncular bract usually present; rachis longer than the peduncle except where peduncle elongate; rachis bracts triangular to ligulate, or short, stubby, in horizontal furrows, spirally arranged; rachillae elongate, often fleshy, bearing spirally arranged bracts similar to the rachis bracts, subtending triads basally and paired to solitary staminate flowers distally, from as few as 4 to more than 100 clusters per rachilla depending on the species; floral bracteoles short, rounded. Staminate flowers bullet-shaped to ovoid, lateral to the pistillate in triads; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, sometimes gibbous, margins fringed, tips shortly pointed; petals 3, distinct, ovate, rather thick, fibrous, valvate, grooved adaxially, 3–4 times as long as the sepals; stamens 9–over 100, arranged in alternating antesepalous whorls of 3 and antepetalous whorls of several (Uhl and Moore 1980), filaments short, awl-shaped, not inflexed, anthers linear-lanceolate, strongly, often unevenly sagittate basally, bifid apically, dorsifixed near the middle, versatile, latrorse, connective elongate, tannniferous; pistillode bottle-shaped with a long neck, irregularly cleft apically, or short, conic-ovoid, trifid or tripapillate apically. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally pyriform or lozenge-shaped; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 32–62 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral, sometimes tetragonal or, rarely, rhomboidal [14/28]. Pistillate flowers shorter than the staminate, conic-ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, sometimes gibbous, marginally fringed; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, tips valvate, thick, pointed, opening slightly but not reflexed at anthesis; staminodes tooth-like, linear or united, then broad, toothed or ribbed, and scale-like; gynoecium conic-ovoid, unilocular, rarely bi- or trilocular, stigmas 3, short, reflexed at anthesis, ovule hemianatropous, 5-angled, pendulous, funicle long, bearing a short aril. Fruit globose to ellipsoidal, red, orange or purple-black at maturity, stigmatic remains apical, forming a beak, perianth persistent; epicarp granular due to short or long, oblique, fibrous bundles and interspersed brachysclereids, mesocarp fleshy, mucilaginous or tanniniferous, sometimes with irritant needle crystals, endocarp fibrous with vascular bundles with large fibrous sheaths at several levels and extending into the inner mesocarp or united in a single layer (P. salomonense), usually adherent to the seed. Seed longitudinally 5-grooved or angled, rarely 3-grooved or rounded in cross-section, hilum lateral, raphe branches few, sparsely branched, endosperm homogeneous or ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Twenty-nine species centred in New Guinea and the D’Entrecasteaux and Louisiade archipelagos, but extending west to east from the Moluccas to the Solomon Islands and south to north-eastern Australia. A number of other species have been described but are as yet poorly known. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), inflorescence and flower development (Uhl 1976a, 1976b), stamen development (Uhl and Moore 1980), correlations of anatomy with pollination (Uhl and Moore 1977a), and fruit (Essig 1977). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Ptychosperma is strongly supported as monophyletic with high support (Lewis et al. in prep., Baker et al. in prep.). Lewis et al. (in prep.) place the genus as sister to a clade of Ponapea and Drymophloeus hentyi with low support. The findings of Asmussen et al. (2006), Norup et al. (2006) and Baker et al. (in review), who did not include D. hentyi in their studies, are congruent with this relationship.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Some species make elegant ornamentals but need plentiful moisture and protection from winds. Essig (1978) reports uses of the wood for bows, arrowheads and spears, and that the fruit of some species has been a poor substitute for betel nut. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Essig (1978). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Large areas within the geographical range of the genus are still unexplored botanically and new species may be discovered in the future, as noted by Essig (1978). About 12 species had been introduced into cultivation through the 1950s; seven of these have been in cultivation for over 100 years and are widely distributed around the world. Growers should be aware of the possibility of hybridization, which has been common among the cultivated species (Essig 1975). </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Solitare palm (Ptychosperma elegans), Macarthur palm (P. macarthurii). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Each of the four subgenera and the two sections of subgenus Actinophloeus has a distinct range and habitat. The centre of diversity of subgenus Ptychosperma and the two sections of subgenus Actinophloeus is the mountainous south-eastern tip of New Guinea, where each of the groups has a number of endemic taxa. Some species inhabit coastal or swampy lowland forests, others the better-drained edges of these areas or foothills. Ptychosperma vestitum is exceptional in occurring in fresh-water swamps. Pollination in P. macarthurii is mostly by bees of the genus Nomia (Halictidae), which are attracted to flowers of both sexes by nectar (Essig 1973). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Short-stemmed pinnate-leaved palms from the undergrowth of rain forest in Central and northern South America, with either spicate inflorescence or inflorescence with radiating branches, and distinctive divergent anther thecae.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Asterogyne</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Hook. f. in Benth. and Hook. f.</author> \r
+<citation>Gen. pl. 3: 914 (1883).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Asterogyne martiana; (H.Wendl.) H.Wendl. ex Drude</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Aristeyera</name>\r
+<author>H.E. Moore</author>\r
+<bibref>H.E. Moore, J. Arnold Arbor. 47: 3 (1966).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Aristeyera spicata; H.E.Moore</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Aster — star, gyne — woman or female, probably referring to the star-like corolla lobes in the pistillate flower.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem short, erect, sometimes prostrate for a time, rather closely ringed with inconspicuous, narrow, oblique leaf scars. Leaves erect, almost always undivided, bifid, sometimes becoming split irregularly, marcescent; sheath short, tubular, eventually splitting opposite the petiole, margins with a few stiff fibres, covered with dull, reddish-brown scales; petiole short, slender, flat and glabrous adaxially; rounded, with dark brown scales, often becoming brown-dotted abaxially, blade wedge-shaped, pinnately ribbed, distinctly plicate, thin but rather tough, deep green adaxially, silvery green abaxially, glabrous adaxially, small membranous scales and trichomes along large ribs abaxially, transverse veinlets not evident, large close ribs more evident abaxially, alternating with bands of small veins on both surfaces. Inflorescences solitary, ± erect, becoming ± curved in fruit, interfoliar, spicate or subdigitately branched to 1 order, protandrous; peduncle long, slender, covered with dark brown, caducous tomentum; prophyll tubular, pointed, thin, papery, with 2, very narrow, lateral keels, covered with dark red, caducous tomentum; peduncular bracts 1(–2), tubular, like the prophyll but longer; rachis very short, bearing short, ovate, pointed bracts, the first 2 (or more) empty, others subtending rachillae; rachillae 1 or few (2–8), about equal in length, bearing sunken ovate bracts, each subtending a triad of flowers borne in a pit, pits with distinct upper ‘lips’ which lock the bract over the developing flowers, rachillae ending in long, slender, pointed tips, densely scaly; floral bracteoles 3, the outer bracteole shallow, the middle 2-keeled, the inner acute. Staminate flowers exserted at anthesis, borne laterally and outside the pistillate flower; sepals 3, briefly connate where adnate basally to the receptacle, free above, narrow, elongate, keeled, acute or emarginate apically; petals 3, about as long as the sepals, basally adnate to the receptacle, connate in a tube for about 2/3 their length, free and valvate above; stamens 6–ca. 24, filaments connate and adnate basally to the receptacle forming a solid stalk-like base, united in a tube for an equal distance, distally free, erect, terete and tapering, connective bifid, tanniniferous, bearing separated thecae, inflexed in bud, ± erect at anthesis, introrse; pistillode shallow, irregularly 3-lobed. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually with obvious asymmetry, including pyriform; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-channelled, and rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 37–43 µm [1/5]. Pistillate flowers slightly asymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, chaffy, imbricate in bud; petals 3, connate for about 2/3 their length in a soft tube, valvate and chaffy distally; staminodes ca. 15, connate basally and adnate to the petal tube, free, somewhat fleshy, angled or terete distally, tips dark like the connectives; gynoecium trilocular, triovulate, 3-lobed, style elongate, grooved, ending in 3 triangular, stigmatic lobes, probably recurved at anthesis, ovule anatropous, pendulous, attached in the top of the locule, only 1 normally maturing. Fruit ellipsoidal-ovoid, 1-seeded, dorsiventrally compressed, slightly keeled apically, abortive carpels and stigmatic remains basal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy to dry, with an inner layer of closely appressed, longitudinal fibres, endocarp thin, crustaceous, shiny. Seed ellipsoidal to obovoid, slightly compressed laterally, hilum small, basal, raphe encircling the seed, somewhat impressed, unbranched to furcate or with a few parallel branches, endosperm homogeneous; embryo eccentrically basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Five species in Central America and northern South America. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, 1966), root (Seubert 1998a,1998b), and floral and inflorescence (Uhl 1966, Stauffer et al.2003, Stauffer and Endress 2003).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Asterogyne is monophyletic (Stauffer et al.2003). For species relationships, see Stauffer et al. (2003). Thegenus has been resolved as sister to a clade of Geonoma,Calyptronoma and Calyptrogyne with low to moderate support(Asmussen et al. 2006).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Asterogyne is a fine ornamental and is also used forthatch. The fruit of A. spicata is edible.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Stauffer et al. (2003). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Species of Asterogyne are elegant small palmsdistinguished by bifid leaves and by floral pits with coveringbracts, which are ‘locked’ in bud by a distinct rounded lip. Theseparation of anther thecae on a bifid connective is distinctive.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>For local names, see Glassman(1972).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found only in wet forests, oftenat low elevations ca. 200–400 m or less, sometimes on well-drained slopes.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Asterogyne martiana</name>
+<author>(H.Wendl.) H.Wendl. ex Drude in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl (eds.)</author>
+<citation>Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2(3): 59 (1889)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem solitary, often subterranean, 2-3 cm in diameter below the crown. Leaf blade 60-100 cm long and 20-30 cm wide, simple or irregularly divided into 1-3 broad, multi-ribbed pinnae on each side; veins forming a sharp angle with the axis. Inflorescence 50-80 cm long, with 3-10 straight branches borne on the apical few centimeters, the branches 4-6 mm in diameter, with flower pits arranged in distinct longitudinal rows. Fruits reddish brown when immature, black at full maturity, smooth, elongate, ca. 1 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central America to N Ecuador, in wet and pluvial tropical forest, west of the Andes, mostly below 500 m elevation.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador known only from wet forest in the NW.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Extremely spiny pinnate-leaved palms from Central and South America, distinctive in the marked separation of pistillate flowers from the staminate part of the rachilla.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Astrocaryum</name>\r
+<author>G.Mey.</author> \r
+<citation>Prim. fl. esseq. 265 (1818)</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Astrocaryum aculeatum; G.Mey.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Avoira </name>\r
+<author>Giseke</author>\r
+<bibref>Giseke, Praelectiones in Ordines Naturales Plantarum 38, 53 (1792) (name rejected in favour of Astrocaryum)</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Avoira vulgaris; Giseke</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Hexopetion</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 156 (1934)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Hexopetion mexicanum; (Liebm. ex Mart.) Burret</type> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Toxophoenix</name>\r
+<author>Schott</author>\r
+<bibref>Schott in Schreibers, Nachr. österr. Naturf. Bras. 2 (Anhang): 12 (1822).</bibref>\r
+ <type>Type; Toxophoenix aculeatissima; Schott</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Astron — star, karyon — nut, referring to the star-like pattern of fibres around the endocarp pores.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to robust, solitary or clustered, sometimes acaulescent, spiny, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem very short to tall, often slender, obscured by leaf bases, or becoming bare and conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, often armed with fierce spines pointing in several directions, sometimes losing spines with age. Leaves few to numerous, regularly or irregularly pinnate, neatly abscising or marcesent; sheath splitting opposite the petiole, usually fiercely armed with large and small spines, and frequently bearing abundant indumentum; petiole very short to long, adaxially channelled near the base, distally ± flattened or angled, abaxially rounded, bearing abundant spines of varying length and dense indumentum; rachis usually much longer than the petiole, adaxially ± angled, abaxially rounded, usually densely armed and tomentose like the petiole; leaflets numerous and single-fold (or rarely few and composed of many folds), regularly arranged or grouped, and usually fanned within the groups, the whole leaf then appearing plumose, sometimes ± secondarily plicate, linear, acute, usually dark green and shiny adaxially, abaxially almost always with abundant white indumentum, the leaflet margins often conspicuously armed with short spines or bristles; transverse veinlets conspicuous or obscure. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, erect at first, becoming pendulous, ?protandrous, branching to 1 order; peduncle usually elongate, ± circular in cross-section, often heavily armed with spines, sometimes with spines confined only to the area just below the bract insertion, the surface frequently densely covered in indumentum; prophyll ±membranous, tubular, 2-keeled, unarmed (?always), ±included within the leaf sheaths, soon tattering; peduncular bract much exceeding the prophyll, tubular, beaked, enclosing the rachillae in bud, splitting longitudinally along the abaxial face, arched over the rachillae, persistent or eroding, usually densely tomentose and heavily armed with spines, rarely unarmed; rachis shorter than the peduncle (often very much so) often armed as the peduncle, bearing numerous spirally arranged, crowded rachillae, each subtended by a narrow triangular bract; rachillae complex, elongate, with or without an armed or unarmed basal bare portion above which bearing a single triad or 2–5 distant triads, with or without a slender bare portion distal to the triads, distal to which the rachillae appearing cylindrical, catkin-like and bearing densely packed staminate flowers in pairs or singly, immersed in pits; rachilla bracts ± acute, forming lower lip of pits, floral bracteoles very small, sometimes partially connate with rachilla bract; after anthesis, staminate portions of the rachillae eroding away, in those species with solitary triads, the fruit then borne in a close-packed ‘spike’ or head, in those with several triads the fruit more loosely arranged. Staminate flowers small, ± symmetrical; sepals 3, very small, ± triangular, ?sometimes basally connate; petals 3, much exceeding the sepals, valvate, boat-shaped, connate basally and adnate to the receptacle; stamens (3–)6(–12, fide Wessels Boer 1965), filaments epipetalous, short, inflexed in bud, anthers ± rectangular or linear, dorsifixed, versatile, latrorse; pistillode present and trifid or absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, or oblate-triangular, usually with slight asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate-psilate or coarsely perforate, perforations closely or widely spaced or, perforate and micro-channelled and rugulate, aperture margin may be slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 41–78 µm [11/36]. Pistillate flower very much larger than the staminate; calyx urn-shaped or cup-shaped, truncate or shallowly 3-lobed, sometimes bearing numerous short spicules, usually densely tomentose; corolla not, briefly, or considerably exceeding, and similar to the calyx, or composed of 3 imbricate triangular lobes, connate basally; staminodes 6, epipetalous near the base of the corolla, connate into a low membranous ring or tooth-like; gynoecium varied in shape, trilocular, triovulate, the 3 large fleshy erect, or head-like, reflexed stigmas borne on a beak, protruding through the mouth of the corolla tube, sometimes bearing short spines and/or tomentum, ovule ?orthotropous, laterally attached. Fruit 1(–2)-seeded with apical stigmatic remains, beaked, spherical, top-shaped, prismatic, or ovoid, often brightly coloured, brown, yellowish or orange-red, calyx and corolla persistent, enlarged and irregularly splitting; epicarp spiny or unarmed, tomentose or glabrous, mesocarp relatively thin, fleshy or dry and starchy, and fibrous, sometimes with the epicarp irregularly splitting and spreading to expose the endocarp, endocarp thick, stony, with numerous flattened, black longitudinal fibres on the surface, conspicuously radiating from the 3 subterminal pores. Seed irregularly globular, basally attached, hilum circular, raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous, usually hollow; embryo subapical, opposite one of the endocarp pores. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid, usually bristly. Cytology: 2n = 30.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 36 accepted species distributed from Mexico southwards to Brazil and Bolivia; absent from the West Indies except Trinidad.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Beerling and Kelly 1996), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Published evidence indicates that Astrocaryum is monophyletic with moderate support (Gunn 2004; for relationships, see Acrocomia). However, preliminary phylogenetic studies based on molecular data (Pintaud, pers. comm.) suggest that Astrocaryum, as currently delimited, may not be monophyletic. The problem could be addressed, at least in part, by removing two taxa, Astrocaryum mexicanum and A. alatum, which are sister to each other and tend to resolve elsewhere in the Bactridinae. Astrocaryum mexicanum was separated by Burret as the basis of a new genus, Hexopetion, because the staminodes are free as opposed to being cupuliform as in the rest of Astrocaryum. The staminodes in A. alatum form a cupuliform ring, however, so this character seems of no value in separating Hexopetion from Astrocaryum. The one gross morphological character shared by the two species is the fact that the staminate flowers occur directly above the single pistillate flower at the base of the rachillae, whereas in Astrocaryum there is a bare portion immediately distal to the pistillate flowers. There is also a single anatomical difference: the perivascular sclerified sheath in the leaf midrib is continuous in A. alatum and A. mexicanum whereas it is discontinuous in all other species of Astrocaryum examined. Insufficient evidence has been presented to date to warrant the recognition of Hexopetion. A thorough study of relationships across the Bactridinae is required before further changes in Bactridinae can be justified. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>For local uses, see Glassman (1972) and Balick (1985). The epidermis and hypodermis of the sword leaf of Astrocaryum vulgare provide an important fibre used by Amerindians in manufacturing mats, hats, hammocks, fishing lines and nets. The mesocarp of some species is eaten by humans or fed to cattle. The kernel of A. vulgare produces a fine oil, which is excellent for eating or soap making. Fruits of A. murumuru and A. aculeatum have also been used as a source of oil, and the ‘cabbage’ of many species is utilised. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>See Henderson et al. (1995). Numerous papers by Kahn and his associates have appeared in recent years, elucidating species and species complexes, but a modern synthesis of the whole genus is yet to be produced. See also, Kahn and Second (1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Fruits from the Middle Oligocene of Puerto Rico, Palmocarpon cetera, are compared with Cocos and Astrocaryum, although there is insufficient detail to make a very satisfactory comparison (Hollick 1928). From the Middle Eocene of northwestern Peru, Berry (1926a) described palm endocarps, Astrocaryum olsoni, with a size range of 3.75 – 5.25 cm long • 2.5 – 3.75 cm wide; they have a fibrous outer layer, and a 2–3 mm thick inner layer; their interior is filled with calcified structureless material. From the lower Cenomanian of France (Argonne), Fliche (1896) describes Astrocaryum astrocaryopsis and, also from the upper Cenomanien, Astrocaryopsis sp. from the Sainte Menhould area (Fliche 1894). Astrocaryum-like pollen (Graham 1976) is reported from the Upper Miocene of Mexico (Paraje Solo flora, Veracruz). Van der Hammen and Garcia de Mutis (1966) suggest that the “natural relationship” of the zonasulcate Proxapertites (described by the authors as having, “a very large, variable, ± irregular, aperture”) is Astrocaryum acaule, but this is unlikely because this species has mono- or trichotomosulcate pollen. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Astrocaryum mexicanum has been the subject of detailed long-term demographic and reproductive biological studies led by Sarukhan (e.g., Búrquez et al. 1987). </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tucuma. For common names, see Pesce (1941, translation 1985).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Ecologically, the genus is very varied: some species are undergrowth palms of primary lowland forest; others are light-demanding and occur in secondary forest or forest margins (e.g., riverbanks). In Surinam, Astrocaryum vulgare is particularly frequent in white sand savannah. Most species seem to be confined to the lowlands. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Astrocaryum chambira</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 35: 122 (1934)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, to 30 m tall and 25-40 cm in diameter, armed with long black spines. Leaves forming a funnel shaped crown, erect and arching, neatly abscising, to 8 m long; pinnae to 150 on each side, evenly spaced or grouped, spreading in different planes, the central ones to 125 cm long and 5 cm wide. Inflorescences erect, purple at first, later brownish yellow, 200-350 cm long; branches ca. 200, the proximal 35-50 cm long, each with 2-3 female flowers on the basal part. Male flowers 4-6 mm long. Female flowers 12-22 mm long, including the stigmas. Fruits obovoid, greyish green, turning yellow to orange at maturity, with a loosely attached, greyish white to brown indument, 6-8 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W part of the Amazon region in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, usually on terra firme.
+Distribution in Ecuador. Common in Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Astrocaryum jauari</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 76 (1824)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, to 20 m tall and 30 cm in diameter, armed with long black spines. Leaves forming a funnel shaped crown, erect and arching, neatly abscising, 4-6 m long; pinnae to 150 on each side, evenly spaced or grouped, spreading in different planes, the central ones to 110 cm long and 3.5 cm wide. Inflorescences erect, ca. 200 cm long; branches ca. 100, the proximal to 30 cm long, each usually with 5-7 female flowers on the basal part. Male flowers ca. 4 mm long. Female flowers 5-8 mm long including stigmas. Fruits obovoid, greyish green, turning yellow or orange at maturity, glabrous, 3-4 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Throughout most of the Amazon basin, in seasonally inundated areas along black-water rivers and lakes, where it tends to form rather large colonies.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Astrocaryum murumuru</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 70 (1824)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Astrocaryum standleyanum</name>
+<author>L.H.Bailey</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 3: 88 (1933)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, to 15 m tall and 30 cm in diameter, armed with long black spines, often with one or more dead leaves hanging from the crown. Leaves forming a funnel or umbrella shaped crown, erect and arching, to 5 m long; pinnae ca. 100 on each side, arranged in groups of 2-5 and spreading in different planes, the central ones to 110 cm long and 3.5 cm wide. Inflorescences erect to arching, cream coloured, to 150 cm long; branches to 200, each with 3-5 female flowers on the basal part. Male flowers ca. 4 mm long. Female flowers 6-8 mm long including stigmas. Fruits obovoid, greyish green, turning orange at maturity, 5-6 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central America to Ecuador W of the Andes, to 900 m elevation, but usually at lower altitudes, in non-inundated areas.
+Distribution in Ecuador. Common in somewhat seasonal, tropical moist forest in W Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Astrocaryum urostachys</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 35: 151 (1934)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey or subcanopy palm. Stem short, or rarely to 10 m tall, and ca. 20 cm in diameter. Leaves spreading, usually with leaf axis twisting so that the distal part of the blade is held vertically, to 8 m long; pinnae to 130 on each side, regularly inserted in one plane, straight, grey or brownish white below. Inflorescences erect, to 150 cm long; branches to 250, to 15 cm long, each with one solitary ca. 15 mm long female flower at base. Male flowers 3-4 mm long. Fruits 6-9 cm long, more or less pear shaped, covered with brown to black bristles, distally with a ca. 1 cm long beak.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W part of the Amazon basin in Ecuador. Endemic. The species appears to have a preference for poorly drained or periodically inundated soils, but can also be found on terra firme.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Lower risk/least concern (Borchsenius & Skov 1999).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is sometimes treated as a variety of Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. If recognised as a separate species it can be regarded as a western segregate characterised by having clustering stems, bristly fruits, and female flowers with non-spiny calyx of approximately the same length as the corolla. Notes for Ecuador. The only Ecuadorian representative of subgenus Monogynanthus.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Generally massive acaulescent or tree palms of Equatorial Africa, Madagascar and South and Central America, with huge pinnate leavesand often fibrous leaf sheaths; hapaxanthic and monoecious, the rachilllae bear solitary pistillate flowers near the base and solitary staminate flowers distally. The fruit is usually very large.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Raphia</name>\r
+<author>P. Beauv.</author>\r
+<citation>Fl. Oware 1: 75 t. 44–46 (1806).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Raphia vinifera; P.Beauv.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Sagus</name>\r
+<author>Gaertn.</author>\r
+<bibref>Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 27 (1788).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Sagus palma-pinus; Gaertn.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derived from the Malagasy vernacular name, rofia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Massive, solitary or clustered, armed, hapaxanthic, monoecious, acaulescent or tree palms. Stem subterranean to erect, usually partly obscured by the marcescent leaf bases, the internodes sometimes bearing short, negatively geotropic, ± spine-like roots, cortex hard, pith soft. Leaves massive, pinnate, marcescent; sheath unarmed, splitting opposite the petiole, with or without a conspicuous ligule, disintegrating into thin sheets or sometimes partly into black fibre bundles (‘piassava’); petiole short to very long, unarmed, usually deeply channelled adaxially only at the base, rounded distally; rachis unarmed, angled adaxially, rounded abaxially; leaflets single-fold, linear, numerous, regularly arranged or grouped and fanned within the groups to give the leaf a plumose appearance, often whitish beneath, armed with short spines along the margins and the midrib, the margins frequently greatly thickened, midribs very large, transverse veinlets conspicuous or inconspicuous. Inflorescences branched to 2 orders, produced simultaneously in the axils of the most distal few leaves, either interfoliar and pendulous or aggregated into a massive, erect, suprafoliar, compound inflorescence; peduncle short; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, closely sheathing to inflated, sometimes splitting opposite the keels, with 1 or 2 short triangular lobes; peduncular bracts several (ca. 6) and inflated basally with triangular limbs; rachis much longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts distichous or in 4 ranks, tubular, closely sheathing to somewhat inflated, usually each subtending a first-order branch, rarely empty; first-order branches reflexed or variously spreading, sometimes scarcely exserted from the bract, bearing a basal, 2-keeled, tubular prophyll, and distichous or 4 ranked, tubular bracts with triangular limbs, each, except for the prophyll and 1–few basal-most, subtending a rachilla; rachillae very crowded to distant and sometimes not exserted; rachilla prophyll tightly sheathing, 2-keeled;subsequent rachilla bracts tending to be distichous or in 4 ranks, tubular, tightly sheathing, with short, striate triangular limbs; distal 1–3 bracts empty, of the remaining, the proximal bracts from 1/4 – 2/3 the rachilla length each subtending a pistillate flower and 2 prophyllar bracteoles, the distal, each subtending a staminate flower with a single prophyllar bracteole, very rarely at the junction between staminate and pistillate parts of the rachilla, the bract subtending a dyad of 1 staminate and 1 pistillate flower; rarely in apical portions of the inflorescence, rachillae bearing staminate flowers only. Staminate flowers conspicuously exserted; calyx tubular, shallowly 3-lobed; corolla greatly exceeding the calyx, sometimes glossy, tubular at the base, with 3 elongate, triangular, sometimes spine-like, valvate lobes; stamens 6–30, filaments narrowly spindle-shaped, joined to the corolla near the base, variously distinct or connate into a fleshy tube, abruptly contracted at the connective, anthers elongate, sagittate basally, uneven distally, introrse or latrorse; pistillode absent or minute. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus, often notably shorter than long axis; ectexine tectate, scabrate, perforate, perforate-rugulate, rugulate, or granular-rugulate or, rarely, ectexine intectate and sparsely spinulose, aperture margin similar; infratectum usually very dense and narrow, barely columellate, although in some species interrupted by wide cavities; longest axis 17–35 µm [13/20]. Pistillate flowers sometimes only partly exserted from the rachilla bracts; calyx tubular, ± truncate or shallowly 3-lobed, later splitting; corolla exceeding or scarcely longer than the calyx, tubular in proximal ca. 1/2, distally with 3 valvate, triangular lobes; staminodes united into an epipetalous ring, with 6–16 irregular teeth of varying lengths bearing the flattened, sagittate, short, empty anthers; gynoecium tricarpellate, triovulate, ovoid to somewhat conical, with a short style and conical 3-lobed stigma, locule partitions incomplete, ovule basally attached, anatropous. Fruit usually large, elliptical, 1- seeded, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp covered in neat vertical rows of large reflexed scales, mesocarp thick, mealy, oil-rich, endocarp not differentiated. Seed subbasally attached with dry seed coat, variously coarsely furrowed, endosperm with a few large ruminations; embryo lateral. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll usually pinnate, more rarely bifid. Cytology: 2n = 28.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Twenty species, throughout the more humid areas of Africa; one species in Madagascar possibly introduced; one species, Raphia taedigera, in tropical America but stated by Otedoh (1977) also to occur in West Africa and to be introduced in tropical America (this, however, seems unlikely). </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, petiole, stem, root (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1996a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Raphia has not been tested. For relationships, see Raphiinae.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Species of Raphia are of extreme economic importance. Raphia fibre is obtained by stripping off the cuticle and hypodermis from the emerging leaflets; locally it is used for a wide range of purposes, such as basketware and twine, and it is exported for garden twine and weaving. Piassava is obtainable from the leaf sheaths of R. hookeri. Petioles of many species are used as a substitute for bamboo in house and furniture construction and leaflets are used for thatch. Palm wine can be obtained by tapping the stem apex. The mesocarp of some species provides a source of cooking oil. The kernels and stem apex are sometimes eaten. The fruit of some species is used as a fish poison.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1910), Russell (1965) and Otedoh (1982).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The leaves reaching 25 m in Raphia regalis (Hallé 1977) are considered to be the longest in the plant kingdom.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Raphia palms. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Most species of Raphia seem to be plants of swamp lands, but R. regalis occurs on hillslopes in humid tropical rain forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Raphia farinifera</name>\r
+<author>(Gaertn.) Hylander</author>\r
+<citation>Lustgården 31: 91 (1952)</citation>\r
+<type>T. 120 in Gaertn., De Fructibus 2 (1791);;</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Sagus farinifera</name>\r
+<author>Gaertn.</author>\r
+<bibref>Gaertn., De Fructibus 2: 186, t. 120 (1791)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Sagus ruffia</name>\r
+<author>Jacq.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jacq., Fragm. Bot.: 7, t. 4/2 (1801)</bibref>\r
+<type>T. 4/2, Fragm. Bot. (1801);;</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Raphia ruffia</name>\r
+<author>(Jacq.) Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Jacq.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 217 (1838)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 83, 43 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 24 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 14, fig. 3 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>All Raphia palms seen by us were closely associated with human habitation; variation within the Madagascar populations seems to be minimal, especially as regards the fruit; this gives us reason to believe the species has been introduced to the island. This same species is common and widespread in continental Africa.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Raffia (general).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm, though clustering in mainland Africa. TRUNK to 10 m, covered in persistent leaf sheaths. LEAVES c. 12 in the crown, porrect, slightly spreading, giving the crown a "shuttle-cock" appear- ; ance, very long, to 20 m; leaf base sheathing, with ragged ligular edge; petiole rounded in section; sheath and petiole c. 1.5 m long; rachis several meters long, reddish, distally keeled, proximally to 13 cm wide and decreasing to 1 cm, with scattered scales; leaflets up to 150 on each side of the rachis, inserted in 2 planes and thereby giving the whole leaf a feathery appearance, stiff, attenuate, the median 87-103 x 3.6-3.7 cm, the distal 16-36 x 0.4-1.7 cm, main veins 1, margins with small (1-3 mm long) yellow spines from base to apex of leaflet, midrib adaxially with similar spines to 4 mm, waxy, with many minute reddish scales/glands scattered over the abaxial surface, and sparse ramenta on the midrib. INFLORESCENCE pendulous from the axils of reduced leaves at the stem apex, massive, to 3 m long and 35 cm wide, branched to 2 orders; peduncle distally c. 5.5 x 4.5 cm diam., glabrous; primary prophyll c. 25 x 28 cm; peduncular bract c. 18 cm long and 8 cm diam., tubular for c. 11 cm; rachis glabrous; second order prophylls c. 9 cm long; first order branches with 13-32 rachillae packed very densely in almost one plane; rachillae 6-13 cm long, c. 8 x 5 mm diam., with dense flowers. STAMINATE FLOWERS with a tubular bract, 7-7.5 x 5-6 mm, broadly ovate, acute; prophyll c. 6 mm long and 3 mm diam.; calyx tubular, 4.5-5 mm high, the lobes < 0.2 mm high, slightly ciliolate; corolla with a tube 2-3 x 1.2-1.5 mm, the lobes 6-6.6 x 2.1-2.5 mm, narrowly ovate and acute, not thickened; stamens 6, inserted at the mouth of the tube, filaments slightly connate, 2-2.8 x 0.5-0.8 mm, anthers 3.2-3.6 x 1.2-1.3 mm, basifixed, locules slightly divergent and sagittate at the base; pistillode not seen. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with a tubular bract c. 10 x 9 mm, narrow at the base, widening in the tubular part and then narrowing to an acute apex; prophyll 7.5-8 mm, 2-keeled; bracteole 2.5-3.2 mm; calyx tubular and slightly urceolate, split, 5-6.5 mm high with a truncate apex; corolla tubular for 1-1.3 mm, the lobes narrowly triangular and acute, 2.7-3 x 1.5-1.8 mm; staminodes not seen; ovary c. 5.5 x 2.7 mm, covered in fimbriate scales. FRUIT ovoid, 5-6 x 4-4.5 cm with a conical base and a rounded apex with a beak to 5 mm, covered in c. 12 rows of reflexed scales, these with a median vertical groove, the largest scales c. 16 x 16 mm, chestnut-brown in colour. SEED ovoid, c. 3.5 x 3.2 cm; endosperm densely ruminate, the ruminations almost reaching the centre of the seed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Mainland Africa; in Madagascar probably introduced.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist situations (swamps, stream banks) near human habitations; 50-1000 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Fibres from young leaves used for a variety of crafts, including hat-making, fibre-weaving for clothing and basketry; petioles used in hut construction; fruits and hearts edible.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>According to Gerard Jean (pers. comm.), plants take 20-25 years from seed to flowering, and 5-6 years from flowering to ripe fruit; all the fruits mature in the same year. Perrier stated that raffia in Madagascar varies quite a bit as regards the length of the fibres, and in the form and size of the fruit. The most striking variety, he said, is one with very large fruits in the Sambirano. No material of this has come to light.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Sambava: Sambava area, Nov./Dec. 1950 (roots), Humbert & Capuron s.n. (P). Maroantsetra: Maroantsetra, near the airport, Feb. 1988 (bud, fr.), Henderson et al. 757 (K, P). Ifanadiana: near Ifanadiana, Nov. 1994 (ster.), Dransfield JD7516 (K, TAN). The Sambava specimen consists of only pneumatophores, but one has to assume that Humbert knew a Raphia when he saw one!</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Dioecious pinnate-leaved palms of Madagascar and the Comores, distinguishable by the combination of incomplete prophyll, staminodes bearing rudimentary anthers and the fruit with subapical or apical stigmatic remains.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ravenea</name>
+<author>Bouché ex H. Wendl. in Hook.f.</author>
+<citation>Bot. Mag. 110: t6776 (1884).</citation>
+<type>Type; Ravenea hildebrandtii; H.Wendl. ex C.D.Bouché</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ranevea</name>
+<author>L.H. Bailey</author>
+<bibref>L.H. Bailey, Cycl. Amer. hort. 1497 (1902).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Ravenea hildebrandtii; H.Wendl. ex C.D.Bouché</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Louvelia</name>
+<author>Jum. and H. Perrier</author>
+<bibref>Jum. and H. Perrier, Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 155: 411 (1912).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Louvelia madagascariensis; Jum. & H.Perrier</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for Louis Ravené, a 19th century official in Berlin.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, slender to robust, unarmed, dioecious, pleonanthic palms. Stem erect, rarely very short, very rarely branching dichotomously, often tall, becoming bare, sometimes swollen at the base, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars or not. Leaves few to numerous, reduplicately pinnate, often upward pointing, abscising neatly or marcescent, crownshaft absent; sheaths soon disintegrating opposite the petiole into fine or coarse fibres, densely tomentose; petiole very short to moderately long, adaxially flattened or channelled, abaxially rounded, usually densely tomentose; rachis flattened adaxially, triangular abaxially, sometimes channelled laterally; leaflets numerous, single-fold, usually stiff, elongate, acute or acuminate, the proximal few sometimes very short and slender, abaxially frequently with small narrowly elliptic ramenta, rarely densely covered with white indumentum abaxially, midribs more prominent adaxially, transverse veinlets evident or not. Inflorescences interfoliar, 1 or several within a single prophyll in a leaf axil, usually large, sometimes highly condensed and hidden among the sheaths, the staminate and pistillate superficially similar but the staminate more slender, branched to 1–2 orders; peduncle slender to robust, very short to elongate, ± circular in cross-section distally, usually scaly or tomentose; prophyll short, 2-keeled, incomplete; peduncular bracts tubular, 3–5, 2 usually short, apically open and tattered, the 2 or more distal bracts narrow lanceolate, as long as and enclosing the inflorescence in bud, splitting longitudinally, all bracts persistent, always densely scaly or tomentose abaxially, membranous, coriaceous, or almost woody; rachis usually shorter than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged, usually numerous, first-order branches, the first-order bracts very small, acute or long acuminate, usually adnate to the subtended branch; proximal first-order branches, subdigitately branched or unbranched, the distal unbranched; rachillae very short to elongate, usually stiff, slender, sometimes eventually pendulous, the staminate shorter and more slender than the pistillate, slightly zigzag, sparsely to densely scaly, bearing spirally arranged, rather lax peg-like floral stalks, each subtended by a minute, narrow triangular rachilla bract, usually adnate to the stalk. Flowers more crowded and somewhat grouped distally, congenitally open. Staminate flowers ± symmetrical; sepals 3, triangular, connate in the basal 1/3, adnate to the floral stalk, to the base of the stamen filaments and to the petal bases; petals 3, broadly ovate, distinct or rarely connate basally, fleshy; stamens 6, sometimes inserted in 2 series, filaments slender, short, basally expanded, shortly adnate to sepals and petals, rarely connate in an androecial ring; anthers straight or somewhat twisted, ± sagittate, latrorse. Pollen spheroidal, aperture a distal pore; ectexine tectate, scabrate-perforate with supratectal spines or, rarely, semi-tectate, foveolate-reticulate, pore margin similar to main tectum, or a slightly raised psilate annulus; longest axis 24–35 µm [9/17]. Pistillate flowers with sepals and petals similar to staminate; staminodes 6, broadly triangular with sterile anthers; gynoecium ovoid, tricarpellate, carpels connate, trilocular, triovulate, stigmas 3, fleshy, recurved, ovules pendulous, hemianatropous. Fruit 1–3 seeded globose to ellipsoid when 1-seeded, slightly lobed when more than 1 seed develops, yellow, orange or red, more rarely brown, purple or black, stigmatic remains subbasal, lateral, or subapical; epicarp smooth or minutely pebbled, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp thin. Seeds, globose, hemispherical or representing a third of a sphere, hilum basal, raphe branches indistinct, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular or remote-ligular; eophyll bifid or pinnate. Cytology: 2n = 30, 32.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Eighteen species, sixteen endemic to Madagascar, two in the Comoro Islands. Recent collecting by commercial seed collectors suggests the presence of several undescribed taxa, including a small species in the Comoros with immensely long peduncles that reach the ground. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Vegetative (Tomlinson 1969), root (Seubert 1996b) and floral (Uhl 1969b). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Ravenea is monophyletic with high support (Trénel et al. 2007). Two possible placements of Ravenea have been resolved: first, as sister to Oraniopsis with moderate support (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review) and, second, as sister to a clade of Oraniopsis, Ceroxylon and Juania (Uhl et al. 1995, Trénel et al. 2007). </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The trunk of Ravenea madagascariensis is very hard and flexible and is used in various ways; that of R. robustior has abundant pith, is rich in starch, and is used as a source of sago. The ‘cabbage’ of most species is edible but may be bitter. Trunks of R. musicalis are sometimes hollowed out to make canoes. Many species are widely traded as ornamentals, the most significant being R. rivularis (Majesty palm). </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beentje (1994) and Dransfield and Beentje (1995b). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Ravenea is the most diverse genus in the tribe, in numbers of species, in ecological adaptation and in vegetative characters. Louvelia, previously recognised as distinct, was included by Beentje (1994) in synonymy, as the characters used to separate the genus were shown to be unreliable. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>For Malagasy local names, see Dransfield and Beentje (1995b). </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring in tropical rain forest from sea level to 2000 m, including mossy montane forest, one species (Ravenea xerophila) in spiny forest in the driest area of Madagascar, another (R. musicalis) growing in flowing water and starting its life as a submerged aquatic. Often gregarious, the rain-forest species sometimes grow in full light. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea albicans</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 49: 663 (1994)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Masoala; Perrier; 11939</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Louvelia albicans</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 5, 1 (1): 5 (1933)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 15 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 162 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This tree is immediately recognizable by the white undersides of the leaflets, and the "zebra-striping" on the leaf rachis. Despite these outstanding characters, it remained uncollected for about seventy years after the first collection by Perrier. The Latin name refers to the white leaflet undersides.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Hoza-tsiketra (Betsimisaraka)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender undergrowth palm; trunk 3-6 m, DBH up to 11 cm, covered in marcescent, litter-trapping sheath bases. Leaves c. 8 in the crown, porrect, 3-4 m long; sheath c. 72 cm, with brown-velvety tomentum over green; petiole 0-34 cm, proximally about 5 x 4 cm across, distally 3.7 x 3.3 cm across, canaliculate; rachis c. 3 .7 m long, in midleaf 2-2.2 cm wide with 8 mm wide keel, with transverse ('zebra') striping especially abaxially; leaflets stiff, in one plane, 45-47 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 62-65 x 2.2-2.5 cm, median 75-83 x 6.6-7.2 cm (the protologue gives 50-60 x 2-2.5, but in the type the apices are broken off and the leaflets are folded) (interval 4.5-5 cm), distal 20-25 x 0.8- 1.5 cm; abaxially with continuous white tomentum. Staminate inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, branching to 1 order, hardly exserted, mostly hidden among sheaths and leaf remnants; peduncle distally 12 x 6 mm, dense white-puberulous; with 3(-4?) bracts, the first being destroyed at anthesis, the ones seen 25 cm, 30 cm, 32-35 cm; rachillae 5-8 cm long, 2.5 mm across; calyx reduced to 3 small triangular teeth < 2 mm; petals elongated, triangular and acuminate, 5.5-6.5 mm, free or hardly connate at the base; episepalous stamens with large filament, appearing free among the spread petals; epipetalous stamens with filament connate to inner side of petals, the anthers therefore appearing sessile. Pistillate inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, erect, 126-150 cm, branched to 1 order; peduncle 94-120 cm, proximally 2.5-3.4 x 1.2-1.7 cm across, distally 1.5 x 0.8 cm; prophyll c. 18 x 7.5 cm; peduncular bracts seen 27 cm, 34 cm, 46 cm; rachis 8-12 cm; rachillae 8-13 in number, 17-29 cm long; pedicels 1- 2 mm; flowers unknown. Fruit unknown. Eophyll bifid, with the characteristic white abaxial surface of the leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NE Madagascar; the protologue says common between Fenerive (Fenoarivo) and Antalaha, but does not cite any specimens for this distribution. The palm is certainly not common nowadays.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest at 100-400 m alt.; steep mid slope on ultramafic soil.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Only known from two recent localities, in one of which where we counted 40 trees with trunks, about a hundred young ones without trunks, and several seedlings. The distribution area was very limited. The second locality only came to light when the book was going to press.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Heart edible.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>We believe that this species only flowers and fruits at intervals, i.e. not every year, since all the trees we checked in Mananara Biosphere Reserve over a period of two years were sterile, with only ancient inflorescences.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Masoala, presumably near Antalaha, no date (stam.), Perrier 11939 (Holotype P); Mananara: W of Antanambe, April 1992 (old pist.), Beentje et al. 4630 (K), 4643 (K, MO, P, TAN); idem (seedling), Beentje et al. 4644 (K); idem, Oct. 1994 (dead pist.), Beentje & Dransfield 4812 (K, TAN), and (seedl.), 4814 (K, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea dransfieldii</name>\r
+<author>Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 49: 656 (1994)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Hiaraka; Dransfield et al.; JD6372</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This rare species was one of the "links" between Ravenea and Louvelia. It is a rather short palm of the middle story of rain forest. The basal leaflets hang down limply, as shown in our photograph. The flowers are very fleshy and have a musty or sickly smell.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Anivo (Betsimisaraka-Masoala); Ovotsarorona (Betsimisaraka-Betampona); Lakatra (for stam.) and Lakabolavo (for pist.) (Tanala).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Medium-sized palm, the trunk 4-7 m, DBH 10.5- 18 cm (diameter near crown 9.5-15 cm); bark pale brown, scars 2.5-6 cm, internodes 4-7 cm; wood black, extremely hard; wounds in bark bleed watery fluid. Base of crown bulbous, 24 cm across. Leaves 11 - 17 in crown, porrect, straight, held on edge in distal half; sheaths open, 45-63 x 15-20 cm, pale or bright green, covered in white or brown tomentum, glabrescent, the margins with reflexed fibre spines; petiole absent; rachis 330-435 cm long, 4.3-13 x 1.2 -6 cm across proximally, 2-2. 8 x 1-1.2 cm in the middle part, here either deeply canaliculate or with a keel c. 5 mm wide, green with scattered brown scales; leaflets dark green, 70-84 on each side of the rachis, the lowermost reflexed or pendulous (and grouped in 3), the rein margin with almost woody dentiform excrescences; other leaflets in one plane or slightly pendulous, pale or dark green, leathery, ramenta lacking, the proximal (65) 95- 120 x 1.3-4.7 cm (and once with the proximal 2 pairs distant by 30 cm from the more distal pairs), median 72-100 x 3-5 cm (interval 3-4 cm), distal 11-37 x 0.5-3 cm, the top pair connate for 1/5, the rachis continuing past the distal pair for > 1 cm; ramenta very few or none; small sinuous transverse veinlets visible in dried material. Staminate inflorescence solitary, erect, c. 126 cm, branched to 2 orders with erect rachillae; peduncle 44-66 cm long, distally 0.5-2.5 x 0.5-1.25 cm; prophyll unknown; peduncular bracts about 42 cm, 52 -66 x 9 cm, 97 - 140 cm, 100- 139 x 8 cm; non-tubular peduncular bract 4.7 – 7. 9 x 0.1 -0.8 cm; rachis 30-50 cm with 1-6 branched and c. 50 unbranched first order branches; rachillae 18-35 cm long, c. 1.3 mm across; pedicels 1.5-3 mm; bracteole 2.3-2.8 mm, connate for 0-1 mm; flowers foetid or sickly scented, cream-coloured becoming grey- brown, becoming hot at anthesis, not abscising but becoming marcescent; petals very quickly deliquescing, leaving included fibres; calyx connate for 1.8-3 mm, 2.3-2.6 mm across, free lobes triangular, acute, 0.8- 1. 7 x 0.8- 1.2 mm; petals free, narrowly ovate, acute, 4.5-6.5 x 1. 5- 2.5 mm; anthers 3 – 3.3 x 1- 1.3 mm, the filaments 0.2 mm (anther inserted 0.5 mm up the petal when antepetalous) to 0.6- 1.6 mm (antesepalous); pistillode 0.3-0.7 x 0.3-0.5 mm. Pistillate inflorescence solitary, interfoliar, branching to one order, erect, largely obscured by the leafsheaths; peduncle c. 26 cm long, proximally 3 x 1. 4 cm, distally 2.5-2.8 x 1. 3 cm across' prophyll 28 x 9 cm, white, membranous; peduncular bracts almost fleshy, pale cream-coloured when fresh, becoming brown, the proximal small (36.5-49 x 3.7-6.5 cm), pubescent externally, glabrous internally, the upper two large, (43 +)-72, (58 +)-74 cm; rachis c. 18 cm long, the rachillae many, tightly packed, appressed-erect, 9- 5-27 cm long, 1.5 - 2 mm across; pedicels 1.5 - 8 mm, with an 80% connate bracteole of 1.5-3.5 mm long; bracteoles 15 x 0.5 cm; flowers foetid or sickly-scented, cream-coloured becoming grey-brown, becoming hot at anthesis, not abcising but becoming marcescent; petals very quickly deliquescing, leaving included fibres; calyx connate for 1 mm, 1 - 5 mm across, free lobes 1-1. 5 x 1.3 mm; petals 4.2-8.5 x 2.3-3.2 mm, c. 1 mm thick; ovary 3.5-4.2 x 2.3-3 mm; staminodes six, 1.5 mm long. Fruit orange (fide Humbert), ovoid or ellipsoid, 15-20 x 12-15 mm, one-seeded; stigmatic remains subbasal; seed ellipsoid, 15 x 10 mm, seed coat black, 0.2 mm thick, with outer sclerified pericarp-like black layer.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>E Madagascar: between Marojejy Mts. and Ifanadiana.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest, on slight to steep slope or hill crest; 425-1700 m. POLLINATION. Flowers visited by beetles (fide Dransfield).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Population numbers are low at every site. The Ifanadiana population is under threat of destruction.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Apex said to be poisonous by some, but also reports of palm-heart being eaten; used in hat-making.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Marojejy East, 1500-1700 m, March 1949 (fr.), Humbert 23682 (K, P); Maroantsetra: Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (stam.), Dransfield et al. JD6372 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN), idem (pist.), Dransfield et al. JD6374 (K, TAN); idem, Ampanga River, Oct. 1986 (stam.), Dransfield et al. JD6384 (K, P, TAN) and (pist.), Dransfield et al. JD6385 (K, TAN); Toamasina: Betampona, Oct. 1991 (stam.), Beentje 4486 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Ifanadiana: Ambinanindrano, Nov. 1991 (old stam.), Beentje 4532 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, July 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4732 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea glauca</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H. Perrier</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 56, fig. 13 (1913)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 5 (1): 24 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 24 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 170 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beentje, Kew Bull. 49: 653 (1994)</bibref>\r
+<type>Massif d'Andringitra, W slopes; Perrier; 13649</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A variable species, plants can be tall and slender in canyons at Isalo, but they can also flower when almost stemless in a dry river bed. The original description states that this species forms vast forests in the Andringitra mountains, between 1200 and 1800 m, to the exclusion of any other plant; it is said to be resistant to bush fires. Having seen the stands in the Isalo, HB finds monospecific forests without undergrowth hard to believe. The Latin name refers to the glaucous, waxy undersides of the leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Anivo; Sihara (Bara).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender palm. TRUNK 0.2-8 m tall, rarely with sheath remnants in the distal part, 7-12 cm diam.; basal boss to 10 cm high, 18 cm across; internodes 2-5 cm, brown-grey; nodal scars 0.7-2 cm light brown; wood hard. LEAVES 14-20 in crown, porrect and spreading, slightly arching; sheath 10-50 x 7-10 cm, white-floccose, with variously-sized remnants of more distal sheath material; petiole 10-50 cm, proxi mally 1.5-2.5 x 0.8-2 cm across, distally 1-1.8 x 0.8-1.4 cm, (but most of this used to have adjacent sheath material: true petiole 3-18 cm), channelled adaxially, convex abaxially, with raised sharp edges, abaxially white-tomentose; rachis 1.1-2 m, in mid-leaf 0.7-2 cm across, abaxially rounded with two blunt wings, adaxially channelled with blunt edges, densely white-tomentose when young; leaflets regular, the leaflets on opposite sides of the rachis at an angle of 90°, stiff in the proximal part, half-pendulous in their more distal part, green or glaucous with waxy covering when fresh, 49-73 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 9.5-59 x 0.1-1.1 cm, median 50-70 x 1.2-2.3 cm (interval 1-2 cm), distal 13.5-42 x 0.3-1.4 cm, ramenta sparse on the abaxial side, on the midrib only, spaced, large, white, main veins 2-4. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE multiple in (1) 2s-6s, branched to 1-2 orders (in the Isalo populations the rachillae only branched at the very base of the inflorescence, and sometimes ; these branched rachillae not present), erect, 70-110 cm; peduncle 35-64 cm long, proximally 5-7 mm across, distally 3-7 mm across, densely white-puberulous; common prophyll 3.5-13.5 cm and membranous; peduncular bracts 9-24 cm (inserted at c. 3 cm from the base of the peduncle), 22-55 cm (inserted at c. 6 cm), 60-105 cm (inserted at c. 6 cm), 62-107 cm (inserted at c. 12 cm), densely pubescent abaxially, adaxially smooth and glabrous; rachis 21-46 cm long, ± glabrous, with c. 30 unbranched and 10 branched first order branches in Andringitra, 0-1 unbranched and 25-52 branched ones in Isalo, with rachis bracts c. 15 x 0.3 cm; rachillae close, porrect, 2-12 cm long, 1 mm across, zigzag, especially distally, with dense flowers; pedicel 0.2-1.5 mm. STAMINATE FLOWERS with the calyx connate for 0.3-1 mm, free lobes 0.8-1 x 0.8 mm, triangular, acute; petals free, 7.5-9 x 1.5 mm, gradually tapering to acute apex; anthers 2.5-3.2 x 1.3-1.4 mm, filaments 0.6 -0.7 mm, the 3 epipetalous stamens adnate for 0.7 mm; pistillode 1 x 0.4 mm. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE solitary, erect in bud, spreading at anthesis, pendulous in fruit, 66-158 cm long, branching to one order; peduncle 45-105 cm, slightly flattened, proximally 6-10 x 4-10 mm across, distally 4-10 mm across, pale brown- or grey-white tomentose, distally glabrescent; prophyll 6-18 cm, membranous; peduncular bracts respectively 13-34 (inserted at 0-3 cm from the base of the peduncle), 27-48 x 2.2-2.6 (inserted at 0-6 cm), 60-103 (inserted at 6-7 cm) and 59-158 x 1.6-2 cm (inserted at 10-14 cm), the distal two with apices at the same level; all bracts grey-puberulous to white floccose-tomentose abaxially, adaxially glabrous, smooth and rich brown when dry; non-tubular peduncular bract 4-9 x 0.3-0.4 cm; rachis 17-40 cm long, proximally white-tomentose or with grey bloom, otherwise glabrous; most proximal rachis bracts 38 x 5 mm; rachillae spreading or porrect, slightly zigzag, 24-35 in number, 4-26 cm long, 1.2-2 mm across, sinuous, with spaced flowers, with slightly bulbous base 3.5-4 x 2 mm, white-waxy; bracteole 2.3 x 1.8 mm; pedicels 0.5-5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with the calyx connate for 0.8 mm, free lobes triangular, acute, 1-3 x 1.0-2 mm; petals 6.5-8 x 1.2-1.7 mm, ovate, acute; staminodes 1.8 x 0.6 mm; ovary 2.5 x 1.3 mm. FRUIT yellow, 20-22 x 22-23 mm, 1-seeded; stigmatic remains lateral or subbasal. SEED 16-18 x 18-19 mm, dark brown; seedcoat brown, 0.2 mm thick; embryo 4 mm. EOPHYLL pinnate.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central-S Madagascar: W side of Andringitra Mts and Isalo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Dry forest and in ravines and rocky or sandy gullies; altitude 670-1250 (?1800) m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. We are uncertain about the status of populations in the Andringitra; no plants of this species have been collected there since 1922. Elsewhere this species is only known from the Isalo, where population size is probably a few hundred.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not eaten, since the heart is bitter.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The protologue describes populations from the Andringitra, but all collections we have seen are from a later date. The illustration in the Flore de Madagascar (1945) has a habit sketch which is based on a photograph of Humbert 13698, which is a R. xerophila.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ihosy: Isalo, W of Ranohira, anno 1955 (fr.), Humbert 28705 (K, P); idem, July 1992 (pist.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4711 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN) and (stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4712 (K, MO, TAN); Isalo, Canyon des Singes, Jan. 1964 (fr.) , Bosser 18867 (P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1992 (fr.), Beentje 4588 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN) and (old stam.), Beentje 4589 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Isalo, Angabolava, Nov. 1960 (yfr.), Leandri 3923 (P); Isalo, Canyon des Rats, Nov. 1989 (fr.), B. Du Puy et al. MB 450 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Isalo, without precise locality, Oct. 1924 (stam., pist.), Perrier 16550 (P). Ambalavao: Andringitra, W slopes, 1200-1800 m, Sept. 1916 (pist.), Perrier 12061 (P); idem, 1500-2000 m, April 1921 (stam., fr.), Perrier 13649 (Holotype P); idem, Canton Sendrisoa, July 1951 (stam.), Razafindrakoto RN 3601 (P); idem, inselberg 11 km S of Ambalavao, Aug. 1972 (pist.), Cremers 2292 (TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea hildebrandtii</name>\r
+<author>C.D. Bouché</author>\r
+<citation>Monatsschrift Vereines BefŮrd. Gartenbaues KŮnigl. Preuss. Staaten 1878: 197, 324 (1878)</citation>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl. in J.D. Hook., Bot. Mag. 10: t.6776 (1884)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Baill. in Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris (1895): 1186 (1895)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 49, fig. 39, pl. 47 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 169, fig. 47 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>J.Dransf. & N.W.Uhl, Principes 30 (4): 157 (1986)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beentje, Kew Bull. 49: 654 (1994)</bibref>\r
+<type>Illustration of young plant in Monatsschrift Vereines Beförd. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten 1878: 323. Protype: cult. in Hort. Bot. Reg. Kew, 21 May 1884;;</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>One of the smallest Ravenea species. In Victorian times this was a popular species for indoor cultivation in Europe. The epithet honours the collector of the type, J.M. Hildebrandt (1847-1881).</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Inazi (fide St John) which sounds suspiciously like Mnazi, the Swahili name for coconut.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender undergrowth palm, sometimes flowering when almost acaulescent. TRUNK 1-6 (-12) m, usually less than 4 m, 5-6 cm diam. Trunk swollen at base, to 10 cm diam.; internodes short, hardly visible in older stems; bark grey-brown, smooth, in older trees somewhat fissured longitudinally. LEAVES 12-25 in the crown, arching; sheath c. 14.5 x 5 cm, the margins sparsely or hardly fibrous, densely tomentous abaxially, the tomentum white, later turning pale brown; petiole 28-50 cm long, 0.7-1 cm wide proximally, 6-11 mm distally, adaxially deeply channelled, glabrous, abaxially rounded and densely brown-tomentose or short-pubescent, with sharp edges; rachis 48-99 cm long, in mid-leaf 5-7 mm wide, adaxially shallowly grooved proximally, changing to keeled (keel to 5 mm wide) to angled distally, laterally grooved, sparsely tomentose or pubescent; leaflets on opposite sides of the rachis probably at an angle of 90° with each other, 20-43 on each side of the rachis, dark olive green on both surfaces, linear, acuminate, the basal ones 8-28 x 0.2-1.2 cm, the median ones 27-45.5 x 1-2 cm (interval 2-3.2 cm), the distal ones 7.5-37 x 0.7-1.9 cm, the distal pair sometimes slightly connate at the base, midrib with few to many small, pale, tattered, rounded ramenta abaxially along its whole length (always?), main veins faint, 2-4. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCES solitary (though St.John 26543 states "2 per axil"), branched to 1 order (at the base to 2 orders in St.John 26543); peduncle very slender, 17-35 cm long, 2-4 mm diam. both proximally and distally, rounded in cross-section, tomentose, glabrescent; prophyll 5-7.5 Ravenea hildebrandtii, in cultivation, Fairchild Tropical Garden (Photo: Scott Zona). x 1-1.7 cm, rounded at apex, membranous, tending to tatter irregularly, abaxially with scattered soft brown tomentum; peduncular bracts c. 10.5 cm, 20.5 cm, c.57 cm, 57-60 x 2 cm (all measured from base of peduncle), the proximal pair membranous; distal pair distally ± keeled, thick, coriaceous to almost woody, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely pale grey to pale brown tomentose; non-tubular peduncular bracts 0.9-4 x 0.15-0.3 cm; rachis 10-34 cm, with 33-45 rather crowded, spirally arranged, slender rachillae; rachis bracts 10-45 x 2-3 mm; rachillae 2.4-10 cm long, 0.7-1.2 mm diam., bearing spiral or subdistichous solitary flowers; pedicels 0.25-0.75 mm long. STAMINATE FLOWERS 3-5 mm long, dull white, slightly fragrant; calyx connate for 0.5 mm, with 3 triangular, acute or mucronate lobes to 1-1.3 x 1 mm; petals 3.5-4.6 x 1.5-1.7 mm, joined only at the very base, acute or acuminate, 3veined; stamens 6, with short filaments, these fleshy, c. 0.5 mm long, anthers elongate, 2.0-2.25 x 0.3-0.7 mm; pistillode conspicuous, narrowly pyramidal, 1.5 x 0.4 mm. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE solitary (though St.John 26544 states "2 per axil"), branched to 1 order; peduncle 65-136 cm (Humblot 1395 states 300 cm) long, slightly flattened, 4-6 x 3.5 mm across proximally, distally 3-4 mm, tomentose but glabrescent; prophyll c. 9 cm long; peduncular bracts like those of the staminate inflorescence, c. 12 cm, 26-33 cm, 32-47 cm and 47 cm (all measured from base of peduncle), and more coriaceous or woody; rachis 17-22 cm, glabrous, with 19-31 branches; rachis bracts 5-25 x 1-2.5 mm; rachillae 2.5-13.5 cm long, 1-1.2 mm across, with spaced flowers; pedicel 0.5-1.5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with the calyx connate for c. 0.5 mm, with 3 short to long, acuminate, triangular lobes to 1.5 mm; petals 3, free, 2.5-2.6 x 0.5-1 mm, 3-veined, eventually disintegrating leaving the veins free; staminodes 6, filaments very slender, flattened, the anthers sagittate, flattened, empty; ovary flask-shaped, 3 x 1 mm; stigmas 3, short, recurved. FRUIT ellipsoid or broadly ovoid, 9-10 x 5-8 mm, one-seeded, stigmatic remains lateral near the base; epicarp yellow, drying wrinkled, mesocarp apparently thin. SEED rounded, c. 5 mm diam.; seed-coat brown, very thin.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Comoro Islands: Grand Comore, Moheli, Anjouan.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest at altitudes of 600-900 m. Once reported from riverine forest at this altitude.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>? Endangered. All forest in the Comoro Islands is under severe threat. This species has not been collected for a long time.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Grand Comore: near Maoueni, La Grille, Dec. 1967 (stam.), Bernardi 11646 (K, P); Charboni-La Grille, Aug.1961 (stam.), St. John 26543 (K); and August 1961 (fr.), St. John 26544 (BH, K); Combani forest, Nov. 1884 (stam.), Humblot 1395 (P); "on high mountains", April 1884 (stam.), Humblot 1608 (P). Moheli: Mironjani, Nov. 1968 (fr.), Schlieben 11214 (P). Anjouan: March 1877 (stam.), Bewsher 34 (P); and April 1861 (fr.), Kirk s.n. (K) Without locality: (stam.), Humblot 395 (K, P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea julietiae</name>\r
+<author>Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 49: 646 (1994)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Amby forest; Beentje and Andriampaniry; 4783</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A graceful palm of lowland forest. The female inflorescences are unique in that they are longer than the leaves, but the male trees are quite like R. sambiranensis. The species is named for HB's wife Juliet, who first pointed it out in the field.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sindro madiniky (Betsimisaraka, Antanambe); Saroroira (Betsimisaraka, Ampasimanolotra); Vakapasy, Anive, Anivona (Tanala/Antaisaka).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Graceful medium-sized palm. TRUNK 3-10 m, 10-15 cm diam., diameter near crown c. 7 cm; basal boss to 15 cm high, 40 cm across; internodes 6-12 cm (near crown 2 cm), nodal scars c. 1 cm, bark brown-grey; wood very hard, with black fibres just below the bark; base of crown bulbous, c. 15 cm across. LEAVES 9-23 in the crown, gracefully arching; sheath 40-80 x 12-16 cm, pale green, the base abaxially with white to pale brown tomentum; petiole 30-80 cm long, proximally 3.5-6 x 2.2-4 cm across, distally 2.5-4 x 1.4-3.5 cm, deeply channelled with sharp edges, glabrescent or with a few scattered scales; rachis 1.1-2.8 m, channelled or flat for some 40 cm, keeled for the rest, green with white scattered scales, in mid-leaf 1.7-2 cm wide; leaflets stiff or with the distal part of the leaflet pendulous, the leaflets on opposite sides of the rachis at an angle of c. 90° to each other, 34-48 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 58-110 x 1.3-3.7 cm, median 47-90 x 3.3-5.2 cm (interval 4 cm), distal 10-26 x 1.2-2.3 cm, ramenta apparently none, but in young leaves sparse large ramenta over entire length of midrib. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, only known dead, multiple in 5s-7s, the individual inflorescences up to 90 cm, branched to 2 orders; peduncle 38-47 cm, distally c. 5 x 3 mm across; prophyll not seen; peduncular bracts unknown, except for one found on the ground, 84 cm long; rachis 46-55 cm, distally zigzag, with about 26 branched and 5 unbranched branches; rachillae 3.5-17 cm, distally sinuous. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, solitary, erect, spreading in fruit, 250-400 cm, branched to 1 order; peduncle 145-305 cm, proximally 2-2.2 x 1.3-1.8 cm across, distally 1.5 x 1 cm across, green with silvery-brown indument; prophyll 15-20 x 5 cm; peduncular bracts 22-36 cm (inserted at 2-6 cm from the base of the peduncle), 37-114 cm (inserted at c. 13 cm), 185-225 cm (inserted at c. 19 cm), 240-280 cm (inserted at 25-115 cm); rachis 28-70 cm long; rachillae 29-34 in number, 20 (distally) -49 (proximally) cm, 2.5-4 mm across in fruit; pedicels 1-8 mm; flowers unknown. FRUIT colour unknown, ellipsoid, 22-27 x 17-20 mm and with lateral beak in younger stage, one-seeded. SEED ovoid or ellipsoid, black, 19-20 x 14-17 mm; seedcoat black, 0.2 mm thick. GERMINATION remote; eophyll bifid.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>E Madagascar, between Mananara Avaratra and Vangaindrano.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist lowland forest; on slight to steep mid slopes; 50-285 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Numbers are very low (less than 50 trees seen ). Both southern localities (where the bulk of the population occurs) are being destroyed rapidly.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Used in construction; hollowed trunks used for irrigation pipes.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The staminate trees seem to have more leaves than the pistillate, with ranges from 21-23 (staminate) and 11-19 (pistillate). Male trees also seem to have longer petioles, 60-80 cm rather than 30-50 cm. The species is distinguished from other species with solitary pistillate, but multiple staminate inflorescences, by its extraordinarily long pistillate inflorescences, its large black seeds, and the dimensions of its leaflets. It is the only Ravenea species apart from R. louvelii in which remote germination has been observed, rather than the usual adjacentligular germination.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, April 1992 (old pist.), Beentje et al. 4623 (K, MO, P, TAN). Ampasimanolotra: Andrambolahy Kely to Andranampony, April 1951 (fr.), Cours 4510 (K, P, TAN). Manakara: Amby forest, May 1992 (old pist.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4661 (K, TAN); idem, July 1992 (old pist.), H. Beentje & J. Beentje 4719 (K, TAN); idem (fr., seedl.), Beentje 4722 (K). Farafangana: Manombo, Jan. 1993 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4783 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN) and (old stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4784 (K, TAN), and (yfr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4787 (K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea krociana</name>\r
+<author>Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 49: 636 (1994)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Andohahela; Beentje; 4605</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This has very much the appearance of R. robustior but lacks the hard outer wood of that species; it has a very restricted distribution. The species is named for Ray Kroc, the founder of McDonald"s; this organization funded a 4-year Madagascar Palm Project at Kew, during which period HB discovered R. krociana.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Vakakabe (Antanosy).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Majestic tree palm. TRUNK 20-30 m, ventricose, c. 26 cm diam., diameter just below crown about 18 cm (with internodes 5 cm, scars 3 cm); bark pale brown, internodes 8-9 cm, scars c. 2 cm; wood white, soft, with thin outer layer of hard wood with black fibres. LEAVES 14-26 in the crown, porrect, held on edge distally, with absent, main veins 3-5. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE solitary (deduced from dead material), at least 130 cm, branched to 2 orders; peduncle > 35 cm, distally 2.2 x 1.5 cm; loose peduncular bract at least 120 cm; rachis > 55 cm; rachillae 13-27 cm, 1 mm across. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE solitary, pendulous in fruit, c. 150 x 85 cm, branched to 1 order; peduncle 64-77 cm, orange-green, glabrous, proximally c. 5 x 3 cm, distally 2.6 x 1.8 cm; prophyll 13-17 x 10-22 cm and thin, fibrous, white, disintegrating; peduncular bracts 20-33 x 6-8 cm (inserted at 7-13 cm from the base of the peduncle), 47-53 x 8 cm (inserted at c. 15 cm), 87-98 cm (inserted at 15-26 cm), 89-104 x 4.5 cm (inserted at 43-44 cm); rachis 43-52 cm, pale green, floccose-tomentose to glabrescent, pale green; rachillae 45-50 in number, 18-45 cm, 4 mm across but the bulbous base 15 mm across, pale green, slightly reflexed to spreading, zigzag; pedicel 2-3 mm; (the following measurements from bud material) calyx connate for 1.4 (2 in fruit) mm, 2.3 mm across, free lobes 1.1 x 1.2 mm; petals 2.8-3.3 x 1.7 mm; staminodes 10, c. 1.4 mm high; ovary 2.3 mm, 1.5 mm across. FRUIT orange, subglobose, 27-30 x 25-28 mm, one-seeded, with the stigmatic remains subapical, calyx in fruit increasing to a sub-woody cup-like structure 4.5-6 mm across and 2-3 mm high, with faint indications of the calyx lobes, and occasionally with a remnant of a petal. SEED dark brown, 18-20 x 16-21 mm, with large hilar spot (?). EOPHYLL pinnate.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>SE Madagascar: Andohahela.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest, on steep to rather flat mid slope; 420-545 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. We have seen this species in only one site, where the numbers are fairly low (c. 60). The site is within the Andohahela protected area. There seem to be no specific threats.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The ten staminodes in the pistillate flower are unique within the genus. \r
+In November 1994 we saw a population of a very large Ravenea species on Vatovavy, south of Mananjary. These spectacular palms appeared to have large fruits, much larger than in R. robustior, but we could not obtain any. It is possible that this is a second colony of R. krociana, although the wood seemed fairly hard.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tolanaro: Andohahela, March 1992 (fr.), Beentje 4605 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN); idem, 15 Dec. 1992 (dead stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4761 (K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea lakatra</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 49: 662 (1994)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Analamazaotra, Anevoka; Perrier; 12022</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Louvelia lakatra</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 5 (1): 50 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 15 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 164 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This species can be recognized immediately by the woody "steps" on its trunk - actually remains of the leaf sheaths. All woody parts of this species are rock-hard. The scientific name is taken from the local name.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Lakatra; Tsilanitafika (cannot be cut down by an army).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate-sized palm. TRUNK 4.5-14 m, 13-17 cm diam., to 11 cm across near the crown; nodal scars c. 1 cm (to 3.5 cm near crown), internodes 10-16 cm (c. 2 cm near crown), light brown; wood very hard, with black fibre layer; sheath remnants clothing distal part of trunk; short, erect woody sheath base remnants set at nodes over the whole length of trunk, very hard, to 7 cm long; base of crown c. 22 cm across. LEAVES 8-10 in the crown, porrect, slightly arching, held on edge in distal part of leaf; sheath 75-80 x 16 cm, with down-pointing fibres on margins, white-tomentose, with black internal fibres; petiole 80-160 cm, proximally 5-6 x 3-6 cm across, distally 4 x 3 cm across, channelled, with very sharp (almost sawtooth) edges, proximally closely den- ticulate, with white or grey tomentum but glabrescent; rachis 2.3-3.5 m, in mid-leaf 1.2-2.2 x 1.3 cm, with white to grey tomentum but quickly glabrescent; leaflets stiff, in one plane, mid-green, 87-98 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 42-102 x 0.8-3.8 cm, the median 66-77 x 2.7-4.7 cm (interval 3-4 cm), distal 23-49 x 0.7-2.3 cm, few small ramenta near the rachis, but these deciduous, sinuous transverse veinlets clearly visible. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, solitary, branched to 1 order (only seen as dead); peduncle not seen; prophyll not seen; peduncular bracts seen 89, 103 cm; rachis c. 92 cm; rachillae 6-30 cm, 1-1.5 mm across; pedicel 1.2-1.6 mm. STAMINATE FLOWERS with the calyx connate for 1 mm, with free lobes 0.8 x 0.2-0.3 mm; petals probably connate for 1.8 mm, free lobes 5-5.5 x 1.3 mm; stamens ? in 2 series, the epipetalous ones adnate for/inserted at 2.2-2.5 mm, the filaments absent, the anthers 1.5 x 0.5 mm. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE solitary, erect, interfoliar among old leaf bases in fruit, branched to 1 order; peduncle 82-130 cm, proximally 3.5-4 x 1.5-2 cm, distally 2.5 x 1.5 cm, densely white-brown pubescent; prophyll 10-25 x 5 cm, tattering, white, membranous; peduncular bracts 20-43 cm, 30-40 cm (inserted at 22-24 cm from the base of the peduncle), 140 cm (inserted at 48 cm), 88-119 cm (inserted at 60-87 cm), all densely white- to brown-pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially; rachis 44-86 cm, white-tomentose, with 50-70 porrect rachillae; rachillae 7-65 cm, 2 mm across, sinuous, proximally 11 x 5 mm; pedicels 3-6 mm; bracteole 1.5 x 1.5 mm, connate for up to 1 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with the calyx connate for 2-2.5 mm, 3.5 mm across, the free lobes 0.8-2 x 0.9-1.2 mm; petals 5-8 x 2.5-5.5 mm. FRUIT blackish, slightly depressed globose, 15-20 x 18-21 mm, with terminal stigmatic remains, 1-/2/3-seeded; each seed with sclerified layer 8-11 mm and 6-10.6 mm across with sharp distal acumen 2.5-3 mm, the layer 0.3-0.35 mm thick. SEED 9-10 mm, 5-10 mm across, with distal acumen of 1.5 mm; seedcoat black, 0.2 mm thick.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>E Madagascar: between Andasibe and Vangaindrano.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist lowland forest on slight mid slope or ridge crest; 90-850 m</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Occurs in a very limited number of sites, several of which are being destroyed rapidly. The population at Mantady consists of pruned rosettes; the two southern populations have less than 20 trunked trees.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>At Andasibe extensively used as a source of fibre for weaving high-quality hats, the young leaves being harvested; this prevents the trees from growing, and most populations are pruned to a perpetually juvenile rosette stage.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type and the material found much further south agree perfectly as for the leaf and inflorescence details. The Flora (Jumelle & Perrier 1945), but not the protologue, describes the tree as being 15-30 m high, and with a diameter of 15-30 cm, while the wood is described as white and soft. We treat these later additions with suspicion. The seed is unique within the genus in having a sharp pointed apex.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Moramanga: Andasibe, Nov. 1986 (juv.), Dransfield et al. JD6424 (K, P, TAN); Anevoka, (prob. Dec. 1914) (fr.), Perrier 12022 (Holotype P). Manakara: 39 km NNE of Manakara, July 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4726 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Farafangana: Manombo, Nov. 1991 (yfr.), Beentje 4523 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Jan. 1993 (old stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4793 (K, TAN). ;</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea latisecta</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 5 (1): 35 (1927)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 24 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 175 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beentje, Kew Bull. 49: 642 (1994)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Analamazaotra; Perrier; 12008</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A rather doubtful species; it is quite possible that this is really the same as R. madagascariensis, but female trees are needed to solve the question. The Latin name refers to the wide leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Medium-sized undergrowth palm. TRUNK 6-10 m, 15-20 cm diam., internodes 4.5-12 cm, nodal scars c. 5 cm; wood hard. LEAVES 6-13, porrect to spreading; sheath 60-74 x 20 cm, white-tomentose to pinkish, abaxially with many small tufts of black hairs (not in Beentje collections); petiole 15-50 cm, proximally 7 x 4 cm across, distally 5 x 5 cm, with a dense brown tomentum; rachis c. 3.6 m, in mid-leaf 2-2.5 cm wide, almost flat abaxially and covered there with soft brown or white tomentum, adaxially with keel; leaflets stiff to slightly drooping, in one plane, about 73 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 55-100 x 2.5-3.5 cm, median 60-105 x 5-6.8 cm, distal 12-34 x 1.5-3.7 cm. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCES interfoliar, according to Jumelle solitary, but multiple in 5s-7s in Beentje collections, pendulous when dead, 140-160 cm, branched to 2 orders; peduncle 60-90 cm, 8 x 7 mm across; prophyll not seen; peduncular bracts seen 86, 160, 176 cm long; rachis 57-84 cm, with 30-40 branched and 32-60 unbranched first order branches; rachillae 3.5-20 cm, 0.7-1 mm across, with spaced flowers; pedicels 0.3-0.5 mm. STAMINATE FLOWERS with the calyx connate for 0.9 mm, with free lobes 0.5-0.6 x 0.2 mm; petals free, 2.4-2.5 x 1.2 mm; stamens equal, free, with filaments 0.1-0.2 mm and anthers 1.4 x 0.4 mm, rounded at base and apex. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE (description from Jumelle) ?solitary, with peduncle 60 cm long, 3 x 1.5 cm across; bracts 20 cm (inserted at 5 cm from the base of the peduncle), 80-85 cm and 90 cm (inserted at 10-15 cm), 70 cm (inserted at c. 70 cm) respectively; rachis 15 cm or less; rachillae c. 50 in number, close, 35-45 cm long. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with the calyx small, with the sepals connate for about half, the free part triangular; old petals marcescent, black, ovate, acuminate, 3.6 mm; older ovary oblong, with stigmatic remains lateral. FRUIT (description from Jumelle) long-pedicellate, ovate or elliptic, 10 x 7 mm, yellow turning red; stigmatic remains lateral.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the Andasibe area.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest at 900-1000 m, steep slope near hill crest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. The species only occurs in a single site, and numbers are very low (we have seen four trees).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type is not in Paris, and could not be traced in any other herbarium. We are suspi- pistillate inflorescence by Jumelle, and we believe he only saw part of the rachis, probably the proximal part. His statements about the inflorescence being solitary or multiple are notoriously unreliable; if the pistillate inflorescence is multiple, this taxon could be an extreme form of R. madagascariensis. We failed to find any pistillate trees in Mantady, and we have included the species in the key according to Jumelle"s description.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Moramanga: Mantady, April 1992 (old stam.), Beentje et al. 4657 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, (ster.), Beentje et al. 4652 (K, TAN); idem, Dec. 1992 (stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4776 (K, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea louvelii</name>\r
+<author>Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 49: 664 (1994)</citation>\r
+<type>Analamazaotra, "Lakamarefo", alt. 800 m; Perrier; 12021</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Louvelia madagascariensis</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H. Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris 155: 411 (1912)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 58, t. 33 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 53, fig. 43, tav. 49 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 5 (1): 47 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 16 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 165, fig. 46 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is one of the strangest Ravenea species, with an archaic appearance. The inflorescences are almost hidden among the leaf bases, and are probably beetle-pollinated. The species is named for M. Louvel, head of the Forestry Department at Analamazaotra in the 1920s.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Lakamarefo, Siraboto.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Short stocky palm of the forest undergrowth. TRUNK 1.5-3 m, 15-20 cm diam. without leaf sheaths, c. 50 cm with the sheath bases; distal 1.5 m of trunk with sheath remnants, proximal part only with sheath bases; wood hard; internodes c. 3 cm. LEAVES 9-14 in crown, robust, porrect, stiff, with up to 15 marcescent leaves present; sheath 46-60 x 6.5-8 cm, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, swollen at base, with dense soft pale brown tomentum, turning fibrous with age, with long stiff brown mar ginal fibres; petiole 50-130 cm long, proximally 3-5.5 x 2-3.5 cm across, distally 2-3 x 1.2-1.9 cm across, especially abaxially covered in rich brown scales, with very sharp margins, adaxially channelled with the central part flat or with central ridge, abaxially rounded; rachis 2.2-3 m long, in mid-leaf c. 19 x 11 mm across, adaxially keeled with up to 9 mm wide flat keel top and abaxially flat, with sharp upper edges, especially abaxially covered in brown scales, continuing past the distal pair of leaflets for 10-21.5 cm; leaflets in one plane, slightly pendulous in distal part of leaflet, dark green, attenuate, 80-104 on each side of the rachis, the proximal ones 28-42 x 0.3-1 cm, median 47-67 x 1.4-2.6 cm (interval 1.5-2.5 cm), distal 10-40 x 0.4-1.8 cm, with some ramenta near the very base of the leaflet, or in young leaves with lines of red-brown scales; rachis bracts 4 x 1 mm; pedicels 0.5-2 mm, 2.5-4 mm across; bracteoles 1.5-4 x 1-2 mm, connate with the pedicel for 0.5-1 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS slightly musty-scented, cream-coloured; calyx connate for 0.6-1 mm, 2.8-5 mm across, the free lobes 0.8-2 x 2.6-3 mm; petals 6.5-9.5 x 1.7-2.2 mm, fleshy, 1.5 mm thick, connate by 1 mm through the fleshy base of the antesepalous filaments; staminodes 6, 2.8-3.2 x 1.6-1.7 mm; ovary ovoid, 3-3.8 x 3 mm. FRUIT dark purple (protologue says yellowish at maturity), somewhat depressed globose, 13-14 x 15-20 mm (25 mm according to Beccari), 1-2seeded; stigmatic remains subapical or terminal. SEED ovoid, sometimes flat on 1 face, 9-13 x 6-9 mm; seed coat black, 0.2 mm thick. GERMINATION remote, eophyll pinnate.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>E Madagascar, only known from Andasibe. Ravenea louvelii, showing litter-trapping habit and persistent leaf bases (Dransfield et al. JD6485). ;</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest, steep slope near crest; 800- 1000 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Only known from a single site, where it grows outside the protected area. Population numbers are low; we have counted fewer than 25 trees with trunks, and rejuvenation seems minimal.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Moramanga: Analamazaotra, Feb. 1912 (stam., fr.), Perrier 12021 (Holotype P); idem, Nov. 1986, (stam.), Dransfield et al. JD6418 (K, P, TAN) and (pist.) Dransfield et al. JD6419 (K, TAN) and (seedling) Dransfield et al. JD6420 (K, TAN); idem, March 1988 (stam.), Dransfield et al. JD6485 (K, TAN) and (pist.) Dransfield et al. JD6486 (K, TAN); idem, Dec. 1991 (fr.), Beentje 4536 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Aug. 1992 (ster.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4745 (K, BH); idem, Dec. 1992 (dead stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4769 (K, TAN). ;</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea madagascariensis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38, Beibl. 87: 40 (1906)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 46, pl. 25-26 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 51, fig. 42, pl. 48 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 5 (1): 28, t. 111 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 24 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 178 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beentje, Kew Bull. 49: 639 (1994)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Imerina; Hildebrandt; 4132</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotypes K, WU</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Ravenea madagascariensis var. monticola</name>\r
+<author>H.Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref>H.Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30:179 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Manerinerina, on the Tampoketsa between the Ikopa and the Betsiboka; Perrier; 16834</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A very elegant, medium-sized palm of the high plateaux; less common at lower altitudes. It is not rare in cultivation, where it is generally known as R. madagascariensis var. monticola; however, that variety does not really differ from the true madagascariensis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Anivo, Anivokely, Anivona (general); Tovovoko (Ifanadiana).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Graceful palm. TRUNK 5-12 m, 16-22 cm diam., near crown 8-15 cm diam.; wood hard, with black fibrous layer just below the bark; base of trunk often thickened, the boss 10-60 cm high and 38-40 cm across, often with surface roots; trunk occasionally with remaining sheath bases in distal part; internodes 3.5-14 cm, brown or grey; nodal scars c. 2.5 cm; base of crown bulbous, 22-28 cm across. LEAVES 10-26 in the crown, sometimes with a few marcescent leaves; leaves porrect, straight in "shuttlecock" mode or less often slightly arching, often with the distal part held on edge; sheath 30-104 cm, the base 15-40 cm wide, dull brown with whitish brown to grey-brown tomentum, glabrescent, with fibrous edges, the fibres reflexed; petiole 20-80 cm, proximally 4.5-7 x 2-3.5 cm across, distally 3-4.5 x 1.5-2.5 cm across, adaxially channelled with sharp edges, with the same tomentum as the sheath, glabrescent; rachis 1.9-3 m, in mid-leaf 1.5-2.5 x 1.2-2 cm, keeled in the distal half, when young with whitish tomentum over green, but soon glabrescent; leaflets pale or rich green, occasionally slightly waxy, in one plane or at an angle of up to 45° with the rachis, 55-82 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 31-90 x 0.3-3.5 cm, the median 54-95 x 2.2-5.2 cm (interval 1.2-2.3 cm), the distal 11-40 x 0.3-3.5 cm, often with the terminal pair partly joined, main veins 4-6, ramenta red- brown, large, abundant along the midrib abaxially but quickly caducous leaving few on the basal part, occasionally with some on the smaller veins, margins often uprolled. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, multiple in 4s-9s, the innermost opening, the outermost often remaining in bud stage until abscising; individual inflorescences branching to 2 orders; peduncle 40-119 cm, proximally 6-10 mm across, distally the same or slightly thinner, green, proximally with a dense grey-brown tomentum thinning out towards the distal end, but glabrescent; common prophyll 18-23 x 8.5 cm, tattering; peduncular bracts 26-33 cm, 53-57 cm, 120-158 cm (inserted at c. 30 cm from the base of the peduncle), 131-162 cm (inserted at c. 40 cm), densely pubescent abaxially, adaxially smooth, glabrous, red-brown; non-tubular peduncular bract 11-13.5 x 0.7-0.8 cm; rachis 37-63 cm, proximally tomentose but quickly glabrescent, with (16) 30-46 branched first order branches and 0-36 unbranched ones, all branches porrect; proximal rachis bracts 1-8 x 0.4-0.8 cm; first order branches glabrous, cream or green, with 1-3 rachillae, at the base 3-6 x 2-4 mm; rachillae 3.5-20 cm, 1 mm across, sinuous in the distal part. STAMINATE FLOWERS dense, yellowish, sweetly scented; pedicel 0.3-2 mm; bracteole 0.6-0.7 x 0.3 mm, acute; calyx connate for 0.8-2.4 mm, 1.4-1.8 mm across, free lobes 0.5-1.3 x 1.3-1.6 mm, triangular, acute; petals free or connate at the extreme base only, 1.8-4.2 x 1.8-2.5 mm, broadly ovate, shortly acuminate; filaments 0.3-0.5 mm, connate at the base for 0.2 mm; anthers 1.4-2.7 x 0.5-0.8 mm; pistillode 0.8-1 x 0.4-0.5 mm. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCES multiple, in groups of 3-7 (only rarely solitary), erect, pendulous or spreading in fruit; individual inflorescences branching to one order; peduncle 42-100 cm, proximally 1.1-2 x 1-1.3 cm, distally 0.7-1.4 cm across, dark grey-brown tomentose, glabrescent; common prophyll 20 x 7.5 cm; peduncular bracts 11-32 cm (inserted at 0-15 cm from the base of the peduncle), 37-74 x 2.2 cm (inserted at 2-33 cm), 84-151 x 2.3 cm (inserted at 5-38 cm), 81-152 x 2.5 cm (inserted at 20-45 cm), densely tomentose abaxially, smooth, glabrous and red-brown adaxially; non-tubular peduncular bract 9.3-20 x 0.5 cm, proximally tomentose but quickly glabrescent; rachis 30-83 cm, glabrous, with (16) 41-78 porrect rachillae; proximal rachis bracts c. 2.6 x 1.3 cm; rachillae dense, porrect, green, glabrous, occasionally slightly waxy, 5-44 cm, 1.2-2.5 mm across, the bare base 4-9 x 3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS not very dense, yellow; pedicel 0.5-6 mm; bracteole 0.5-3.7 1.3 mm, acute, occasionally connate with the pedicel for up to 1.5 mm; calyx connate for 1-2 mm, 1.7-2.3 mm across, the free lobes 0.4-2.3 x 1.3-2.2 mm, triangular, acute; petals fleshy, 1.7-4 x 2-2.7 mm, ovate, acute; staminodes 0.8-1.5 x 0.6-0.8 mm; ovary 2.6-4 mm, 2-2.4 mm across. FRUIT orange, globose or obliquely ellipsoid, 5-10 x 7.5-10 mm, one-seeded; stigmatic remains subapical to lateral. SEED brown, 6-7 x 5-5.5 mm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central and E Madagascar: Manerinerina and Andasibe to Kalambatitra and Midongy.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist to rather dry hill forest, on steep slopes or hill crests, occasionally on steep slopes in riverine forest; 25-1700 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare. The species is fairly widespread, and in areas such as Ifanadiana it may be locally common. The only protected population is the one in Mantady National Park.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Outer wood used in house walls and floors.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The description of Nicoll & Abraham 342 is suggestive of R. robustior (trunk 25 m, 20-40 cm across; 8-9 leaves in crown, with pendulous pinnae; fruit red) but the specimen is certainly R. madagascariensis. Guillaumet 4172 (P, TAN) from Marojejy is described as having multiple inflorescences; the specimen is pistillate, and looks quite like R. sambiranensis, but if it is truly the pistillate tree which has multiple inflorescences, then the specimen is true R. madagascariensis, and the distribution area of this species would be considerably extended. Most publications, including the protologue, have one of the syntypes as Chevalier s.n., but Chevalier never collected on Madagascar, and the true specimen is a Chapelier collection, with Beccari"s handwriting on it. The var. monticola was described as different, based on the width of the leaflets (but the leaflets of the types of both varieties are of about the same width, 1.7-2.4 cm), on the proximal leaflets being longer than the median ones (a not uncommon feature in this, and other, genera, and of no taxonomic significance), and on the pistillate inflorescences being in groups of three in var. monticola, as opposed to solitary in var. madagascariensis. However, the types of var. madagascariensis are either staminate (Chapelier s.n.) or without field notes (Hildebrandt 4132), and there is nothing to indicate whether var. madagascariensis has solitary or multiple pistillate inflorescences; the confusion was probably caused by Jumelle (1927b) who states that the type is from Analamazaotra, and its pistillate inflorescences are solitary. He cites Perrier 11960 and 12011; we have not seen the latter, but the former has the inflorescence cut above the base. He also cites two further specimens, which are both R. sambiranensis, with true solitary pistillate inflorescences. Since the types of var. madagascariensis and var. monticola agree in all other respects, and the large amount of material referable to this species is rather variable, but not to such an extent that a division into varieties is warranted, the varieties are re-united.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Anjozorobe: Manerinerina, Dec. 1924 (fr.), Perrier 16834 (type of var. monticola; holotype P); Ambohitantely, April 1972 (stam., pist.), Peyrieras s.n. (P). Moramanga: Andasibe, Nov. 1986 (old pist.), Dransfield JD6425 (K, P, TAN); Mantady, Dec. 1991 (green fr.), Beentje 4546 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Anivoke, Nov.1986 (stam.), Dransfield et al. JD6430 (K, P, TAN); & Nov. 1986 (pist.), Dransfield et al. JD6431 (K, P, TAN); idem, Sept. 1991 (pist.), Beentje 4450 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Analamazaotra, no date (stam., pist.), Perrier 11960 (P). Ambositra: Ranomena, July 1928 (dead pist.), Humbert & Swingle 4868 (P); idem, July 1992 (dead pist.), Beentje & Beentje 4741 (K, MO, P, TAN; identification not quite certain). Ifanadiana: Tsaratanana, March 1991 (old stam.), Beentje 4435a (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, March 1991 (fr.), Beentje 4435b (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1991 (pist.), Beentje 4526 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1991 (stam.), Beentje 4527 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Ambinanindrano, Nov. 1991 (pist.), Beentje 4530 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Manakara: 9 km NW of Manakara, July 1992 (pist.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4723 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem (stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4724 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Iakora: 2 km S of Kalambatritra Peak, Jan.1987 (pist. & fr.), Nicoll & Abraham 342 (K, TAN). Midongy Atsimo: 20 km S of Midongy, May 1992 (old stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4666 (K, MO, TAN); idem, May 1992 (yfr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4667 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea moorei</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf. & N.W.Uhl</author>\r
+<citation>Principes 30 (4): 159 (1986)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beentje, Kew Bull. 49: 637 (1994)</bibref> \r
+<type>Comoro Islands, Grand Comore; Moore and Moelevoce; 9028</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype BH; isotypes K, P, TAN</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>One of the two Comoro Ravenea species; this is the larger of the two, the other (R. hildebrandtii) is much smaller. Before 1986 this palm was grown under the name R. hildebrandtii, but that taxon is almost unknown in cultivation outside Fairchild Tropical Garden. The species is named after Professor H.E. Moore, the great expert on palms, who collected the type.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Inazi (fide St. John, but this resembles Swahili for coconut).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust tree palm. TRUNK to 20 m, 11-35 cm diam., with a hemispherical base up to 105 cm across and some 40 cm high, diameter near the crown c. 13 cm (from a photo), scars visible, internodes c. 20 cm long in the lower trunk, much shorter towards the apex; nodal scars not very prominent; bark grey-brown; base of crown bulbous. LEAVES 11-19 in crown, porrect or spreading, straight, held on edge in distal half, 2.26-3 m long; sheath up to 60 x 19.5 cm, soon splitting, margins with long fine fibers, abaxial surface covered with thick tomentum, white in unexposed areas, turning brown on exposure, becoming thinner distally; petiole 10-25 cm long, 2.4-4.5 cm wide, 1-1.5 cm thick, adaxially flattened, abaxially ± rounded, sparsely tomentose abaxially, glabrous adaxially; rachis 1.3-2.4 m long, abaxially rounded, adaxially shallowly grooved or keeled (keel to 10 mm wide, narrowing in the more distal part to a sharp narrow keel), laterally grooved, sparsely tomentose to whitewaxy abaxially, in mid-leaf 1.7-2 x 1.2 cm across; leaflets 60-80 on each side of the rachis, the proximal very crowded, 15-54 x 0.8-1.7 cm, median 49-70 x 2-2.5 cm (interval 2.5-2.8 cm), distal 12-43 x 0.4-1.7 cm, main veins c. 5, the midrib the largest, prominent adaxially, abaxially bearing a few conspicuous, close, regularly arranged large pale ramenta, transverse veinlets obscure, caducous tomentum present abaxially near the base. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE solitary (only known dead) c. 90 cm long, branched to 2 orders; peduncle c. 35 cm long, 1.5 cm across, rounded in cross section, bracts not known; rachillae numerous, slender, up to 15 cm 1.5 mm. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE solitary, c. 1.5 m long, spreading or pendulous, branched to 1 order; peduncle 60-90 cm, ellipsoid in cross-section, proximally 1.9-2 x 12 mm, distally c. 15 x 11 mm, green with caducous, soft brown tomentum; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, c. 20 x 5 cm, rather thin, bearing caducous pale brown tomentum, tattering and becoming fibrous with age; peduncular bracts with the longest one c. 130 x 5 cm; rachis c. 60 cm long, glabrous and dotted; rachillae numerous, c. 100, rather stiff, straight, glabrous, green, the proximal ones 30-47 cm with flattened base 7 x 3.5 mm, the distal ones 15-20 cm; bracteole at lowermost rachilla ovate and attenuate, c. 45 x 11 mm, pedicels 0.5-5 x 1-1.5 mm; pistillate flowers not known. FRUIT yellow to orange, globose, c. 16 mm (when dry 11-14 mm), one-seeded, stigmatic remains lateral to sub-basal, persistent sepals triangular, c. 1.2 x 1 mm; persistent petals similar but smaller; epicarp smooth, wrinkling on drying, mesocarp fleshy, c. 1.3 mm thick, endocarp not differentiated. SEED spherical, 9-11 mm diameter, dark brown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Comoro Islands: Grande Comore.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Secondary moist forest; 500-800 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Seed of this species was collected by DeArmand Hull in October 1993 at the north end of Grand Comore at c. 500 m, above Mitsamouli; only two female trees were seen by Mr. Hull. He considers them highly endangered due to continuing agricultural pressure on the forest in this area.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Probably closely related to R. robustior of Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Grande Comore: between Boboni & Kafeni below the chemin du Capt. Dubois, Nov. 1963 (fr., dead stam.), Moore & Moelevoce 9028 (Holotype BH; isotypes K, P, TAN); idem, Aug. 1961 (fr.), St.John 26542 (BH, K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea musicalis</name>\r
+<author>Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>Principes 37, 4: 199, fig. 1-7 (1993)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Kew Bull. 49: 651 (1994)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Andriambe R.; Beentje and Andriampaniry; 4611</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>The only true Madagascar water palm, and possibly the only palm in the world of which the seeds sprout under water; fruit and seed are adapted to dispersal by water. The fruits float, but open at the slightest bump; the liberated seed has already sprouted within the fruit, so that when it sinks to the river bottom it can quickly establish itself. The curved scale leaves might even help it to catch onto protuberances, so it would not be washed away easily. The name refers to the musical sound caused by seeds of various sizes dropping from various heights into the river.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Torendriky ("submerged trunk").</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to medium-sized ventricose palm growing in 0.5-2.5 m deep water. TRUNK 2.5-8 m, ventricose with base (at water level) to 50 cm across, (above water) 30-40 cm diam., near the crown c. 11 cm across, internodes here 0.5 cm, nodal scars 0.5 cm; bark pale brown, soft, with internodes 1-2 cm; wood soft, cream-coloured, fibrous, without hard fibres. LEAVES 14-16, porrect to spreading, arching, held on edge in distal half, with stiff or arching leaflets; sheath 36-41 x 13-20 cm, adaxially orange, abaxially proximally orange, distally green, with thin grey tomentum; fibres few; petiole 15-19 cm long, proximally 3.5-5 x 1.5 across, distally 2.2-2.3 x 0.5-0.6 cm across, glabrous, keeled; rachis 1.3-1.8 m, in mid-leaf 1-1.5 cm across, with little abaxial tomentum; leaflets in one plane, stiff, 59-63 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 36-47 x 0.5-1.5 cm, median 42-53 x 1.6-2.4 cm (interval 2-2.5 cm), distal 10-30 x 0.4-1.3 cm, ramenta none or few, large, basal on midrib and outer main veins, main veins 4. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE multiple in 5s, the individual inflorescences to 115 cm, branched to 1 order, pendulous in later stage; peduncle 36-38 cm, proximally c. 1 cm across, distally 0.6-0.7 cm across; prophyll 29-30 cm; peduncular bracts 38 cm, 64 cm (inserted at c. 2 cm from the base of the peduncle), 84 cm (inserted at c. 5 cm), 80 cm (inserted at c. 10 cm); rachis about 54 cm, with many dense rachillae; rachillae 7-24 cm, 1-1.5 mm across; flower scars distant. STAMINATE FLOWERS unknown. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE solitary, spreading, 105-125 cm, branched to 1 order, the axes green; peduncle 48-52 cm, proximally 3-5 x 2-2.5 cm, distally 2-3 x 1.3-2 cm; prophyll c. 10 x 4 cm; peduncular bracts 20-24 cm (inserted at 0 -2.5 cm from the base of the peduncle), 49-52 cm (inserted at 3-3.5 cm), 82-83 cm (inserted at 4-9 cm), 100-103 cm (inserted at 10-24 cm); rachis 39-55 cm, with 58-68 branches; rachillae 9-42 cm, the proximal spreading, the distal porrect, the base proximally flat, 0.6-1.5 x 1 cm, in fruit 3 -3.5 mm across; pedicels c. 0.5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with the calyx connate for 1 mm, 1.5 mm wide, free lobes 1.7-2.6 x 1.6-2 mm, ovate, acute; petals in fruit only present as fibre remnants, c. 2.5 mm long. FRUIT orange, 17-23 x 14-19 mm, one-seeded; stigmatic remnants subapical to lateral. SEED brown, 10-14 mm across, hard, seedcoat black, 0.2 mm thick. SEEDLING with 3-4 scale leaves, the first small, the second, third and fourth to 9 cm long and with curving tips; eophyll pinnate.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>S Madagascar, only known from one site.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>At 0.5-2.5 m depth in flowing water; seen as a rheophyte on submerged rock pavement, then sterile and to 1 m only; 1-50 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Occurs, as far as we know, only along a single river, where the population consists of some 450 trees. Rejuvenation at this site looks good, but as an aquatic species this is very vulnerable to habitat changes.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>No uses known to local people.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Differs from all other species of Ravenea in its habitat and habit, its extraordinary floating fruit with its spongy mesocarp, splitting at the slightest provocation and then exposing the already germinating seed, the number of its scale leaves on the seedling, and the lack of hard fibres in the outer wood.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Belavenona, R. Andriambe, March 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4611 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN); idem (old stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4612 (K, MO, TAN); idem, Dec. 1992 (y.fr.), Beentje 4756 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea nana</name>\r
+<author>Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 49: 665 (1994)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, near Andapa; Humbert and Capuron; 21947</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotype K</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A mystery. Until more is known about its habit and inflorescences (multiple? solitary?), we are unable to include this in the key or discuss its affinities, though it resembles R. hildebrandtii from the Comoros. It differs from this species in the much denser tomentum on the leaf-sheath, the smaller leaf rachis, and the larger fruit. It is curious that the intensive collecting on Marojejy during the late 1980s did not result in a recollecting of this species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small palm. TRUNK 3-4 m tall. LEAF sheath 12.9-16 x 1.5 cm, with thin downward-pointing marginal fibres, densely brown-tomentose; petiole 18-67 cm, proximally 0.5-1.6 x 0.4-1 cm, distally 0.7-1.2 x 0.5-0.8 cm, densely pubescent/tomentose on both surfaces, slightly to deeply channelled adaxially, convex abaxially, with sharp edges; rachis (25-) 33-40 cm, in mid-leaf 6-7 mm wide, with dense grey-brown tomentum on both surfaces; leaflets on opposite sides of the rachis at an angle of 90° with each other, 18-29 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 12-26 x 0.1-1.3 cm (interval 0.8-2 cm), median 16-35 x 0.9-2 cm, without visible ramenta or with dense minute ramenta, acuminate, main vein 1, with scales on margins only, distal 7.5-23 x 0.3-1.5 cm. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE branched to 1 order; peduncle 28 (or more) x 0.4 x 0.25 cm, densely brown-pubescent; prophyll unknown; peduncular bracts c. 10 cm, 18-25 cm, 29-40 (or more) cm, 30-41 cm; rachis bract c. 11 x 2 mm; rachis 9-13 cm, with 25-40 branches, scaly proximally, glabrous distally; rachillae 2-5 cm, 0.5 mm across, straight; pedicel 0.5-1 mm. STAMINATE FLOWERS with the calyx with very short connate part and lobes 0.8-1.1 mm long; petals 4-4.4 x 1.8 mm, connate for 0.3-0.4 mm by the filament callus of the antesepalous stamens; filaments in 2 series, the antesepalous 0.4-0.5 mm, the antepetalous adnate to the petals for 0.8-1.3 mm, free for 0.2-0.3 mm; anthers 1.5-2 x 0.3-0.4 mm; pistillode 0.6-0.9 mm. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE 59-92 cm, branched to 1 order; peduncle 35 (or more?) -77 cm, proximally 3-6 mm across, distally 2-3.5 mm across, with dense red-brown scales, glabrescent; prophyll 6-15 cm, tattering; peduncular bracts 10-13 cm, 19-38 cm, 57-82 cm, 44-92 cm, abaxially densely scaly, adaxially glabrous, chestnut brown; non-tubular peduncular bract 4-18 x 0.3-0.5 cm; rachis 6.3-13 cm, scaly, glabrescent; rachillae 14-27 in number, 1-7.5 cm, 1.2-2 mm across, sinuous; pedicel 0.5-1.5 mm, bracteole 1-2 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with the sepals 1-1.5 mm; petals (fibres only) 2.5-?5 x 1.5-1.6 mm. FRUIT 1.3-2.1 x 1.1-1.7 cm, one-seeded, stigmatic remains lateral to subbasal.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>E Madagascar, between Marojejy and Andohahela.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Ericoid bush or ?low forest on rocky sites, gneiss & quartzite; (?400-) 1100-1900 m; the altitude information on the printed label of the type might be wrong; we believe this is a high-altitude species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>?Endangered. Only known from three areas, and not collected in the last thirty years.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Marojejy, W of Manantenina R., 1700-1900 m, March 1949 (fr.), Humbert 23695 (K, P); near Andapa, 400-600 m, Nov./Dec. 1948 (old stam., old pist., yfr.), Humbert & Capuron 21947 (Holotype P; isotype K); Mt Beondroka, N of Maroambihy, March 1949 (fr.), Humbert 23490 (K, P). Fianarantsoa: Andrambovato, Nov. 1963 (fr.), Bosser 18297 (P, TAN). Tolanaro: Mt. Papango, Nov. 1928 (yfr.), Humbert 6354 (P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea rivularis</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H. Perrier</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 54, t. 29-31 (1913)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 51, fig. 41 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 5 (1): 37 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 25 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 172 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beentje, Kew Bull. 49: 649 (1994)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, upper Imaloto basin, near Isalo; Perrier; 11958</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>An aptly named species, since it only grows along riverbanks. It has recently become very popular in cultivation, and when well-watered grows at an impressive speed. The species can be admired from the main road Ihosy-Tulear, in a large stand at Ilkaka village near the Isalo National Park.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Gora (Sakalava), Bakaly, Vakaka (Bara), Malio (near Manera); majesty palm (in horticulture).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Majestic tree palm. TRUNK 5-22 (30?) m, cylindrical or slightly inflated towards the middle, 36-50 cm diam., near crown 15-18 cm diam.; internodes 4-10 cm; wood with tough black fibre layer in the outer part; inner wood soft; bark pale brown-grey (not white, as Fl. Madagascar states!); diameter of base of crown c. 22 cm. LEAVES 16-25, porrect to pendulous, slightly arching, held on edge in the distal half of the leaf; sheath 30-50 x 15-16 cm, green and proximally with cottony white or grey-brown indument; margins ragged and fibrous; petiole 6-20 cm long, 4-4.5 x 1.5-1.6 cm across, adaxially flat with slightly sharp edges, white-waxy and -scaly; rachis green, white and scaly when young, 1.2-1.7 m long, 1-1.7 cm wide towards the middle, abaxially almost flat or slightly convex, densely pubescent to glabrescent, adaxially flat in the proximal half, more distally keeled with flat top and with the keel almost as wide as the rachis; leaflets regular, in one plane, stiff to pendulous, attenuate, green to slightly yellow, slightly waxy, 70-73 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 20-55 x 0.5-1.7 cm, the median 52-64 x 1.5-3.2 cm (interval c. 2 cm), the distal 16-42 x 0.4-1.9 cm, especially abaxially with the veins bearing minute whitish scales, also with a few large brown or grey ramenta on midrib abaxially. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE multiple in 5s-7s (Fl. Mad. says solitary), erect, branched to 2 orders, 86-90 cm; peduncle 32-45 cm, green, proximally 0.9-1.1 cm across and densely pubescent, distally c. 0.8 cm across and glabrescent, slightly flattened; prophyll not known; peduncular bracts (based on one collection, cut just above base) 18 cm, 85 cm, 88 cm, 71 cm (the last inserted at 13 cm from the base of the peduncle), abaxially short-pubescent; non-tubular peduncular bract at 15-30 cm from the base, membranous, 35-41 x 2 cm; rachis bracts c. 6 x 0.2 cm at the base of the rachis; rachis 52- 89 cm, slightly pubescent; branches 60-100, dense; rachillae 3-21 cm long, sinuous in the distal part; bracteole c. 0.7 x 0.4 mm; pedicel 0.5-1 mm long. STAMINATE FLOWERS with the calyx connate for 0.5-0.7 mm, 0.6-1 mm across, free lobes 1.2-1.3 x 0.7-0.8 mm, triangular, acute; petals 3.5-5.8 mm, ovate, acute; filaments 0.4 (epipetalous, adnate for 0.3- 0.4 mm)-0.8 (free) mm; anthers 3.1-3.4 x 1.2-1.5 mm; pistillode 0.5 x 0.6 mm. FLOWERS with slight resinous smell. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCES solitary, erect or spreading, branched to 1 order, 130-150 cm long; peduncle 40-60 cm, proximally 4 x 2.5 cm across, distally 1.2-2.2 x 1-1.8 cm across, green, white-scaly; prophyll 13-16 cm long, adnate for c. 2 cm; bracts narrow, 24-35 x 5-7 cm, 52-65 x 6 (inserted at c. 4 cm from the base of the peduncle), 110-130 x 5 (inserted at c. 5 cm), 124-150 x 4.5 cm (inserted at c. 6 cm), abaxially white-scaly; at c. 60 cm from the base with a non-tubular peduncular bract about 20 x 0.7 cm; proximal rachis bract 6-15 x 0.3 cm; rachis 50-72 cm, with 125-146 densely packed reflexed rachillae; rachillae 10-32 cm, 1.5 (-2.5 in fruit) mm across, with bulbous base, proximally 3.5 mm across, green with white bloom; pedicel 1-4 mm long. PISTILLATE FLOWER with the calyx connate for 1-1.3 mm, free lobes 1-1.3 x 1.3 mm, triangular, acute; petals ovate/triangular, acute, 3-3.5 x 2.5 mm; staminodes 6, short; ovary ovoid-conical, slightly shorter than the petals. FRUITS bright red, globose to slightly ellipsoid, 7.5-9 x 7-8.5 mm, 1-seeded, with bitter pulp; stigmatic remains subapical to lateral. SEED 5.5-6 x 5.5 mm. SEEDLING with 2 scale leaves and a bifid eophyll.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>S central Madagascar, Mangoky and Onilahy river systems.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In shallow standing water on riverbanks, swampy valley bottoms, either in deciduous forest or in gallery forest; 350-750 m; gregarious, often forming stands.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Some 60 trees seen in two populations; they do not grow in any protected area.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Seeds collected for export.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The protologue mentions two populations, at Imaloto at the foot of the Isalo and at the Matitina R. near the sea (E Madagascar); the first one must have been the Perrier collection chosen as lectotype (which has staminate and pistillate flowers, as well as young fruit, just as in the protologue); the second one is only cited as Perrier s.n. in the Flore de Madagascar, a specimen which we have not seen; this might be an early collection of R. musicalis, the only eastern species looking vaguely like R. rivularis. HB has searched for palms at the site indicated, but failed to find a single (wild) one; older people did not know of any native palms, nor did they recognize the local name given (Akoraka in the Tanala language). Jumelle (1927b) mentions populations seen on Makay sandstone, in the Mangoky basin; the Flore de Madagascar adds the Sakeny R. valley (Menabe) and Madiovalo, just West of Ambato-Boeni, near the mouth of the Betsiboka R.; and the Bongolava (without mentioning which one; the name just means long plateau and there are several). The first three sites are indicated on the map by question marks. We consider the Madiovalo and Bongolava ones as unlikely; possibly these refer to riverside trees of R. sambiranensis, which has been collected in such a habitat on the (Miandrivazo) Bongolava.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Sakaraha: Manera, on the Fiherana[na] R., Oct. 1924 (fr.), Perrier 16580 (P). Ihosy: 40 km E of Ranohira, July 1992 (yfr.), H. Beentje & J. Beentje 4714 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, July 1992 (seedling), H. Beentje & J. Beentje 4715 (K); Ilkaka, Feb. 1992 (stam.), Beentje 4587 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); upper Imaloto R., near Isalo, no date (stam., pist., yfr.), Perrier 11958 (Holotype P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea robustior</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H.Perrier</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 49, t. 27 (1913)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 5, (1): 40 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 25 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 174 (1945)\r
+</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beentje, Kew Bull. 49: 633 (1994)\r
+</bibref>\r
+<type>Analamazaotra, "loharanga", 800 m; Perrier; 11795</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Ravenea robustior var. kouna</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.- Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 5 (1): 45 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 175 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Tsaratanana; Perrier; 16069</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>Bitter, and not much liked); formerly used to make salt from the ash of the trunk (fide Perrier); young leaves used to make brooms; outer wood used for floor- One of the most majestic of Madagascar palms, with boards, tables and house walls. its slightly ventricose trunk reaching into the canopy. In the the Flora (Jumelle & Perrier 1945) this species was considered to occur in only two sites; our investigations and collecting have shown that it is in fact quite wide-spread, occurring from sea-level up to the mountains.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Hovotravavy (Tsimihety); Manara, Tanave, Retanana (Betsimisaraka); Monimony, Loharanga at Analamazaotra, Anivona at Andasibe (fide Dransfield, Moore); Laafa at Ranomafana; Anivo, Lakabolavo at Amby; Bobokaomby at Manombo; Vakabe, Vakaky, Vakaboloka, ?Bokombio at Andohahela.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Majestic tree palm. TRUNK (6-) 12-30 m high, columnar or slightly ventricose, 20-60 cm diam. at breast height, increasing to 75 cm, decreasing to 16-40 cm near crown; base bulbous, 15-50 cm high, 47-100 cm across, with surface roots to 30 cm long, 6-12 mm across, with minute adventituous side roots; outer wood hard, heartwood white and soft; leaf scars obscure, 3-7 cm; internodes 7-25 cm (near crown 4-5 cm); bark pale brown, pale reddish or grey, closely fissured to smooth. Distal part of trunk usually with remnants of sheaths. Wood extremely hard on the outside, due to many black fibres; heartwood soft, white. LEAVES 11-25 in crown, spiral, porrect, held in shuttlecock, straight or nearly so, often held on edge in the distal part of the leaf; leaflets stiff or curved downwards in the proximal part of the leaf; sheath grading smoothly into the petiole, ligules present or absent, c. (38-) 50-112 cm, 16-45 cm wide, bulbous or not, abaxially densely white- to grey-brown tomentose, later glabrescent, adaxially pale orange, with some stiff reflexed marginal fibres 1.5-2.5 mm across; petiole 17-134 cm, proximally 8-17 x 2-4 cm, distally 3.8-8 x 1.3-4.5 cm, channelled with sharp edges or slightly convex adaxially, convex abaxially, thickly grey-brown tomentose, glabrescent; rachis 2.2-4 m, in mid-leaf 1-4.7 cm high, 1.7-3.3 cm wide, medially sharply keeled or flat (on same tree!), abaxially with grey indument but quickly glabrescent; leaflets regular, in one plane or those at opposite sides of the rachis at a slight (up to 140°) upwards angle, dark green, (40-) 50-105 on each side of the rachis, the proximal (19-) 45-120 x 1-4 cm, median 60-126 x 2.5-7.5 cm (interval 2-5 cm), distal 13-46 x 0.3-3.5 cm, top pair often connate for up to 5 cm, ramenta large, many in young leaves, a few proximal ones in older leaves, deciduous, 1-6 main veins. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE solitary, erect, interfoliar or infrafoliar among dead leafbases, branching to 2 (-3 in Humbert 6232) orders; peduncle 50-60 cm, proximally 2.8-3.3 x 2.5 cm, distally 2.2-2.8 x 1.3-2 cm, densely pubescent; prophyll 13-47 cm; 1st peduncular bract 18-77 R AVENEA x 8 cm (inserted at 3-11 cm from the base of the peduncle), 2nd (39-) 109-160 x 10 cm (inserted at 5 cm), 3rd 166-209 x 15.5 cm (inserted at 13 cm), 4th 175-209 cm (inserted at ?), all bracts abaxially with thick pale or red-brown tomentum; non-tubular peduncular bract c. 19 x 1 cm; rachis 84-131 cm long, proximally pubescent, distally glabrous, yellowish; proximal rachis bract 4-19 x 0.8-2.4 cm; rachillae many (in the lowland population with 60-140 branched and 39 unbranched first order branches), distally densely packed, porrect, straw-yellow, straight or distally sinuous, (5-) 10-47 cm, 1.5-2 mm across; pedicels quite closely set, 0.2-3 mm long; bracteoles 0.7-1 mm long; calyx with connate part 0.8-1.8 mm long and 1.4-2.2 mm across, and free sepals 0.9-1.5 mm long and 1.2-1.8 mm wide, triangular, acute; petals ovate, acute, 1.4-5 x 1.2-2.2 mm, not connate or very briefly connate by the filaments; filaments of all 6 stamens equal, 0.5-1 mm, not or only slightly attached to the petals; anthers 1.5-2.8 x 0.7-1.3 mm; pistillode 0.6-0.8 mm. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, solitary, erect, spreading or pendulous in fruit, all axes orange in fruit, branched to 1 order (to 2 orders in Beentje 4600); peduncle 45-100 cm, proximally 3-4.5 x 2.3-2.5 cm, distally 1.2-3.5 x 0.9-2.8 cm, pale green, proximally densely grey-white pubescent, distally glabrescent; prophyll 16-22 x 9-10 cm; peduncular bracts 21-40 x 9 cm (inserted at 5-20 cm from the base of the peduncle), 50-70 x 5-6 cm (inserted at 10-24 cm), 90-120 x 5-6 cm (inserted at c. 27 cm), 70-150 x 5-6 cm (inserted at 30-70 cm), all grey-brown tomentose abaxially; rachis 55-80 cm, with 45-100 spreading or reflexed rachillae; proximal rachis bract c. 32 x 2.2 cm; rachillae pale waxy green to orange (in fruit), 9-81 cm, 3-4 mm across, distally sinuous, proximally with bulbous bases, 1.2-2.4 x 1.2-1.8 cm, glabrous; pedicels 1-28 mm; bracteole 0.7-1.2 x 0.5-0.6 mm, connate for 0.8-6 mm; calyx connate for 0.8-2.2 mm, 2-3.5 mm across, free lobes 1.5-2.2 x 1.4-2.5 mm; petals (1.6) 4-4.2 x 1.8-2.4 mm; staminodes 0.8 mm; ovary c. 3.5 mm. FRUIT orange, obovoid to ovoid-globose, 10-18 x 8-15 mm; usually one-seeded, then stigmatic remains subbasal; occasionally 2-3-seeded, then stigmatic remains terminal. SEED red-brown, hard, 9-16 x 6-13 mm; seedcoat brown, 0.2 mm thick. EOPHYLL bifid.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW, E and SE Madagascar, from Manongarivo to Marojejy and south to Andohahela.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest in valley bottoms, on medium or steep slopes, near water or near hill crests; in open or closed forest; often locally common; 1-1000 (-2000) m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare. Though widespread, the species is not common, and the continued cutting for palm-heart and construction wood might move it to the Vulnerable category in the near future. Protected populations are the ones in the Ranomafana National Park, Marojejy and Manongarivo Reserve and at Analamazaotra, though trees of this species are still being cut within the Reserves.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Palm-heart eaten (though the Chef de Poste at Analamazaotra informs us the palm-heart is rather bitter, and not much liked); formerly used to make salt from the ash of the trunk (fide Perrier); young leaves used to make brooms; outer wood used for floorboards, tables and house walls.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>A population found near Sahasinaka growing in the open (Beentje 4677, 4717) may flower when trunks are as short as 6-8 m, but the only other differences with the rest of the populations are the cylindrical trunks, the rather long and wide leaflets (up to 7.5 cm wide, rather than up to 6 cm wide) and the rather long staminate rachillae, and the large seed (13-16 x 11-13 mm, rather than 9-13 x 6-11 mm). The more typical form of R. robustior was seen to grow in the same forest patch, and we feel uncertain about the taxonomic status of the form, which looks different, has a different local name, but in herbarium specimens is almost indistinguishable from typical robustior. Beentje 4686 from the Anjanaharibe Mts. is quite similar to the Sahasinaka population, and also grows in the open.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja: Manongarivo, Bekolosi, Feb. 1992 (old stam.), Beentje 4569 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1992 (green fr.), Beentje 4576 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Tsaratanana, 2000 m, April 1924 (stam., pist.), Perrier 16069 (type of var. kouna; holotype P). Andapa: Marojejy E, N of Mandena, Nov. 1986 (old pist.), Dransfield et al. JD6767 (K, TAN); idem (y. fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6768 (K, TAN); Anjanaharibe: Beamalona, June 1992 (stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4686 (K, TAN). Maroantsetra: Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (stam.), Dransfield et al. JD6379 (K, P, TAN); idem (old stam.), Dransfield et al. JD6381 (K, TAN); idem (old pist.), Dransfield et al. JD6380 (K, P, TAN). Sainte-Marie: Kalalao forest, Nov. 1994 (pist.), Dransfield et al. JD7518 (K, TA) and (stam.) Dransfield et al. JD7520 (K, TAN). Moramanga: Rahobevava to Andasibe, March 1951 (fr.), Cours 4384 (K, P, TAN); Analamazaotra, no date (stam., pist.), Perrier 11975 (Holotype P); idem, Nov. 1986, (stam.), Dransfield et al. JD6422 (K, P, TAN); idem, March 1988 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6491 (K, TAN); idem, Nov. 1963 (stam.), Moore & Lefevre 9029 (BH, TAN). Ifanadiana: Ranomafana, Ambatolahy, March 1991 (fr.), Beentje 4419 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Manakara: Amby, May 1992 (old stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4662 (K, TAN), 4665 (K); idem, May 1992 (sd.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4660 (K); idem, May 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4677 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, July 1992 (old stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4717 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Farafangana: Manombo, Jan. 1993 (old stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4789 (K, TAN). Midongy Atsimo: 24 km S of Midongy, May 1992 (yfr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4668 (K, TAN). Tolanaro: Andohahela, Ranohela valley, Oct. 1928 (stam.), Humbert 6232 (P); Manampanihy valley, W of Eminyminy, Feb. 1934 (yfr.), Humbert 14031 (P); Andohahela south, Dec. 1989 (old stam.), Dransfield et al. JD6780 (K, TAN); idem, March 1992 (fr.), Beentje 4600 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN) and (dead stam.) Beentje 4604 (K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea sambiranensis</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H. Perrier</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 50, t. 28, figs. 11-12 (1913)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 50, fig. 40 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 5: 31 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 25 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 179 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beentje, Kew Bull. 49: 643 (1994)</bibref>\r
+<type>Manongarivo, 800 m pistillate material; Perrier; 12041</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Ravenea amara</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 5 (1): 33 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 24 (1938)\r
+</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 177 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Tsaratanana, c. 2000 m; Perrier; 16070</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>An elegant palm, rather like R. madagascariensis but with curved (rather than straight) leaves. The trees stay small on white sand on the East Coast and in populations on high mountains, but grow to canopy size in high forest on Nosy Be. The name sambiranensis comes from the Sambirano River in NW Madagascar, in which region the species was first found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Anivo; Anivona; Mafahely (general); Soindro (Tsimihety); Ramangaisina (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender small palm to majestic tree palm. TRUNK 2-30 m, 5-29 cm diam. (near crown 5-10 cm); basal boss 25-40 cm high, 32-50 cm across, with surface roots; internodes 2-13 (-18) cm (near crown 1-4 cm), nodal scars faint or clear, 2-4 cm; rarely with; sheath remnants present below the living crown; bark soft, pale grey or brown; outer wood with very hard black fibres; heartwood soft, white. Base of crown bulbous, 18-40 cm across. LEAVES 10-28 in the crown, porrect, arching to strongly arching; sheath 12-70 x 10-20 cm, whitish or brown-tomentose externally, in young leaves entire and fibrous, rupturing opposite the petiole when ageing and then the margins with hard fibres; petiole 13.5-76 cm, proximally 1.3-7 x 0.6-4 cm across, convex and white- or brown-grey-pubescent abaxially, slightly convex, flat or concave with sharp edges adaxially, distally 0.9-3 x 0.5-1.6 cm, glabrescent, dull green; rachis 0.6-2.5 m long, in mid-leaf 1.2-3.4 x 1-1.7 cm across, convex and white- to red- or grey-brown-tomentose to puberulous abaxially, glabrescent, adaxially in the proximal part with a channelled keel, more distally with a flattened keel 4-5.5 mm wide, more distal becoming angular and sharp; leaflets rigid, lanceolate, oblique, straight, acute, sometimes pendulous in their distal 1/3 (rarely in one plane), dark green, arcuate, the tips somewhat bent over, 35-67 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 20-78 x 0.2-3.3 cm, median 40-100 x 1.3-4 cm (interval 3.5-5 cm), distal 6-63 x 0.3-2.7 cm, the top pair sometimes connate for up to 2 cm, abaxially on the midrib (and sometimes on the veins) with rather many small ramenta in young leaves-none, or only basal ones in older leaves, main veins 2-7. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, multiple in 5s-9s, the central ones maturing before the outer ones, erect; individual inflorescences 30-117 cm, branched to 1 or 2 orders; common prophyll membranous, 2.5-23 x 5-12 cm, rounded, tattering, densely tomentose abaxially, glabrous adaxially; peduncle 25-74 cm, 5-9 mm across proximally, distally 3-7 mm across, green, grey-brown tomentose to glabrescent; peduncular bracts respectively 7-35 x 3.2 cm (inserted at 0-0.4 cm from the base of the peduncle), 20-60 x 2-2.2 cm (inserted at 1-2 cm), 56-125 (inserted at c. 3 cm), 68-125 x 5.3 cm (inserted at c. 7 cm), all white- to grey-brown-tomentose abaxially, adaxially cream, smooth and glabrous; non-tubular peduncular bract 1.5-3.7 x 0.4-0.6 cm, but in Beentje 4501 a non-tubular peduncular bract inserted at 53 cm, 25 x 1.7 cm, membranous, adnate to the peduncle for 21 cm; rachis 20-54 cm, cream, densely pubescent proximally but glabrescent or with flaking patches, with 12-65 branched and 7-38 non-branched first order branches; proximal rachis bract 1.3-20 x 0.6 cm; first order branches at base 3-4 x 2 mm, with 3-6 rachillae; rachillae porrect, 3-23 cm, 1-1.5 mm across, sinuous, cream, with dense flowers above a 2 cm bare base; pedicels 0-1 mm; bracteole 0.7-1.8 x 0.5-0.8 mm, narrowly triangular, acute. STAMINATE FLOWERS custard-yellow, scarcely to sweetly scented; calyx with connate part 0.5-1.5 x 1.3-1.8 mm, free sepals 0.9-2.5 x 0.7-1.6 mm, ovate, acute; petals free, 1.8-5 (-6.1) x 2-3 mm, broadly ovate, acute, cream to bright custard yellow; anthers equal, 1-3.7 x 0.8-1.6 mm, filaments equal, 0.3-1.5 mm; ovary rudiment 0.4-2 x 0.3-1 mm. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, solitary, erect, 70-175 x c. 30 cm, branched to 1 order, with green axes turning orange in fruit; peduncle 29-93 cm, proximally 1.2-5 x 0.6-3 cm across, distally 0.9-2.3 x 0.5-1.5 cm, white- to brown-pubescent, glabrescent; prophyll 5-22 x 9 cm, rounded, tattering, white-pubescent; peduncular bracts 7-34 cm (inserted at 1-4 cm from the base of the peduncle), 23-90 x 4.5 cm (inserted at 2-10 cm), 53-153 cm (inserted at 7-18 cm), 55-155 cm (inserted at 12-43 cm), glabrous and chestnut-brown adaxially, silvery-white pubescent abaxially; non-tubular peduncular bract inserted at 10 cm below rachis, 6-28 x 0.6-0.7 cm; rachis bracts 10-16 x 1.5-2 mm; rachis 14-60 cm, with 28-77 porrect rachillae; rachillae green to pale yellow, 5-50 cm, 1.5-2.5 mm across, with bulbous base 3.5-13 x 3-4 mm and 2 cm bare part, the distal part sinuous; bracteole 1.5-2.8 x 0.6-2 mm, narrowly triangular, acuminate; pedicels 0.3-6 x 1.3 mm (maximum dimensions in fruit only) long. PISTILLATE FLOWERS quite dense, very fragrant, sticky; calyx connate for 0.6-2 mm, 1.3-2.5 mm across, the lobes 0.6-2.6 x 1-2.4 mm, ovate to triangular and acute to acuminate; petals 2.2-5 (-10, Du Puy 807) 1.5-2.3 mm long, (broadly) ovate and acuminate, pale or bright yellow; staminodes c. 1.3 x 0.3 mm; ovary 2.2-3.2 mm high, 1.3-1.8 mm across. FRUIT orange to coral-red, ovoid to oblong, rounded at the apex, 10-12 x 9-10 mm, one-seeded, with lateral stigmatic remains; in Birkinshaw 136 sometimes 2- or 3-lobed (but all fruits in this collection are without seed - though they are orange in colour); fruit often with a high percentage of abortive seed. SEED brown, 7-8 x 5-7.5 mm. EOPHYLL bifid.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW, W and E Madagascar, Manongarivo to Marojejy and down the East coast to Vangaindrano; outlier in Bemaraha area.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Littoral forest on white sand, dense moist forest or dry montane forests, steep slopes, hill crests or on almost level ground; in the West in remnant riverine forest; 1-2000 m. POLLINATION AND DISPERSAL. Flowers visited by bees and small flying beetles (pers. obs.); fruit eaten by Madagascar Blue Pigeon, and defecated seeds germinating well (as did seed from fallen fruit) (C. Birkinshaw, pers. comm.).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Though widespread, the species occurs in fairly low numbers throughout habitats which are under threat. Littoral forests on white sand are disappearing fast. The western populations occur in high-risk areas. The sub-montane populations are depleted by cutting the trees for palm heart.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Outer wood used for floorboards; young palm-heart cooked with manioc and eaten, but slightly bitter (hence Mafahely, which means a little bit bitter).</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>There were several problems to be solved around this taxon. The types of R. sambiranensis and R. amara are quite distinct, but with material HB found in the Manongarivo Mountains the distinctions blurred; only the length of the leaf rachis and the number of leaflets is less in the plants from higher altitudes, but all other characters fall within the normal range of variation. Tree size may vary from 6 m (diam. 10 cm) in montane populations, to 25 m (diam. 30 cm) in moist lowland forest. Populations from riverine forest in the dry western Bongolava and the Bemaraha Tsingy, more than 700 km from the main population, show no differences from typical R. sambiranensis. Montane populations from Marojejy differ slightly in a longer petiole, a higher number of leaflets, a longer rachis of the staminate inflorescence; but not enough to warrant distinction even at varietal level. Eastern populations from coastal white sand forest (remnants), as well as from poor soils more inland, differ slightly in the more arching leaves and the slightly longer anthers; all differences are at one end of a range rather than absolute, and therefore we are treating this species as a variable one, rather than distinguishing geographically based subspecies with very minor morphological differences. Beentje et al. 4625 has a hastula-like structure on the leaf rachis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>: Nosy Be: Lokobe forest, near Ampasindava, Oct. 1963 (fr.), Moore & Abdallah 9024 (BH, TAN); idem, July 1992 (fr.), Birkinshaw 136 (K); idem, July 1992 (pist.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4699 (K, MO, P, TAN). Ambanja: 2-4 km SW of Ambalafary, Jan. 1992 (fr.), Beentje 4558 (K, TAN); idem, (old stam.), Beentje 4560 (K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1992 (fr.), Beentje 4582 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); "Sambirano forests", without precise locality, 500 m alt., Oct. 1919 (y.fr.), Perrier 12041 (Holotype P); Manongarivo, Bekolosi, Feb. 1992 (old stam.), Beentje et al. 4570 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1992 (old fr.), Beentje et al. 4572 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Antsatrotro, Sept. 1991 (yfr.), Malcomber & Razafimandimbison 883 (K, MO, P, TAN); idem, April 1992 (stam.), Malcomber et al. 1401 (K, MO, TAN); Tsaratanana massif, c. 2000 m, April 1924 (stam., pist.), Perrier 16070 (type of R. amara, holotype P). Analalava: 18 km NNE of Maromandia, July 1992 (stam.buds), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4705 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Andapa: Marojejy, Nov. 1989 (stam.), Dransfield et al. JD6757 (K, TAN); idem, Nov. 1989 (pist.), Dransfield et al. JD6758 (K, TAN); Mt. Beondraka, Oct. 1989 (stam.), Miller & Randrianasolo 4391 (K, MO, TAN). Miandrivazo: Ambohitsaratelo-Bebao, Jan. 1985 (fr.), Dorr & Barnett 3619 (K, P); idem, Nov. 1986 (pist.), Dransfield et al. JD6448 (K, P, TAN) and (stam.) Dransfield et al. JD6445 (K, P, TAN); idem, June 1974 (stam.), Morat 4591 (K, P, TAN); Manambolo R. in Bemaraha massif, 28 March 1990 (yfr.), B. Du Puy et al. MB 807 (K, MO, P, TAN). Maroantsetra: Maroantsetra, Oct. 1963 (stam.), Moore 9010 (BH, TAN); idem, Oct. 1963 (pist.), Moore 9019 (BH, TAN); 15 km S of Maroantsetra, Oct. 1986 (pist.), Dransfield et al. JD6409 (K, P, TAN); Manambia, Oct. 1986 (stam.), Dransfield et al. JD6408 (K, P, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (stam.), Beentje 4456 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, April 1992 (fr.), Beentje et al. 4625 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Toamasina: Betampona, Dec. 1925 (y.fr.), Perrier 17473 (P); idem, Oct. 1991 (stam.), Beentje 4491 (K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Oct. 1991 (pist., old fr.), Beentje 4502 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Ambodiriana, Dec. 1944 (fr.), Cours 1945 (K, P, TAN); Andrambolahy Kely to Andranampony, April 1951 (y.fr.), Cours 4512 (K, P, TAN). Ampasimanolotra: Ambila, Feb. 1924 (y.fr.), Perrier 15991 (P). Vatomandry: Ilaka Atsipanana, Oct. 1991 (stam.), Beentje 4503 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, (pist.), Beentje 4504 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Ifanadiana: Ranomafana, Maharira, April 1993 (stam.), Malcomber et al. 2448 (K,P). Farafangana: S of Farafangana, May 1992 (old stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4675 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Vangaindrano: near Ranomena, May 1992 (old stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4674 (K).\r
+Sight record. Île Sainte Marie (Dransfield, 1994).\r
+Similar specimens. Toamasina: Betampona, Beentje 4501 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); differs from typical sambiranensis in many sheaths remaining on trunk, full of humus and debris; sheath 28 cm; median leaflets 56-68 x 2.8-3.9 cm; staminate inflorescence multiple, non-tubular peduncular bract cylindrical, porrect from proximal first order branch, thin, green, 25 x 1.7 cm porrect part, apex fringed; 22 first order branches (branched) + 7 solitary; and Tolanaro, Ste Luce, March 1989 (part of infrutescence only), Dumetz 632 (K, MO, P, TAN). In Jumelle (1927) the following specimen is cited: dry forest in the Ankaizina, on sandstone, c. 800 m alt, (pist.), Perrier 11954. This collection is not at Paris or Antananarivo.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ravenea xerophila</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<citation>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 5, 1 (1): 28 (1933)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 25 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 176 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beentje, Kew Bull. 49: 659 (1994)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, between Menarandra (Tranasoa) and Manambovo (Ankoba) Rivers; Perrier; 18653</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>One of the rarest Ravenea species. This would probably be an excellent species for cultivation, as it grows in very dry sites, and is an extraordinarily beautiful palm. The Latin name means "dry-loving".</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ahaza, Anivo (Mahafaly); Anivona (Antandroy).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary medium-sized palm. TRUNK 1.5-8 m, 13-30 cm diam., widened at the very base; distal half of trunk (or in smaller trees the entire trunk) covered in densely packed sheath remnants; near crown c. 10 cm diam.; bark brown; internodes 2.5-8 cm; nodal scars 0.5-1 cm, occasionally with tattered sheath remnants appearing as threads; wood hard; trunk sometimes producing a yellow latex-like substance when slashed. LEAVES (11-) 18-22 per crown, glaucous, gracefully arching, with stiff segments, the old leaves marcescent; sheath 36-55 x 13-20 cm, white- to dark brown tomentose, the tomentum quickly deciduous, the distal part waxy-white; petiole 22-60 cm long, proximally 2.8-6 x 2.0-3.5 cm, distally 1.4-3.0 x 1.4-2 cm, slightly channelled adaxially, with rather sharp edges, proximally red-brown tomentose, distally glabrous and yellow or with whitish bloom when dry, abaxially strongly convex; rachis 1-2.1 m long, in mid-leaf 0.9-2 x 0.8-1.6 cm, pale green with white bloom; leaflets pale green, stiff, coriaceous, the leaflets on opposite sides of the rachis at an angle of 90° with each other, slightly glaucous, acuminate, 47-55 on each side of the rachis, regular, coriaceous, glaucous, the proximal ones 33-110 x 0.3-1.5 cm, median 43-64 (94) x 1.3-2.4 cm (interval 3.5-4 cm), distal 11-44 x 0.3-1.3 cm, secondary veins very visible, tertiary veins indistinct, ramenta red-brown or grey, elongate, 1-2 (-3) near the base of lower leaflets, to large patches of dense ramenta in the proximal third of the midrib, upper 12 pairs without ramenta. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE solitary, 55-58 cm, branched to 1 order; peduncle 15-19 (or more) cm, distally 5 x 3 mm across; prophyll not seen; peduncular bracts seen 31 cm, 41-62 cm, 44-62 cm; rachis 29-40 cm, with c. 100 branches; rachillae 1.5-7.5 cm, 0.6-1 mm across; pedicels c. 0.2 mm long, 0.7 mm across, with a 1-1.3 mm bracteole. STAMINATE FLOWERS with the calyx connate for 0.3 mm, free lobes 1.9 x 0.3 mm; petals 6-7 x 2.4-2.5 mm, connate by the fila-mental callus of the antesepalous stamens; stamens in 2 series, the antesepalous ones with a filamentous callus 0.6 x 0.4 mm, anthers 2 0.9 mm; antepetalous ones adnate to the petals for c. 1.1 mm, with no free filament, anthers 1.9-2 x 0.9 mm. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE solitary, 60-80 (or more) cm, branched to 1 order; peduncle 36-40 cm, proximally 8-13 mm across, 6-13 x 3-9 mm across distally, usually with whitish bloom, occasionally puberulous, glabrescent; prophyll not seen; peduncular bracts white to brown- pubescent, (in bud 15, 21, 20-32 x 1 cm, 31-40 x 1 cm), densely white-tomentose, more brown distally, the most distal one inserted at 21 cm from the base of the peduncle; rachis 20-35 cm long; rachillae porrect, 22-41 in number, 5-33 cm long, 1-2.2 mm across, with slightly bulbous base, proximally 4-7 x 2-5 mm, sinuous, more distally zigzag, with spaced flowers; pedicels 0.5-8 mm long. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with the calyx connate for 0.9-1.2 mm, with free lobes 1-1.3 mm; petals 4-6 x 1.5 mm, narrowly triangular, acute; staminodes 1.7 mm; ovary broadly ovoid to conical, 2 mm. FRUIT 15-22 x 17-27 mm, yellowish, 1-, 2- or 3-seeded, 20-26 mm across in 1seeded fruit, lobed in the more-seeded ones and then 22-23 x 22-34 mm; stigmatic remains subapical to lateral; endocarp slightly sclerified, loose and rather thin. SEED 16-18 x 12-18 mm, globose, hemispherical or in the shape of a third of a sphere, yellow-brown, with white endosperm with small central lacuna.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>S Madagascar, between Ampanihy and the Ampingaratra Mts.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Dry spiny Didiereaceae/Euphorbia bush or dry low forest (Humbert), on laterite or gneiss; 200-700 m. May grow in groups.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. 65 trees with trunks seen, and some 80 seedlings in the two populations known in recent times. The Tranoroa site is being destroyed by overgrazing.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves used to weave winnowing baskets and hats.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The Humbert collections are from a different habitat than the other collections (i.e. dry forest) and, in some instances, have larger leaflets, longer rachillae and smaller fruits. The protologue mentions an epi- phytic orchid found associated with this palm; HB believes the same orchid grows in the population he visited, where it seemed restricted to the leaf sheaths of this palm. It is probably a species of Cymbidiella (D. Du Puy, pers. comm.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Beloha?: between Menandra R. and Manambara R., June 1932 (pist.), Perrier 18653 (Holotype P). Amboasary Atsimo: Mandrare valley, Anadabolava, Dec. 1933 (fr.), Humbert 12491 (P); Mananara basin, W slopes of mountains between Andohahela and Elakelaka R., between Ampahiso and Mahamaro, early 1934 (fr.), Humbert 13698 (P, TAN); Manambolo valley, near Isomono, Dec. 1933 (fr.), Humbert 13017 (P). Ampanihy: 3 km W of Saboko near Tsimilofo, March 1988 (ster.), Willing 64 (K, MO); idem, Jan. 1990 (ster.), B. & D. Du Puy MB 575 (K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1992 (ster.), Beentje 4590 (K, MO, TAN). Ambovombe: Andalatanosy, Dec. 1992 (dead stam.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4751 (K, MO, P, TAN), (stam.) Beentje & Andriampaniry 4753 (K, TAN), (fr.) Beentje & Andriampaniry 4754 (K, TAN); 17 km N of Antanimora, March 1992 (dry fr.), Phillipson 3991 (TAN). Without locality, 1986 (seed only), Razafindratsira s.n. (K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Diminutive to moderate, solitary or clustered pinnate-leaved palms with fibrous sheaths and no crownshaft, native to Central and northern South America, the leaves often with ‘windows’ and the fruit 1-seeded.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Reinhardtia</name>\r
+<author>Liebm. in Mart.</author> \r
+<citation>Hist. nat. palm. 3: 311 (1849).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Reinhardtia elegans; Liebm.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Malortiea</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl., Allg. Gartenzeitung 21: 25 (1853).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Malortiea gracilis; H.Wendl.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Not explained by original author but thought to be named for a family of Danish naturalists.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Very small to moderate, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, rarely exceeding 8 m tall, usually very much less, sometimes stilt-rooted at the base, with very short to moderately long internodes and conspicuous leaf scars. Leaves undivided and pinnately ribbed, with a very short or conspicuous apical notch, or pinnate, sometimes ‘windowed’, marcescent or abscising under their own weight; sheaths tubular but not forming a crownshaft, expanding and drying into an interwoven mass opposite the petiole, brown-scaly, produced beyond the level of the petiole into a membranous or fibrous ligule, in age the fibres often disintegrating; petiole well developed, adaxially concave or flattened, abaxially rounded or angled, or narrowed and almost winged along margins, bearing caducous brown scales; leaflets 1–several-fold, where single-fold the tips bifid, where compound, the tips appearing obliquely and sharply toothed, subpraemorse, veins conspicuous in the expanding leaf, in some species short splits (‘windows’) occurring next to the rachis along the abaxial folds in the otherwise unsplit compound leaflets, caducous brown scales present along the ribs in expanding leaves, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, apparently protandrous, spicate or branching to 1 or 2 orders, shorter than or as long as the leaves; peduncle very slender to moderate, continuing to elongate after anthesis; prophyll tubular, membranous, 2-keeled, distally with 2 triangular lobes, usually ± included within the subtending leaf sheath (except perhaps Reinhardtia elegans); peduncular bract single, tubular or not, elongate, papery, at first included within the prophyll, eventually carried out by peduncular elongation and disintegrating, rarely a second peduncular bract also present; peduncle extending into a simple spike (R. koschnyana) or bearing a few crowded unbranched rachillae at its tip, the rachillae long, exceeding the rachis, each subtended by a narrow triangular bract, or the proximal branches once branched, all axes greenish at first, covered in caducous brown scales, after fertilization becoming orange-red to bright red; rachilla bracts spirally, subdistichously, or distichously arranged, short, triangular, each subtending a triad borne in a shallow depression, except distally subtending solitary or paired staminate flowers. Staminate flowers bearing a 2-keeled, irregularly lobed and split bracteole; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, obtuse, concave, striate on drying; petals 3, to 2–3-times as long as the sepals, valvate, connate at the very base, striate when dry; stamens 8–40, filaments short, slender, briefly connate at the base and adnate to the base of the petals, anthers basifixed or medifixed, elongate, the apices acute or bifid, latrorse; pistillode lacking. Pollen ellipsoidal or oblate triangular, slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, or perforate and micro-channelled, and rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 37–53 µm [2/6]. Pistillate flowers bearing a prophyllar bracteole; sepals 3, distinct, subglobose, imbricate, becoming striate when dry; petals 3, exceeding the sepals, slightly imbricate and partially connate at the base, valvate distally, or valvate throughout, distally grooved on the adaxial surface, the upper ca. 1/2 of the petals spreading at anthesis; staminodes connate at the base, adnate to the petals very shortly or to 1/2 the petal length, distally each portion of the staminodal ring bearing 2–5 teeth, the teeth usually erect, projecting, conspicuous at anthesis; gynoecium ovoid or ellipsoidal, trilocular at the base, triovulate, style robust, stigmas recurved at anthesis, ovules attached slightly above the base, form unknown. Fruit 1-seeded, black, borne on the enlarged reddish-tinged rachillae, usually ovoid or ellipsoidal, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy with 2 layers of flattish longitudinal fibres, endocarp thin, fragile. Seed ovoid or ellipsoidal, basally or laterally attached, usually furrowed by sparse vascular strands, raphe superficial or impressed, endosperm homogeneous or ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll simple or bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Six species, distributed from Mexico to Panama, one species reaching northwest Colombia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Tomlinson (1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Reinhardtia is monophyletic with high support (Baker et al. in review). For relationships, see tribe Reinhardtieae. For species relationships, see Henderson (2002a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>No local uses appear to have been recorded; all species are ornamental and have been rather widely cultivated by enthusiasts. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1957b), Henderson (2002a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Two monosulcate palm pollen types are recovered from the Pliocene, Gatun Lake Formation, Panama (Graham 1991). The first of these types, asymmetrical and scabrate tectate, is compared with pollen of Aiphanes,Manicaria, Reinhardtia or, possibly, Acrocomia. It is a verycommon arecoid pollen type, and difficult to place. Of thesuggested genera, Reinhardtia is the most probable. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Small habit, sometimes subpraemorse leaflets, andnumerous stamens combine with a triovulate condition tomake this a distinctive genus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Window palm, reinhardtia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Undergrowth palms, usually found in lowland tropical rain forest. Reinhardtia elegans and R. gracilis var. tenuissima are found at altitudes of 1000–1500 m. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Solitary, small to massive pinnate-leaved palms native to Central to South America and the Caribbean, with fibrous leaf sheaths, often huge leaves, and with inflorescences that are either staminate or pistillate or carry flowers of both sexes, all on the same plant; fruit is generally large with very thick endocarp, 1–3 or more seeded.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Attalea</name>\r
+<author>Kunth in Humb.</author>\r
+<citation>Bonpl. and Kunth , Nov. gen. sp. 1:folio edition 248; quarto edition 309 (1816)</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Attalea amygdalina; Kunth.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Maximiliana</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Palm. fam. 20 (1824)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Maximiliana martiana; H.Karst.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Lithocarpos</name>\r
+<author>Ant. Targ. Tozz.</author>\r
+<bibref>Ant. Targ. Tozz., Mem. Mat. Fis. Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena, Pt. Mem. Fis. 20(2): 312 (1833 [non Blume 1825–1826])</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Lithocarpos cocciformis; O.Targ.Tozz. ex Steud.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Orbignya</name>\r
+<author>Mart. ex Endl.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart. ex Endl., Gen. pl. 257 (1837).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Orbignya phalerata; Mart.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Scheelea</name>\r
+<author>H. Karst.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Karst., Linnaea 28: 264 (1857) (‘1856’).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Scheelea regia; H.Karst.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Englerophoenix</name>\r
+<author>Kuntze</author>\r
+<bibref>Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2: 728 (1891).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Englerophoenix regia; (Mart.) Kuntze</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Pindarea</name>\r
+<author>Barb. Rodr.</author>\r
+<bibref>Barb. Rodr., Pl. jard. Rio de Janeiro 5 (1895) (‘1896’).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Pindarea concinna; Barb.Rodr.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Parascheelea</name>\r
+<author>Dugand</author>\r
+<bibref>Dugand, Caldasia 1(1): 10 (1940).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Parascheelea anchistropetala; Dugand</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Sarinia</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Natl. Hort. Mag. 21: 78, 84 (1942).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Sarinia funifera; (Mart.) O.F.Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Ynesa</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Natl. Hort. Mag. 21: 71, 72, 84 (1942).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Ynesa colenda; O.F.Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Attalus III Philometor, King of Pergamum in Asia Minor, 138–133 BC, who in his later life was interested in medicinal plants.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to massive, solitary, acaulescent or erect, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem subterranean to tall, usually becoming bare, obliquely marked with leaf scars. Leaves massive, pinnate, marcescent; sheath thick, finely or coarsely fibrous (in Attalea funifera producing piassava); petiole lacking or short to elongate, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, variously tomentose, rachis adaxially channelled near the base, distally angled, abaxially rounded or flattened, abaxially variously tomentose; leaflets inserted on the lateral faces or in shallow grooves; leaflets numerous, linear-lanceolate, single-fold, regularly arranged or in clusters of 2–5, irregularly lobed at the tips, caducous scales abundant along the leaflet margins exposed in the sword leaf, midrib prominent, other longitudinal veins rather indistinct, transverse veinlets abundant, conspicuous. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, ± erect or becoming pendulous, entirely staminate, entirely pistillate, or with flowers of both sexes, branched to 1 order or branches short and flowers appearing ± sessile on the main axis; peduncle short to long; prophyll obscured by leaf sheaths and not known, peduncular bract tubular, entirely enclosing the inflorescence in bud with a short to long solid beak, splitting abaxially, expanding and usually becoming cowl-like, thick and woody, abaxially deeply grooved, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely tomentose, long persistent, subsequent peduncular bracts small, incomplete, triangular, ± coriaceous; rachis shorter or longer than the peduncle, bearing spirally or unilaterally arranged rachillae, each subtended by a short triangular bract; staminate rachillae with a short to long basal bare portion, above which bearing paired or solitary flowers, spirally arranged (rarely) or in 2 rows on one side, glabrous or floccose-tomentose, bisexual rachillae of two types, either similar to the staminate but bearing a few basal pistillate flowers or bearing 1 to several triads with a short slender apical portion bearing fertile or sterile staminate flowers, in the putative pistillate rachillae lacking all trace of staminate flowers at maturity. Staminate flowers asymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, triangular, very small, sometimes slightly imbricate basally; petals 3, distinct, much longer than the sepals, ovate-triangular, acute, valvate, or terete and scarcely valvate, or terete basally and distally expanded into a triangular ± valvate limb; stamens 3–75, usually much shorter, rarely much longer than the petals, filaments slender, short to long, anthers ± straight to twisted and coiled, dorsifixed or rarely medifixed, sometimes sagittate basally, introrse or latrose; pistillode minute or absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry, occasionally pyriform, trichotomosulcate pollen also present; aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, finely to coarsely perforate, finely to coarsely perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate or, unusually, tectate gemmate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 32–85 µm [17/71]. Pistillate flowers very much larger than the staminate, generally ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, ± triangular, broadly imbricate, leathery; petals 3, distinct, rounded or ± triangular with triangular tips, glabrous or tomentose; staminodal ring large, coriaceous, tomentose; gynoecium of 3–several connate carpels, ovoid or obpyriform, style tapering, stigmatic lobes equal in number to the carpels, linear, reflexed at anthesis, ovules 1 per carpel, basal, form unknown. Fruit ± ovoid, sometimes asymmetrical, 1–several seeded, with a short to moderate beak and apical stigmatic remains, perianth and staminodal ring persistent and enlarging; epicarp minutely grooved, bearing scales, mesocarp usually fleshy and fibrous, endocarp very thick, stony, smooth without or closely grooved, often with included fibres, the pores subbasal, deeply impressed, ?always. Seed ellipsoidal or laterally somewhat flattened, basally attached with fine anastomosing raphe bundles, endosperm homogeneous, solid (?always); embryo basal. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 69 species occurring from Mexico southwards to Bolivia and Peru.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Glassman 1999), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), gynoecium (Uhl and Moore 1971). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Attalea is monophyletic with high support (Hahn 2002b, Gunn 2004). The genus is resolved as sister to a clade of Lytocaryum and a subclade of Syagrus with moderate support (Gunn 2004) or as sister to Lytocaryum with low support (Baker et al. in review).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>These are palms with a multiplicity of uses, the most important being as a source of oil. For medicinal uses, see Plotkin and Balick (1984).</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Glassman (1999) and Zona (2002b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>A palm endocarp from the Upper Eocene of southeast North America (Florida), Attalea gunteri, is reported by Berry (1929). A fruit, Attaleinites gen. nov., is reported from the Oligocene of Hungary (Tuzson 1913). Attalea-like pollen (Graham 1976) is also reported from the Upper Miocene of Mexico (Paraje Solo flora, Veracruz). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Opinion is divided as to both the number of genera and species. Glassman (1999) recognises four genera, Attalea, Scheelea, Orbignya and Maximiliana. These four genera were also recognised in the first edition of Genera Palmarum. As the palms have become better known in the field and more herbarium material has accumulated, the characters of the staminate flowers used to differentiate the genera seem increasingly unreliable. Intermediate conditions occur (which Glassman [1999] attributes to intergeneric hybridisation) and the form of the staminate flower seems not be correlated with any other varying characters. Henderson (1995) and Henderson et al. (1995) included all genera in Attalea, arguing convincingly that the previously recognised genera are untenable. This broad generic approach is followed here. At the species level, Glassman (1999) recognises 66 species whereas Henderson et al. (1995) recognise 29. There is clearly scope for more detailed revisionary taxonomic work before a clear understanding of the species limits is reached. Attalea crassispatha from Haiti was used by O.F. Cook as the basis of his invalidly published genus Bornoa (Cook 1939a). He also published the invalid names Temenia (Cook 1939a) and Ethnora (Cook 1940), both for Attalea maripa, and Heptantra, for Attalea speciosa (Cook 1939a). Three intergeneric hybrid names have been published: Markleya Bondar (Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 15: 50 [1957]) for a hybrid between Orbignya phalerata and Maximiliana maripa; Maximbignya Glassman (Illinois Biol. Monogr. 59: 199 [1999]) as an explicit hybrid name (Maximbignya dahlgreniana [Bondar] Glassman); and Attabignya Balick (A.B. Anderson and Med.-Costa, Brittonia 39: 27 [1987]) for a hybrid between Attalea compta and Orbignya oleifera (namely Attabignya minarum Balick et al.). With the subsuming of all genera in Attalea, new combinations for these hybrids in Attalea were published by Zona (2002b). Blue-throated Macaws (Ara glaucogularis) feed on the mesocarp of Attalea phalerata fruit (Yamashita and de Barros 1997).</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>For common names see Glassman (1999).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring in a wide range of habitats from tropical rain forest to dry 'campo rupestre' and 'cerrado'.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Erect or shortly climbing palm of Borneo; sheaths, petioles and rachis are densely armed, the sheaths lacking a knee and a cirrus absent; inflorescences are interfoliar and pendulous, all bracts net-like.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Retispatha</name>\r
+<author>J. Dransf.</author> \r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34(3): 529 (1979c).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Retispatha dumetosa; J. Dransf.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Rete — network, spatha — bract, in reference to the net-like inflorescence bracts.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, clustered, erect or briefly climbing, spiny, pleonanthic, dioecious, rattan palm. Stem eventually becoming bare, relatively robust, with conspicuous nodal scars and relatively short internodes, short bulbil-like shoots sometimes present at the nodes in the lower part of the stem, adventitious roots also abundant at lower nodes. Leaves without cirrus, pinnate; sheath tubular, densely armed with slender spines in whorls and partial whorls, and dense indumentum; ocrea absent; knee absent; flagellum absent; petiole well developed, channelled adaxially, armed with abundant lateral and abaxial groups of spines; rachis armed with reflexed grapnel spines in groups of up to 5, and bearing abundant indumentum; leaflets numerous, regularly arranged, single-fold, linear, armed along margins and main veins with bristles, midribs prominent, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences axillary, but adnate to the internode and leaf sheath of the following leaf, erect at first, becoming pendulous, staminate and pistillate superficially similar, branched to 3 orders in staminate, to 1 (rarely 2) orders in pistillate; prophyll large, tubular in proximal 1/2, splitting and tattering distally, densely covered with black spines in partial whorls; peduncular bracts absent; rachis bracts similar to the prophyll; first-order branches becoming pendulous at anthesis, bearing distichous, imbricate, unarmed bracts, tubular in proximal 2/3, with a triangular limb, composed of close criss-cross fibres producing a fine network, each net-like bract subtending and partially or wholly enclosing in the staminate inflorescence a catkin-like condensed branching system; each second-order branch subtended by a triangular, membranous, ciliate-margined tubular bract; third-order branchlets (rachillae) bearing membranous ciliate-margined tubular bracts, each subtending a 2-keeled ciliate-margined, tubular bracteole and a single staminate flower. Staminate flowers very small, ± symmetrical; calyx tubular with 3, triangular lobes tipped with hairs; corolla about twice as long as the calyx in bud, tubular only at the very base, lobes 3, striate, valvate, at anthesis the receptacle elongating, the corolla then appearing tubular in the basal 1/3; stamens 6, free from the corolla in bud, becoming briefly epipetalous, filaments briefly connate laterally, anthers oblong to ovate, dorsifixed near the base, latrorse; pistillode trifid, very small. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; apertures equatorially disulcate; ectexine tectate, perforate-rugulate with supratectal, often vertically ridged spines, aperture margins similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 19–24 µm [1/1]. Pistillate inflorescences sometimes with 1 major branch near the base, the rachillae borne on the axis and on this major branch, or more frequently the rachillae borne on the main axis only; rachillae subtended by distichous, imbricate, net-like bracts as in the staminate inflorescence, rachillae usually concealed by the bracts, bearing up to ca. 20 distichous, tubular, ciliate-margined bracts, each enclosing a 2-keeled prophyllar bracteole, a tubular, second bracteole and 1 pistillate flower; sterile staminate flowers lacking (see notes). Pistillate flowers much larger than the staminate; calyx tubular, with 3 short triangular, valvate lobes, splitting after fertilization; corolla tubular, slightly shorter than the calyx, with 3 short valvate lobes, also splitting further; staminodes 6, briefly epipetalous, filaments connate laterally to form a short tube, empty anthers flattened; gynoecium incompletely trilocular, triovulate, ovoid, scaly, stigmas 3, conspicuous, reflexed, fleshy, borne on a non-scaly style, ovule basally attached, anatropous. Fruit 1-seeded, partially concealed by the net-like bracts, ovoid to slightly obpyriform, beaked, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp with neat vertical rows of reflexed scales, mesocarp thin, endocarp not differentiated. Seed basally attached with thin sweet sarcotesta, endosperm obscurely angled, homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll pinnate with ca. 4 ciliate-hairy leaflets on each side of the rachis. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species endemic to Borneo, where it is has been recorded from scattered localities throughout the island. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Calamus. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>No local uses have been recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1979c). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Retispatha is distinguished by the extraordinary net-like bracts that subtend the flowering branches and by the lack of both cirrus and flagellum. Although the pistillate rachillae lack the sterile staminate flowers usual in the Calaminae, the affinities of Retispatha seem to be with Calamus rather than with the Plectocomiinae. Marion Sheehan, in preparing the plate, discovered a single sterile staminate flower borne with an apparently abortive pistillate flower at the very tip of one pistillate rachilla. We have been unable to find any trace of another sterile staminate flower. This single sterile staminate flower can be regarded as an unusual occurrence that confirms the affinity with the Calaminae. The cane of Retispatha is remarkably heavy and stiff. As a juvenile, it can stand as a small erect tree. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi tebu bruang (Malay, the bear’s sugar-cane). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Retispatha dumetosa forms thickets on hillslopes and valley bottoms in hill Dipterocarp forest. It is absent from montane and heath forest and although its habitat is widespread, it is a rare palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Retispatha dumetosa</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 531 (1980)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 205 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Forming thickets</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Belalong (Dus.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust thicket-forming dioecious, pleonanthic rattan with short massive stems, rarely exceeding 8 m long, but in Brunei to 15 m or more; stem without sheaths to 7 cm diam., with to 10 cm diam., usually less; bare stem dark green with short internodes to 10 cm and conspicuous nodes, also sometimes with bulbil shoots and adventitious roots. Sheaths without knee, dull green, densely armed with black flattened spines of length varying from 1.5-60 mm, the larger with paler bases and arranged in oblique partly reflexed combs, pale brown tomentum also abundant; ocrea conspicuous on emerging sheaths, soon disintegrating. Leaf curved, ecirrate, to almost 4 m long; petiole to 60 cm, conspicuously channelled and armed with lateral spine groups; leaflets c. 80 on each side of the rachis, very regular, dark green, armed with black bristles along the margins and lower surface of the main vein. Inflorescence male and female superficially similar, pendulous to c. 1 m with few branches; main axis and branches covered in tubular net-like bracts, pale straw-coloured, the main bracts also armed with black spine whorls; ultimate bracts to 8 cm long, distichous and imbricate, each enclosing a short catkin-like flower-bearing branch. Fruit developing inside the net-like bracts, the nets expanding to accommodate the enlarging fruit; fruit ovoid to obpyriform to 20 × 18 mm, bright green with brown scale margins, ripening to yellowish-brown with darker margins. Seed solitary, obscurely angled; sarcotesta sweet; endosperm homogenous. Seedling leaf pinnate with ciliate hairy leaflets. (Figs. 76-78, Pl. 15A, 15B)</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from two collections. Elsewhere in Sarawak, Kalimantan and Sabah; endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known; the cane is very solid and heavy.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>An infrequent rattan, found in damp hollows on hill slopes and beside small streams in lowland and hill dipterocarp forest on Belait formation sandstones and Setap Shales at altitudes up to 350 m, elsewhere in Borneo occurring up to 700 m. Although known in Brunei from just two collections, we have observed it in several other localities. \r
+Although Retispatha is found throughout Borneo, it is always very local. It is likely to be passed over as juveniles of other rattans, although once known, it is unmistakable. The habit, complete lack of cirrus and flagellum, the lack of a knee and the black spine whorls on the leaf sheaths are useful diagnostic vegetative characters. The inflorescences with their net-like bracts are unlike those of any other rattan. Populations growing in the 1st Division of Sarawak differ slightly from typical R. dumetosa in the more slender stems and in the smaller male flowers which are exposed rather than hidden by bracts. Although three collections have been made in the 1st Division, they are all of male plants. It is possible that when female plants are found, the 1st Division populations may turn out to be specifically distinct from R. dumetosa. In Brunei R. dumetosa is particularly tall and robust and has been found reaching to the forest canopy, heights not recorded elsewhere in Borneo. \r
+Bukit Belalong, Sungei Belalong and Kuala Belalong are named after this unusual rattan species, that occurs in some abundance on the east bank of the Sungei Temburong just downstream from Kuala Belalong and, more rarely on Bukit Belalong itself. It is not infrequent in Belait and Tutong Districts in the headwaters of the major rivers.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6602.TEM: Amo, K. Belalong, Dransfield J. 7073.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Attalea butyracea</name>
+<author>(Mutis ex. L.f.) Wess.Boer.</author>
+<citation>Pittieria 17: 312 (1988)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, to 25 m tall and 30-55 cm in diameter, sometimes with persistent bases on the distal part. Leaves arching, with twisted leaf axis so that the distal part of the blade stands in a vertical plane; pinnae to 200 on each side, regularly inserted in one plane, the central ones 120-160 cm long and 6-7 cm wide, with prominent, wavy cross veins. Inflorescence erect, ca. 1 m long, with 100-300 branches, to 30 cm long. Male flowers pale yellow, with club shaped petals 10-20 mm long, and 6 stamens of the same length as the petals. Female flowers 5-25 per branch, ca. 15 mm long. Fruits 1-4 per branch, light brown to orange at maturity, 5-12 cm long, with 1-3 seeds.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in Central America and W South America from Mexico to Bolivia, mostly below 300 m elevation.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador it occurs E of the Andes, often in relatively large stands in flood-plain forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Attalea colenda</name>
+<author>(O.F.Cook) Balslev & A.J.Hend. </author>
+<citation>Brittonia 39: 1 (1987)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, to 35 m tall and 35-60 cm in diameter, smooth, with neatly abscising leaves. Leaves arching, with twisted leaf axis so that the distal part of the blade stands in a vertical plane; pinnae to 200 on each side, regularly inserted in one plane, the central ones 150-200 cm long and 6-9 cm wide, with cross veins inconspicuous. Inflorescence erect, 150-300 cm long; branches 600-800, to 40 cm long. Male flowers pale yellow, with triangular, imbricate petals, 10-12 mm long, and 8-11 stamens of the same length. Female flowers 10-15 mm long. Fruits light brown to orange at maturity, 4-6 cm long, with 1-3 seeds.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>DW Ecuador and adjacent parts of Colombia (Nari�o), in somewhat seasonal, moist forest, often left in cleared areas.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable (Borchsenius & Skov 1999). Criteria A1c, B1, B2c</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Clustering ± stemless dioecious or polygamous fan palm of southeastern USA, immediately distinguished by the sharp leaf sheath spines and the leaf blade divided into segments between the folds; inflorescences short, hidden among the sheath spines.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhapidophyllum</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude in Drude</author>
+<citation>Bot. Zeit. 34: 803 (1876).</citation>
+<type>Type; Rhapidophyllum hystrix; (Fraser ex Thouin) H.Wendl. & Drude</type>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combines the palm generic name Rhapis with phyllon — leaf, perhaps in allusion to the similarity in leaf splitting in the two genera.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, clustering, armed, pleonanthic, dioecious, polygamodioecious or rarely monoecious palm. Stem very short, decumbent or erect, upper 3/4 or more covered with needle-like spines and fibres, basally becoming bare, ringed with leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, shortly costapalmate, marcescent; sheath persistent, soft-fibrous with protruding elongate, stout, needle-like spines; petiole adaxially flat, abaxially rounded, the margins entire, sharp, rough; adaxial hastula very short, triangular to truncate, rounded, membranous, abaxial hastula lacking; blade very shortly costapalmate, narrow basally, divided between the folds nearly to the base into linear, mostly 2–4-veined, ± stiff segments, each composed of part of 1 adaxial and 1 abaxial fold and having 2 large ribs, 1 near a margin, tips ± rounded, shortly bifid, adaxial surface with small deciduous scales and wax, abaxial surface with white-waxy small brown scales, sometimes both surfaces glaucous, transverse veinlets inconspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, staminate and pistillate similar but pistillate stouter (polygamous not seen), very short, scarcely or not exserted from the leaf sheaths, usually once-branched, rarely unbranched; peduncle short; prophyll laterally 2-keeled, inflated, chartaceous, opening distally; peduncular bracts 4–6, short, slightly inflated, tubular at the base, splitting apically, rachis about equalling the peduncle at maturity in pistillate inflorescences, longer in staminate inflorescences, bearing spirally arranged, very small, narrow, elongate bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae short, bearing similar but smaller bracts, each subtending 2–4 small flowers in only slightly elevated cincinni. Staminate flowers globose, predominantly in clusters of 3; sepals 3, distinct to slightly connate at the base, deltoid; petals 3, distinct, fleshy, imbricate, ovate, acute; stamens 6, filaments distinct, slender, slightly exceeding the petals, anthers linear-oblong, dorsifixed near the base, latrorse; pistillodes 3, minute, resembling the carpels. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, aperture margin finely perforate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 23–29 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers similar to the staminate, predominantly paired; perianth as in the staminate; sterile stamens 6, shorter than the fertile; carpels 3, distinct, follicular, basally tomentose, styles short, recurved, terminating in punctiform stigmas, ovule erect, basal, hemianatropous. Fruit globose to globose-ovoid, covered with deciduous hairs, brownish, slightly flattened on ventral surface with ventrally eccentric, apical stigmatic scar; epicarp drying in a scale-like pattern, mesocarp thin, fleshy, sweet, endocarp cartilaginous. Seed narrowly ovoid to elliptical, laterally attached, becoming free from endocarp, hilum basal, raphe ventral, prominent, unbranched, endosperm homogeneous, seed coat somewhat thickened and intruded below the raphe; embryo lateral opposite the raphe. Germination remote-ligular (Chavez 2003); eophyll simple, lanceolate, tip truncate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species in southeastern USA. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965), fruit (Murray 1973). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>The genus appears to be related to Guihaia, Maxburretia and Rhapis, but its exact position with respect to these genera is unclear. Baker et al. (in review) place Rhapidophyllum as sister to a clade of Guihaia, Maxburretia and Rhapis with low support. Asmussen et al. (2006) place the genus as sister to a clade of Maxburretia and Rhapis with low support. Uhl et al. (1995) resolve it as sister to a clade of Guihaia and Rhapis. There is also moderate support for a sister relationship between Rhapidophyllum and Rhapis (Asmussen and Chase 2001). </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Cultivated as a cold-tolerant ornamental. Cutting of crowns for decoration during the late 19th and early 20th century decimated many populations and some exploitation by nurseries continues. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Shuey and Wunderlin (1977), Small (1923) and Zona (1997). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>A study of the Middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia, Canada (Erwin and Stockey 1991) shows palm vegetative organs to be the most common elements: five stems up to 9cm wide with attached petiole bases and roots, plus numerous additional isolated petioles, midribs and laminae. A comparison with extant palms suggests that fossil stem and leaf anatomy is most similar to two coryphoid genera, Rhapidophyllum and Brahea. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Rhapidophyllum hystrix is considered a relict genus (Shuey and Wunderlin 1977).</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Needle palm. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rhapidophyllum hystrix is found in low, moist to wet areas with rich humus, calcareous clay, or sandy soils in woods and swamps. It may occur in limestone sinks and shaded pinelands. It will thrive in well-drained sites in the sun if sufficient moisture is provided. Rhapidophyllum grows very slowly in the wild, presumably because of low light conditions. Growth is accelerated when adequate light is provided but the long period (four to six years) taken to grow a mature plant from seed has discouraged its cultivation. Reproduction also occurs by suckering. The lower end of the stem decays as the palm grows; the rotting often separates suckers from the main plant but also tends to eliminate anchoring roots, causing the trunk to lean. During development, flowers and seeds are well protected by the sheath spines. It is unclear how seeds are dispersed and they often germinate close to their parent, where seedlings have little chance of survival. The spines are so conspicuous that Rhapidophyllum has been called the ‘vegetable porcupine’ (Small 1923). Pollination appears to be primarily by an undescribed species of Notolomus (Curculionidae). Beetles are attracted to both staminate and pistillate flowers by a musky odor and feed on pollen and flower parts. The species seems self-compatible, although pollinator visits have not been completely deciphered (Shuey and Wunderlin 1977). </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Slender clustering dioecious or polygamous fan palms with reed-like stems, from Southern China to Thailand and North Sumatra, often on limestone; instantly recognizable from the leaves divided between the folds into segments.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Rhapis</name>\r
+<author>L.f. ex Aiton</author> \r
+<citation>Hort. Kew. 3: 473 (1789).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Rhapis flabelliformis; L'Hér. ex Aiton</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Rhapis — rod, presumably alluding to the rod-like slender stems.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small, clustering, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious or polygamous palms. Stems slender, reed-like, erect, covered with persistent leaf sheaths, eventually becoming bare, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, palmate, marcescent, divided to the base or to ca. 3/4 the radius between the folds into several-ribbed segments, apices divided along and between the folds to form shallow teeth; sheath composed of numerous, interwoven, black or grey-brown fibres, when young bearing sparse, caducous brown indumentum; petiole elongate, slender, ± elliptic in cross-section, margins smooth; adaxial hastula small, ± triangular, sometimes tomentose, abaxial hastula absent; blade palmate to deeply bifid, segments usually variable in number of ribs, position of splits precise, usually at a position about 2/3 the width of the interfold nearer the abaxial fold, the segment margins minutely toothed, blade glabrous, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, usually very short, branching to 1–2 orders in pistillate, up to 3 orders in staminate; peduncle short, frequently entirely enclosed by the leaf sheaths; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, splitting along the abaxial midline; peduncular bracts absent; rachis longer than the peduncle, bearing 1–2 large, tubular, single-keeled bracts, distal rachis bracts much smaller; rachis bracts each subtending a first-order branch adnate to the axis above the bract node and bearing very inconspicuous, narrow triangular bracts subtending second-order branches; second-order branches adnate to the first-order branches; rachillae glabrous or hairy, lax, spreading in pistillate and polygamous inflorescences, more crowded in staminate, rachillae bearing spirally arranged, solitary or rarely paired flowers in the axils of minute apiculate bracts. Staminate flowers symmetrical; calyx cup-shaped, thick, shallowly 3-lobed distally, the lobes somewhat irregular, triangular, glabrous or hairy; corolla fleshy, tubular, inserted above calyx and appearing ± stalked basally, the 3 lobes ± triangular, valvate, usually very short, sometimes ciliate at the margins; stamens 6, filaments elongate, but adnate along ± the entire length of the corolla tube, free at their very tip, anthers short, rounded, latrorse; pistillode minute, 3-lobed. Pistillate and distinct, wedge-shaped, each with a short apical style, distally expanded into a conduplicate, fimbriate, tube-shaped stigma, ovules basally attached, 1 in each carpel, hemianatropous, with a basal fleshy aril. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 21–40 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral [2/8]. Fruit usually developing from 1 carpel with apical stigmatic remains, more rarely 2 or 3 carpels developing, sometimes the stalk-like corolla base persisting and becoming a sub-woody fruit stalk; epicarp becoming purplish-brown or white, mesocarp fleshy, somewhat fibrous, endocarp thin, brittle. Seed with short lateral raphe, endosperm homogeneous, laterally penetrated by the seed coat; embryo subbasal or lateral. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire, slender, strap-shaped, plicate. Cytology: 2n = 36, 4n = 72.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About eight species in southern China, southwards through Indochina to peninsular Thailand, one species in northernmost Sumatra. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961); plication development in the leaf (Kaplan et al. 1982b); stem vasculature (Zimmermann and Tomlinson 1965), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Uhl et al. 1969). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Rhapis has not been tested. There is high support for a sister relationship with Guihaia (Uhl et al. 1995, Baker et al. in review), moderate support for a sister relationship with Rhapidophyllum (Asmussen and Chase 2001) and low support for a sister relationship with Maxburretia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Widely grown as ornamentals; many dwarf varieties have been developed in Japan. See also McKamey (1983). Stems are used as sticks and canes. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Hastings (2003). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Rhapis is distinguished by the leaf with few to manyfold truncate segments and divisions between the folds, and by the fleshy flowers with sepals and petals united basally, and stamens borne on the corolla. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Lady palms. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Undergrowth palms of dry evergreen forest; Rhapis subtilis and some other species seem to be confined to forest on limestone hills. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Rhapis, the Lady Palms</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hastings</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 47(2) 62-78</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhapis excelsa</name>
+<author>(Thunb.) A. Henry in Rehder</author>
+<citation>J. Arnold Arb. 11: 153. 1930</citation>
+<type>; C.P. Thunberg; sheet no. 24386</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype UPS; type (photo) K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chamaerops excelsa</name>
+<author>Thunb.</author>
+<bibref>Thunb., Fl. Jap. 130. 1784</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Trachycarpus excelsus</name>
+<author>(Thunb.) H. Wendl.</author>
+<bibref>(Thunb.) H. Wendl., in J. Gay, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 8: 429–430. 1861</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhapis flabelliformis</name>
+<author>L’Hérit ex Aiton</author>
+<bibref>L’Hérit ex Aiton, Hortus Kewensis 3: 473. 1789;</bibref>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 253, 254. 1838</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard., Calcutta 13: 244. 1931</bibref>
+<type>; C.P. Thunberg; sheet no. 24386</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype UPS; type (photo) K</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhapis major</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 2: 55–56. 1836</bibref>
+<type>; Blume; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Type L</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhapis kwamwonzick</name>
+<author>Siebold ex Linden</author>
+<bibref>Siebold (Chamaerops Kwanwortzick Hort.), in Linden, Illustration Horticole 34: 39. 1887</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhapis divaricata</name>
+<author>Gagnep.</author>
+<bibref>Gagnep., in Humbert, Not. Syst. 6(3): 158. 1937</bibref>
+<bibref>Gagnep., in Lecomte, Fl. Gén. Indo-Chine, 6(8): 996. 1937</bibref>
+<type>; Chevalier; 37823</type>
+<type_loc>Type P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems to 2.5 m tall, with sheaths 15–21 mm diam., without sheaths 8–12 mm. Leaf sheath loosely sheathing the stem, usually with outer and inner fibers of similar thickness, producing a squared mesh, some young sheaths with flatter, coarser outer fibers and tomentum, ligule not remaining intact at maturity; petiole to 4 mm wide, margin often smooth, rarely minutely scabrid, often bearing brown papillae; blade with V-shaped or semi-circular outline, variable in size, often with a conspicuous palman, segments (1)4–13, folds 11–25, to 375 mm long, broad, relatively straightsided, narrowing slightly at base and apex, apices sometimes cucculate, usually truncate, with regular dentate secondary splitting, primary splits to within 2.5–61 mm of the blade base, sometimes with brown papillae at the base and along the ribs, sometimes scabrid along the adaxial ribs, thick in texture, adaxial and abaxial surfaces similar in colour, often with a yellow tinge, adaxial occasionally darker, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescence, male and female similar in general appearance, branching to 2 or 3 orders; prophyll tubular, overlapping the base of the first rachis bract, relatively thin in texture, reddish brown, sometimes darker at the base, inner surface smooth, outer surface with tomentum often only at the distal end; rachis bracts 2(–3), sometimes with a distal incomplete rachis bract, similar in appearance to prophyll; rachis overall length to 260 mm, 4–8 mm diam., rachillae 7.5–110 mm long, 0.8–1.9 mm diam., usually glabrous, pale brown, sometimes with small patches of caducous tomentum. Flowers densely packed on the rachillae. Male flowers globose when young, elongating when mature to 5.2 × 3.8 mm; calyx to 2.8 mm, lobes to 2 mm, usually with a regular margin; corolla sometimes narrowed into a short receptacular-stalk to 1 mm; filaments, shorter row to 2.2 mm, longer row to 2.5 mm, broad, to 0.4 mm, with adaxial keel, triangular in cross section; pistillode sometimes present. Female flowers to 3.6 × 3.2 mm; calyx to 2.3 mm; corolla with a receptacular-stalk to 1.1 mm; staminodes present. Fruit sometimes with 3 carpels developing, often only one reaching maturity, to 8–10 × 8 mm, borne on a short receptacular-stalk to 2 mm, epicarp shiny translucent, minutely papillose, with conspicuous black lenticels.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>China, Yunnan; South Central China, Hainan; South East China, Guangdon, Fujian, Hongkong; Japan.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Habitat. woods, 3080 ft (939 m); river valley; wooded mountain side.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Two specimens [Malay Peninsula, plant house in a tub s.n. 1929 (K) and Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew s.n. 1856 (K)] have flowers that appear female but have well developed anthers and may be hermaphrodite. Rhapis excelsa differs from R. humilis in having outer leaf sheaths loosely sheathing the stem, ligule not remaining intact at maturity producing many detached fibers; blade varying from both semi-circular to V-shaped in outline, thicker in texture and a paler, more yellow-green in colour in dried specimens, often with fewer segments, segments straighter sided with truncate apices and more regular dentate secondary splitting, palman less conspicuous. While individual differences in the vegetative characters are difficult to pinpoint between R. excelsa and R. humilis, when all the vegetative characters are taken as a whole the leaves can be distinguished easily. Inflorescence characters are more noticeably different. Rhapis excelsa differs in having glabrous rachis and rachillae at maturity, tomentum often present on the bracts and stamens with broader keeled filaments; not more than three rachis bracts were recorded, while four were recorded for R. humilis. Rhapis excelsa may be of Chinese and Japanese origin, as suggested by the herbarium specimens, or from China introduced to Japan and from there to the West. The long history of cultivation probably accounts for the selection of many variants within the species including dwarfism and variegation. The nomenclatural and taxonomic history of R. excelsa is inextricably linked with that of R. humilis and so these aspects of the two species are discussed together here. The type specimen of R. excelsa is Thunberg’s Chamaerops excelsa which comprises two sheets in the Thunberg collection at Upsala, Sweden – collection number 24385, consisting of a leaf and partial inflorescence, and 24386, comprising a single leaf. Good close-up photographs enabled the author critically to examine the type. The type is a mixed collection and thus lectotypification is necessary. Sheet 24385 matches the widely accepted application of the name R. humilis, while 24386 matches R. excelsa. In order to maintain nomenclatural stability for these two very widely grown horticultural plants, I have selected Thunberg sheet number 24386 (U) to represent the type of R. excelsa. This mixed collection type specimen has bedevilled the taxonomy from the very beginning (Beccari referred to “Un grande imbroglio di nomenclatura”) and has been responsible for much of the past confusion between these two species. A short description is given for the name Rhapis flabelliformis L’Hérit ex Aiton in Aiton, Hort. Kew 1(3): 473. 1789. It includes the name Chamaerops excelsa Thunb. in synonymy, which was published five years earlier and following modern nomenclatural rules the correct name for the taxon is therefore Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) A. Henry, resulting in the name Rhapis flabelliformis being superfluous and the type specimen for it being Thunberg sheet number 24386 (U), the type of Rhapis excelsa. For full details of Rhapis flabelliformis L’Hérit ex Aiton see Text Box. The species epithet for Rhapis Kwamwonzick Siebold has several different spellings in the literature but Kwamwonzick is the only one that is validly published. It does not appear to be represented by a type specimen; however, the description and illustration match R. excelsa.
+A short description is given for the name Rhapis flabelliformis L’Hérit ex Aiton in Aiton, Hort. Kew 1(3): 473. 1789. It includes a reference to a plate of the species: L’ Hérit., Stirp. nov., 2. Plate 100, which has not been located, despite thorough searching through the copies of L’ Héritier’s Stirpes Novae in the libraries at Kew (K), the Linnean Society (LINN), the Natural History Museum, London (BM) and the New York Botanic Garden (NY). In each of the copies in these libraries plate 100 is Solanum xanthocarpum, and R. flabelliformis does not appear in the book. In the BM copy of Hortus Kewensis “[ined]” has been added next to the R. flabelliformis reference, and it could be that the author in Aiton was basing his statement on unpublished material that was later not included (Judith Magee, librarian, pers. comm.). L’ Héritier did not finish Stirpes Novae due to misfortune during the French Revolution; he had planned to issue two volumes (Bucheim 1966). The author of Rhapis flabelliformis in Aiton (1789) may have seen the unpublished plate which subsequently may have been separated from the other loose plates (later some of these were collected together) during the distribution of L’ Héritier’s estate after he was murdered in 1800 (Stafleu & Cowan 1981). Aiton’s Hortus Kewensis (1789) was written by Solander and continued by Dryander, both scholar librarians employed by Joseph Banks (Stearn W. T. pers. comm.; Carter 1988). The Solander boxes at BM contain the detailed descriptions of all the species described in Aiton (W. T. Stearn pers. comm.). Solander’s description of R. flabelliformis (Pages 317–321, Solander boxes BM) was located and when translated from the Latin indicates that the specimen on which R. flabelliformis was based was collected from a plant growing in Dr. James Gordon’s garden at Mile End, London, in 1776. This specimen is at the Natural History Museum (BM) and has been identified by the author as R. excelsa. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative specimens. CHINA: Herb Forsyth s.n. 1835 male (K); Yunnan, Henry 10173 (K); SOUTH CENTRAL CHINA: Hainan, I.P. Yuk Shing L.U. 18346 (K); SOUTH EAST CHINA: Guangdong, T.M. Tsui 249 immature probably male (A, K); Fujian (Nantai Island) Tang Chung–Chang 4258 male (A); Hongkong Urquhart sn 1861 (K), Happy Valley woods, Wilford 1301 female (in fruit) (K, A) JAPAN: Nagasaki Lgt Fakmouti s.n. 1928 male (L); C.P. Thunberg sheet 24386 (UPS, photo K,). CULTIVATED: Blume s.n. no date (type of R. major Bl.) (L); Australia, Queensland, Brisbane Botanic Garden, M. Strong Clemens 42997 male (A); N. Goom s.n. 1844 (L.); Bermuda, Pembroke, E.A. Manuel 973 (A); France, Jardin de Cels s.n. 1819 male, s.n. 1821 male (K); Germany, Frankfurt, A.S. Rehder s.n. 1886 male and female with well developed anthers (A); Hongkong Botanic Garden, C. Ford 566 male (K); s.n. 1895 female in fruit (K), Shiu Ying Hu, 12934 1973 female in fruit (K); India, Chitpur, Adzar J.S.Gamble 17612 male (K), Herb. Hort. Bot. Calc. s.n. 1891 male (K), Madras A.G. Bourne s.n. 1900 (K); North Vietnam, Son Tay, Aug. Chevalier 37823 female (P), Hanoi Botanic Garden, herb. Ch. d’Alleizette 7706 1909 male (L); Malay Peninsula, plant house in a tub s.n. 1929 female or hermaphrodite (K); South East China, Fujian, (Nantai Island) H.H Chung 2709 male (A, K); Sri Lanka, Bot.Gard., Peradeniya, S. Rutherford & M.M.P. Bandard R-75 (K); Taiwan, Jih-ching Liao 10637 (L); UK, Herb J. Gay, Dr Gordon s.n. 1776 (BM), Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew s.n. 1856 male and female or hermaphrodite (K), Acc. no. 1987-2573, s.n. 1998 (K). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Rhapis, the Lady Palms</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hastings</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 47(2) 62-78</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhapis gracilis</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin. 10: 883–884. 1930</citation>
+<type>China, Guangdong, Win Foo; S.S. Sin; 5338</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype SYS or IBSC; isotype IBSC</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem height not recorded, with sheaths 6–8 mm diam. without sheaths 3–5mm. Leaf sheath with very fine, wavy fibers with a square mesh, ligule sometimes remaining intact at maturity; petiole to 1.8 mm wide, margin usually smooth sometimes bearing minute brown papillae; blade small, with V-shaped outline, without a palman, segments 2–4, folds 11–15, longest to 180 mm, apices oblique with secondary splitting, primary splits to within 3–15 mm of the blade base, both surfaces similar in colour, green with white tinge, transverse veinlets very conspicuous. Inflorescence, the male and female similar in general appearance with few rachillae, branching to 2 orders; prophyll and 2 rachis bracts similar in appearance, tubular, overlapping the base of the next bract, medium thickness, reddish brown, inner surface shiny, outer dull, lacking tomentum; rachis overall length to 200 mm, narrow, to 2 mm diam., few rachillae, occasionally with sparse tomentum where the rachis is adnate to the peduncle, medium brown. Flowers, 2–3 mm apart. Male flowers obovoid, to 4.3 × 2.2 mm; calyx to 2 mm, lobes acute to 1.1 mm with regular margin; corolla with a receptacular-stalk to 1 mm; filaments, shorter row to 1.2 mm, longer to 1.6 mm, to 0.3 mm diam. Female flowers only immature seen, to 3.1 × 2.1 mm; calyx to 2.6mm, margin regular, lobes acute to 1.1 mm; corolla with a receptacular-stalk to 0.2 mm. Fruit to 8 mm diam., borne on a receptacular-stalk to 2.5 mm; epicarp dull, papillose.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>South China, Guangdong; Laos.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Habitat. 160 m at the foot of limestone hills.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is similar vegetatively to Rhapis subtilis but differs in the flowers, notably in possessing acute calyx lobes. Burret recorded a fruit receptacular-stalk to 5 mm, a character which also distinguishes it from R. subtilis. Only two herbarium specimens were available for study, including an isotype. The heights of the specimens were not recorded on the labels; however, it is likely from the other measurements taken that this is smaller than Rhapis subtilis. According to specimen label data the fruit is green-blue.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative specimens. SOUTH CHINA: Guangdong, S.S. Sin, 5338 female (IBSC). LAOS: Cammon (northern part is now Bolikhamsay, southern part is Khammuane) El Colani s.n. 1930 male (P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Rhapis, the Lady Palms</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hastings</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 47(2) 62-78</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhapis micrantha</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<citation>Rumphia, 2: 54. 1836</citation>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm, 3: 254. 1850</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard., Calcutta 13: 247. 1931</bibref>
+<type>Japan; C.P. Thunberg; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Type L</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhapis javanica</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 2: 56. 1836</bibref>
+<type>Java; Blume; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Type L</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems to 6 m tall, with sheaths 18–40 mm diam., without 15–28 mm. Leaf sheath closely sheathing the stem, fibers narrow, outer and inner fibers of similar thickness, producing a squared mesh, ligule remaining intact at maturity; petiole to 4 mm wide, sometimes minutely scabrid; blade with semi-circular to lunulate outline, with a conspicuous palman, segments 7–20, folds 16–36, to 440 mm long, sides slightly curved, apices oblique with irregular secondary splitting, primary splits to within 19-105 mm of the blade base, with tomentum at the base, brown papillae along the ribs, mostly adaxially, ribs scabrid, thick in texture, adaxial and abaxial surfaces similar in colour. Inflorescence, male and female similar in appearance, branching to 3 orders; prophyll tubular, overlapping the base of the first rachis bract, medium thickness, pale brown with areas of greenish brown, mostly glabrous with patches of tomentum on the outer surface edges; rachis bracts 3(–4), sometimes with a distal incomplete rachis bract, similar in appearance to the prophyll, overlapping the base of the next bract; rachis overall length to 410 mm, to 10 mm diam., rachillae 8–165 mm long, slender 0.2–1.2 mm diam., dark brown with rusty tomentum. Flowers 1.0–3.5 mm apart, large. Male flowers sometimes paired, long, obtriangular to 6.6 × 2.8 mm; calyx to 1.8 mm, minutely papillate usually with tomentum on the apices of the lobes, lobes shallow to 0.5 mm with regular margins; corolla narrowing gradually into a receptacular-stalk to 1.9 mm; filaments, shorter row to 3.2 mm, longer to 3.8 mm, to 0.4 mm diam. Female flowers to 4.4 × 2.5 mm; calyx to 2.3 mm, tomentose, lobes to 1 mm with regular margin and acute apices; corolla clavate, distinctly narrowed to 1.5 mm in diam., with a receptacular-stalk to 2.5 mm; staminodes present. Fruit unavailable.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>South China, Sichuan; South Japan, South Kyushu Island.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Habitat. Forest, 100–1000 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In his revision of Rhapis, Beccari (1931) based his description of the flowers of this species on an old collection (s.n. 1884) taken from a clump at Kew; thus he must have considered it to be typical R. humilis. This clump is still extant at Kew (accession no 1973–12600). Rhapis humilis can be distinguished from R. excelsa by the leaf sheaths with intact ligule and neat fibers, closely sheathing the stem; blade semi- circular in outline, segments tapering at the apex with less regular secondary splitting, palman more conspicuous; inflorescence with rachis bracts usually glabrous and rachis with tomentum; calyx usually with tomentum and stamens with more slender filaments. Four rachis bracts were recorded in one specimen. Mt Omei is a Buddhist retreat, and so the specimens from this locality may have been cultivated. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative specimens. SOUTH CHINA: Guangxi, Lungchow, HB Morse 380 (K); Sichuan, Mt. Omei, C.L. Chow 6249 female (A); W.P. Fang 12533 (A). JAPAN: C.P. Thunberg s.n. (L); South Kyushu, Kirishma-Omuta National Park, E.H. Wilson s.n. 1917 (A); C.P. Thunberg sheet number 24385 (U, photo). CULTIVATED: Java, Blume s.n. no date (L ); UK, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, s.n. 1884 male (K), s.n. 1858 male (K), L.H. Fitt 31 male (K), W. Baker et al. 1151 male (K). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Rhapis, the Lady Palms</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hastings</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 47(2) 62-78</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhapis laosensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Webbia 3: 225. 1910</citation>
+<bibref>Becc., Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 17(3): 157. 1911</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Bot. Gard., Calcutta 13: 248. 1931</bibref>
+<bibref>Gagnep., in Lecomte, Fl. Gén. Indo-Chine, 6(8): 997. 1937</bibref>
+<bibref>Gagnep., in Humbert, Not. Syst., 6(3): 160. 1937</bibref>
+<type>Laos, Saraburi; Dr Thorell; 3154</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype P; isolectotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhapis macrantha</name>
+<author>Gagnep.</author>
+<bibref>Gagnep., in Humbert, Not. Syst. 6(3): 160. 1937</bibref>
+<bibref>Gagnep., in Lecomte Fl. Gén. Indo-Chine 6(8): 995. 1937</bibref>
+<type>North Annam, Vinh; Chevalier; 32535</type>
+<type_loc>Type P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems to 3 m tall, with sheaths, 11–30 mm diam., without sheaths 5–11 mm. Leaf sheath with outer and inner fibers close, fine, producing a squared mesh, ligule sometimes remaining intact at maturity; petiole to 2.5(4.5) mm wide, with a few brown papillae along the margin at the base and apex; blade with V-shaped or semi-circular to lunulate outline, with a conspicuous palman, segments 3–9(12), folds 15–27, to 340 mm long, sides curved, apices distinctly cucculate, oblique, with irregular dentate secondary splitting, primary splits to within 10–87 mm of the blade base, margins scabrid, thick texture, adaxial surface glossier than abaxial and slightly darker, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescence, the male and female similar in general appearance, branching to 2 orders; prophyll, large boat-shaped, usually completely overlapping the first rachis bract, thick and woody in texture, pale brown, tomentose, rachis bracts 1(–2), first bract, reddish brown, large, boat-shaped, thick in texture, either keeled or with up to 3 distinct ribs, inner surface shiny, outer surface tomentose, not sheathing the rachis, a second incomplete rachis bract present in some specimens, similar to the first bract but thinner in texture; rachis overall length to 90(140) mm, to 5 mm diam., rachillae short 15–45 mm, covered with minute rusty brown papillae. Flowers, male more densely packed on the rachillae than female, similar in size. Male flowers, obtriangular to 3.5 × 2.6 mm; calyx to 1.3 mm, lobes to 0.8 mm with regular margin; corolla, narrowing towards the base, lacking a receptacular-stalk; filaments, shorter row to 1.8 mm, longer to 2 mm, narrow, to 0.2–3.5 mm diam.; pistillode minute. Female flowers, globose to 3.4 × 2.8 mm; calyx to 1.2 mm, lobes to 0.5 mm; corolla with a receptacular-stalk to 1.8 mm; staminodes present. Fruit with three carpels developing, borne on a short receptacularstalk to 0.5 mm. Mature fruit not seen. Hermaphrodite inflorescence with male and hermaphrodite flowers to 4.2 × 2.5 mm; calyx to 1.5 mm; corolla with a receptacular-stalk to 1.4 mm; hermaphrodite flower carpels to 1.2 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Laos; Vietnam.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Habitat. Alluvial river levée, sandstone soil 200 to 530 m, evergreen and degraded semi-evergreen forest.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The large thick overlapping prophyll and first rachis bract, shiny adaxial leaf surface which usually has a pinkish tinge when dried and distinctly cucculate leaf segment tips are characteristic of this species. One inflorescence seen was hermaphrodite with larger male and hermaphrodite flowers to 4.2 × 2.5 mm. Specimen labels give the flower colour as greenish cream (female) and bright yellow (male). Photographs of the male inflorescence of TDE 34 show greenish creamy yellow flowers. Beccari (1931) illustrated the specimen Dr Thorell 3154 (P), so this specimen was chosen as the lectotype. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative specimens. LAOS: Saraburi, Thorell 3154 male, female and possible hermaphrodite or well developed staminodes (P, FI); La-Khon, Mekong valley, Dr Thorell, s.n. 1866–1868 (P, FI) Xieng khouang, Spire 568 (P); Borikhana, Wieng Chan, A.F.G. Kerr 20762 male (P, K); Savannaket, Poilane 12005 (P), Nakai, Evans TDE 34 male and hermaphrodite, 35 female, Khamkheut, Evans TDE 38, Pakkading Evans TDE 61 male (K). VIETNAM: North Annam, Vinh, Chevalier 32535, (P). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Rhapis, the Lady Palms</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hastings</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 47(2) 62-78</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhapis micrantha</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Webbia 3: 220. 1910</citation>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 5 (la): 60. 1920</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 17(3): 157. 1911</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard., Calcutta 13, 249. 1931</bibref>
+<bibref>Gagnep., in Lecomte, Fl. Gén. Indo-Chine 6(8): 996. 1937</bibref>
+<type>Vietnam, Dong Ban mountains Kien Khe, staminate component; R.P. Bon; 2345</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype P; isolectotype FI</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems to 1–2 m tall, with sheaths 17–18 mm diam., without sheaths 8–9 mm. Leaf sheath tightly sheathing the stem producing a neatly flattened appearance with coarse flattened outer fibers and finer inner ones at maturity, producing a diagonal lined mesh, ligule not remaining intact at maturity; petiole to 2.5 mm wide, margin smooth or sometimes minutely scabrid; blade with wide V-shaped almost semicircular outline, without a conspicuous palman, segments 5–7, folds 17–21, to 220 mm long, sides curved, tapering slightly towards base and apex, apices sometimes cucculate, usually oblique, with regular secondary splitting, primary splits to within 3–5 mm of the blade base, adaxial ribs smooth, abaxial surface of blade noticeably paler than adaxial. Inflorescence, male branching to 2 orders, female to 3; prophyll similar to rachis bracts; rachis bracts 3, sometimes with a distal incomplete rachis bract, bracts tubular more expanded in male than in female, overlapping the base of the next bract, reddish brown, darker at the base, in the male with tomentum on the outer surface, in the female with tomentum on the outer surface at the distal end only; rachis overall length to 190 mm, 4–5 mm diam., rachillae 16–60 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm diam., in the male with tomentum, sparser on the rachillae, in the female glabrous. Male flowers to 3.8 × 2.4 mm; calyx to 1.6 mm, lobes to 0.8 mm, margin regular or irregular; corolla sometimes without a receptacular-stalk or with a short receptacular-stalk to 0.8 mm; filaments, shorter row to 1.6 mm, longer row to 2 mm, to 0.2 mm diam.; pistillode present. Female flowers, only immature available, small, globose to 2.2 × 2.3 mm; calyx to 1.5 mm, lobes to 1 mm, margin regular; corolla with a receptacular-stalk to 0.9 mm; staminodes present. Fruit not seen. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Laos, Vietnam.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Habitat. Mountainous regions.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species can be recognized by the few segments that split close to the blade base and the inflorescence bracts and rachis on the male specimens with tomentum, contrasting with the glabrous rachis and almost completely glabrous bracts on the female inflorescence. Fruit is said to be white when fresh (Beccari 1910). The male inflorescences examined had more rachillae than the female ones giving a more dense appearance. This species most closely resembles R. excelsa; it differs from it in having a neat leaf sheath, tightly sheathing the stem, with coarse outer, slightly flattened fibers and finer inner ones at maturity, smooth adaxial segment ribs, not being brown papillate, segments tapering at both ends, all segments splitting closer to the blade base, male rachis and bracts with much tomentum and PALMS Hastings: Revision of Rhapis Volume 47(2) 2003 69 stamens being broad but not keeled. There were no mature female flowers or fruits available for study, but those on Bon 2345 (FI) are described by Beccari (1910,1931) as “flowers prolonged at the base [drawing (1931) indicates 5 mm long and 2 mm wide], into a long columnar solid base, upon which rest the carpels” with fruit 8–9 mm diam. This long receptacular-stalk contrasts with the short receptacular-stalk (to 2 mm) of R. excelsa. An illustration of the flowers of R. P. Bon 2345 (P) and a photograph of the whole specimen were published in Beccari (1931), and so this specimen was chosen by the author as lectotype. Recollection of this species from Vietnam and Laos, especially of female plants, is necessary to gain a better understanding of its delimitation. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative specimens. LAOS: Dr. M. Spire 5929 male (P). VIETNAM: Dong Ban Mountains, Kien Kha, R.P. Bon 2045 (P), 2345 male (P, FI), U. Martelli photo probably of 2345 (Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard., Calcutta 13 plate 55), 2545 (P, FI). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Rhapis, the Lady Palms</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hastings</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 47(2) 62-78</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhapis multifida</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin. 13: 588. 1937</citation>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm, 3: 254. 1850</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard., Calcutta 13: 247. 1931</bibref>
+<type>China, Guangxi, Chen Bien; S.P. Ko; 56092</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype probably SYS or IBSC</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems recorded to 2.5 m tall, diam. not recorded. Leaf sheath fibers close together with coarse outer fibers partially obscuring finer inner ones, producing a diagonal-lined mesh, ligule often remaining intact at maturity; petiole to 4 mm wide, margin smooth; blade large, with conspicuous palman, segments 14, folds 30, the longest segments to 450 mm, narrow (1 or 2 folds), tapering, apices pointed with secondary splitting, primary splits to within 23–66 mm of the blade base, thick in texture. Inflorescence, male not seen, female branching to 2 orders; prophyll similar in appearance to rachis bracts; rachis bracts 3 or 4, large, tubular, overlapping the base of the next rachis bract, relatively thick in texture, dark brown, lacking tomentum, sometimes also a distal incomplete rachis bract present; rachis greatly exceeding the bracts, overall length to 560 mm, broad 8–10 mm diam., rachillae densely packed on the rachis, those of the second order held at right angles to those of the first order, relatively short and narrow, pale brown with pale rusty brown tomentum. Male flowers unavailable. Female flowers 3–5 mm apart, to 4.5 × 3.0 mm; calyx to 2 mm, tomentose, lobes to 0.8 mm with pale edged irregular margin; corolla darkly pigmented, with a long receptacular-stalk to 2.5 mm; staminodes present. Fruit to 8 mm diam., borne on a receptacular-stalk to 5 mm long; epicarp shiny translucent papillose, apical region with conspicuous lenticels. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>South China, West Guangxi, South East Guangdong.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Habitat. 1000–1500 m, shrub in mixed forest on rocky slopes.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The specimens seen indicate that this is probably the largest and most robust species of Rhapis. Complete stem width, blade shape and colour of abaxial surface were not available from the specimens or recorded on the notes on the sheets. All the specimens seen with inflorescence were female; one was in flower and the others were in fruit. The fruit is yellow according to Feng 13462. The distinctive large number of segments which do not split close to the blade base produce a conspicuous palman. A notable characteristic of this species is the relatively long receptacular-stalk of the fruit. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative specimens. SOUTH CHINA: Guangxi, S.K. Lau 38648 female post-fruit (A); A.N. Steward & H.C. Cheo 158 female (A); Guangdong, K.M. Feng 13462 female (in fruit) (A). CULTIVATED: Japan: Honshu, Izu, M. Mizushima 874 (A).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Rhapis, the Lady Palms</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hastings</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 47(2) 62-78</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhapis robusta</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizibl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin. 13: 587. 1937</citation>
+<type>China, Guanxi, Lungchow; S.P. Ko; 55429</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype SYS or IBSC; isotype IBSC</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem height not recorded, with sheaths to 11 mm diam., without to 6 mm. Leaf sheath fibers close together with outer coarse fibers, obscuring finer inner ones, producing a diagonal-lined mesh, ligule remaining intact at maturity; petiole to 1.2 mm wide, smooth; blade, with conspicuous palman, segments 4, folds 17–19, the longest to 218 mm, broad, sides curved, tapering at base and apex, apices oblique, with shallow secondary splitting, primary splits to within 16–37 mm of the blade base. Inflorescence, male unavailable, female branching to 2 orders; prophyll unavailable, rachis bracts 2, sometimes with a distal incomplete rachis bract, tubular, not overlapping the base of the next bract, relatively thin (papery), reddish brown, darker at the base, glabrous, tightly sheathing the rachis; rachis overall length to 220 mm, narrow, 2 mm diam., rachillae few, narrow to 0.5 mm diam., occasionally with sparse rusty tomentum. Flowers, male unavailable, female small to 1.8 × 1 mm; corolla tightly closed with a long receptacular-stalk to 0.9 mm; carpel to 1 mm long. Fruit unavailable. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>South China, Guangxi.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Habitat. Forest undergrowth.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Only one specimen of this species was available for study; more specimens are needed in order to gain a more complete picture. A notable characteristic of this specimen is that the apices of the bracts do not overlap with the base of the bract distal to them. The height was not recorded on the specimen label, but it is likely from the other measurements taken that this species is smaller than the other species and the specimen seen was more slender than any of the other specimens of the genus. According to the specimen label, the flowers are light green and the fruit is green. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative specimens. SOUTH CHINA: Guanxi, S.P. Ko 55429 female (IBSC)</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Rhapis, the Lady Palms</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hastings</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 47(2) 62-78</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhapis subtilis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Webbia 3: 227. 1910</citation>
+<bibref>Becc., Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 17(3): 157. 1911</bibref>
+<bibref>Gagnep., in Lecomte Fl. Gén. Indo-Chine, 6(8): 997. 1937</bibref>
+<type>Laos, Lakon, Mekong valley; Thorell; 3099</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhapis siamensis</name>
+<author>Hodel</author>
+<bibref>Hodel, Palm J. 136: 19–20. 1997</bibref>
+<type>Thailand, Phattalung; Hodel & Vatcharakorn; 1652</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BK</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems to 3 m tall, with sheaths (6)8–20 (25) mm diam., without (3)4–15 mm. Leaf sheath often with coarse, flattened outer immature fibers obscuring finer inner ones producing a diagonallined mesh, mature inner and outer fibers of similar thickness producing a squared open, often fine mesh, ligule sometimes remaining intact at maturity; petiole to 0.9–3 mm wide, often bearing minute brown papillae along the margin, sometimes only at the base or apex; blade with Vshaped or semi-circular outline, variable in size, sometimes with a conspicuous palman, segments 2–11, folds 7–25, to 380 mm long, sides curved, apices sometimes cucculate, oblique, sometimes truncate, with dentate secondary splitting, primary splits to within 1.5–168 mm of the blade base, brown papillae along the ribs, mostly adaxially and at the base, rather thin-textured, abaxial and adaxial surfaces similar in colour, pale green, transverse veinlets very conspicuous. Inflorescence, the male and female similar in general appearance, branching to 1 or 2 orders; peduncle relatively long, to 220 mm, glabrous; prophyll tubular, overlapping the first rachis bract, relatively thin-textured, pale-brown to reddish-brown, inner surface usually dull, occasionally shiny (Thorell 30599), outer surfaces dull, mostly glabrous, tomentose sometimes on edges and keels; rachis bracts 1–2, similar in appearance to the prophyll, overlapping the base of the next bract; rachis overall length 65–280(340) mm, ca. 2.3 mm diam., increasing up to 4 mm; rachillae few, to 34–238 mm long, 0.5–1.6 mm diam., male rachillae shorter than female, glabrous, pale brown. Flowers, relatively well spaced on the rachillae, large, coriaceous. Male flowers ovoid to 6.1 × 4.0 mm; calyx to 2.5 mm, lobes to 0.7mm with irregular margin, sometimes darkly pigmented; corolla marked with faint vertical lines of darker pigment, with acute lobes, narrowed into a receptacularstalk to 1.8 mm; filaments, shorter row to 1.5 mm, longer row to 2.0 mm, broad, to 0.5 mm diam., keeled; pistillode present. Female flowers, cylindrical to 5.5 × 3.2 mm, often conspicuously banded; calyx to 2.2 mm with a pale basal rim, lobes to 0.9 mm with a dark, irregular margin; corolla with vertical markings sometimes less distinct than in the male, with acute triangular, black or black-based beak like lobes, with a receptacular-stalk to 2 mm, 3 carpels developing; staminodes present. Fruit to 9.5 × 9.5 mm, 1–3 borne on a short receptacular-stalk to 2 mm, epicarp shiny translucent, minutely papillose, with conspicuous black lenticels.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Thailand, Laos, Sumatra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Habitat. Limestone slopes, evergreen forest, 40–200m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species of Rhapis has a relatively fine leaf sheath and prominent cross veins on the leaf segments, and rachis bracts usually with little or no tomentum. The flowers are well spaced on few pale coloured, smooth textured rachillae. It differs from other species in only having first or second order branching in the inflorescence, large coriaceous flowers conspicuously banded with pigment when mature, with vertical lines of pigment on the corolla producing a ribbed appearance and irregularly toothed calyx. The fruit is described as white or whitish on specimen labels.
+The conspicuous black lenticels on the fruit are often concentrated in the apical half, this is very obvious in L. McKamey s.n. 1984 (K). The large number of specimens seen enabled assessment of the variation in size within this species, from specimens with 2–4, short segments through to specimens with up to 11, relatively long segments. This variation was found to be continuous without distinct subgroups. The largest specimens occur in the peninsular of Thailand and include D.R. Hodel & P. & R. Vatcharakorn 1652, described as a new species in 1997 but which in fact represents the extreme end of the range of variation of R. subtilis. The smallest specimens come from Northeast Thailand and just over the boarder in Laos. The Sumatran specimens overlap with the smaller ones from Peninsula Thailand. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Representative specimens. THAILAND: Nakhon Ratachasima, Kerr 8148 male, female (BM, K); Trang, Huay Nod, Khao Nam Prai, J. Dransfield JD 5447 male (K), J. Dransfield & C. Bhoonab JD 5448 female (K), Nam Tai Ch. Charoenphol, K. Larsen & E. Warncke 3663 (K); Huay Nod. G. Smith & W. Sumawong GC 85 male (K); Phatthalung, D.R. Hodel & P. & R. Vatcharakorn 1652 (BK, not seen), Kerr 15354 female, 19291 male, female (BM, K); Prachuap, Kerr 10896 female (BM, K), T. Smitland 8519 (K, L); Songkhla, Hat Yai, G. Smith & W. Sumawong GC 110 (K) male, GC 145 male (K); Pran, Ban Pak Tawan, A. Marcan 2634 female (BM, K). Chantaburi, Kao Wong, W. Sumawong 15797- 2 female (K), Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, A.S. Barford, W. Ueachirakan, T. Burholt, S. Barrow 45205 female (K), Parnell, Pendry, Jebb & Thirawat Boonthavikoon 95-498 female (K). LAOS: Mekong valley, Thakhek (Lakon), Dr. Thorel 3099 (P holotype, FI isotype). SUMATRA: Aceh, Lhok’nga, D. Agranoff & W. Fickling s.n. 1984 (K), O. Maessen s.n. 1986 female (K). CULTIVATED: Hongkong, N.J. Brigham s.n. (no date but before 1927 - det label) (A); Thailand, Trang, Muang, Khao Chong Botanic Garden (from Kao Nam Prai), G. Smith & W. Sumawong GC 93 female (K), G. Dear 13/86 (K); USA, California, Pine Island Nursery, L. McKamey s.n. male, female 1984 (K). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Attalea insignis</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Drude in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl (eds.)</author>
+<citation>Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachtr. 1: 56 (1897)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stem short and subterranean, rarely aerial, then short and covered with persistent leaf bases. Leaves erect, 5-7 m long; pinnae numerous, arranged in groups and pointing in all directions, the central ones 50-100 cm long and 1-4 cm wide, with very prominent, wavy cross veins. Inflorescence erect, 70-80 cm long; branches 25-30, to 20 cm long. Male flowers pale yellow with club shaped, 10-15 mm long petals, and 6 stamens. Female flowers 1-4 per branch, to 15-20 mm long. Fruits one per branch, orange, with a cinnamon, scale-like indument, acute, 7-8 cm long, with 2-3 seeds.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W part of the Amazon basin in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador it is infrequent on poorly drained soil and in periodically flooded areas E of the Andes. It is rarely observed outside the forest, although it has been reported to be weedy in other parts of its distributional range (Henderson, 1995).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Attalea maripa</name>
+<author>(Aubl.) Mart. in A.D.d'Orbigny</author>
+<citation>Voy. Am�r. M�r. 7(3): 123 (1844)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, to 20 m tall and 35 cm in files; pinnae 230-260 on each side, arranged in groups of 2-6, pendulous in several planes and giving the leaf a weakly bushy appearance, the central ones 130-150 cm long and 6-8 cm wide, with prominent cross veins. Inflorescences curved to pendulous, 150-200 cm long; branches 700-800, to 25 cm long. Male flowers cream coloured, with inconspicuous perianth and 6 stiff, needle-like stamens, 6-8 mm long. Female flowers ca. 20 mm long. Fruit orange with a brown indument, ca. 5 cm long, with 1-3 seeds.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in lowland South America E of the Andes, in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador it is common on well drained, non-inundated soils in the eastern lowlands. Adult plants are usually scarse, but juveniles may be quite abundant in the forest understorey.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Mostly tall (one species diminutive) pinnate-leaved tree palms from Malay Peninsula and Nicobar Islands, and the Moluccas, New Guniea and the Solomon islands, with distinctive rachillae that are coiled like intestines before emergence and with dark reddish-brown hairs along midrib.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Rhopaloblaste</name>\r
+<author>Scheff.</author> \r
+<citation>Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 137(1876).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Rhopaloblaste hexandra; Scheff.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Ptychoraphis</name>\r
+<author>Beccari</author>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 90 (1885).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Ptychoraphis singaporensis; (Becc.) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Rhopalon — club, blaste — bud, referring to the large club-shaped embryo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to large, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem short or tall, often enlarged at the base but uniform and moderate to slender above, clearly ringed with leaf scars, brown or grey. Leaves pinnate; sheaths tubular, forming a crownshaft, crownshaft sometimes obscured by dead leaves, ± densely covered with deciduous tomentum; petiole short to elongate, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially; rachis rounded abaxially, angled above towards the apex, the sheath, lower surface of petiole and rachis usually densely covered with peltate scales with tattered interlocking margins, the upper surface of petiole and rachis usually with basifixed, twisted, entire or tattered, membranous scales persisting about the bases of the leaflets and where protected elsewhere; leaflets spreading or pendulous, with a pulvinus at the base, linear, acutely to acuminately and obliquely bifid apically, the midrib and one or more secondary ribs on each side prominent abaxially, minutely brown-dotted and at least the midrib with prominent dull brown, basifixed or medifixed, twisted, membranous scales basally or throughout, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences borne below the leaves, branched to 3 orders basally, fewer orders distally, peduncle short; the prophyll 2-keeled, tubular, enclosing the similar peduncular bract, both usually ± tomentose at least when young, and caducous; rachis short to prominent but as long as or longer than the peduncle; basal branches usually abruptly divaricate, spreading at an angle of about 90° to the rachis (in Rhopaloblaste singaporensis often at an acute angle); bracts subtending the branches often prominent, pointed, rachilla bracts prominent or not, subtending triads nearly throughout; bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flower subequal or unequal, prominent and sepal-like. Staminate flowers symmetrical or nearly so at anthesis but in bud the outer sepal prominent and largely enfolding the remainder of the perianth; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate at anthesis, rounded, ± gibbous and keeled dorsally; petals 3, distinct, valvate; stamens 6–9, the filaments very briefly connate basally or ± distinct, strap-shaped, narrowed and prominently inflexed at the apex in bud, the anthers narrowly elliptic in outline, medifixed, emarginate apically and basally, the connective prominent the entire length of the anther, latrorse; pistillode conical to columnar and ± angled, the apex briefly 3-lobed and sometimes somewhat expanded. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely to coarsely perforate and micro-channelled, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 30–51 µm [4/6]. Pistillate flowers broader than high in bud and with the outer sepal usually enfolding the remainder of the perianth as in the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, rounded; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate basally, the short valvate apices erect and scarcely exceeding the sepals at anthesis but the petals in fruit generally nearly twice as long as the sepals; staminodes mostly 6, obtuse, ± deltoid, membranous, often united in pairs or irregularly united or united in a membranous, lobed ring; gynoecium irregularly ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas erect to recurved between the valvate apices of the petals at anthesis, the ovule (in R. ceramica) hemianatropous, broader laterally, attached adaxially (in the ventral angle) and pendulous from the top of the locule. Fruit ovoid or ellipsoidal to subglobose, orange-yellow to red at maturity, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, mesocarp lacking fibre sclereids or tannin cells, with flattened longitudinal fibres in one or usually more than one layer against the yellowish, fragile endocarp, this impressed over the hilum and with a round basal operculum. Seed brown, with a lightly to deeply impressed hilum along the adaxial side, raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal, large. Germination adjacent-ligular, eophyll finely pinnate. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Six species in the Nicobar Islands, Malay Peninsula and Singapore, the Moluccas, New Guineaand Solomon Islands. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a,1998b) and fruit (Essig et al. 1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Rhopaloblaste is a robustly supportedmonophyletic genus (Norup et al. 2006). The genus has beenresolved as sister to Dictyosperma with moderate support(Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Widely grown as ornamentals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Banka and Baker (2004).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Few collections have been made from the wild andmore are desirable. The distribution pattern is unusual.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kerinting (Rhopaloblaste singaporensis). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>All species inhabit rain forests at relatively low elevations.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Monograph of the Genus Rhopaloblaste (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Banka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 47-60</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhopaloblaste augusta</name>
+<author>(Kurz) H. E. Moore</author>
+<citation>Principes 14: 79 (1970)</citation>
+<type>India, Nicobar Islands, Camorta (Kamorta), Feb. 1875; Kurz; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype CAL; isotype K!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Areca augusta </name>
+<author>Kurz</author>
+<bibref>Kurz, J. Bot. 13: 331 (1875)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychoraphis augusta</name>
+<author>(Kurz) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Kurz) Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 90 (1885)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, mid-storey, solitary palm bearing up to 11 leaves in the crown. Stem to 25 m tall, 20 - 30 cm diam., surface brown, becoming grey with age, leaf scars conspicuous. Leaf sheath 48 - 60 cm long, greyish brown, lepidote tomentose; crownshaft 50 - 61 cm long, 30 - 40 cm diam.; petiole short, 8 - 10 cm long, concave on adaxial and rounded abaxially; rachis 2 - 4 m long, with dense interlocking pale whitish brown scales on the abaxial surface especially when young, but becoming brownish black with age, less dense whitish brown scales on the adaxial surface; leaflets 90 - 100 each side of rachis, borne 3.5 - 4 cm apart, in one plane, pendulous, middle leaflet 60 - 70 x 2 - 3 cm, sublinear, acuminate, tapering acutely and bifid at the apex, discolorous, with sparse ramenta present along the mid-veins of the pinnae on the abaxial surface, and with rusty dark brown membranous scales on the adaxial surface, persisting at the base of the pinnae. Inflorescence 40 - 60 cm long, branched to 3 orders, primary branches 14 - 16, 45 - 56 cm long, basal pair of primary branches strongly recurved; prophyll 40 - 45 cm long, with sparse greyish brown scales; peduncle 4 - 5 cm long; rachillae moderately slender, 36 - 43 cm long, 2.9 - 3.8 mm diam., dull greenish brown. Staminate flower symmetric, 6 - 6.8 mm long, 4 -4.8 mm diam.; sepals 2.5 - 3 x 2.6 - 2.8 mm, strongly imbricate, rounded; petals 4 - 4.5 x 3 - 3.5 mm, broadly elliptic; stamens 3.2 - 3.5 mm long, filaments 2 - 2.1 mm long, connate at the base, anthers 3 - 3.2 mm long, 0.8 - 1 mm diam.; pistillode conical, 4.3 - 4.5 mm long, 1 - 1.1 mm diam. at the base. Pistillate flower 4 - 4.1 mm long, 3.8 - 4 mm diam., borne throughout the rachillae; sepals 3.5 - 3.8 x 3 - 3.5 mm, rounded, margin on the apex serrate; petals 3.6 - 4 x 2.8 - 3 mm, broadly elliptic; staminodes 4, lobes 0.8 -1 x 0.9 - 1 mm, acute at the apex; gynoecium 2.8 - 3.1 mm long, 1.2 - 1.5 mm diam., ovoid. Fruit 22 - 26 mm long, 10 - 14 mm diam., elongate ellipsoid, orange to red when ripe; cupule of persistent perianth 7 - 8 mm long. Seed 17 - 20 mm long, 9 - 11 mm diam., elongate-ellipsoid, brownish, with a conspicuous impression over the hilum; testa brown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from the Nicobar Islands, being more common in the northern islands according to Kurz (1875). Now cultivated quite widely throughout South East Asia and elsewhere.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Data deficient.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Of all the species of Rhopaloblaste, R. augusta is perhaps the most widely grown species for ornamental purposes.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>NICOBAR ISLANDS. Camorta [Kamorta]: Feb. 1875, Kurz s.n. (CAL, K!, type). Car Nicobar: Near Headquarters, Nov. 1975, Nair 2294 (L!). CULTIVATED. Indonesia, Java, Bogor Botanic Gardens, May 1936, Furtado SFN 30946 (BH, K!).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>R. augusta is distinct in its medium-sized, elongate, ellipsoid fruits, moderately slender fruit- bearing rachillae and inflorescences branched to three orders. It is a promising ornamental species, grown in botanical gardens for its bright fruits and attractive foliage.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Monograph of the Genus Rhopaloblaste (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Banka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 47-60</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhopaloblaste ceramica</name>
+<author>(Miq.) Burret</author>
+<citation>Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 288 (1928).</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Maluku, Ceram; Teijsmann & de Vriese; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype L!; isotype BO</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Bentinckia ceramica</name>
+<author>Miq.</author>
+<bibref>Miq., Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. 11: 8 (1868)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cyrtostachys ceramica</name>
+<author>(Miq.) H. Wendl.</author>
+<bibref>(Miq.) H. Wendl. in Kerch., Palmiers: 242 (1878)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhopaloblaste hexandra</name>
+<author>Scheff.</author>
+<bibref>Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 156 (1876)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhopaloblaste dyscrita</name>
+<author>H. E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Principes 14: 83 (1970)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Boana, Jan. 1938; Clemens; 7987</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhopaloblaste micrantha</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 10 (1940) nom. illeg., non Rhopaloblaste micrantha (Becc.) Hook. f. ex B. D. Jacks., Index Kew. 2: 713 (1895) = Ptychosperma micranthum Becc.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ahad (Buru dialect), Henahena (Ternate dialect), Ogulubenge (Tobaro dialect, Akelamo Oba, Maluku).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust canopy solitary palm bearing up to 15 - 17 leaves in the crown. Stem to 35 m tall, 15 - 29(- 35) cm diam.; surface slightly rough, brownish grey leaf scars prominent; internodes 12 - 14 cm basally, decreasing to 1 cm distally. Leaf sheath 1.2 - 1.5 m long, pale brownish white, moderately to densely lepidote- tomentose; crownshaft 1.3 - 1.5 m long, c. 25 - 40 cm wide, dull-green; petiole 3.5 - 4.5 cm long, shallowly concave on adaxial surface; rachis 3 - 4 m long, with abundant matted dark brown scales on adaxial surface, densely lepidote-tomentose on the abaxial surface, becoming brownish with age; leaflets 111 - 120 each side of rachis, 2.5 - 3 cm apart, in one plane, pendulous, middle leaflet 100 - 112 x 2.3 - 2.5 cm, linear, tapering acutely and bifid at the apex, adaxial surface dark green with dark brown twisted scales near the base of the pinnae and along adaxial surface of midrib, abaxial surface dull green and with some lepidote tomentum. Inflorescence massive, 55 - 130 cm long, with a spread of 1 - 1.5 m, divaricate, branched to 3 orders, primary branches 16, 45 - 75 cm long, with basal pair of primary branches strongly recurved; prophyll 65 - 70 x 10 - 18 cm, dark green, with dense greyish brown indumentum; peduncle 8 - 10 cm long, 7- 10 cm diam., greyish with some tomentum; robust rachillae 45 - 75 cm long, 4.9 - 7.3 mm in diameter, greyish green; flowers sunken in shallow pits formed by rachilla bracts. Staminate flower symmetric, greenish, 6.5 - 7 mm long, 6.5 - 6.8 mm diam. at anthesis; sepals 3 - 3.1 x 3.1 - 3.3 mm, broadly elliptic; petals 6 -6.5 x 6.5 - 6.7 mm, broadly elliptic, glabrous; stamens 3.3- 4 mm long, filaments 2- 2.5 mm long, connate at the base, yellowish, anthers 2.1 - 2.3 mm long, 0.9 - 1 mm diam., elliptic; pistillode conical, 2.3 - 2.5 mm long, 1.2 - 1.3 mm diam. Pistillate flower slightly asymmetric, 4.3 - 4.7 mm long, 7.6 - 7.9 mm diam., borne throughout the rachillae; sepals 3.9 - 4 x 3.7 - 3.8 mm, rounded; petals 4.3 - 4.4 x 2.2 - 2.4 mm, elliptic; staminodes usually 4, lobes 0.8 - 0.9 x 0.7 - 0.8 mm; gynoecium 4.3 - 4.9 mm long, 4.2 - 4.5 diam., ovoid. Fruit 30 - 35 mm long, 16 - 18 mm diam., asymmetric ellipsoid-ovoid, yellow when immature, becoming red at maturity; cupule of persistent perianth 11 - 12 mm long. Seed 21 - 31 mm long, 14 - 16 mm diam., ellipsoid-ovoid, brown; conspicuous impression over the hilum, testa brown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread from Halmahera and Buru in the Moluccas through to Ceram, then to mainland New Guinea. In Papua New Guinea, known only with certainty from Sandaun and East Sepik Provinces in the north-western part of the country. However, the lost type of the dubious synonym R. dyscrita originates from Morobe Province in the east.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Well drained lowland to lower montane primary rain forests. In secondary rain forests it is found in old garden areas, on broken coral to deep, loose, porous, black volcanic soil. Also on alluvial flats in deep clay soil. From 35 to 900 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least concern. Though often infrequent, R. ceramica is widespread and cannot be considered threatened.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The shoot apex is edible. The wood is used for arrowheads and floorboards for houses. Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Rhopaloblaste ceramica is the largest of all the species in the genus and is easily distinguished by its large asymmetrical fruits with a substantial cupule of persistent perianth, and the inflorescence branched to three orders with very robust rachillae. Rhopaloblaste ceramica was the first of the species of Rhopaloblaste to be described, based on material collected in 1860 by Teijsmann and de Vriese from Ceram in the Moluccas. Miquel originally placed it in the genus Bentinckia as B. ceramica Miq. Ten years later it was moved to Cyrtostachys (C. ceramica (Miq.) H. Wendl.). In describing the genus Rhopaloblaste in 1876, Scheffer named R. hexandra based on cultivated material in Bogor Botanic Garden that allegedly originated from Bacan, also in the Moluccas. Beccari (1885, Martelli 1935) considered R. hexandra and B. ceramica as synonymous, a conclusion that was accepted by Burret (1928), who was responsible for combining the earlier epithet with Scheffer's genus Rhopaloblaste, and Moore (1970). An old specimen, annotated as R. hexandra and said to be from Bacan, but lacking a date, is in the Bogor herbarium. It cannot be interpreted as the type because Scheffer did not refer to the material in the protologue and there is inadequate information on the specimen for us to infer that he had access to it. However, the placement of R. hexandra in synonymy with R. ceramica cannot be disputed on account of the excellent photograph and diagnostic plate published with the protologue. In the absence of original material, the diagnostic plate is designated as lectotype here. Subsequently, Burret (1940) described R. micrantha based on two collections from Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, Clemens 7987 from Kalasa and Clemens 8297 (type) from Boana. These specimens were presumably destroyed in Berlin and duplicates have not been located. Moore (1970) recognised that R. micrantha Burret was a later homonym of Rhopaloblaste micrantha (Becc.) Hook. f. ex B. D. Jacks. (=Ptychosperma micranthum Becc.) and accordingly published a new name R. dyscrita H. E. Moore (dyskritos = doubtful). He was unable to link the concept to any earlier name because authentic material of the Clemens collection was not available and he was unable to match Burret's description with the species that he knew. Burret's protologue of R. dyscrita, as R. micrantha Burret, suggests that it closely resembled R. ceramica, differing only in its spreading pinnae and smaller staminate flowers. After examining the material of R. ceramica, including recent collections made since the publication of Moore's work, and comparing it with the description of R. dyscrita, we are tentatively placing R. dyscrita in synonymy with R. ceramica, because both have large fruits and robust inflorescences branching to three orders. If this synonymy proves to be correct, it dramatically alters the distribution pattern of the species as understood from material named with certainty, extending its range considerably to the east. New material is required from the type locality of the Clemens collections to confirm this decision.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA, MALUKU. Ceram: 1860, Teijsmann & de Vriese s.n., (L!, BO, type). Halmahera: Central Halmahera, Akelamo Oba, Dec. 1974, de Vogel 4405 (K!, L!); Ekor, Kali Dowora Ina, Sept. 1974, de Vogel 3231 (K!, L!); Gunung Jailolo, Oct. 1974, de Vogel 3365 (K!, L!); 20 km SE of Dodinga, Darco/Modul Logging Camp, Tapayo, Sept. 1985, Sidiyasa et al. TCW 3683 (K!, L!). Burn: West Buru, Wae Nibe Wood Industry Base Camp 2, 20 km from Wae Ili, Nov. 1984, Mogea & Ismael 5145 (BO, K!); West Buru, Bara R., Duna Base Camp 8, Nov. 1984, Mogea & Jsmael 5364 (BO, L!, K!). INDONESIA, PAPUA. Manokwari Regency: Nuni, Sungai Asai, Aug. 1995, DransfieldJD 7582 (BO, K!, MAN), DransfieldJD 7583 (BO, K!, MAN). Jayapura Regency: North Cyclops Mts, Feb. 2001, Desianto 17 (AAU, K!, MAN); Arso Distr., Debemte, Tami R., March 2002, Gusbager 19 (K!, MAN, LAE). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. E Sepik: Yava Namba, Nov. 1996, Barfod et al. 379 (AAU, K!, LAE!). Sandaun Province: Vanimo, Black Water Creek Logging Area, Sept. 1982, Kerenga LAE 56484 (LAE!, L!); Along road between Vanimo & West Papuan Border, Nov. 1971, Essig LAE 55074 (LAE!); 2 miles from Lumi on road to Fatima, Nov. 1971, Essig LAE 55101 (LAE!); 1 mile from Lumi on road to Fatima, Nov. 1971, Essig LAE 55102 (LAE!); Miwaute, Nov. 1996, Barfod et al. 384 (AAU, K!, LAE!). CULTIVATED. Indonesia, Java, Bogor Botanic Garden, May 1903, Schoute s.n. (L!); Singapore Botanic Garden, Lawn D, Oct. 1929, Nur s.n. (K!, SING).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Monograph of the Genus Rhopaloblaste (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Banka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 47-60</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhopaloblaste elegans</name>
+<author>H. E. Moore</author>
+<citation>Principes 10: 94 (1966)</citation>
+<type>Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal, Honiara, March 1964; Moore et al.; 9310 (BSIP 4085)</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH; isotypes BSIP, K!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Dai'e, Fai Dai (Kwara'ae), Auki (Angariru).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust solitary mid-canopy palm bearing up to 10 - 14 leaves in the crown, with a mass of short, stout adventitous roots present at the stem base. Stem to 12 m tall or more, 15 - 20 cm diam.; surface grey- brown, becoming light grey distally, with chocolate- brown scales on new internodes, leaf scars prominent. Leaf sheath 60 - 70 cm long, light green with dense indumentum of brownish white scales; crownshaft 60 - 80 cm long, 20 - 25 cm wide; petiole short, 5 - 8 cm long, green, concave on adaxial surface, rounded on the abaxial surface; rachis 3 - 3.5 m long, with dense indumentum of shiny brownish black scales and deciduous white tomentum on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces; leaflets 70 - 76 each side of rachis, borne 3 - 5 cm apart, in one plane, semi-spreading, middle leaflet 64 - 68 x 2.7 - 3.4 cm, linear, tapering acutely and bifid at the apex, adaxial surface green, stiff, papery with prominent veins, abaxial surface pale green, with twisted, reddish brown ramenta present along abaxial surface of the mid-veins, dense black membranous scales as on rachis on adaxial surface of mid-veins near base of the pinnae, less dense on the abaxial surface. Inflorescence 30 - 45 cm long, branched to 2 orders, primary branches 15 - 16, up to 40 cm long, basal pair of primary branches strongly recurved; prophyll 35 - 40 x 5 - 6 cm, brown-silky- tomentose; peduncle 6 - 8 cm long, 6 - 7 cm diam., orange-green basally and then green distally; rachillae slender, 30 - 35 cm long, 3.2 - 3.9 mm diam., dull green. Staminate flower slightly assymmetric, 6 - 7 mm long, 4 - 4.5 mm in diam. at anthesis; sepals 2 - 2.5 x 3 - 3.5 mm, rounded; petals 5 - 6 x 3 - 3.5 mm, broadly elliptic; stamens 4.5 - 5 mm long, filaments 2 - 2.5 mm long, connate at the base, anthers 3.6 - 3.8 mm long, 0.9 - 1 mm diam.; pistillode ovoid-conical, 2.5 - 3.2 mm long, 1 - 1.2 mm in wide at the base. Pistillate flower 5 - 5.8 mm long, 4 - 4.3 mm diam. at anthesis; sepals 3 - 3.3 x 5 - 5.5 mm; petals 3.5 - 4 x 2.5 - 3 mm, broadly elliptic; staminodes 4, lobes 0.9 - 1 x 0.8 - 0.9 mm, united at the base; gynoecium 3.5 - 4 mm long, 2.8 - 3.5 mm diam., ovoid. Fruit 25 - 26 mm long, 20 - 23 mm diam., globose, yellowish green to orange when immature, with cupule of persistent perianth 4.5 - 5 mm long. Seed 17 - 21 mm long, 18 - 20 mm diam., globose, brownish, with conspicuous impression over hilum; testa brown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Restricted to the Solomon Islands from Choiseul and St Isabel to Guadalcanal.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In gulley forests between ridges on poor coral and limestone soil, associated with Pometia at an altitude of up to 150 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Data deficient. While the relatively wide distribution of R. elegans in the Solomon Islands suggests that the category "Least Concern" may be appropriate, we know too little about the distribution of this species and the threats that it might face to make an assessment at this stage.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>R. elegans is easily distinguished from other species by its large globose fruits, slender fruit- bearing rachillae and inflorescences branched to two orders.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>SOLOMON ISLANDS. Guadalcanal: N coast, vicinity of Honiara, March 1964, Moore et al. 9310 (BSIP 4085) (BH, BSIP, K!, type); Tamboko, 1989, Henderson 70 (K!); Behind Lengakiki ridge, Jan. 1963, Whitmore BSIP 1284 (BSIP, K!, LAE!). St Isabel: SE of Paehena Pt., Dec. 1965, W Beer's Collectors BSIP 7090 (K!, BSIP, LAE!). Choiseul: 3 miles inland from Liulu village, April 1964, Whitmore BSIP 4097 (K!, LAE!). CULTIVATED. Sri Lanka, Peradeniya, Royal Botanic Gardens, July 1986, Rutherford & Bandara R 137 (K!).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Monograph of the Genus Rhopaloblaste (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Banka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 47-60</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhopaloblaste ledermanniana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 58: 451 (1923)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, East Sepik Province, April River, Sept. 1912; Ledermann; 8708</type>
+<type_loc>Neotype K!; syntypes B†</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhopaloblaste brassii</name>
+<author>H. E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>H. E. Moore, Principes 14: 81 (1970)</bibref>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Idenburg River, March 1939; Brass; 13305</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype A; isotypes L!, BRI, BM!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Mimini (Yamur dialect, Etna Bay), Imbetor, Kasira (both Wandammen), Kuwehleh (Orne dialect, Aitape), Saku (Mianmin dialect, Telefomin), Koah (Nomad). Black Palm (Papua New Guinea).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust, mid-storey, solitary palm bearing up to 11 leaves in the crown. Stem to 15 m tall, 8 - 10(- 15) cm diam., surface slightly rough with longitudinal grooves, dark olive-green, becoming brownish black with age, leaf scars prominent, internodes 6 - 8 cm. Leaf sheath 62 - 70(- 100) cm long, with dense greyish brown lepidote tomentum; crownshaft 62 - 130 cm long, c. 9 - 12 cm wide; petiole 15 - 20 cm long, concave on adaxial surface, greyish brown; rachis 2 - 3.8 m long, with blackish membranous scales on the adaxial surface; leaflets 59 - 90 each side of rachis, borne 2.5 - 4 cm apart, in one plane, semi-pendulous, middle leaflets 64 - 75 x 2.3 - 2.5 cm, linear, tapering acutely and bifid at the apex, discolorous, with twisted, medifixed or basifixed ramenta on abaxial surface of mid-veins, membranous scales as on rachis on adaxial surface of mid-veins near base of leaflets. Inflorescence 64 - 95 cm long, with a spread of 1.2 - 1.5 m, divaricate, branched to 4 or very rarely 5 orders, primary branches c. 18, 50 - 70 cm long, basal pair of primary branches strongly recurved; prophyll 26 - 37 cm long, 6 - 9 cm wide, with greyish brown, silky tomentum; peduncle 1.5 - 4 cm long, 4 - 6 cm diam., green with scattered reddish brown indumentum; rachillae slender, 17 - 36 cm long, 2 - 2.9 mm in diameter, greenish. Staminate flower 5 - 6 mm long, 3 - 4 mm diam. at anthesis; sepals 2 - 2.3 x 2.3 - 2.5 mm, rounded, striated near the margins; petals 3.6 - 4 x 2 - 2.2 mm, elliptic, glabrous; stamens 6, 5.3 - 5.6 mm long, filaments 3 - 3.5 mm long, connate at the base, anthers 2.1 - 2.5 mm long, 0.6 - 0.8 mm wide, elliptic, medifixed; pistillode conical, 3.2 - 3.5 mm long, 1 - 1.1 mm diam. at base. Pistillate flower 2 - 3 mm long, 3 - 3.5 mm diam., borne throughout the rachillae; sepals 1.4 - 1.5 mm long, 2.4 - 2.5 mm wide, rounded; petals 2.7 - 2.8 mm long, 1.5 - 1.8 mm diam., rounded with short triangular tips; staminodes 4, lobes 0.4 - 0.5 mm long, 0.4 - 0.5 mm wide at the base, acute at the apex; gynoecium 2.8 - 3 mm long, 1.9 - 2.1 mm diam., ovoid. Fruit 15.5 - 21 mm long, 9.5 - 12 mm diam., ovoid-ellipsoid, yellowish green when immature, becoming orange- red in maturity, with cupule of persistent perianth 5 - 6 mm long. Seed 10 - 12 mm long, 8 - 10 mm diam., ellipsoid-ovoid, testa black.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>From Waigeo Island, through west New Guinea as far as Sandaun and Western Provinces of Papua New Guinea.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Primary rain forest with sparse undergrowth on ridges and gentle slopes, sometimes also occurring on alluvial flats near streams, from 50 to 900 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least concern. Rhopaloblaste ledermanniana is under no threat in West Papua as it has a wide distribution there. It is however restricted to the north-western and central-western part of Papua New Guinea, and does not extend towards the eastern most part of Papua New Guinea. The species may become threatened in Papua New Guinea if heavily disturbed in its limited, localised distribution there.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The hard, outer part of the stem is used for making floorboards, bows and arrow tips. The shoot apex is eaten in Mianmin (Papua New Guinea) and Wasior (West Papua).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Rhopaloblaste ledermanniana can be distinguished by its small ovoid-ellipsoid fruits, by its slender rachillae and by the inflorescence branching to four or sometimes five orders. Rhopaloblaste ledermanniana was first described by Beccari, based on two Ledermann collections (9718 and 8648) from the April River (April Flusse). Both of these specimens were held in Berlin and have been destroyed. Beccari's protologue was published posthumously in Botanische Jahrbficher, edited by Lauterbach (1923). After the description of the new species Lauterbach added a note that a third specimen (Ledermann 8708), we assume in Berlin, also from the April River, had been annotated by Beccari as Rhopaloblaste ledermanniana. The specimen seen by Lauterbach was also destroyed, but a duplicate of this collection is still extant in Kew and is an obvious choice as the neotype of the species. Examination of this fragmentary material has allowed us to include R. brassii in the synonymy of R. ledermanniana. Moore (1970) described Rhopaloblaste brassii as a new species because he could not equate this taxon with any existing type material and he had not seen the Kew fragment of Ledermann 8708.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Sorong Regency: Waigeo Island, Yesner village, Bemsuri area, June 1997, Heatubun 123 (K!, MAN); N Misool island, around Wavari village 10 km SW of Limelas village, Jan. 2002, Wanggai 1 (BO, K!, LAE, MAN). Manokwari Regency: Wasior Distr., Wosimi R., Sikama R., 3 km SE of Senderawoi village, Feb. 2000, Barrow 128 (BO, K!, LAE!, L!, MAN); Dotir village, 11 km N of Wasior Subdistr., Feb. 2000, Maturbongs 650 (AAU, BRI, K!, LAE, MAN); Bintuni Subdistr., Trail between Saengga and Tanah Merah villages, Feb. 2002, Maturbongs 711 (BO, K!, LAE, MAN); Bintuni Subdistr., close to Tanah Merah village, Feb. 2002, Maturbongs 715 (BO, K!, LAE, MAN). Fakfak Regency: Kaimana Distr., Kroy village, Nov. 2000 Mehen 15 (AAU, CANB, K!, MAN); Etna Subdistr., Yamur, km 45 P.T. Kaltim Hutama Logging Road, Jan. 2001, Maturbongs et al. 665 (BO, K!, MAN). Timika Regency: Timika, Road from mile 21 to Port, Feb. 1998, Heatubun et al. 191 (BH, BO, K!, L!, MAN). Jayapura Regency: Dozai Village, Cyclops Mts Nature Reserve, Sept. 1998, Maturbongs & Wally 578 (BO, FTG, MAN, K! L); Dozai-Dafonsero, N of Dozai, Baimoengoen Creek Camp, Cyclops Mts, Aug. 1961, Royen & Sleumer 6373 (K!, L!); Bernhard Camp, Idenburg R., March 1939, Brass 13305 (A, L!, BRI, BM!, type), April 1939, Brass 13809 (A, BRI, L!,); Bernhard Bivak, Aug. 1938, Dress 495 (L!). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Sandaun Province: Telefomin Subdistr., Prospect Creek, Tributary of Frieda R., June 1969, Henty & Foreman NGF 42610 (BRI, CANB, L!, LAE!); Carpentaria Exploration Co., Frieda R. Camp, April 1978, Essig & Young LAE 74044 (LAE!), Essig & Young LAE 74047 (L!, LAE!, BH); West of Fiak Airstrip, March 1992, Frodin et al. 2604 (K!); On ridge between Dimaten Creek & Ser river in Donner Mts S of Hak valley airstrip, Oct. 1993, Morren 3047 (K!); Aitape Subdistr., Near Wantipi village, Bliri R., Aug. 1961, Darbyshire & Hoogland 8373 (K!, LAE!, CANB, BRI, L!). East Sepik Province: April R., Sept. 1912, Ledermann 8708 (K!, type); Angoram, Upper Karawari R., Oct. 1968, Darnchurch NGF 113 (L!). Western Province: Kiunga Subdistr., Kiunga- Rumginae Rd., 5 km N of Kiunga, Sept. 1972, Streimann & Lelean NGF 34165 (L!, LAE!); Kiunga, Sept. 1972, Streimann & Lelean NGF 18362 (L!, LAE!, BH); 2 miles N of Kiunga, Upper Fly R., Sept. 1967, Pullen 7301 (BH, CANB, K!, LAE!, L!); Palmer R., 2 miles below junction of Black R., June 1936, Brass 7135 & 7135A (LAE!, BRI, photo LAE!). Nomad Subdistr., S of Nomad, April 1978, Essig & Young LAE 74032 (L!, LAE!)</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Monograph of the Genus Rhopaloblaste (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Banka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 47-60</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhopaloblaste singaporensis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Hook. f</author>
+<citation>Gen. P1. 3: 892 (1883)</citation>
+<type>Singapore, Woodlands, March 1866; Beccari; s.n. (Beccari Herbarium No. 1180, 1180A, 1180B)</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychosperma singaporensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 61 (1877).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Drymophloeus singaporensis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Hook. f.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Hook. f., Rep. Progr. Condition Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew 1882: 55 (1884).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychoraphis singaporensis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 90 (1885).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychoraphis longiflora</name>
+<author>Ridl.</author>
+<bibref>Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 41: 39 (1904)</bibref>
+<type>Malaysia, Johore, Gunung Banang, Batu Pahat; Ridley; 1121</type>
+<type_loc>Type not located</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kerinting (Bahasa Malaysia)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Small slender understorey clustering palm bearing 5 - 8 leaves per stem in the crown. Stem to 5 m tall, 1.9 -4 cm diam., surface greyish brown, leaf scars prominent; internodes 3 - 5 cm. Leaf sheath 20 - 35 cm long, with dense interlocking silvery white brownish scales on the surface, tubular, persistent after death of leaf; crownshaft present, but obscured by decaying leaf sheaths, 25 - 40 cm long, 2 - 3 cm diam.; petiole elongate, 60 - 70 cm long, moderately grooved on the adaxial surface, with sparse brownish membranous scales; rachis 1.7 - 1.8 m long, rounded, but moderately grooved on the adaxial surface, with dense grey-brown membranous scales; leaflets 42 - 50 each side of rachis, borne 2 - 2.5 cm apart, in one plane, spreading, middle leaflet 25 - 31 x 10 - 13 mm, narrowly linear, tapering acutely and bifid at the apex, discolorous, with greyish white ramenta present along the elevated mid-veins on the abaxial surface, twisted brownish black membranous scales on the adaxial surfaces of mid-veins, less dense on the abaxial, becoming more dense at the base of pinnae. Inflorescence 20 - 35 cm long, with a spread of 10 - 15 cm, emerging from the decaying leaf sheaths below the crownshaft, branched to 1 or 2 orders, primary branches 4 - 8, 20 - 30 cm long, basal pair of primary branches spreading at an angle approaching 90' to the primary axis of the rachis; prophyll 6 - 7 x 2 - 3 cm, greyish brown; peduncle 1 - 2 cm long, 0.5 - 1 cm diam., with blackish scales inside the very thin grooves on the rugose surface; rachillae very slender, 25 - 34 cm long, 1.4 - 3 mm diam., green, turning greenish brown with age. Staminate flower symmetric, 3.5 - 4.5 mm long, 1.5 - 2 mm diam.; sepals 1.3 - 1.5 x 1.9 - 2.1 mm, broad to rounded; petals 2.8 - 3 x 1.8 - 2 mm, linear- elliptic; stamens 2.7 - 3 mm long, filaments 1.4 - 1.5 mm long, connate at the base, anthers 1.4 - 1.5 mm long, 0.6 - 0.7 mm diam., yellowish brown; pistillode conical, 2.5 - 2.6 mm long, 0.9 - 1 mm diam. at the base. Pistillate flower 1.8 - 2 mm long, 2.8 - 3 mm diam.; sepals 1.7 - 2 x 2.4 - 2.5 mm, rounded; petals 2 - 2.5 x 1.8 - 2 mm, broadly obovate; staminodes 4, lobes 0.7 - 0.9 x 0.8 - 0.9 mm; gynoecium 1.6 - 1.7 mm long, 1.2 - 1.3 mm diam., ovoid. Fruit 10 - 12 mm long, 8 - 9 mm diam., ellipsoid, yellowish orange to red when mature; cupule of persistent perianth 2 - 3 mm long. Seed 6 - 7 mm long, 3.5 - 4 mm diam., ellipsoid, testa black.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Restricted to Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia. In Malaysia, most frequent in Johore, but also recorded from Pahang and Perak in the Dindings and near Ipoh (Whitmore 1973; Dransfield, pers. comm.).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In dipterocarp forest up to 180 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least concern. With its relatively wide distribution, R. singaporensis cannot be regarded as threatened at a global level under IUCN criteria. However, while some Malaysian populations occur in protected areas, the range of the species has certainly been reduced significantly. It is now very sparsely distributed in Singapore (Loo, pers. comm.) and the Perak populations are highly threatened (Saw, pers. comm.).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used for making spear handles and walking sticks. The fruits are sometimes eaten like Pinang (Areca catechu). Sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Rhopaloblaste singaporensis is extraordinary within the genus for many reasons. It is the only species of Rhopaloblaste that has clustering stems. The stem itself is slender, reaches up to than 5 m in height and bears no more than 8 leaves in the crown. The leaf possesses a distinctly elongate petiole; when the leaf dies, the petiole breaks leaving the sheath attached. The crownshaft is present and well defined, but is obscured by persistent, decaying leaf sheaths. The inflorescence, which typically bursts through the decaying leaf sheaths, is branched to just one order and the basal rachillae are not strongly recurved. The fruit-bearing rachillae are slender and bear small elliptic fruits. While these characters suggest that the species may be incorrectly placed in Rhopaloblaste, there are some striking similarities. For example, the leaf rachis with abundant grey-brown scales on the adaxial surface, the finely divided pinnate eophyll and the relatively large club-shaped embryo are characteristics of all species of Rhopaloblaste. Moreover, the inflorescence and fruit morphology of R. singaporensis can be interpreted as reduced forms of the larger structures found in all other species in the genus. The placement of R. singaporensis in the genus Rhopaloblaste has now been confirmed with molecular evidence (Norup 8& Baker, unpublished). The synonym Ptychoraphis longiflora is placed here following Moore (1970) and our own judgement that the trivial characters used to distinguish it from R. singaporensis (principally the long male flowers) do not fall outside the range of variation accepted for R. singaporensis in this account. Type material has not been found in Kew and is apparently not present in Singapore according to Whitmore (in Moore 1970), but we have ample evidence from the protologue to place this name in synonymy here.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Perak: Pangkor, July 1888, Curtis 1640 (K!); Dindings, 1900, Curtis 3443 (K!). Johore: Gunung Panti, June 1880, Kunstler 230 (K!); West Gunung Panti, July 1968, Dransfield 894 (K!); Bukit Petar, Sungai Endau, Sept. 1987, Gianno E153 (K!, KLU); Sungai Linggiu, Dam Site, July 1991, Saw et al. FRI 37418 (KEP, K!); Labis Forest Reserve, South Side Ridge, April 1966, Whitmore FRI 173 (KEP, K!); North of Labis, 5 miles, Nov. 1946, Henderson 38203 (B, BH, BO, K !, L, SING); Compt. 21, Gunung Arong Forest Research, May 1962, Meyer & Yong 94878 (KEP, K!); Datok Sarah, March 1973, Singh & Samsuri 1015 (KEP, K!, LAE!). SINGAPORE. Woodlands, March 1866, Beccari s.n. (FI!, type); In the wooded part of the Botanic Garden, Jan. 1878, Beccari s.n., April 1878, Beccari, s.n.; 1853, Lobb s.n. (K!); 1867, Maingay 1536 (K!); Oct. 1878, Murton 96 (K!); Bajan, 1892, Ridley s.n. (SING, K!); 1891, Ridley 3137 (SING, K!); Upper Pierce Reservoir, near Nee Soon Swamp Forest, Nov. 2002, Baker & Loo 1174 (K!, SING, SINU). CULTIVATED. Singapore Botanic Garden, Block A, Oct. 1915, Burkill s.n. (SING, K!); Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Palm House, May 1998, Anon. 1986-1000 (K!).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Elegant feather-duster pinnate-leaved palms native to New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Raoul Island and the Chatham Islands, with rather stiff leaves and bulbous crownshafts.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhopalostylis</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 39: 180, 234(1875).</citation>
+<type>Type; Rhopalostylis baueri; (Hook.f.) H.Wendl. & Drude</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Eora</name>
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, J. Heredity 18: 409 (1927).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Eora sapida; (Sol. ex G.Forst.) O.F.Cook</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Rhopalon — club, stylis — column or pillar, but botanically the style, referring to the shape of the pistillode in the staminate flower.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to tall, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, smooth, green to grey, closely ringed with prominent leaf scars, sometimes enlarged and bearing exposed roots at the base. Leaves pinnate, ascending and erect or somewhat arched, often twisted; sheath forming a prominent, rather short and somewhat bulbous crownshaft, enlarged basally or ± straight, sheath with definite diagonal nerves, and small brown scales; petiole very short, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially; rachis like the petiole proximally, becoming channelled laterally and ridged adaxially, densely covered with small to medium brown scales; leaflets subopposite, forward pointing, stiff, lanceolate, tapering, often curved distally, single-fold, adaxially glabrous, abaxially and marginally somewhat tomentose, large scales present along the midrib, midrib evident adaxially, midrib and 1 pair of veins near the margins raised abaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescence infrafoliar, spreading, ± pendulous in fruit, branched to 3 orders; peduncle very short, dorsiventrally flattened, stout; prophyll tubular, elongate, rather short and broad, with 2 flat, lateral keels, broadly pointed distally, thin, papery, deciduous; peduncular bract like the prophyll but not keeled, deciduous with the prophyll; rachis longer than the peduncle, stout, tapering, bearing spirally arranged, sometimes prominent bracts, bracts basally wide, tapering to a point, subtending rachillae; rachillae divaricate, short, stout, with or without a short bare portion, bearing triads of flowers basally and paired to solitary staminate flowers on a short distal portion; rachilla bracts pointed, thick, striate, semicircular, tightly enclosing the lower half of the pistillate flower; floral bracteoles short, pointed. Staminate flowers asymmetrical, borne laterally and somewhat distally to the pistillate; sepals 3, distinct, briefly imbricate basally, narrow, tapering, somewhat keeled; petals 3, distinct, only slightly or markedly longer than the sepals, curved, adaxially grooved, tips thick, pointed; stamens 6, filaments markedly inflexed in bud, terete, joined briefly basally, anthers erect in bud, linear, dorsifixed near the middle, emarginate apically, bifid basally, latrorse, connective elongate, tanniniferous; pistillode slender, cylindrical, about as long as the stamens. Pollen ellipsoidal or pyriform, less frequently oblate triangular, slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus, less frequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 55–73 µm [2/3]. Pistillate flowers symmetrical, ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, truncate with a central point; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate basally with prominent valvate apices; staminodes lacking or tooth-like; gynoecium ellipsoidal, unilocular, uniovulate, style not distinct, stigmas 3, recurved, conspicuous, ovule very large, laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit globose or ellipsoidal, red when ripe, stigmatic remains apical, perianth persistent, spreading; epicarp smooth, mesocarp with a thin layer of sclereids and many flat, longitudinal fibres adherent to the endocarp, endocarp thin, fragile, not operculate, white or ± tan coloured. Seed ellipsoidal or globose, laterally attached by an elongate, rather wide, tapering hilum, raphe branches few or numerous, moderate to fine, anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal, often exactly so. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Variously considered as three species or two species, one with two varieties; distributed in New Zealand, Chatham Islands, Norfolk Island and Kermadec Islands. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), leaf (Tomlinson 1961) and fruit (Essig and Hernandez 2002). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Rhopalostylis has not been tested. For relationships, see Rhopalostylidinae. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used extensively by the Maoris for thatch and basket weaving. The terminal bud is edible. The palms are striking ornamentals in suitably moist climates. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1935b). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>In New Zealand (North Island), pollen of Rhopalostylis (R. sapida) occurs from the Lower Miocene to Recent where it is described as rare but easily recognisable (Couper 1953). Cocos has similar pollen (see entry for Cocos). </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Very similar and closely related to Hedyscepe; see notes under Hedyscepe. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Nikau palm (Rhopalostylis sapida), norfolk palm (R. baueri). </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Chiefly in dense lowland forests, usually not far from the sea in a mild, warm-temperate climate with abundant moisture. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small or moderate solitary spiny palm endemic to Seychelles, with a conspicuous crownshaft and with leaves divided into few broad segments with praemorse tips; inflorescences have long peduncles and very small flowers.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Roscheria</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Balf.f. in Baker</author> \r
+<citation>Fl. Mauritius. 386 (1877).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Roscheria melanochaetes; (H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. ex Balf.f.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Dr Albrecht Roscher (1836–1860), German explorer who followed close on Burton, Speke and Grant in exploring East Africa.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small or moderate, solitary, spiny when young, sparsely armed at maturity, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, becoming bare, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, the juvenile bearing rings of black spines, at maturity unarmed or with very few, scattered, weak spines, the stem base sometimes with aerial roots. Leaves irregularly pinnate, neatly abscising; sheaths tubular, forming a well-defined crownshaft, covered in scattered brown scales and armed with scattered, short, black spines, spines much more densely near the base of the petiole; petiole adaxially deeply channelled, abaxially rounded, densely armed along the margins near the base with short, easily detached, black spines; rachis unarmed, bearing scattered scales; blade entire, bifid in juveniles, at maturity irregularly divided into 1–several-fold leaflets, those with single ribs acuminate, those with several ribs truncate, praemorse, adaxially glabrous, abaxially bearing abundant minute, dot-like scales and conspicuous ramenta along the major ribs, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar at first, becoming infrafoliar after leaf fall, copiously branching to 3, very rarely to 4 orders proximally, to fewer orders distally; peduncle elongate, crescentic in cross-section, winged at the base; prophyll inserted some distance from the base, membranous to coriaceous, tubular, persistent, flattened, 2-keeled, briefly split at the tip, unarmed, bearing scatteredsmall scales; peduncular bract inserted some distance above theprophyll, usually much exceeding it, very sparsely scaly, tubular at first,later splitting along much of its length and expanding, eventuallyfalling; rachis usually shorter than the peduncle; rachis bracts all minute,triangular, very inconspicuous; branches of all orders with a short tolong portion free of branches or flowers, all axes scaly; first-orderbranches subdistichous, the proximal longer than the distal; rachillaeslender, rather short, flexuous, bearing spirally arranged, minute bractssubtending triads in the middle portion and paired or solitary staminateflowers distally, the flowers not at all sunken. Staminate flowers verysmall, globular in bud; sepals 3, ± distinct, imbricate, broad, triangular,± keeled; petals 3, distinct, valvate, more than twice as long as thesepals, broad, triangular; stamens 6, filaments connate basally to form alow ring, the distinct portions short, broad, triangular, anthers verysmall, rounded, medifixed, ± versatile, latrorse; pistillode relativelylarge, truncate, 3-angled. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distalsulcus; ectexine tectate, rugulate-reticulate with finely ridged muri,aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 28–33 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, thick, imbricate, broad, rounded, the margins irregularly splitting; petals 3, distinct, broad, triangular, the tips briefly valvate, otherwise imbricate; staminodes 6, tooth-like, ± united basally; gynoecium asymmetrical, ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigma apical, 3-lobed, ovule laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit small, globular or ellipsoidal, red at maturity, perianth whorls persistent, stigmatic remains subbasal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp very thin, with a layer of anastomosing fibres and abundant raphides, endocarp relatively thick, bony, smooth, with basal operculum. Seed basally attached with rounded hilum, raphe branches sparse, anastomosing, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal. Germination and eophyll not recorded. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Monotypic, confined to Mahé and Silhouette Islands in the Seychelles. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig et al. 2001). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Roscheria is resolved as sister to Verschaffeltia with high support (Lewis and Doyle 2002, Lewis 2002, Loo et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Uses not recorded, apart from being a prized ornamental. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1942). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Reticulate trichotomosulcate pollen from the Lower Eocene of Saudi Arabia is compared erroneously with Roscheria melanochaetes pollen (Srivastava and Binda 1991). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Roscheria is the only member of the Verschaffeltiinae to possess a crownshaft. Nevertheless, the inflorescences are interfoliar, at least at anthesis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Latanier hauban. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>An undergrowth palm of mountain rain forest, very rarely found below 500 m altitude; at ca. 750 m it can form pure stands on very steep slopes in the undergrowth of Northia forest. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>The Royal Palms — spectacular majestic solitary pinnate-leaved palms from the Craibbean islands and neighbouring parts of North, Central and South America; crownshaft is very conspicuous and the inflorescence branched to at least 4 orders with rather stiff spreading rachillae.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Roystonea</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author> \r
+<citation>Science, ser. 2. 12: 479 (1900).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Roystonea regia; (Kunth) O.F. Cook</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates the American engineer, General Roy Stone (1836–1905).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Tall, stout, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem columnar, variously tapered or swollen, tan, grey, or white, ringed by prominent or obscure leaf scars. Leaves pinnate; sheath tubular, large, forming a prominent crownshaft; petiole relatively short, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially; leaflets narrow, elongate, tapering to a point, single-fold, held in one plane or variously inserted, crowded or in groups, rather thin, midrib only or midrib and other longitudinal veins raised abaxially, hairs frequent and scales prominent along the midrib, transverse veinlets evident abaxially. Inflorescences infrafoliar, massive, branched to 3(–4) orders; peduncle very short, stout; prophyll tubular, elongate, strongly 2-keeled laterally, truncate, leathery, green, splitting apically; peduncular bract 2 to 3 times as long as the prophyll, terete, pointed, glabrous, leathery, green, splitting longitudinally; rachis much longer than the peduncle, bearing small, pointed, spirally inserted bracts; rachillae very long, slender and pendulous or short, stout and variously divaricate, straight or undulate, white when first exposed due to copious free scales; rachilla bracts spirally arranged, small, membranous, tapered, subtending widely spaced triads of flowers proximally and paired or solitary staminate flowers distally; floral bracteoles small, thin, membranous. Staminate flowers nearly symmetrical, larger than the pistillate buds at anthesis; sepals 3, distinct, triangular, imbricate, very short; petals 3, distinct, ovate, valvate, about 10 times the length of the sepals, tips thickened; stamens 6–12, filaments awl-shaped, erect in bud; anthers elongate, versatile, sagittate basally, dorsifixed near the middle, latrorse, connective tanniniferous; pistillode subglobose or trifid. Pollen grains ellipsoidal, occasionally oblate triangular, with slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus, occasionally a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, finely or coarsely perforate or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer than main tectum; infratectum columellate; longest axis 61–66 µm [4/10]. Pistillate flowers nearly conical to shortly ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, very short, broadly imbricate, rounded; petals 3, ovate, connate about 1/2 their length, valvate distally, more than twice as long as the sepals; staminodes 6, connate in a 6-lobed cupule adnate to the corolla basally; gynoecium subglobose, unilocular, uniovulate, style not distinct, stigmas 3, recurved, ovule laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit obovoid to oblong-ellipsoidal or subglobose, stigmatic remains nearly basal, perianth persistent; epicarp smooth, thin, mesocarp of pale parenchyma over a layer of thin, flat, anastomosing fibres next to the endocarp, endocarp thin, horny, fragile, somewhat operculate at the base, roughened and often ± adherent to the seed adaxially. Seed ellipsoidal, brown, hilum large, circular, lateral, raphe branches fine, radiating from the hilum, endosperm homogeneous; embryo nearly basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll entire. Cytology: 2n = 36, 38.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Ten species found throughout the islands of the Caribbean and bordering continental areas such as Florida, Mexico, eastern Central America, and northern South America. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Roystonea is monophyletic with high support (Baker et al. in review). For interspecific relationships, see Zona (1996). For sister-group relationships, see tribe Roystoneeae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Roystonea species are among the most elegant of the large palms and are widely cultivated in both hemispheres. Fruits are high in oil content and are used as pig food. The ‘cabbage’ of R. oleracea is edible. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Zona (1996). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>From the Indian Deccan Intertrappean, Maharashtra State (although the age span of these volcanic deposits is controversial, see Chapter 5), stem tissue from an almost complete stem trunk, Palmoxylon kamalan Rode, is considered to resemble that of Roystonea regia closely (Kulkarni and Mahabalé 1971). However, comparisons of palm stem wood or root to generic level should always be viewed with caution. Two flowers from Dominican amber, one staminate and one pistillate, estimated to be somewhere between mid-Eocene and mid-Miocene, are compared with Roystonea flowers (Poinar 2002b). This author notes, however, that the calyx in both flowers is too large to match the flowers with any extant species of the genus. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>See subtribe.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Royal palms, mountain cabbage palm (Roystonea altissima). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Primarily palms of the lowlands. Some species are thought to be indicators of good soil conditions. Most of their original habitats are now cleared for agriculture.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Single-stemmed fan palms of the Caribbean and neighbouring mainland of Central and North America, usually with conspicuously costapalmate leaves with unarmed petioles that have a triangular cleft at the base. The highly branched inflorescences bear solitary hermaphroditic flowers and usually rather small blackish fruit.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Sabal</name>\r
+<author>Adans.</author> \r
+<citation>Fam. pl. 2: 495, 599 (1763).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Sabal adansonii; Guerns.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Inodes</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 529 (1901).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Inodes causiarum; O.F.Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derivation unknown, perhaps based on a vernacular name.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Dwarf, moderate or tall, usually robust, solitary, acaulescent or erect, unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palms. Stem often descending shortly and recurved, covered with leaf bases, rough, striate, and obscurely ringed, or becoming ± smooth, grey, and bare with age. Leaves induplicate, marcescent, shortly to prominently costapalmate; sheath later with a conspicuous cleft below the petiole, margins fibrous; petiole often very long, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, sometimes bearing caducous indumentum; adaxial hastula short and truncate, or usually elongate and acute or acuminate, margins sharp, abaxial hastula sometimes distinguishable as a low ridge; blade flat to mostly arched, divided along the central abaxial fold to the middle or nearly to the costa, further divided along adaxial folds into drooping linear, ± even, rarely uneven, single-fold segments, briefly to rather deeply bifid, sometimes filiferous, segments with midribs prominent abaxially, interfold filaments sometimes present, glaucous or not, sometimes paler beneath, often with caducous indumentum along the major ribs, midribs prominent, transverse veinlets obscure or conspicuous. Inflorescence shorter, as long as or longer than the leaves, interfoliar, branching to 4 orders; prophyll short, 2-keeled, 2-lobed; peduncular bracts several, tubular below with a conspicuous, short to long and narrow tip, variously caducously tomentose; rachis equalling or longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts like peduncular bracts, decreasing in size distally; bracts of the second and third order well developed, tubular, decreasing in size distally; prophylls present on most branches; rachillae slender, with spirally arranged bracts, each subtending a low spur branch bearing a solitary flower. Flowers symmetrical; calyx somewhat thickened at the base, tubular, shallowly 3-lobed, often prominently nerved when dried; corolla tubular below, lobes elliptic, slightly imbricate in bud, spreading to suberect with incurved membranous margins at anthesis, becoming strongly inrolled when dry; stamens 6, the filaments rather fleshy, flattened, united in a tube about as high as the calyx, adnate up to the mouth of the corolla tube, then distinct and awl-shaped, not inflexed at the apex, anthers erect in bud, dorsifixed, ± versatile or erect, narrowly elliptic, latrorse; carpels 3, completely connate, ovarian part trilobed and only slightly broader than the elongate 3-grooved style, stigma capitate, trilobed, papillose, ovule basal, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely to coarsely perforate, or perforate and micro-channelled, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 33–50 µm; post-meiotic tetrads usually tetrahedral, sometimes tetragonal or, rarely, rhomboidal [8/16]. Fruit usually developing from 1 carpel, sometimes from 2 or 3, globose to pyriform, stigmatic scar and abortive carpels basal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy without fibres, endocarp thin, membranous. Seed free from endocarp, shining brown, depressed-globose, usually concave below when dry, raphe and hilum basal, endosperm homogeneous with a shallow intrusion of seed coat; embryo lateral or subdorsal. Germination remote-ligular; eophyll entire, elongate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>16 species. One of the larger coryphoid genera confined to the central Western hemisphere from Colombia to northeastern Mexico, the southeastern USA and the Caribbean basin. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Zona 1990), root (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965), gynoecium (Uhl and Moore 1971). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Sabal is monophyletic with strong support (Zona 1990, Asmussen et al. 2006). For relationships, see under tribe Sabaleae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Formerly used for making brooms and locally as a source of thatch. Many species are important ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Zona (1990) and Quero (1991). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>There are many fossil records for costapalmate leaves; they are the earliest type of fossil palm leaves recovered to date. The leaves are usually described under the fossil genus Sabalites, even though there are a number of other modern, predominantly coryphoid, genera, that have costapalmate leaves. The re-circumscription of Sabalites by Read and Hickey (1972) embraces any palmate leaf, ‘with a definite costa or extension of the petiole into the blade’, whereas Palmacites is recommended for palm-like leaves that are, ‘pure palmate, lacking a costa or extension of the petiole into the blade’. New fossil genera for costapalmate leaves, Costapalma, and for palmate leaves, Palustrapalma, were published by Daghlian (1978), but these genera have not been widely adopted. Other Sabal-like fossils include small monosulate pollen grains and, rarely, leaf cuticle and fruits. The fossil genus Sabalites is not only used frequently as a generic name for costapalmate leaves but also applied to fruits. The oldest record of Sabalites appears to be S. carolinensis Berry (Berry 1914b) from the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Lower Santonian Black Creek Formation [Middendorf arkose member] of South Carolina [USA]); this is also the oldest palm fossil assignable below family level. Sabalites magothiensis (Berry) Berry (Berry 1905, 1911) from the Santonian of Maryland and New Jersey (USA) and S. longirhachis (Unger) J. Kvac˘ek and Hermann (Hermann and Kvac˘ek 2002; Kvac˘ek and Hermann 2004) from the Lower Campanian of Austria are somewhat younger. Other Upper Cretaceous records include, from North America (Wyoming), S. eocenica (originally described from an Eocene location) and S. montana (Dorf 1942); and fragments of a large fan leaf, Sabalites sp. (Berry 1919a), from Tennessee (Ripley Formation). An incompletely preserved costapalmate leaf, S. ooaraiensis, (Ôyama and Matsuo 1964) is described from the fluvial deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Ôarai flora on the coast of Naka-gawa. From the Palaeocene onwards, records of costapalmate leaves become more frequent and widespread. In North America, records for the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains have been reviewed by Brown (1962), whereas records for the Middle and Upper Eocene floras of southeastern North America were reviewed by (Berry 1924) and also by Daghlian (1978). Details of leaf venation, adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells and stomatal cell arrangement allowed Daghlian (1978) to make direct comparison between the Eocene Sabal dortchii Daghlian and the modern genus. Other Tertiary records come from Europe: southern England (Palaeocene) (Reid and Chandler 1933, Chandler 1961b, 1961c, 1962, 1963); France, Tertiary (Saporta 1865); Germany, Upper Eocene–Miocene (Mai and Walther 1978), Miocene (Van der Burgh 1984); Switzerland, Upper Oligocene (Büchler 1990); Czech Republic, Miocene (Kva˘cek 1998); and Hungary, Oligocene (Andreánszky 1949). A relationship with the fossil Sabal major Unger was suggested for the inflorescence and rachilla of Tuzsonia hungarica (Andreánszky 1949), based on associated palm leaf fragments. However, the pollen described from individual flowers is probably too small, and the exine pattern unlike that of modern Sabal pollen. A number of Tertiary records have also been found: in Russia, Caucasus, Middle Miocene (Takhtajan 1958); Kamchatka Peninsula, Eocene (Budantsev 1979); and Transcaucasia, Oligocene (Akhmetiev 1989; leaf and associated monosulcate pollen); and in India, a leaf axis (Trivedi and Verma 1981) from the Deccan Intertrappean of Madhya Pradesh (although the age span of these volcanic deposits is controversial; see Chapter 5). Four species of Sabalites leaves are reported from the Tertiary of China (Peking Institute of Botany, and Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology 1978) and, from the Eocene of Japan, leaf fragments have been recorded from lignite mines in Hokkaido: Sabalites nipponica (Kryshtofovich 1918). Subfossil fragments of clasping petiole bases and seeds (‘stones’) are reported by Berry (1917) from the Pleistocene of Vero (Florida). Fossil fruits are reported from southern England, Lower Eocene as Sabal grandisperma (Reid and Chandler 1933); and Germany (Geiseltal), Eocene as S. bracknellense (Mai 1976). Few dispersed monosulcate fossil palm-like pollen can be confidently assigned to Sabal. This is because the pollen of many genera in tribes Sabaleae, Cryosophileae, Trachycarpeae and Chuniophoeniceae share similar size ranges and exine characteristics. Records include Sabalpollenites sp. from the Eocene of North America (Tennessee) (Potter 1976), Sabal sp. from the Lower Eocene of southern England (Khin Sein 1961), and three new Miocene species of finely reticulate Sabalpollenites from the Czech Republic (Konzalova 1971) (this association is questionable because the exine of Sabal pollen tends to be finely to coarsely perforate, or perforate and micro-channelled). There are also records from the Lower Miocene of Poland (Macko 1957) and from the Tertiary of China (Sabalpollenites areolatus; Song et al. 1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The occurrence of prophylls on inflorescence branches is useful in delimiting species. Sabal is distinguished from other genera that have costapalmate leaves by the lack of spines on the petiole and by the split leaf bases.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Palmetto, variously designated as bush (Sabal minor), cabbage (S. palmetto) and so on. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Some species (Sabal minor) grow in swampy areas, others in sandy coastal regions and dry open lands. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Sabal gretheriae, a New Species of Palm from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Quero</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 35: 219-224</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1991</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Sabal gretherae</name>
+<author>H.J.Quero</author>
+<citation>Principes 35: 219 (1991)</citation>
+<type>Mexico, Quintana Roo, 4 km S of Chiquila on road to Kantunilkin; Quero; 3592</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus MEXU; isotypi CICY, NY, UAMIZ, US</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>This species is named in honor of Rosaura Grether of the Department of Botany, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, who collected palms with the author for many years.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma mediocris usque ad 8 malta, trunco 20-30 cm diametro. Folia magna, lamina ca. 2 m lata, petiolis apice 3-4 cm latis, glabris, hastula longe acuminata, glabra, marginibus incurvatis, 13-22 cm longa, segmentis numerosis, unicostatis, costa media prominente, venis transversalibus conspicuis uterque paginis, segmentis centralibus usque ad 1.30 m longis, 7 cm latis, apice bifurcatis, palman longitudine 1/3 laminae, sinubus filiferis. Inflorescentiae ascendentes, folias non excedentes, 1.80-2.00 m longae, ramosissimae. Flores albi, fragrantes, calyce costato, urceolato vel cupulato, ca. 1.5 mm longo, petalis spathulatis siccatis costatis, 5 mm longis, filamentis ca. 5 mm longis, antheris 1.2-1.5 mm longis, pistillo conico ca. 4 mm longo, apice papilloso. Fructus subglobosi vel pyriformes, nigri, 16-20 mm lati, 16-18 mm alti. Semina subglobosa vel ovata-depressa, base plerunque manifeste apiculata; micropyle supraequatoriali. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Medium-sized palm to ca. 8 m tall; trunk 20-30 cm diam., with persistent petiole bases only near the crown. Leaf large, with blade more than 2 m diam.; petioles 1.201.40 m long, 5-6 cm wide in the middle and 3-4 cm wide at the apex; hastula narrowly triangular to acuminate, 15-22 cm long, glabrous, never lepidote, with incurved to erect margin, never flat; segments 100-120, robust, the middle ones 1.10-1.30 m long, 6-7 cm wide, with a prominent midvein and very conspicuous transverse veinlets on both surfaces, segment apices bifid for 30-40 cm, generally breaking at the apex; palman 40-50 cm long, filiferous at the sinuses at least in the smaller segments, the blade from the larger segments frequently marginally broken above the sinus in a narrow strip 5-11 mm wide. Inflorescence appressed-ascending with 3 orders of branching, not exceeding the leaves, 1.80-2.0 m long, with 2528 primary branches; rachillae 9-11 cm long, 1-1.2 mm diam. in the lowermost primary branches. Flowers white, fragrant, 4-4.5 mm long; calyx urceolate to cupulate, trilobed, 1.5-2 mm long, strongly costate when dry; petals spathulate, narrow ca. 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, ascending to spreading at anthesis, strongly costate when dry; filaments ca. 5 mm long, anthers 1.2-1.5 mm long, pistil conical ca. 4 mm long, with papillose apex, ovary 1.2-1.5 mm high. Fruit globular to globular- pyriform, 16-20 mm diam., 16-18 mm high, black at maturity, epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy to 4 mm thick. Seed subglobose to irregularly depressed ovoid, not concave, 9.5-12.2 mm diam., 6-9 mm high, frequently strongly apiculate at the base by the funicular remnant, to 2.2 mm high; embryo supraequatorial. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>The new species is only known to date in the vicinity of Chiquila, Quintana Roo, a small coastal town located in front of Holbox Island at the northeasternmost point of the Yucatan Peninsula. This palm is abundant in this restricted area, growing under disturbed conditions, on sandy-loam plane soils. At the limit of its distribution, it grows in association with Sabal yapa and Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Martius. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Sabal gretheriae can be confused in the Yucatan Peninsula with S. mexicana because of the unicostate segments, large fruits and petals costate when dry. However, both species can readily be distinguished because the former has the broadest leaf segments 6-7 cm, appressedascending inflorescences, spathulate petals, and spheroidal depressed not concave seeds, 7-9 mm high with an irregular outline, while S. mexicana has segments 3.2-5.3 cm wide, an arcuate inflorescence, obovate to oblong petals, and obloid concave seeds, 5.7-7.4 mm high. In addition, some anatomical differences exist between them, both in type and distribution of the bundle sheath extensions and the small adaxial vascular bundles; S. mexicana has no extensions of the major vascular bundles and also has 3-7 small vascular bundles between the major ones; S. gretheriae has extensions in the major vascular bundles and 7-9 small vascular bundles. The caryotype of the new species comprises 14 metacentric pairs, 8 of them with satellites and 4 submetacentric pairs, 1 of them with satellites, while S. mexicana has 14 metacentric pairs, 4 of them with satellites and 4 submetacentric pairs (Palomino, personal communication). Furthermore, S. mexicana grows only in the southwestern portion of the Peninsula, in the state of Campeche, and flowering from January to April, while S. gretheriae grows only in the northeast, in the state of Quintana Roo, and flowers from May to August. The new species can be distinguished from the two apparently more related Cuban species by the petals costate when dry. Also, it should be noted that the new species can be distinguished from S. palmetto by the widely spaced nerves and its very prominent transverse veinlets. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>MEXICO: Quintana Roo: 4 km S. of Chiquila on the road to Kantunilkin, Quero 3592 (Holotype MEXU, isotypes CICY, NY, UAMIZ, US); 2 km S of Chiquila on the road to Kantunilkin, Orellana 831; 3 km S of Chiquila on the road to Kantunilkin, Orellana 837; 4 km S of Chiquila on the road to Kantunilkin, Quero 3588; 3.5 km S of Chiquila on the road to Kantunilkin, Quero 3591; 2.5 km S of Chiquila on the road to Kantunilkin, Quero 3596 (all CICY). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Acaulescent, clustering palms, often forming dense thickets, in Southeast Asia and West Malesia; sheaths and petiole are densely armed with long spines; flowering is pleonanthic and the inflorescence emerges from a slit in the back of the leaf that subtends it; the sarcotesta is easily separated from the rest of the seed.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Salacca</name>\r
+<author>Reinw.</author>\r
+<citation>Syll. Ratisb. 2: 3 (1826 [‘1828’]).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Salacca edulis; Reinw.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Lophospatha</name>\r
+<author></author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 752 (1942).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Lophospatha borneensis; Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Latinisation of the Malay vernacular name, salak.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Minute to rather robust, usually acaulescent, clustered, spiny, pleonanthic, dioecious palms. Stem subterranean, decumbent or very short and erect, usually obscured by the leaf bases, the internodes short, often with abundant adventitious roots, rarely with short stilt roots, sucker buds leaf opposed at angles of 90–180° from the subtending leaf, very rarely developing as whip-like shoots rooting at their tips. Leaves very small to robust, pinnate, or entire, bifid, with pinnate venation, marcescent; sheath splitting opposite the petiole, unarmed at the extreme base, otherwise very sparsely to very densely armed with robust, scattered or whorled spines and usually with abundant caducous or persistent scales, sheath mouth frequently bearing a tattered ligule-like structure; petiole channelled adaxially near the base, rounded distally and abaxially, variously armed with spines and indumentum, often fiercely so; rachis armed as the petiole, but more sparsely; leaflets single-fold, where pinnate, except for the terminal pair, linear or sigmoid, acuminate or very rarely deeply lobed at the tip, regularly arranged or grouped and fanned within the groups, variously armed with short bristles along the main veins and margins, terminal pair compound, joined along the midline, deeply lobed at the tip, where leaf entire, bifid, the apical margins deeply lobed or almost entire, abaxial blade surface often with a dense covering of powdery indumentum, midribs prominent adaxially, transverse veinlets usually conspicuous. Inflorescences axillary but enclosed within the sheath of the subtending leaf, and emerging through a slit along the midline of the abaxial surface of the sheath, inflorescences usually short, sometimes spicate, more often with 1 or 2 orders of crowded or spreading branches, occasionally hidden by detritus, sometimes arching out of the crown, very rarely whip-like with the tip metamorphosing into a vegetative axis, rooting and becoming established as an independent plant, staminate inflorescences usually branched to at least 1 more order than the pistillate; peduncle usually short; prophyll usually rather inconspicuous, partly enclosed within the leaf sheath slit, tubular, 2-keeled, irregularly tattering; peduncular bracts several, tubular at the base with irregularly tattering, frequently densely scaly limbs; rachis usually longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts like the peduncular bracts; rachillae cylindrical, catkin-like, exposed or hidden by the bracts, bearing a tight spiral of imbricate, triangular or low, rounded bracts, sometimes connate laterally to form a continuous spiral, sometimes very small and scarcely imbricate, each, except for the proximal and most distal few, subtending flowers and sometimes also a dense pile of hairs. Staminate flowers borne in dyads with 2 small prophyllar bracteoles, these sometimes split and variously connate to each other, the flowers exserted from the pit at anthesis; calyx tubular, variously split to give 3 lobes, sometimes distinct almost to the base, chaffy, striate; corolla with a short stalk-like base, and a long proximal tube, bearing 3 triangular, ± hooded, valvate lobes; stamens 6, borne at the mouth of the corolla tube, filaments short, wide basally, anthers rounded to elongate, introrse; pistillode minute or absent. Pollen spheroidal or oblate-spheroidal; aperture a presumed meridional zonasulcus, occasionally incompletely so, rarely equatorial disulcate; ectexine tectate and spinose, rarely spinulose, or psilate and sparsely perforate or, semitectate and spinulose, or gemmate, aperture margins similar to surrounding ectexine; infratectum columellate; longest axis 22–34 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetragonal [16/20]. Pistillate flowers either solitary (Section Leiosalacca) or borne in a dyad with a sterile staminate flower (Section Salacca) similar to the fertile but with empty anthers; calyx of pistillate flower tubular at the base, distally with 3, triangular, striate lobes; corolla similar with 3, triangular, valvate lobes; staminodes 6, borne at the mouth of the corolla tube, the filaments usually elongate, anthers ± sagittate, empty; gynoecium tricarpellate, triovulate, covered in flattened, smooth, or erect spine-tipped scales, stigmas 3, fleshy, reflexed at anthesis, locules incomplete, ovules basifixed, anatropous. Fruit (1–)(2–)3-seeded, globose to pear-shaped or ellipsoidal, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp covered in somewhat irregular vertical rows of reflexed scales, the scale tips smooth (section Leiosalacca) or spine-like and upward pointing (Section Salacca), mesocarp very thin at maturity, endocarp not differentiated. Seeds basally attached, conforming to 1/3 or 1/2 of a sphere (depending on number reaching maturity), sarcotesta very thick, sour or sweet, inner seed coat very thin, endosperm homogeneous, the apex with a pit; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll entire bifid. Cytology: 2n = 28.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 20 recognised species, but several more remain to be described; distributed from Burma and Indochina, south and eastwards to Borneo, Java, and the Philippines. Salacca zalacca, wild in Java and Sumatra, has been introduced into the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and Bali for its excellent fruit. The greatest number of species and morphological diversity is found in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, petiole, stem, root (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1996a), differing from other Calamoideae in having very large epidermal cells with sinuous walls in the leaf. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Published phylogenies resolve Salacca as a strongly supported monophyletic group (Baker et al. 2000a, 2000b). However, the problematic species S. secunda, which displays features of both Salacca and Eleiodoxa has not yet been sampled. Salacca is strongly supported as sister to Eleiodoxa (Baker et al. 2000a, 2000b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Salacca zalacca is cultivated for its excellent fruit, and fruits of other species are eaten although they are sometimes very sour. Petioles of S. wallichiana are sometimes used in house construction in Thailand (Dransfield 1981c). The leaves of several species provide temporary thatch. The spiny petioles of S. zalacca are occasionally employed in Java to prevent thieves from climbing fruit trees and bats from roosting on roof beams. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1918), Furtado (1949), Mogea (1980). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Fossil pollen, Punctilongisulcites microechinatus Theile Pfeiffer (1988), from the Middle Eocene of Germany, is favourably compared with Salacca affinis by Zetter and Hofmann (2001). Paravuripollis has been compared with Salacca pollen (Ramanujam 1987), but its affinities are more likely to be with Korthalsia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Salacca is neatly divisable into two sections: section Salacca with spine-tipped scales and pistillate rachillae bearing dyads of a fertile pistillate and a sterile staminate flower and section Leiosalacca with smooth scales and pistillate rachillae bearing solitary pistillate flowers. The little-known S. secunda and Salacca sp. nov. Henderson are hapaxanthic and are palynologically different from other Salacca species. These species call into question the currently accepted generic limits in Salaccinae, but, in the absence of a detailed phylogenetic study of the subtribe, we retain the traditional circumscriptions here. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Salak. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Salacca species are plants of the undergrowth of primary tropical rain forest. However, they may be left after the surrounding forest has been destroyed to persist in the open, because of their usefulness as a source of fruit and building materials. Many species favour swampy valley bottoms where they form rather dense spiny thickets. Other species may be found on hillslopes or ridgetops. S. rupicola grows in the crevices of limestone cliffs and in the dwarf forest on limestone hilltops. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary pinnate-leaved palm from the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, remarkable for the two large peduncular bracts and small fruit.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Satakentia</name>\r
+<author>H.E. Moore</author> \r
+<citation>Principes 13: 5 (1969).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Satakentia liukiuensis; (Hatus.) H.E.Moore</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Honoring Toshihiko Satake (1910–1998), Japanese industrialist and palm hobbyist, by combining his name with the generic name Kentia, named for William Kent (1779 –1827), one-time curator of the botanic gardens at Buitenzorg, Java (now Kebun Raya Bogor).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, usually enlarged and with a mass of adventitious roots at the base, columnar above, green to brown, longitudinally striate, ringed with close leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, spreading; sheaths tubular, forming a prominent crownshaft and with a prominent chartaceous ligule; petiole short, adaxially channelled with a central ridge, abaxially rounded; rachis elongate, flattened adaxially, rounded abaxially, tomentose; leaflets regularly arranged, acute, single-fold, midrib evident abaxially, marginal nerves thickened, usually 2(–3) secondary ribs, and numerous tertiary veins on each side, glabrous adaxially, ramenta present abaxially near the base of the midrib, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, densely and minutely stellate-tometose, branched to 2 orders basally, to 1 order distally; peduncle short, stout; prophyll tubular, terete, 2-keeled laterally, briefly beaked, much shorter than the peduncular bracts; first peduncular bract, complete, tubular, thick, woody, terete, beaked, enclosing a second almost complete and similar peduncular bract, both splitting abaxially and caducous at anthesis, a prominent but much shorter third and sometimes fourth, chartaceous incomplete peduncular bract also developed; rachis about as long as the peduncle, tapering, densely tomentose, angled, bearing spirally inserted, rather large, acute bracts subtending basal branches and smaller rounded bracts subtending distal branches; rachillae elongate, rather stout, stiff, bearing spirally arranged, low, rounded bracts subtending flowers borne in triads of 2 staminate and 1 pistillate in lower 1/4 to 1/3 of the rachillae, paired to solitary staminate flowers distally. Staminate flowers nearly symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, ± rounded; petals 3, distinct, valvate, more than twice as long as the sepals; stamens 6, filaments distinct, awl-shaped, inflexed at the apex in bud, anthers oblong in outline, latrorse; pistillode as long as the stamens, cylindrical, with obliquely subcapitate apex. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 43–45 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate; petals 3, distinct, imbricate, with shortly valvate apices; staminodes 3, tooth-like, on one side of the gynoecium; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, recurved at anthesis, ovule pendulous, anatropous. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoidal with eccentrically apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth but drying longitudinally lines, mesocarp with numerous flat longitudinal fibres in thin flesh and some red-brown stone cells near the apex, endocarp thin, fragile, operculate at the base of the elongate hilar seam, not adherent to the seed. Seed ellipsoidal, hilum elongate, raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species on Ishigaki Island (Yonehara) and Iriomote Island (Hoshitate, Nakam River,Sonai, and Yoeyama Group of the Ryukyus).</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Fruit (Essig et al. 1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Carpoxylon.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Cultivated as an ornamental. The ‘cabbage’ is said to havebeen eaten during World War II.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1969a); see also Pintaud andSetoguchi (1999).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pintaud and Setoguchi (1999) were the first torecognise that the inflorescence of Satakentia has twopeduncular bracts, a character it shares with Carpoxylon butnot with Neoveitchia. However, the inflorescences and fruit ofthe three genera are similar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Noyashi and yaeyama-yashi.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Growing on hillslopes or more rarely near the sea; often growing in densemore-or-less even-aged stands.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary dioecious fan palm of rain forests in northeastern Madagascar, distinctive in the rounded fruit with externally winged and crested endocarp, internally smooth, which splits in two valves on germination, and with ruminate endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Satranala</name>\r
+<author>J. Dransf. and Beentje</author> \r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 50 (1): 87 (1995).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Satranala decussilvae; Beentje and J. Dransf.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Based on the Malagasy vernacular name satranala — forest fan palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust solitary pleonanthic tree palm. Stem erect, irregularly ringed with leaf scars, somewhat swollen at the base, sometimes with aerial roots above the base of the trunk. Leaves induplicately costapalmate, neatly abscising under their own weight in mature individuals; sheath lacking auricles, with a conspicuous triangular cleft below the petiole, abaxially with scattered scales; petiole adaxially channelled near the base, distally ± flattened, abaxially rounded, the margins sharp, bearing minute irregular teeth distally, surfaces covered in patchy hairs, scales and white wax; adaxial hastula present, abaxial hastula absent; blade divided to ca. 1/4 to 1/3 its radius along adaxial folds into induplicate segments, further divided by short splits along abaxial folds, interfold filaments caducous, lamina covered with thin white wax, transverse veinlets conspicuous, close, somewhat sinuous; lamina anatomy dorsiventral. Staminate inflorescence interfoliar, solitary, shorter than the leaves, branching to 2 orders; peduncle ± rounded in transverse section; prophyll short, 2-keeled, included in the subtending leaf-sheath; peduncular bracts several; rachis longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts decreasing in size distally, tubular, rather loosely sheathing, with a broad, split, triangular limb, sometimes strongly keeled, densely covered in rusty tomentum; first-order branches crescent-shaped in cross-section, longer than the subtending bract, not bearing a prophyll, branching at the tip to produce a group of 3–9 radiating, catkin-like rachillae, rarely at the inflorescence tip the group reduced to a single branch; rachillae slightly sinuous, bearing a tight spiral of rounded, densely hairy, striate bracts, connate laterally and partially adnate to the axis to produce pits, densely filled with hairs. Staminate flowers unknown. Pollen (found remaining among inflorescence bracts) ellipsoidal, ± bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 43–50 µm [1/1]. Pistillate inflorescence similar to the staminate but with fewer rachillae in groups of not more than 3. Pistillate flowers unknown. Fruit developing from a single carpel, globose, stigmatic remains basal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy and fibrous, endocarp hard, woody, externally with broad anastomosing flanges, one principal flange forming a crest along the vertical axis of the endocarp, the crest splitting during germination, allowing the cotyledonary stalk to emerge, the endocarp then splitting into two, internally the endocarp smooth, lacking a basal intrusion and lacking a germination pore opposite the embryo. Seed globose, basally attached; endosperm ruminate, deeply and irregularly penetrated by integumental tissue, solid, embryo apical. Germination remote-tubular, eophyll palmate with 2–3 segments. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Eastern Madagascar in the Masoala Peninsula and the Mananara Avaratra Biosphere Reserve.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf lamina dorsiventral (Rudall, pers. comm.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>There is moderate to high support for a sister relationship between Satranala and Bismarckia (Bayton 2005, Asmussen et al. 2006). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Used for thatch and the apex sometimes eaten; since its discovery,the palm has entered horticultural trade.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield and Beentje (1995a, 1995b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>As the seed germinates, the cotyledonary stalk pushesits way out of the endocarp, which gapes slightly along themajor crest, the endocarp thus appearing somewhat like awalnut with two valves; no other palm known to usgerminates in this way. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Satranabe (Betsimisaraka). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Growing in wet forest on shallow soils overlying ultramafic rock or quartzite, in steep-sided valleys rich in pandans and palms, at 250–300 m above sea level. All populations are small (Ravololonanahary 1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Satranala decussilvae</name>\r
+<author>Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 50 (1): 89 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Mananara Avaratra, April 1992; Beentje et al.; 4628</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN, WAG</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>One of the most exciting discoveries made during this project. The first fan palm from the rain forests of the East Coast, looking quite like a Bismarckia, but with totally different fruit. The endocarp is flanged on the outside, with straight and sinuous wings. It is tempting to speculate on the adaptive significance of this extraordinary structure. We suggest the endocarp may be adapted to being swallowed by large birds (such as the now extinct Aepyornis) - a theory which, of course, cannot be tested. However, it is worth noting that very heavily sclerified and sculptured endocarps are found in Ptychococcus and Brassiophoenix (Uhl & Dransfield 1987) and in two species of Licuala (M. Forrero, pers. comm.) in New Guinea, where they appear to be adapted to dispersal by cassowaries, extant relatives of the extinct Madagascar elephant bird.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Satranabe (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary tree palm. TRUNK 8-15 m tall, 15-18 cm diam., hard, smooth, ± straight, obscurely ringed with scars, sometimes with aerial roots above the base of the trunk; internodes 8-10 cm, nodal scars 1.5 cm wide. LEAVES (9 in young plants) 20-24 in the crown, porrect, rather stiff, with up to 6 marcescent old leaves; sheath 46-60 cm long, 35 cm diam., at the very base 70 cm wide, split from 14-44 cm, abaxially chestnut-brown near the base, more distally pale brown with scattered scales, adaxially chestnut-brown, glabrous; petiole 1.4-1.5 m (to 2.7 m in young plants), proximally 7-10 x 5-6 cm, distally 5 x 1.5 cm, abaxially with thin white tomentum and wax, adaxially brown near the base, distally green with elongate scales, shallowly channelled, the margins proximally with spines to 3 mm, distally with minute spines; adaxial hastula forming a flange 3-8 mm high, with a central lobe to 15 mm long; blade costapalmate, 110-180 cm from hastula to apex, 240-260 cm wide, with 54-57 segments, costa to 33 cm, abaxially c. 2 cm wide at the base; segments almost flat, apically bifid for 1-10 cm, with three main veins and numerous close sinuous transverse veinlets, abaxially with conspicuous white wax, both surfaces with many large laciniate scales near the base, distally with few small brown scales, outer folds 88-102 x 1.3-3.2 cm, unsplit in the basal 8-9 (outermost) -20 cm, intermediate folds 104-130 x 4.4-5.5 cm, unsplit in basal 50-52 cm, central folds 114-181 x 4-6 cm, unsplit in basal 80-100 (-137 in young plants) cm. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, arching, spreading, 230 cm long; peduncle to c. 45 cm long, 3-3.5 x 2-2.8 ; cm in section distally; prophyll and peduncular bracts not seen; rachis bracts rusty-brown tomentose, the proximal 42-50 cm long, c. 6 cm diam., the distal 31 cm long, c. 1.5 cm diam.; first order branches 13, the proximal 46-50 cm long, 3-3.5 x 0.6-0.8 cm diam., with 6-9 rachillae, the distal 40-45 cm long, 0.6-0.7 x 0.4-0.6 cm diam., with 1-3 rachillae; basal rachillae 29-31 cm long, 1.1-1.4 cm diam., distal rachillae to 22 cm long, 1.1 cm diam. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE similar to the staminate, rachillae 28-30 cm long, c. 1-1.2 cm diam. FRUIT globose to ovoid, to 5.6 x 5 cm, epicarp smooth, purple-black, shiny, mesocarp c. 1 cm thick, rather dry-fleshy, endocarp ± globose, 34-48 x 33-45 mm, the wall c. 1-2mm thick, outer surface with conspicuous, mostly vertical flanges, radiating from the base, one forming a crest along one entire vertical circumference, thus forming two faces, the flanges on the two faces c. 6 on each face, branching and anastomosing, tending to end blind- ly and not joined to the main crest, the flanges 3-6 mm high, the whole splitting along the main crest to allow the cotyledonary stalk to emerge; inner surface of endocarp smooth. SEED closely adherent to endocarp, to 30 x 32 mm, apparently considerably smaller in some individuals; endosperm solid, deeply ruminate; embryo apical, c. 6 x 2 mm. EOPHYLL palmate; germination remote-tubular.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Mananara Biosphere Reserve, known from a single site.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Wet forest on shallow soils overlying ultramafic rock, in steep-sided valley rich in pandans and palms, at 250 - 285 m above sea level.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Known from a single site, where we have seen 30 trunked trees, 40 young ones, and many seedlings.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>As the seed germinates the cotyledonary stalk pushes its way out of the endocarp which gapes slightly along the major crest, the endocarp thus appearing somewhat like a walnut with two valves; no other palm known to us germinates in this way.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananara Avaratra, Oct. 1991 (vegetative, fruit), Beentje 4474 (K, TAN); April 1992 (old staminate infl.), Beentje et al. 4628 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN, WAG); Oct. 1994 (fr.), Beentje & Dransfield 4810 (K, TAN), 4815 (K, TAN), 4807 (K, TAN). .</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Extremely variable genus of spiny pinnate-leaved palms from Central and South America and the Caribbean, with almost always acute not praemorse leaflets, or entire margins. The staminate flowers are borne in triads along with the pistillate, not concentrated at the tips of the rachillae.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Bactris</name>\r
+<author>Jacq. ex Scop.</author> \r
+<citation>Intro. hist. nat. 70 (1777).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Bactris minor; Jacq.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Guilielma</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Palm. fam. 21 (1824).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Guilielma speciosa; Mart.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Augustinea</name>\r
+<author>H.Karst.</author>\r
+<bibref>H.Karst., Linnaea 28: 395 (1857) (non A. St.-Hil. and Naudin 1844).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Augustinea major; (Jacq.) H. Karst.</type> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Pyrenoglyphis</name>\r
+<author>H.Karst.</author>\r
+<bibref>H.Karst., Linnaea 28: 607 (1857) (‘1856’).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Pyrenoglyphis major; (Jacq.) H. Karst.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Amylocarpus</name>\r
+<author>Barb.Rodr.</author>\r
+<bibref>Barb.Rodr., Contrib. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 3: 69 (1902) (non Currey 1859).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Amylocarpus simplicifrons; (Mart.) Barb. Rodr.</type> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Yuyba</name>\r
+<author>(Barb.Rodr.) L.H.Bailey</author>\r
+<bibref>(Barb.Rodr.) L.H. Bailey, Gentes Herb. 7: 416 (1947).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Yuyba simplicifrons; (Mart.) L.H. Bailey</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Probably derived from baktron — stick, cane, staff, because of the slender stems of many species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Diminutive to large, solitary or clustered, unarmed (rarely) to very spiny, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stems subterranean and very short, to erect, very slender to moderate, with short to long internodes and, eventually, with conspicuous nodal scars, often scaly, frequently armed with short to long spines. Leaves pinnate or entire bifid, marcescent or neatly deciduous; sheaths usually splitting opposite the petiole, the margins smooth or becoming fibrous, unarmed to densely spiny, glabrous, scaly, hairy or bristly, a ligule-like projection sometimes also present; petiole very short to long, adaxially channelled, flat, or angled, abaxially rounded, variously unarmed to spiny; rachis usually longer than the petiole, adaxially angled except near base where channelled or not, abaxially rounded to flattened, variously armed or unarmed; blade where undivided with smooth or spiny margins, numerous ribs and an apical V-shaped notch, leaflets 1–several-fold, regularly arranged or irregularly grouped, often held in different planes within the groups, linear, lanceolate, or sigmoid, the tips very rarely praemorse (Bactris caryotifolia), acute or acuminate in a long drip tip, more rarely bifid or irregularly lobed, sometimes the abaxial surface covered in chalky-white indumentum, sometimes spiny along midrib on abaxial surface, the margins often bristly, blade surfaces sometimes softly hairy, midrib prominent adaxially, transverse veinlets conspicuous or obscure. Inflorescences interfoliar, or mostly becoming infrafoliar, solitary, spicate (rarely) or branching to 1 order, protogynous; peduncle usually relatively short, sometimes elongate, ± curved, oval in cross-section, armed or unarmed; prophyll short, tubular, 2-keeled, tightly sheathing, often concealed within the leaf sheath, usually membranous, unarmed, splitting along the abaxial face; peduncular bract inserted near the base of the peduncle, usually persistent, much longer than the prophyll, enclosing the rachillae in bud, coriaceous to woody, tightly sheathing the peduncle, tubular, later splitting longitudinally in distal region and often expanding and becoming boat-shaped or cowl-like, usually bearing indumentum, often bearing spines on the outer face, inner face smooth, sometimes conspicuously cream-coloured, rarely a second peduncular bract present; rachis usually shorter than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged, rather stiff, ± glabrous, densely hairy or bristly rachillae, each subtended by an inconspicuous triangular bract; rachillae bearing spirally arranged, usually rather crowded, small triangular rachilla bracts subtending flower groups, flowers borne in triads ± throughout the rachillae, or triads scattered among paired or solitary staminate flowers ± throughout, or triads borne in proximal ca. 1/2 and solitary or paired staminate flowers distally; floral bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers often somewhat asymmetrical, sessile, or rarely borne on slender, unequal pedicels; calyx cupular or spreading, very short, shallowly trilobed; petals 3, fleshy, asymmetrically triangular, distally valvate, connate basally to ca. 1/2 their length and adnate basally to a fleshy floral axis; stamens (3–)6(–12), filaments slender, inflexed at the apex nearly from the middle in bud, sometimes curved, anthers usually dorsifixed, short to elongate, ±versatile, latrorse; pistillode absent. Pollen grains ellipsoidal, or oblate-triangular, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, usually, finely to coarsely rugulate, perforate and/or micro-channelled, or psilate with usually widely spaced perforations, less frequently finely perforate rugulate tectum with either supratectal spines, verrucae or gemmae, aperture margin may be slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranges from 28–52 µm [42/73]. Pistillate flowers scarcely larger than the staminate; calyx annular, somewhat flattened or urn-shaped, truncate or very shallowly 3-lobed, sometimes hairy, scaly or spinulose; corolla much longer than the calyx or ± the same length, urn-shaped, truncate or very shallowly 3-lobed, variously hairy or spiny or glabrous; staminodes absent or forming a membranous ring, not adnate to the corolla; gynoecium columnar to ovoid, sometimes spiny or hairy, trilocular, triovulate, stigmas 3, very short, ovules laterally attached, orthotropous. Fruit usually 1-seeded, very small to large, ovoid, obpyriform, oblate, or top-shaped, yellow, red, green, brown, purple, or black; epicarp smooth, spiny, roughened or hairy, mesocarp thin to very thick, fleshy, juicy or starchy with sparse or abundant fibres, endocarp thick, bony, with 3 pores at or above the equator, sometimes with fibres radiating from the pores. Seed irregularly globular, basally attached, hilum circular, raphe branches sparsely anastomosing (?always) endosperm homogeneous, with or without a central hollow; embryo next to one of the endocarp pores. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid or rarely pinnate, often spiny, bristly or hairy. Cytology: 2n = 30.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Although over 230 species have been described in the past, Henderson (2000), using a broad species concept in his recent monograph, has brought order to the genus. Seventy-seven species are currently accepted, distributed from Mexico and the West Indies south to Paraguay, with the greatest diversity in Brazil. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf morphology (Clement and Urpi 1983), anatomy (Tomlinson 1961, Roth 1990), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), flower (Uhl and Moore 1971, 1977a) and seed (Werker 1997).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Bactris is monophyletic with high support (Couvreur et al. 2007). For relationships, see Acrocomia. For interspecies relationships, see Couvreur et al. (2007).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Economically, the most important species is B. gasipaes (Guilielma gasipaes), which is widely cultivated and not known in the truly wild state (Mora-Urpi 1983); this species is thought to be one of the oldest of all domesticated palms and its endocarps have been found in early archaeological sites (Morcote-Rios and Bernal 2001). It produces thick mesocarp flesh that is edible and tasty after cooking, and that is sufficiently rich in nutrients and vitamins to be an important constituent of the diet of rural people. The ‘cabbage’ of the same species is edible and good. See also Guerrero and Clement (1982) for references on B. gasipaes. Other species have edible fruits and some have been used as a source of walking sticks, and for thatch and fibre. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson (2000). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>From the Middle Eocene of southeastern North America (Claiborne Group), very fragmentary pinnate fronds, some with spiny margins, are referred to Bactrites pandanifoliolus (Berry 1924). However, the leaves referred to Bactrites cannot safely be attributed to the extant genus; fossil vegetative parts, especially spines, can bear some resemblance to Bactris but there should be caution in equating them (Uhl and Dransfield 1987). Hollick (1928) compared fossil fruit from the Middle Oligocene of Puerto Rico, named Bactris pseudocuesco, with fruit of Bactris cuesco Engl. (= B. corossilla), and commented that, “the fossils can hardly be distinguished.” </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This genus is distinguished by staminate flowers in triads or dispersed among the triads on the rachillae and by pistillate flowers with united petals. Several attempts have been made to divide the genus into infrageneric groupings (e.g., Sanders 1991), some of which have also been elevated to generic rank. Henderson (2000) recognises none of these, preferring to use six informal groupings, which he clearly indicates as being groupings of convenience that are not necessarily natural. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Peach palm, pejibaye, chonta, pupunha (Bactris gasipaes).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>It is not surprising that there are species of Bactris adapted to a very wide range of habitats in the lowlands and uplands, but the genus appears to be absent from montane forest. There are species confined to the undergrowth of tropical rain forest, others adapted to the landward fringe of mangrove, to white sand savannahs, and to freshwater swamp forest. Pollination in Bactris, where known, is by beetles (many studies, e.g., Essig 1971a, Beach 1984, and reviewed by Listabarth 1996).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris acanthocarpa</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 92 (1826)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems solitary or clustered, 0.1-1.5 m long, 3-6 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 60-310 cm long, simple or with (3-)12-33 pinnae on each side, grouped and spreading in slightly different planes, the central ones 20-60 cm long and 3-10 cm wide, with prominent, oblique cross veins. Inflorescence 12-30 cm long; branches 10-50, to 12 cm long, very slender, ca. 1 mm in diameter. Female flowers nearly regularly arranged along the branches. Fruit orange-red, globose, 1-2.5 cm in diameter, with scattered, thin spines; fruiting perianth with a short 3-lobed calyx and a longer, 3-lobed corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in the Amazon region.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Four varieties are recognised.Notes for Ecuador. The Ecuadorian plants belong to var. exscapa characterised by having a 1-3 m long leaf blade usually divided into more than 20 lanceolate pinnae per side, each 45-60 cm long, and a non-spinulose peduncle.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris acanthocarpa var. acanthocarpa</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>See species</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris acanthocarpa var. exscapa</name>
+<author>Barb.Rodr.</author>
+<citation>Enum. Palm. Nov.: 31 (1875)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Petiole 0.5-1.7 m long. Pinnae 20-35 per side, irregularly arranged in clusters of of 2-4, spreding in slightly different planes, the central ones 45-60 cm long and 3-7 cm wide. Peduncle usually without spinules.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in the Amazon basin and the Guyana lowlands.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador it is infrequent E of the Andes, on terra firme.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Monotypic fan palm found only in Belize and Guatemala, distinct in the long-pedicellate flowers and large pale green fruit.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Schippia</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 867 (1933b).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Schippia concolor; Burret.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorating William A. Schipp (1891–1967), who collected many plants in Belize, including Schippia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic or polygamo-monoecious palm. Stem slender, longitudinally striate, rough, with raised, close, oblique leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, palmate to very shortly costapalmate; sheath split basally, densely tomentose, disintegrating to form a thick fibrous network; petiole very long, narrow, adaxially channelled and abaxially keeled basally, biconvex distally, sparsely to densely tomentose, margins acute; adaxial hastula triangular or rounded, rather large, abaxial hastula a low rounded ridge; blade divided to below the middle into narrow, tapering, single-fold segments, with pointed, unequal, very shortly bifid apices, lighter coloured beneath, appearing glabrous on both surfaces, midrib conspicuous abaxially, transverse veinlets inconspicuous, very short. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, much shorter than the leaves, branched to 2 (rarely 3) orders; peduncle moderate, dorsiventrally flattened; prophyll tubular, elongate, adaxially flattened, abaxially rounded, 2-keeled laterally, pointed, splitting unevenly apically, densely tomentose; peduncular bracts 3, ± like the prophyll but ± keeled dorsally; rachis about as long as the peduncle, glabrous; rachis bracts tubular, pointed, splitting adaxially, densely tomentose; other bracts membranous, pointed, small and inconspicuous; first-order branches adnate above the subtending bracts; rachillae short, narrow, spirally arranged, spreading, becoming smaller distally, bearing small triangular bracts each subtending a solitary flower. Flowers of two kinds, one hermaphoditic, the other staminate; calyx and receptacle forming a long pseudopedicel, calyx tubular basally with 3 triangular-lanceolate lobes; petals 3, distinct, much larger than the calyx, slightly imbricate; stamens 6, filaments distinct, elongate, anthers linear, sagittate basally, dorsifixed, versatile, latrorse; gynoecium unicarpellate, ovoid, style elongate, tubular, open distally with stigmatic area around the rim, ovule basal, probably hemianatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely rugulate and micro-channelled, aperture margin psilate or scabrate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 30–35 µm [1/1]. Fruit globose with apical stigmatic scar; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thin, fleshy, endocarp smooth, membranous with anastomosing bundles. Seed globose with indistinct basal raphe, endosperm homogeneous; embryo nearly apical. Germination remote; eophyll simple. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species in Belize and Guatemala.</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>There are two different hypotheses on thephylogenetic position of Schippia in the Cryosophileae.Schippia is weakly supported as sister to Cryosophila (Roncal etal. 2008) or as sister to a clade of Zombia, Coccothrinax,Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax and Thrinax with low support (Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Occasionally cultivated.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Burret (1933b); see also Balick and Johnson (1994). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pinheiro (2001) describes the remote germination ofSchippia. During germination, the cotyledonary axis elongatesrapidly, followed by translocation of food reserves from theendosperm into the cotyledonary axis, which then becomesswollen; the first foliar organs then emerge through thecotyledonary sheath.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Pimento palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring in the undergrowth of tropical rain forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf anatomy not studied, roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris coloniata</name>
+<author>L.H.Bailey</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 3: 106 (1933)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, 2.5-3 m tall, ca. 5 cm in diameter. Leaf axis with scattered, long, yellow spines; petiole ca. 1 m long; blade 175-200 cm long; pinnae 50-60 on each side, inserted in groups and spreading in different planes, the central ones 50-75 cm long and 3-6 cm wide, with asymetrical apex ending in a long tail. Inflorescence 25-50 cm long; branches ca. 25 branches, 10-12 cm long. Female flowers scattered along the branches. Fruits red to brownish red, rough, obovoid, flattened at top, strongly rostrate, 2-3 cm in diameter; fruiting perianth with calyx ca. as long as the corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Disjunct between Panam�-NW Colombia, W Ecuador, and E Ecuador-NE Peru (Dept. Amazonas).
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador it is known only from a few localities in tropical dry forest around the Jauneche forest reserve SW of Babahoyo, and from a single collection in the E lowlands.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris coloradonis</name>
+<author>L.H.Bailey</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 3: 104 (1933)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, to 2 m long and 2.5 cm in diameter. Leaves with petiole to 1 m long; blade ca. 150 cm long; pinnae 15-20 on each side, inserted in groups and spreading in different planes, the central ones lanceolate to inversely ovate, widest above the middle, ca. 50 cm long, and 6-7 cm wide. Inflorescence with 20-50 branches. Female flowers scattered along the branches. Fruits red, elliptic, smooth, ca. 2 x 1.5 cm; fruiting perianth with a very small calyx, and a much longer corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Costa Rica to Ecuador, W of the Andes.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador it is rare in dry and moist forest types.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris concinna</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 99 (1826)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, forming large colonies, 1-8 m tall and 1.5-5 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 1-2 m long; pinnae 30-50 on each side, regularly inserted and spreading in one plane, the central ones 40-70 cm long and 2-3.5 cm wide, lined with small black spines along the midrib and the margins. Inflorescence 25-50 cm long, unbranched or with 2-3, 10-12 cm long branches. Female flowers regularly arranged along the branches. Fruits glossy black, 2-5 cm long, tightly packed; fruiting perianth with a small, lobed calyx, a much longer corolla, and a staminodial ring.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Amazon region in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador it is a common species throughout the E lowlands, forming large colonies on periodically flooded terrain especially along black water streams, or more rarely on river terraces.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Henderson (1995) recognised three varieties of this species, now considered distinct species (Henderson 2000): var. inundata (=B. concinna), var. concinna (=B. martiana) and var. sigmoideae (=B. chaveziae).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris corossilla</name>
+<author>H.Karst.</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 28: 407 (1857)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, often forming large colonies, 1.5-6 m tall and 1.5-4 cm in diameter. Leaves with central axis green, becoming glabrous, armed with scattered black spines to 5 cm long; blade 70-175 cm long, simple, or more often pinnate, usually with a large top segment; pinnae 5-26 on each side, inserted in groups and spreading in one plane, the central ones 30-75 cm long, 3.5-10 cm wide, usually with asymetrical apex ending in a long tail, lined with small spines along the margins. Inflorescence 20-40 cm long; branches 10-20, 5-20 cm long. Female flowers scattered along the branches, with tubular calyx, glabrous or minutely bristly corolla, and no staminodial ring. Fruit black, smooth, obovoid, flattened at top, usually strongly rostrate, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, fruiting perianth with a short calyx, and a much longer, usually three-parted corolla. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Coastal mountains in Venezuela and south along the Andes and in the W Amazon region to S Peru.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador it is frequent in moist tropical and premontane forest east of the Andes, sometimes forming very large groups in swampy areas, whereas it tends to form smaller groups or even single-stemmed individuals on well drained soil.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A polymorphic and poorly understood species, defined by having the combination of a green, nearly glabrous leaf axis; a petiole with numerous spines on its adaxial side (i.e., the side facing the stem); and black, more or less smooth fruits without a staminodial ring. Small palms from terra firme forest with large fruits, to 3 cm long, and few, strongly grouped sigmoid pinnae pointing in different directions may represent an undescribed species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris gasipaes</name>
+<author>Kunth in F.W.H.A.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland & C.S.Kunth</author>
+<citation>Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 302 (1816)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stems solitary or clustered, 5-15 m tall, 10-20 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 2-3.5 m long; pinnae 100-125 on each side, inserted in groups and spreading in different planes, the central ones 60-80 cm long and 3-5 cm wide. Inflorescences 40-75 cm long; branches 50-80, to 35 cm long. Female flowers scattered along the branches. Fruit globose to ovoid, yellow to red, smooth, 1.5-5 cm long; fruiting perianth with a very small calyx and a much longer, briefly lobed corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in the neotropics, mostly cultivated.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Includes two varities, more or less identical vegetatively, but different in the size of their fruits: a cultivated/domesticated large fruited form, var. gasipaes, and a native, small fruited form, var. chichagui.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris gasipaes var. chichagui</name>
+<author>(H.Karst.) A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 79: 73 (2000)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Fruit globose to ovoid, yellow to red, smooth, 1.5-2.5 x 1-2 cm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Disjunct between Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and the SW Amazon region in Peru, Brazil and Bolivia.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador it is found only W of the Andes, in dry and moist forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Considered the native form of the domesticated Bactris gasipaes var. gasipaes.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris gasipaes var. gasipaes</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stems clustered, to 15 m tall and 15 cm in diameter. Leaves 2-3.5 m long; pinnae to 125 on each side, inserted in groups and spreading in different planes, the central ones to 80 cm long and 4 cm wide. Inflorescence 40-70 cm long; branches up to 50, to 35 cm long. Fruit red, smooth, 3-5 cm in diameter; fruiting perianth with a very small calyx and a much longer, briefly lobed corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Planted or naturalised, always near human settlements, in humid lowland areas throughout tropical America.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Acaulescent thicket-forming pinnate-leaved palms found in Equatorial West African rain forest; leaves are undivided or divided into leaflets, the blade margins praemorse, and the blade discolorous; inflorescence is short, unbranched, and hidden among leaf sheath bases.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Sclerosperma</name>\r
+<author>G. Mann and H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<citation>Trans. Linn. Soc. London 24: 427 (1864).</citation> \r
+<type>Type; Sclerosperma mannii; H. Wendl.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Skleros — hard, sperma — seed, referring to the very hard endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Short or acaulescent, clustering, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem if evident, creeping or erect, rather stout, closely ringed with leaf scars. Leaves reduplicate, bifid or divided, very large, deeply bifid in juveniles, ascending; sheath rather short, splitting opposite the petiole, margins fibrous; petiole long, slender, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded; leaflets when present, composed of several very narrow folds, midribs prominent, marginal ribs next largest, blade adaxially dark, abaxially covered with a dense layer of amorphous white indumentum and with small scales along the veins, folds apically praemorse, margins minutely toothed, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences interfoliar, concealed among the leaf bases and sometimes partially obscured by accumulated debris, spicate; peduncle very short, elliptic in cross-section, densely tomentose; prophyll rather short, strongly 2-keeled, becoming fibrous; peduncular bract longer than the prophyll, tubular, forming a fibrous net around the flowers, opening distally and inflorescence becoming partially exserted, 2 incomplete, pointed peduncular bracts borne laterally just below the flowers; rachis longer than the peduncle, but short, stout, bearing a few (ca. 12) triads of flowers at the base and numerous rows of staminate flowers distally, triads each subtended by a shallow pointed fibrous bract, the distal staminate flowers by small acute bracts; floral bracteoles present in triads, flat, ± rounded and partially united. Staminate flowers in triads ± pedicellate and asymmetrical, distal flowers sessile, symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate basally, elongate, tapering, truncate apically or with a short central point; petals 3, distinct, valvate but tips flattened and buds truncate apically, thick; stamens 60–100, filaments very short, ± triangular, anthers elongate, basifixed, latrorse, connective prominent, apiculate; pistillode lacking. Pollen symmetric oblate-triangular in polar view, heteropolar; three operculate pores positioned subapically on the distal face; ectexine tectate, perforate, perforate-rugulate, rugulate or reticulate, aperture margins similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 37–59 μm; post-meiotic tetrad tetrahedral [2/3]. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate, broadly ovoid; sepals 3, connate in a 3-lobed, glabrous cupule or margins of 2 sepals distinct and imbricate, somewhat angled by mutual pressure; petals 3, distinct, asymmetrical, broadly imbricate with thick valvate tips; staminodes 6, very small, triangular or absent; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, covered in thin brown scales, bearing a large, cap-like, 3-angled stigma; ovule ± pendulous, probably campylotropous. Fruit globose to obovoid, depressed apically around a short beak of stigmatic remains, purplish to black at maturity; epicarp thin, mesocarp thin, parenchymatous with silica(?) inclusions, endocarp bony, thick, irregularly and shallowly pitted externally, with basal pore region. Seed globose to obovoid, somewhat rough, hilum elongate, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species in humid equatorial West Africa.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see the tribe Podococceae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used for thatch and theseeds are eaten.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>van Valkenburg et al. (2007, 2008).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Problems in understanding the morphology of the triporate pollen of this genus can be traced to a drawing of a dessicated pollen grain that is described as typical (Erdtman and Singh 1957). As a result, Tertiary records of protrudent triporate-fossil pollen, Trilatiporites, from India have often been wrongly associated with Sclerosperma (Harley and Baker 2001), for example by Bande and Ambwani (1982), Misra et al. (1996) and Srivastava (1987–8). One of the few accurate records is that of Médus (1975), who published illustrations of triporate pollen from the Bignona borehole (Miocene) of Senegal that are comparable with pollen of Sclerosperma. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The erect unbranched inflorescence with congested flowers is unusual. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names, see van Valkenburg et al. (2008).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Usually occurring in low, wet, swampy areas.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A revision of the genus Sclerosperma (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">van Valkenburg</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.L.C.H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sunderland</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.C.H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Couvreur</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.L.P.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 63, pp 75-86</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Sclerosperma mannii</name>
+<author>H.Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Trans. Linn. Soc. London 24: 427 (1964)</citation>
+<type>Equatorial Guinea, Rio Muni, Ntüm Gebiet 1910; Wölfert; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype HBG!; isolectotype WAG!; paralectotype HBG!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Sclerosperma dubium</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa, Mem. 44: 176 (1934)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The species was named after the collector of the type, Gustav Mann (1836 – 1916), a Kew gardener and plant explorer</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Bia (Baka, Cameroon, South Province), Kia (Bulu, Cameroon, South Province), Akoura (Fang, Rio Muni), Manga (Punu, Nzabi, Lumbu, Gabon), Mangana (Angola, Cabinda), N’Djwa (Turumbu, Congo [Kinshasa], Orientale), Mangobo (Kingwana, Congo [Kinshasa], Orientale), Nbya (Lega, Congo [Kinshasa], Nord-Kivu), Matukulu (Kitembo, Congo [Kinshasa], Sud-Kivu), Mangobo (Kiswahili, Congo [Kinshasa], Sud-Kivu), Mbia (Kirega, Congo [Kinshasa], Sud-Kivu). The following names are listed in ‘Les plantes utiles du Gabon’ (Raponda-Walker & Sillans 1961) for Gabon: angokolo (Mpongwè); ipovo (Galoa); amanga (Nkomi, Orungu); akóra, mvyè (Fang); manga (Éshira, Bavarama, Bavunugu, Bapunu, Balumbu, Bavili, Baduma, Banzabi, Benga, Masangu, Ngowé); maga (Mindumu, Ambèdè); makaga (Apindji, Bavové); mbègó (Mitsogo); kóndjó (Ivéa); ingutuku (Bakota); mèkutuku, mèkétséké (Bakèlè); and mèngokulu, mékétséké (Béséki). Some of these refer to Sclerosperma walkeri, as no distinction is made between these species by local people.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Short or acaulescent, clustering palm. Stem, if evident, very short, rather stout, closely ringed with leaf scars. Leaves divided, very large, deeply bifid in juveniles, ascending; sheath to 35 cm, splitting opposite the petiole, margins fibrous; petiole slender, 150 – 300 cm long, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded proximally, becoming triangular distally; rachis 80 – 150 cm long, continuing in the terminal leaflet, abaxially rounded, adaxially with a prominent ridge, leaflets 8 –17(– 24), sub-opposite to alternate, folds 30 – 45 (– 63)_(3 –)6 – 9(–13) cm, the upper leaflet deeply bifid, broadly rhomboid in outline, base of the upper leaflet asymmetrical, 30 – 45 _(20 –)30 – 45 cm, midribs prominent, marginal ribs next largest, blade adaxially dark green, abaxially glaucous to silvery and with small scales along the veins, folds apically praemorse, margins minutely toothed, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescence solitary, interfoliar, concealed among the leaf bases and often partially obscured by accumulated debris; peduncle to 12 (– 19 cm) long, elliptic in cross-section to 1.5 cm wide, densely tomentose; prophyll occasionally to 20 cm long; peduncular bract 18 – 25 cm long; rachis 10 – 14 cm long. Staminate flowers sepals 3, distinct 3 – 4 mm long; petals 3, distinct 6 – 8 mm long, elliptical; stamens c. 60, filaments very short, ±triangular; pistillode lacking. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate, broadly ovoid; sepals 3, connate in a 3-lobed, glabrous cupule or margins of 2 sepals distinct and imbricate, somewhat angled by mutual pressure; petals 3, distinct, asymmetrical. Rachis of infructescence 3 – 6 cm long, bearing up to 17 fruits, but generally fewer. Fruit 2.5 – 3(– 3.5)_ 2.2 – 2.9 cm. Seed globose, 1.5 – 2.3(– 2.5)_ 2 – 2.5 cm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Sclerosperma mannii appears to have a rather disjunct distribution with a population in Liberia and from southeast Nigeria southward to Congo and as far east as the border area of Congo and Rwanda. The species was reported to be present on the island of Bioko by Guinea López (1946) quoting Gómez Moreno, but without a specimen citation (no specimens to corroborate its presence on this island have been received from MA).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Shrub layer in lowland evergreen rainforest, ranging from forest just behind the mangrove swamp forest, through periodically flooded forest, to valley bottom forest at higher elevations, persisting in secondary growth; 0 – 1,400 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Although this species is geographically widespread, it is highly localised with many disjunctions. As such, the species may be classified as Lower Risk within the sub-category Near Threatened, but given the extent of habitat loss throughout its range, particularly in West Africa, it could become Vulnerable in the medium-term future.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The leaves are used for thatch throughout its range either whole or in an admixture with Raphia (Burkill 1997). In Gabon, the leaves are specifically used for the entrance of Bwiti temples, because of the silvery indumentum on the underside. In Cameroon, the petioles are reported to be used for mattresses (van der Burgt 312a). The young fruits, with the endosperm still relatively soft, are consumed locally.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Sclerosperma dubium was described on the basis of a carpological collection in the Hamburg museum. Beccari stated that he initially considered the specimen to belong to S. mannii. However, upon closer examination, he considered it to be sufficiently different with respect to the reticulation on the kernel and the position of the embryo. The botanical museum in Hamburg houses three samples collected by Wölfert, all bearing the same label information, one bottle contains a single fruit with the kernel cut lengthwise that is obviously well developed, 20 _ 25 mm. This specimen can easily be matched with S. mannii, and was identified as such on the label. Two other bottles contain a seemingly identical set of kernels, with Sclerosperma sp. written on the label. The dimension and the shape of the seeds match the protologue of S. dubium. We therefore consider these specimens to be the syntypes. The seeds in these two samples are on average smaller than those expected for S. mannii, but it might well be that the seeds are not yet fully developed. Despite the slightly different colour and external aspect of the seeds, we consider them to fall well within the range of S. mannii, and in the absence of any further diagnostic details, we hereby consider S. dubium to be a synonym of S. mannii.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>LIBERIA. Lower Margibi, along the Monrovia-Careysburg highway on your right, Zewald junction: LRC factory, Karfier Clan, Zeor village, 50 m, 15 Dec. 2005, D. Kwewon 2005/1 (WAG!); 1904, M. J. Dinklage s.n. (HBG!). NIGERIA. Cross River State, between mile 13 – 14 along Eket to Oron road, 330 m, 12 Sept. 1972, Otedoh, M.O. 7265 (K!); Ikot Opora, 2 Jan. 1965, P. Tuley s.n. (K!); Ojo road, 120 m, 4 May 1964, P. Tuley 604 (K!); Ojo Road, near Ikot Okpora, 14 July 1963, P. Tuley 654 (K!); Oban, S. Nigeria, 1911, P. A. Talbot 737 (BM!). CAMEROON. Central Province, 1 km SW of Ngoumou, 19 Feb. 1977, J. Lowe 3167 (K!); about 6 km along the road from Ngoulemakong direction N, village Obégué is 2 km W of the road, about 1 km S of this village, 720 m, 26 Dec. 1997, X. M. van der Burgt 312 a (WAG!); South Province, Djoum to Sangmelima road at Alouma, 9 Sept. 1999, T. C. H. Sunderland 1863 (BR!, K!, MO!); South-West Province, South Korup Reserve, bank of Mana River, Map # NB 32 IV Buea- Douala, 50 m, 6 July 1983, D. W. Thomas 2247 (MO!); Korup National Park, 50 m, 5 Dec. 1984, D. W. Thomas 4143 (MO!); 15 miles W of Mamfe on Ikom road, Kembong F. R., 20 March 1957, P. B. Tomlinson 57/1 (BH!); Kembong forest reserve: near junction of Oban-Mamfe and Ikom-Mamfe roads, 16 March 1955, P. W. Richards 5215 (K!); Korup National Park, P plot, subplot 26A, 100 m, 3 Dec. 2005, X. M. van der Burgt 811 (SCA, WAG!, YA). EQUATORIAL GUINEA. Rio Muni, Spanish Guinea, Ntüm Gebiet, 1910, W. Wölfert s.n. (HBG!, WAG!); 1910, W. Wölfert s.n. (HBG!); 1910, W. Wölfert s.n. (HBG!); Rio Muni, Litoral, Bata-Mbini Road, 17 km from Bata, 13 March 1997, T. C. H. Sunderland 1794 (K!, WAG!); Ndote Forest Reserve, 13 Sept. 1999, T. C. H. Sunderland 1868 (K!, WAG!). GABON. Estuaire, in swampy places near the River Gaboon, from Point Clara upwards, 1 m, 1861, G. Mann 1046 (K!); about 89 km from Libreville on road to Mela, Nka’n, and Medouneu, 10 March 1971, H. E. Moore Jr. 9899 (BH!); Forêt de Mondah, sentier des conservateurs, 80 m, 27 April 2005, J. L. C. H. van Valkenburg 3235 (BR!, LBV!, WAG!); forest in mangrove, c. 17 km NE of Libreville, 5 m, 9 Aug. 1985, J. M. Reitsma 1306 (NY); Ngounié, road Fougamou to Lambarene near village Kesi, 90 m, 25 April 2005, J. L. C. H. van Valkenburg 3234 (BR!, LBV!, WAG!); Nyanga, Mayombe, sur la route de Massanga à Moabinako, 21 Oct. 1908, G. M. P. C. Le Testu 1428 (BM!, P); chantier SFN, 60 m, 2 Dec. 2003, J. L. C. H. van Valkenburg 2682 (K, LBV!, MO, P, SCA, WAG!); Ogooué-Maritime, former extraction road system accessible from Peni CBG chantier, 250 m, 24 April 2005, J. L. C. H. van Valkenburg 3230 (BR!, LBV!, WAG!). ANGOLA. Cabinda, Mayumbe, Portuguese Congo, Buco Zau Maiombe, Jan. 1917, J. Gossweiler s.n. (BM!); Portuguese Maiombe: Chiluango, 1919, J. Gossweiler s.n. (K!); Mayumbe, Portuguese Congo, Pango Mungo, Jan. 1916, J. Gossweiler 6215 (BM!); Mayumbe, Portuguese Congo, Buco Zau Maiombe, 5 Nov. 1918, J. Gossweiler 7547 (BM!). CONGO (KINSHASA). Bandundu, Entre la Kamtsha et Ipamu, July 1921, H. J. R. Vanderyst 10061 (BR!); Equateur, Besoi, 30 March 1991, M. M. Dhetchuvi 1117b (BRLU!); Nord-Kivu, Mont Bukukuha region Mangurejipa, 1000 m, 3 June 1956, A. R. Christiaensen 1749 (BR!); Nyamakombola, 18 Oct. 1989, Terashima 84 (BR!); Orientale, Ile en aval de Basoko, 11 Jan. 1904, E. Laurent s.n. (BR!); 15 km à l'O de Yangambi; entre la piste d’Isangi et le fleuve, 470 m, 11 Oct. 1939, J. Louis 16197 (BR!); Bambesa, 17 Nov. 1913, J. C. C. Bequaert 1202 (BR!); Tete/Gete (Penghe à Irumu), forêt de l’Ituru, 22 Feb. 1914, J. C. C. Bequaert 2659 (BR!); Sud-Kivu, Bukumbi, territoire Kalehe. Km 70 route Kavumu–Walikale, 1400 m, 18 June 1955, A. R. Christiaensen 908 (BR!). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A revision of the genus Sclerosperma (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">van Valkenburg</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.L.C.H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sunderland</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.C.H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Couvreur</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.L.P.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 63, pp 75-86</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Sclerosperma walkeri</name>
+<author>A.Chev.</author>
+<citation>Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 11: 237 (1931)</citation>
+<type>Gabon, Ngounié, mission de Sindara, Jan. 1931; Walker; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The species was named after André Raponda-Walker (1871 – 1968), who collected the type specimen.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Manga (Ivili, Gabon Ngounié), Mbègho (Mitsogo, Gabon, Ngounié). Niagangu, Magangu (Congo [Kinshasa], Bas-Congo), Lifete, Mpete (Congo [Kinshasa], Equateur).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Short or acaulescent, palm. Stem if evident, very short, rather stout, closely ringed with leaf scars. Leaves, divided, very large, deeply bifid in juveniles, ascending; sheath to 40 cm, splitting opposite the petiole, margins fibrous; petiole slender, 60 – 100(– 400) cm long, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded proximally, becoming triangular distally; rachis 150 – 200 cm long, abaxially rounded, adaxially with a prominent ridge, leaflets (20 –)25 – 40, sub-opposite to alternate, folds 37 – 65 × 1.2 – 6 cm, the upper leaflet deeply bifid, broadly rhomboid in outline, base of the upper leaflet asymmetrical, 25 – 33 × 24 – 35 cm, midribs prominent, marginal ribs next largest, blade adaxially dark, abaxially glaucous and with small scales along the veins, folds apically praemorse, margins minutely toothed, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescence solitary, interfoliar, concealed among the leaf bases and sometimes partially obscured by accumulated debris; peduncle, to 20 cm long, elliptic in cross-section to 2.5 cm wide, densely tomentose; prophyll to 23 cm long; peduncular bract to 27 cm long, rachis more than 13 cm long, stout. Staminate flowers sepals 3, distinct 6 × 4 mm; petals 3, distinct 11 × 8 mm, obovate; stamens c. 100, filaments very short, ±triangular. Rachis of infructescence 6 – 11 cm long, bearing up to 30 fruits. Fruit globose, 4 – 5 × 3 – 3.5 cm. Seed globose, 2.1 – 2.6 × 2.6 – 2.9 cm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Sclerosperma walkeri is found in the interior of Gabon and along the lower reaches of the Congo River and as such confined within the eastern distribution range of S. mannii.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Shrub layer in lowland evergreen rainforest, ranging from swamp forest, periodically flooded forest to lower slopes on terra firme, persisting in secondary growth; 300 – 400 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>On the basis of its restricted range in Central Gabon and the lower reaches of the Congo River, and the pressures of its native habitat, this species can be considered Vulnerable.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The leaves are widely used for thatch throughout its range, and locally used also for matting and walls. In areas with large populations of lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), it is rare to find mature infructescences intact because the fruits are consumed by these forest primates.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type specimen in Paris consists of an undeveloped juvenile leaf, a number of immature fruits with decayed kernels, a fruit that has started to germinate, and an infructescence stalk. The fruits differ from those of S. mannii in not being depressed apically, a difference that is mentioned as a diagnostic feature. In S. mannii collections too, however, fruits can be found that are not apically depressed. These germinating S. mannii fruit are reported to have another feature assumed to be diagnostic of S. walkeri: a cavity in the kernel. This should be attributed, however, to the mobilisation of the endosperm for germination. Similar cavities were found in germinating seeds of S. mannii collected by van Valkenburg. The leaf segments being alternate, as opposed to opposite in S. mannii, is equally invalid as a diagnostic feature and was actually contradicted by the illustration accompanying the protologue of S. mannii showing both alternate and opposite leaflets. Notwithstanding that the protologue of S. walkeri does not contain any valid distinguishing characters, the type specimen retains its value because of the infructescence stalk that is present on the type sheet. This infructescence stalk clearly demonstrates the more robust character of both the peduncle and the rachis, which is also found in other specimens of Sclerosperma with divided leaves from the same area and further east; these leaves have significantly more leaf segments than those of true S. mannii. Welldeveloped leaves of S. walkeri have 25 – 40 leaf segments, which are relatively narrow (up to 6 cm wide), whereas in S. mannii, the leaves have usually 8 – 17 leaf segments that are mostly 6 – 9 cm wide. The infructescence of S. walkeri is characterised by a more robust peduncle, its rachis is equally more robust and longer than in S. mannii, and its fruits are of larger dimensions.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>GABON. Ngounié, mission de Sindara, 5 Jan. 1931, A. A. Walker s.n. (P!); Saint Martin, 1938, A. A. Walker s.n. (BM!, BR!); Waka National Park, 15 km on the road Evouta to Egoubi forestry camp, 400 m, 5 April 2004, J. J. Wieringa 5281 (LBV!, WAG!); Waka National Park, 4 July 2005, T. C. H. Sunderland 3031 (LBV,WAG!); Ogooué-Lolo, Chantier CEB, 6 km on road Lelama to Okondja, E of road Okondja-Franceville, 300 m, 2 Nov. 2005, M. S. M. Sosef 2206 A (LBV, WAG!); 300 m, 2 Nov. 2005, M. S. M. Sosef 2206 B (LBV, WAG!). CONGO (KINSHASA). Bas-Congo, no date, J. Gillet s.n. (BR!); Kisantu, 1899, J. Gillet 279 (BR!); Lusanga Sundi, 350 m, 14 Feb. 1940, C. Donis 188 (BR!); Equateur, Djoa, 17 May 1958, C. Evrard 4081 (BR!, K!); Kilemba, 26 May 1913, Broun s.n. (BR!); Orientale, Près rivière Longwele à 1 jour de Yalibwa (env Yangambi), 15 Jan. 1948, J. J. G. Léonard 1614 (BR!).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris hirta</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 105 (1826)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem 50-300 cm tall, 0.5-2 cm in diameter. Leaf blade to 2 m long, simple or pinnate. Female flowers scattered along the branches, with an annular calyx much shorter than the corolla. Fruit orange-red to purplish black, globose, 5-10 mm in diameter, covered with small bristles; fruiting perianth with a very small calyx and a much longer, hairy, 3-lobed corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>The Amazon region and adjacent areas, plus SE Brazil, at low elevations.
+Distribution in Ecuador. The species is apparently rare in Ecuador, where it has been recorded only once.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A highly polymorphic species divided into four varieties.Notes for Ecuador. The Ecuadorian plants belong to var. lakoi (Burret) A.J. Hend.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris hirta var. lakoi</name>
+<author>(Burret) A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 79: 92 (2000)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Leaf blade to 1 m long, divided into 19-30 pinnae on each side, usually with numerous, soft, black bristles on both sides. Inflorescence with 2-5, whitish tomentose branches, each to 5 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Brasil (Amazonas, Peru (Loreto) and E Ecuador</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris hondurensis</name>
+<author>Standl.</author>
+<citation>Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. Ser. 8: 4 (1930)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems solitary or clustered, to 1 m long, 1-2 cm in diameter. Leaves simple; blade 40-60 cm long, and 30-40 cm wide, with minute spines along the margin near apex, otherwise spineless. Inflorescence 10-20 cm long, with spiny prophyll and peduncular bract; branches 4-6, to 3 cm long. Female flowers scattered along the branches. Fruits red, globose, 1.5 cm in diameter or more; fruiting perianth with a very small, inconspicuous calyx, and a large, disc-shaped corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central America to Ecuador W of the Andes.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador it occurs in tropical and premontane wet and pluvial forest in the NW part of the country.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris maraja</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 93 (1826)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, to 5 m tall and 3 cm in diameter. Spines on the leaf sheath and axis pale yellow to whitish grey, broad, and flat. Leaf blade 0.5-1.5 m long; pinnae 5-25 on each side, sigmoid, inserted in groups and spreading in different planes, the middle ones 15-50 cm long and 4.5-9 cm wide. Inflorescence 15-30 cm long; branches ca. 10, to 10 cm long, 2-3 mm in diameter. Female flowers scattered along the branches. Fruit black, flattened at top, rostrate, smooth or rough, 1-2 cm in diameter; fruiting perianth with a 3 lobed calyx ca. half as long as the deeply 3-lobed, usually minutely bristly corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread from Central America to Bolivia, on both sides of the Andes.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador it is fairly common E of the Andes, usually on terra firme, and in the NW, where it occurs in periodically flooded land dominated by Euterpe oleracea.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A polymorphic species divided into four varieties (Henderson, 2000).Notes for Ecuador. The Ecuadorian plants belong to var. maraja.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris maraja var. maraja</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Pinnae 8-22 per side. Inflorescence branches (3-)8-17, 6-15 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread and common in Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris pilosa</name>
+<author>H.Karst.</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 28: 405 (1857)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems usually clustered, many together, 2-10 m tall, , 2.5-4 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 1.2-2.2 m long; pinnae 59-68 per side, regularly arranged or grouped, spreading on one or several planes, the central ones 27-47 cm long and 1.5-2.2 cm wide. Inflorescence 20-40 cm long with 6-26 branches, 13-25 cm long. Female flowers scattered along the branches, with urceolate calyx greatly exceeding the corolla in length; staminodial ring absent. Fruit purple-black, flattened at top, rostrate, covered with short spinules, 1-2 cm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>S. Panama, Colombia, W Venzuela and Ecuador, W of the Andes.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In Ecuador the species is known only from semi-deciduous forest on the coastal lowlands.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Recognised by its numerous linear, stiffly hairy pinnae</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris riparia</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 97 (1826)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Riverside and lake shore palm. Stems clustered, to 6 m tall and 4-8 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 100-150 cm long; pinnae 40-50 on each side, inserted in groups and spreading in different planes, the central ones 40-60 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm wide. Inflorescence 25-45 cm long; branches 25-30, 10-15 cm long. Female flowers scattered along the branches. Fruits green, strongly flattened at top, rostrate, ca. 1 x 1.5 cm; fruiting calyx with a very small, undulate calyx, and a much longer 3-lobed corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Amazon region in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Riparian, forming large colonies in periodically inundated forest, often growing in several meters deep water.
+Distribution in Ecuador. Common in E Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris schultesii</name>
+<author>(L.H.Bailey) Glassman</author>
+<citation>Rhodora 65: 259 (1963)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems solitary or clustered, 1-3 m tall, thin, 0.5-1.5 cm in diameter, unarmed. Leaf blade simple, bifid, 30-65 cm long, and 15-35 cm wide, without spines except for minute bristles along the margin; rachis 20-40 cm long. Inflorescences 5-13 cm long; branches 3-7 branches, to 5 cm long. Peduncular bract glabrous. Female flowers scattered along the branches, with a tubular calyx enclosing the corolla. Fruit red, globose, ca. 1 cm in diameter, smooth; fruiting perianth with a 3-lobed calyx as long as the 3-lobed corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>S Colombia and Ecuador E of the Andes, on terra firme.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Lower risk/least concern (Borchsenius & Skov 1999).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Sometimes included in Bactris simplicifrons (Henderson, 1995; Henderson et al., 1995), but different from that species in its usually simple leaf blade, with the veins forming a narrower angle with the rachis, and in its branched inflorescence.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris setiflora</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 14: 328 (1939)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, to 5 m long, 2.5-5 cm in diameter. Leaves 1.5-2.5 m long; pinnae 25-35 on each side, regularly inserted in one plane; central pinnae 45-70 cm long, 3-4.5 cm wide; leaf axis covered with brown or black bristles and spines. Inflorescence 25-50 cm long, densely covered with dark brown bristles on most parts; branches 10-25, to 15 cm long. Female flowers scattered along the branches. Fruit black, flattened at top, rostrate, 2-2.5 cm in diameter; fruiting perianth with a short calyx and a slightly longer, densely bristly corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to a small area E of the Andes in Ecuador, on terra firme.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered (Borchsenius & Skov 1999). Criteria B1, B2a</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Plants appearing to be hybrids between this species and Bactris corossilla are sometimes found (Pastaza: Bergmann #97854; #97856).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris setulosa</name>
+<author>H.Karst.</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 28: 408 (1857)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, 5-10 m tall and 10-15 cm in diameter, densely armed with black spines. Leaves 1.5-3 m long; pinnae 30-70 on each side, inserted in groups and spreading in different planes, the central ones 60-100 cm long and 5-9 cm wide, usually with a dense cover of short bristles. Inflorescence 30-60 cm long; branches 30-60, to 30 cm long. Female flowers scattered along the branches. Fruit red, more or less globose, 15-20 mm in diameter; fruiting perianth with a very small calyx and a much longer, cupular corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>The Andean region of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador, as well as Surinam and Trinidad.
+Distribution in Ecuador. In W Ecuador the species is common in tropical moist forest and premontane wet forest up to 1000 m altitude (rarely to 1700 m), in E Ecuador it occurs in premontane wet forest at 1300-1700 m elevation, the highest altitude recorded for any Bactris species.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Plants from the two sides of the Andes have been thought to represent separate species with different ecological preference, but the only morphological difference noted is that plants from the E slopes have more or less glabrous inflorescence branches, whereas plants from the W slopes have the whole inflorescence more or less brown tomentose.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bactris simplicifrons</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 103 (1826)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems solitary or clustered, to 1.5 m tall, only 5-6 mm in diameter. Plants spineless except for minute bristles along the outer leaf margin. Leaf blade 15-40 cm long, simple and then with rachis less than 10 cm long, or more or less regularly divided, with up to 7 sigmoid pinnae on each side, these inserted in one plane, the central ones to 16 cm long, 2.5-3.0 cm wide. Inflorescence unbranched, 4-8 cm long, with glabrous peduncular bract. Female flowers scattered along the branches, with a tubular calyx enclosing the corolla. Fruit 5-10 mm in diameter, yellow to red, glabrous; fruiting perianth with a 3-lobed calyx as long as the 3-lobed corolla; staminodial ring absent.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Throughout the Amazon region, in tropical moist and wet forest on terra firme.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A widespread, variable species that includes several morphological forms joined by intermediate populations.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Thicket forming hermaphroditic fan palm with creeping, highly branched stems, occurring in pinelands, prairies and sand dunes in southeastern USA.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Serenoa</name>\r
+<author>Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f.</author> \r
+<citation>Gen. pl. 3: 879, 926,1228 (1883).</citation>.\r
+<type>Type; Serenoa serrulata; (Michx.) Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks.</type>\r
+<type_loc></type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Diglossophyllum</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Salomon</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl. ex Salomon, Palmen 155 (1887).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Diglossophyllum serrulatum; (Michx.) H.Wendl. ex Salomon</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates American botanist, Sereno Watson (1826–1892).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, clustered, shrubby, armed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palm. Stem subterranean or prostrate and surface creeping, or rarely erect, covered with persistent leaf sheaths, axillary buds developing as either inflorescences or vegetative suckers. Leaves induplicate, palmate, marcescent; sheath expanding into a tattered mat of dark brown fibres; petiole flat to slightly rounded adaxially, rounded to angled abaxially, margin armed with numerous small teeth; adaxial hastula conspicuous, ± rounded, membranous, abaxial hastula semicircular, often split, membranous; blade nearly orbicular, regularly divided to below the middle into narrow stiff, shortly bifid, single-fold segments, glabrous except for scattered caducous scales along the ribs, midribs conspicuous abaxially, transverse veinlets conspicuous, rather distant. Inflorescences interfoliar, erect and about equaling the leaves but often hidden by them, curved, branched to 3(–4) orders; peduncle slender, flattened, rather short; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, with 2 triangular apical lobes; peduncular bract 1 or lacking, tightly sheathing, caducously tomentose; rachis longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts like the peduncular bract but decreasing in size distally; first-order branches with a short 2-keeled prophyll; subsequent bracts small, membranous; rachillae spreading, densely tomentose, bearing spirally arranged, small, irregularly cleft bracts subtending solitary or paired flowers. Flowers with tubular calyx of 3 triangular, slightly imbricate lobes; corolla tubular, split to 2/3 its length into 3 lobes, valvate, inconspicuously grooved adaxially; stamens 6, filaments borne at the mouth of the corolla tube, gradually tapered, not inflexed, anthers erect in bud, elliptic, dorsifixed, somewhat versatile, latrorse; carpels 3, basally distinct, united in the attenuate stylar region to a narrow stigma, ovule anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 31–44 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral or tetragonal, rarely rhomboidal [1/1]. Fruit ellipsoidal to subglobose, dark blue to black at maturity, abortive carpels basal, stigmatic scar apical or subapical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy without fibres, endocarp thin but somewhat cartilaginous. Seed basally attached with elongate raphe, endosperm homogeneous with a shallow lateral intrusion of seed coat; embryo lateral towards the base opposite the raphe. Germination remote-ligular; eophyll entire, plicate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species in the southeastern USA. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997), floral anatomy reported by Morrow (1965) to be similar to that of Acoelorrhaphe. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Acoelorrhaphe. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Regarded as a pest in the wild. The glaucous form is much prized as an ornamental. Fruits contain a bioactive ingredient, used in the treatment of benign prostate cancer and as a health supplement for men. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1934) and Zona (1997).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>An ‘undoubted’ palmate leaf from the Middle Cretaceous formation at Glen Cove, Long Island, New York State is described as Serenopsis kempii by Hollick (1893), who considers it to be most like Trithrinax, Copernicia, Thrinax or Serenoa. However, Read and Hickey (1972) suggest that it is, “probably a cone of Williamsonia” (not a palm). (The long, thin, slightly sinuous leaflets of the fossil overlap near a poorly preserved central region.) Subfossil petioles and seeds (‘stones’) are reported by Berry (1917) from the Pleistocene of Vero (Florida). Fossil fruits are reported from southern England, Lower Eocene, Serenoa eocenica (Reid and Chandler 1933) and Germany (Geiseltal), Eocene,\r
+S. carbonaria (Mai 1976). Finely reticulate monosulcate pollen erroneously described as Serenoa has been reported from the Oligocene of the Isle of Wight (UK) by Pallot (1961), and from the Lower Eocene (London Clay) by Khin\r
+Sein (1961). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The unusual branching behaviour of the stem has been described in detail by Fisher and Tomlinson (1973).</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Saw palmetto. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Common in pinelands, prairies, and coastal sand dunes, often forming dense swards.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary (very rarely clustered) pinnate-leaved tree palms ofhumid rain forest in Central and South America, the stems with an opencone of stilt roots; leaflets are rhomboid praemorse, sometimeslongitudinally divided to give the whole leaf an ostrich-featherappearance; fruit has apical stigmatic remains and embryo.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Socratea</name>\r
+<author>H. Karst.</author> \r
+<citation>Linnaea 28: 263 (1857) (‘1856’).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Socratea orbignyana; (Mart.) H.Karst.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Metasocratea</name>\r
+<author>Dugand</author>\r
+<bibref>Dugand, Rev. Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 8: 389 (1951).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Metasocratea hecatonandra; Dugand</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates the great Athenian philosopher Socrates (ca. 470–399 BC).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or very rarely clustered, moderate, pleonanthic, monoecioustree palms. Stems erect, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, bearingan open cone of stout, usually densely prickly, stilt roots. Leaves ratherfew, pinnate, neatly abcising; sheaths tubular forming a well-definedcrownshaft; petiole short, adaxially channelled or flattened, abaxiallyrounded, bearing a variety of indumentum types; rachis adaxiallyangled, abaxially rounded; leaflets regularly arranged, asymmetricallydeltoid to elliptic, proximal margin entire for much of its length, distalmargin entire ca. 1/3 its length, otherwise praemorse, main ribsnumerous, radiating from the base, leaflet remaining entire or splittinglongitudinally between the ribs into narrow segments displayed indifferent planes giving the leaf a plumose appearance. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, somewhat dorsiventrally compressed and erect inbud, branching to 1 order, branches pendulous when exposed,protogynous; peduncle well developed, elliptic in cross-section,winged at base; prophyll inserted near the base, short, tubular, 2-keeled, apically open, thinly coriaceous; peduncular bracts ca. 5,tubular, tips pointed, central ones larger than proximal or distal, ±flattened, eventually deciduous after anthesis; rachis ± flattened,shorter or longer than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged,pendulous rachillae, each subtended by a minute collar-like bract;rachillae rather robust, often somewhat flattened, elongate, bearingspirally arranged, crowded triads; rachilla bracts and bracteoles scarcelyevident; staminate and pistillate flowers maturing at the same time.Staminate flowers open in bud, sepals 3, triangular, united basally in alow, complete or partially interrupted ring; petals 3, distinct, fleshy, markedly asymmetrical, lightly imbricate basally, much longer than the sepals; stamens 17–145, filaments very short, awl-shaped above expanded bases, anthers erect, basifixed, linear, acute or apiculate, latrorse; pistillode much shorter than the stamens, conical, briefly trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal, ± bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine intectate, upper surface of foot layer covered by fine, dense gemmae or clavae, loosely supporting short, wide-spaced, broad-based spines; longest axis 43–50 µm [2/5]. Pistillate flowers symmetrical, much smaller than the staminate, ± 3-angled; sepals 3, rounded, strongly imbricate, dorsally thickened; petals 3, distinct, strongly imbricate, ± rounded with a minute, triangular valvate apex; staminodes 6, minute, tooth-like; gynoecium obovoid, tricarpellate, triovulate, stigmas 3, apical, fleshy, reflexed, ovules basally attached, orthotropous, one usually larger than the others. Fruit separated at maturity, ellipsoidal to subglobose with eccentrically apical stigmatic remains; epicarp minutely roughened when dry, at maturity splitting into ± distinct valves at apex, exposing the rather dry white mesocarp with included reddish sclerosomes and slender fibres, endocarp thin. Seed ± ovoid, basally attached, hilum circular, raphe branches conspicuous, numerous, sparsely anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo eccentrically apical. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid with praemorse tips. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Five accepted species: one, Socratea exorrhiza, is very widely distributed from Nicaragua and Costa Rica southward to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Brazil and Bolivia; the other four are much more restricted in the Andes or adjacent lowland areas. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Roth 1990), root (Tomlinson 1961, Seubert 1998a, 1998b, Avalos 2004), gynoecium (Uhl and Moore 1971), floral development (Uhl and Moore 1980), seed (Roth 1990). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Socratea has not been tested. For relationships, see Iriartella. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The outer layers of the trunk are extremely hard and durable and are used, split, in the construction of houses and corrals. Wallace (1853) records the use of the spiny roots as cassava graters. Older palms may be cut to make bows (Balick 1985). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson (1990). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>From Mexico (State of Chiapas), Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene, two staminate flowers in amber are described as Socratea brownii (Poinar 2002a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Wessels Boer (1965) and MacBride (1960) included Socratea in Iriartea; however, there is a whole suite of characters separating the two (see Iriartea). Furthermore, floral biology is significantly different in the two genera (as confirmed by Henderson 1985). The separation of Metasocratea was based on a misinterpretation of the position of the embryo (see Bernal 1986). There is an expansion of the floral apex into a large truncate area opposite each sepal during stamen initiation. This pattern appears characteristic of the tribe. Pintaud and Millan (2004) describe a population of Socratea salazarii displaying flagelliform inflorescences that root at their tips. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Stilt palms. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring in lowland and montane tropical rain forest; pollination, where known, is by beetles (Henderson 1985). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Socratea exorrhiza</name>
+<author>(Mart.) H.Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Bonplandia (Hannover) 8: 103 (1860)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, 10-20 m tall and 10-20 cm in diameter, supported at base by a few, thick, brown stilt roots with numerous short, white root spines. Leaves 1.5-3.5 m long; pinnae 15-25 on each side, longitudinally split into 2-18 unequal segments, these 40-90 cm long. Inflorescence axis 30-60 cm long; branches 5-20, to 40 cm long. Male flowers ca. 1 cm long, with 17-65 stamens. Female flowers ca. 5 mm long. Fruit elongate, 1.5-2.5 cm long, smooth.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in Central America and South America. In Ecuador it occurs in moist forest on both sides of the Andes, and is often quite common.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Genus Metasocratea (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Bernal-Gonzalez</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 151-152</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1986</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Socratea hecatonandra</name>
+<author>(Dugand) R.Bernal</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 41: 152 (1986)</citation>
+<type>Colombia; Cuatrecasas; 16719</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype COL; isotype VALLE)</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Metasocratea hecatonandra</name>
+<author>Dugand</author>
+<bibref>Dugand in Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. 8: 389 (1951)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Dugand himself initially assigned his new species to Socratea; the data labels on the type bear the name "Socratea hecatonandra Dugand", a combination he never published. Annotation labels were added later with the name Metasocratea hecatonandra Dugand. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Socratea rostrata</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 31 (1940)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, to 25 m tall, and 15-30 cm in diameter, supported by many, thick, brown to black stiltroots armed with numerous short, white root spines. Leaves 1.5-3.5 m long; pinnae 15-25 on each side, longitudinally split into 2-10 unequal, elongate segments, these to 130 cm long, often with a golden brown indument below. Inflorescence axis 30-70 cm long; branches 5-15, to 80 cm long. Male flowers ca. 8-17 mm long, with 60-145 stamens. Female flowers ca. 8 mm long. Fruit elongate, 2.5-5 cm long, smooth, conspicuously rostrate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Premontane forest on both sides of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador. The species usually becomes abundant suddenly in a certain (variable) altitudinal zone; its distribution appears to be linked to frequent occurence of fog.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Plants from the two sides of the Andes and from different elevations have been considered to belong to separate species, based on differences in the structure and size of pinnae and inflorescence branches.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Socratea salazarii</name>
+<author>H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Principes 7: 112 (1963)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stems solitary or occasionally clustered. Pinnae simple.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Eastern Andean foothills and the westernmost part of the Amazon basin in Peru, Brasil, and N Bolivia.
+Distribution in Ecuador. Not known from Ecuador, but may eventually be found there as it occurs very close to the SE border of Ecuador with Peru.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate, solitary pinnate-leaved palm, native to Samoa, with crownshaft, praemorse leaflets and distinctive elongate peduncle.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Solfia</name>\r
+<author>Rech.</author> \r
+<citation>Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 4: 232 (1907).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Solfia samoensis; Rech.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Wilhelm Solf (1862–1936), one-time governor of German Samoa.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, slender, ringed with rather widely spaced leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, arching slightly, few in crown; sheath rather thick, forming a slender crownshaft, glabrous adaxially, abaxially densely covered with whitish tomentum and small grey-brown scales; petiole relatively short, slender, adaxially channelled near base, rounded distally, abaxially rounded, covered with grey scales; rachis long, slender, adaxially often sharply pointed or ridged and rounded, abaxially rounded, densely covered with grey scales or tomentum; leaflets held in one plane, regularly arranged, single-fold, lanceolate, distal pair small and narrow, leaflets distally oblique, raggedly praemorse, adaxially glabrous except for a few scales near bases of major veins, abaxially covered with small scales on veins, ramenta lacking, midvein and a pair of large veins along or close to the margins prominent, margins densely covered with caducous tomentum and scales, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 3 orders, protandrous; peduncle relatively slender, elongate, elliptical in cross-section; prophyll apparently tardily deciduous, tubular, slender, dorsiventally flattened, with 2, narrow, lateral keels, pointed, splitting apically and for a short distance abaxially to release the peduncular bract, abaxially densely covered with multibranched or grey scales; peduncular bract marcescent, tubular, slender, much longer than the peduncle, with a long rather flat, pointed tip, densely covered with scales as the prophyll; rachis shorter to slightly longer than the peduncle, angled, tapering, bearing spirally arranged branches; rachis bracts low, rounded; rachillae slender, tapering, bearing spirally arranged triads of flowers basally, and pairs of a pistillate and one staminate, or a single staminate flower distally; floral bracteoles low, rounded or truncate. Staminate flowers bullet-shaped; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, irregularly but strongly keeled, margins thin, variously notched; petals 3, distinct, ovate, valvate, evenly thickened, adaxially grooved, abaxially striate when dry, reflexed at anthesis; stamens numerous, ca. 35–37, filaments slender, awl-shaped, anthers elongate, sagittate basally, uneven, sometimes divided apically, medifixed, versatile, latrorse; pistillode absent in some flowers or ovoid attenuate as long as the stamens, usually shortly trifid apically. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, psilate-scabrate and finely perforate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 58–73 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers broadly ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, hooded, edges minutely toothed or variously notched; petals 3, twice as long as the sepals in late bud, distinct, ovate, imbricate, lateral margins shortly fringed, tips thick, valvate; staminodes 3, shortly joined basally, wide, truncate and bifid or uneven distally; gynoecium symmetrical, ovoid, tapering distally, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, recurved, ovule attached laterally or pendulous from the top of the locule, form unknown. Fruit ovoid, red at maturity, stigmatic remains eccentrically apical; epicarp thin, smooth, becoming wrinkled and somewhat pebbled when dry, mesocarp fleshy, fibrous, with stinging crystals, major fibres conspicuous adherent to the endocarp, endocarp terete, straw-coloured. Seed ovoid, surface smooth, hilum apical, raphe much branched, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species endemic to Samoa.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Norup et al. (2006), Baker et al. (in review)and Lewis et al. (in prep.) found high support for a sisterrelationship between Solfia and Balaka.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Rechinger (1907).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The slender elongate peduncle is distinctive.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring in montane forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Short, sometimes acaulescent palm of forest undergrowth in western New Guinea, with entire-bifid or irregularly pinnate strongly discolourous leaves and small corky-warted fruit.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Sommieria</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Malesia 1: 66 (1877).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Sommieria leucophylla; Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorating Stephen Sommier (1848–1922), Italian natural historian and friend of Odoardo Beccari.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small, solitary, acaulescent to short-stemmed, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem eventually erect, becoming bare, ringed with very close leaf scars, sometimes also bearing bunches of aerial roots. Leaves numerous, entire, bifid, sometimes with 2 pairs of segments, pinnately ribbed, marcescent; leaf sheaths densely tomentose, eventually splitting irregularly opposite the petiole and disintegrating into an interwoven mass of fibres, the mouth (?always) prolonged into a fibrous ligule; petiole usually short, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, variously tomentose; rachis adaxially channelled near the base, distally angled, abaxially rounded, gradually tapering; blade divided to produce a large, bifid part and 1 pair of narrow acuminate basal segments, or simply bifid, the apical margins lobed, the lobes corresponding to the major folds, or subentire, adaxially minutely scaly (?always), abaxially glabrous or densely white-tomentose, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences ± erect, interfoliar, solitary, ± equalling the leaves, branching to 1 order, protandrous; peduncle very long, slender, ± elliptical in cross-section; prophyll scarcely exserted from the subtending leaf sheath, 2-keeled, tubular, splitting along the abaxial face, the tip somewhat beaked, sometimes tattering into fibres at the tip; peduncular bract 1, tubular, borne at the tip of the peduncle, ± enclosing the rachillae before anthesis, membranous, splitting down one side to the base and becoming lanceolate, apparently sometimes persisting, sometimes deciduous; rachis very short; rachillae few in number (less than 12), spirally arranged, pendulous, ± stiff, slender, elongate, each subtended by a minute first-order bract, the surface of the rachilla densely dark brown-tomentose, flowers arranged in triads, sunken within pits ± throughout the entire length of the rachilla; the rachilla bracts low, minutely toothed, forming the lower lips of the pits; floral bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers ± symmetrical, the base somewhat stalked; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate, hooded, strongly keeled, ±striate; petals 3, ±twice as long as the sepals, distinct, ovate-triangular, valvate, scarcely opening at anthesis; stamens 6, filaments minutely connate basally, fleshy, awl-shaped, inflexed in bud (?always), the antesepalous much longer than the antepetalous, at anthesis spreading between the petals, the antepetalous included, anthers short, rectangular, medifixed, ± versatile, latrorse; pistillode ± as long as petals, columnar, ± angled. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally oblate triangular; aperture a distal sulcus, less frequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 22–28 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers eventually larger than the staminate, ± globular; sepals 3, distinct, or briefly connate, rounded, strongly imbricate; petals ± equalling the sepals, 3, distinct or briefly connate, rounded, imbricate except for the short, triangular, valvate tips; staminodes 3–6, tooth-like; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, ovoid, stigmas 3, apical, reflexed, ovule form not known. Fruit small, spherical, perianth whorls persistent, the stigmatic remains basal; epicarp smooth, brown early in development, soon cracking, obsolescent at maturity, mesocarp cracked to form pyramidal to hexagonal, corky warts, brown-tipped, pink-sided and white-based when fresh, drying dull brown throughout, endocarp thin, bony, operculate, closely adhering to the seed. Seed basally attached, spherical, hilum ± circular, raphe branches sparsely anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo subbasal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 34.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species confined to New Guinea where it occurs predominantly in the western half of the island.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Floral (Stauffer et al. 2004) and fruit (Essig et al.1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Pelagodoxa.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Heatubun (2002).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Heatubun (2002) showed convincingly that variationin this genus does not warrant the recognition of more thanone species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Mbebmega (Hatam language), som (Biak), man (Bewani).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Confined to the undergrowth of humid lowlandtropical rain forest. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Monograph of Sommieria (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Heatubun</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">Ch.D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 599-611</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Sommieria leucophylla</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 1: 67 (1877)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua Province, Manokwari, Andai, 1872; Beccari; PP607</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI, BH! photo; isotype K!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Sommieria elegans</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 68 (1877).</bibref>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua Province, Sorong, Ramoi, June 1872; Beccari; PP425</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI, BH! photo; isotype K!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Sommieria affinis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52: 37 (1914).</bibref>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua Province, Mamberamo river, Naumoni, 1910; Moszkowski; 319</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype Bt, FI! photo, BH! photo</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>INDONESIA (Papua Province): Mbebmega (Hatam), Som (Biak language in Waigeo island) also used for Licuala sp. PAPUA NEW GUINEA (Sandaun Province): Man (Bewani).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm, slender, acaulescent to 3 m high. Stem 3 - 4 cm diam., internodes short, to 1 cm, leaves up to 40 in crown, without crownshaft. Leaves 92 - 180 x 12 - 30 cm; petiole 10 - 38.5 cm long, 4 - 16 mm wide and 3 - 8 mm thick at base, flat to channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially; sheaths 7 - 30 - 1 - 6.5 cm; rachis 40 - 115 cm long; spacing between segments 4 - 10 cm, 17 - 20 main veins in simple-bifid leaves, divided leaves with 9 - 10 main veins in bifid part and 4 - 6 main veins in basal segment. Inflorescence interfoliar, up to 160 cm long at anthesis; prophyll 16 - 46 x 1 - 2.5 cm, persistent; peduncle up to 136 cm long; peduncular bract 80 - 245 x 13 - 25 mm, 10 - 30 mm spacing to first rachillae; rachillae less than 20, branching to 1 order (sometimes branching to 2 orders at first rachillae), 11 - 27 cm long, 1 - 10 mm spacing between first to two rachillae. Staminate flowers c. 2.5 mm diam.; sepals 1 - 1.5 x 2 - 2.5 mm, imbricate, semiorbicular to reniform, cream to light brown; petals 1.5- 2 x 2- 2.7 mm, ovate-triangular, cream to light brown; stamens 6; anthers 0.75 - 1 mm long; filaments 1.5 - 2 x 0.3 - 0.5 mm, inflexed in bud, sometimes twisted; pistillode 0.75 - 1 x 0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers 2.5 - 3 mm diam.; sepals c. 2 x c. 2.5 mm, semi orbicular to reniform, cream to light brown; petals c. 2.5 x c. 3 mm, triangular, cream to light brown; staminodes 0.5 - 0.75 x c. 0.25 mm at the base. Fruits spherical to ellipsoidal, 1-seeded, 9 - 15 x 8 - 15 mm, corky-warty, dark brown and bright pink when ripe, fleshy and juicy. Seeds 5 - 9 x 5 - 8 x 4 - 7 mm, spherical to ellipsoidal; endosperm homogenous; embryo sub-basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari (1877, 1914) differentiated S. leucophylla from S. elegans on the colour of the leaves, leaf segmentation and the size of the inflorescence (more 'robust' in S. elegans) and then he differentiated S. affinis from S. leucophylla by its smaller size and by the fronds being doubly-toothed at the tips. Moore made an unpublished key in 1956 to separate the three species. In this key, Sommieria elegans is separated from the two other species based on leaves being large, long-petioled, dull but not pale below, and S. affinis from S. leucophylla based on the tips of the segments. Morphological plasticity that occurs in Sommieria displays gradual and often overlapping variation and this has influenced the species concept used in this revision, which is broader than that used by earlier authors. The narrow species concept used in the genus reflects limited information obtained from single collections. No disjunctions in variation occur that would allow the consistent separation of three species in Sommieria as recognised by Beccari and followed by other authors (e.g. Ferrero & Dowe 1994); the distinguishing characters used are almost all vegetative characters that, now that we have a good number of specimens, can be seen to display a wide range of variation. The shape and size of the fruits and seeds varies greatly within individuals and populations. Because of this, fruit and seed shape and size is not considered to be of value in the delimitation of species. Ferrero (1997) proposed new forms of S. affinis and S. leucophylla (without providing formal names), after looking at pictures and photographs and speculating that S. elegans is very different by being larger in all its dimensions (size of leaves, thickness of stem, length of peduncle, etc.). The decision in this study to recognise one species only, is based on detailed examination of all available herbarium specimens and careful observation in the field.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>EXAMINED. INDONESIA. Papua Province. Manokwari Regency, Manokwari Distr.: Andai, 1872, Beccari PP607 (holotype FI; BH! (photo), isotype K!); Hutan Umbui (Andai road to Prafi), Aug. 1995, Dransfield 7535 (K!, AAU!, MAN!); April 1994, Sands 6219 (K!, BO, MAN!, FTG); April 1994, Mogea 6214 (K!, BO, MAN!); June 1997, Heatubun 162 (MAN!); May 2001, Heatubun 348 (K!). Merdey Distr.: Merdey, Aug. 1998, Wally 842 (K!, MAN!). Wasior Distr.: Wosimi R., Sikama R., 3 km of Sendrawoi village, Feb. 2000, Barrow 130 (K!, L, BO, MAN!); Dusner village, Sermunut ridge, Feb. 2000, Heatubun 324 (K!, L!, BO!, AAU!, BRI!, MAN!). Sorong Regency: Sorong, Ramoi, June 1872, Beccari PP425 (K!, BH! photo, FI); Klasaman, Taman Wisata km-14, June 1997, Heatubun 150 (MAN!); Sept. 1995, Maturbongs 274 (K!, MAN!); Nov. 1997, Wally 467 (K!, MAN!); Aimas, SP-IV, Makbalim forest, June 1997, Heatubun 151 (K!, MAN!). Teminabuan Distr.: Sembewin forest area, path to Sayal village, April 1996, Heatubun 08 (MAN!). Waigeo Island: Yensner village, Mamiai forest area, June 1997, Heatubun 96 (K!, MAN!); Waifoi village, June 1997, Wally 705 (K!, MAN!). Nabire Regency: Nabire, Samabusa, Feb. 2001, Heatubun 346 (K!, MAN!); Heatubun 347 (K!, MAN!); Dalman R., March 1940, Kanehira & Hatusima 12137 (BO!, L). Timika Regency: Timika, Kuala Kencana, Feb. 1998, Heatubun 196 (K!, L!, BH!, BO!, MAN!). Jayapura Regency: Mamberamo R., Naumoni, 1910, Moszkowski 319 (Bt, BH! photo, FI! Photos); Mamberamo R., Aug. 1920, Lam 965 (L!, BO!); Sept. 1920, Lam 1181 (K!, L, BO!); Sarmi, West Tor R., Sewan village, May 1993, McDonald & Ismail 3743 (A, BO!). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Sandaun Province: Ituly village, Nov. 1996, Barford 404 (K!, AAU, LAE, MAN!). Vanimo: Bewani, February 1990, Wiakabu et al. Lae 73741 (A, K!, L, BRI, LAE, CANB); March 2000, Barford et al. 486 (K!, AAU!, BRI, LAE, CANB). Pagei, Jan. 1975, White P/1 (BH! photo, LAE). CULTIVATED. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Palm House, May 1998, Cultivated 1992-3477 (K!).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small or moderate, solitary pinnate-leaved palms, native to Fiji and Samoa, all with crownshafts and praemorse leaflets, with long peduncles and generally with a 4–5-ridged seed.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Balaka</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 91 (1885).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Balaka perbrevis; (H. Wendl.) Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derived from the Fijian vernacular name, balaka.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, slender, ringed with rather prominent leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, somewhat arched and spreading; sheath tubular, forming a prominent crownshaft, covered with brown scales; petiole very short to moderate, nearly terete or channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, covered in tattered brown scales; rachis channelled to ridged adaxially, rounded abaxially, densely covered in tattered, brown scales; leaflets elongate to sigmoid or wedge-shaped and little tapered, alternate in one plane, single-fold, oblique or truncate apically, praemorse, with brown scales along ribs abaxially and scattered on bases of ribs adaxially, several veins about equal in size to midrib and marginal veins prominent, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 2 orders basally, 1 order distally, spreading; peduncle long; prophyll rather short and slender, 2-keeled laterally, slightly beaked, opening apically; peduncular bract inserted well above and much longer than the prophyll, terete, beaked, both bracts usually caducous before anthesis and bearing brown scales or tomentum; rachis shorter than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged, pointed bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae rather short, bearing distichously arranged, low, rounded bracts subtending triads of flowers nearly throughout, a few solitary staminate flowers distally; floral bracteoles prominent, margins somewhat jagged. Staminate flowers symmetrical, bullet-shaped in bud; sepals 3, distinct, glabrous or red-brown tomentose, rounded, imbricate, margins toothed; petals 3, briefly united at the base, ovate, valvate, grooved adaxially; stamens numerous (24–50), filaments erect in bud, awl-shaped, anthers elongate, dorsifixed near the base, bifid apically, briefly sagittate basally, latrorse; pistillode bottle-shaped with a long neck, often ±flexuous apically at anthesis. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, or perforate-finely rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 33–41 µm [5/11]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, margins toothed; petals 3, distinct, widely imbricate, toothed laterally, pointed apically; staminodes usually 6, small, ± united, tooth-like with jagged tips; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas apparently short, ovule pendulous, form unknown. Fruit irregularly ovoid, tapered distally or at both ends, often angled, ± beaked, reddish-orange at maturity, drying pebbled, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp thin, mesocarp with outer sclereid layer, inner fleshy layer, and a single series of vascular bundles with thick fibrous sheaths next to the endocarp, endocarp thin, not operculate. Seed elongate, pointed, ridged, 4–5-angled in cross-section, hilum elongate, lateral, raphe branches few, endosperm homogeneous, embryo basal. Germination and eophyll not recorded. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 11 species, six endemic to Fiji and five in Samoa.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig 1977). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Balaka is resolved as monophyletic with moderate support (Lewis et al. in prep.) and placed as sister to Solfia with high support (Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, Lewis et al. in prep.). One study, however, suggests that Solfia is nested within a paraphyletic Balaka (Baker et al. in prep.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The straight stems have been used for walking sticks and spears, and the kernel is reported to be edible. Some species (e.g., Balaka seemannii) are widely grown as ornamentals in Fiji and elsewhere. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1979) and Whistler (1992). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Differing from Veitchia in having ridged seeds and often angled and tapered fruit, and from Ptychosperma in having a more elongate peduncle and a peduncular bract that is exserted well above and is much longer than the prophyll.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Balakwa (Fiji), balaka palms.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>These palms occur in various types of forest up to about 1000 m altitude. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A New Species of Balaka from Fiji</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fuller</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dowe</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.L.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 43(1) 10-14</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1999</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Balaka streptostachys</name>
+<author>D.Fuller & Dowe</author>
+<citation>Palms 43: 10 (1999)</citation>
+<type>FIJI. VANUA LEVU: above Nakorutari Village, below ridge above Matani Creek along Raciba Road, 23 Feb. 1996; Fuller (with E. Jones and T. Bulitauu); 338</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus BRI; isotypi K, SUVA</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>From the Greek strepto (twisted) and stachys (spike) in reference to intermittent 40˚-60˚ twists in the rachilla, with the sections between the twists otherwise straight. This character has not been observed in other species of Balaka.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma, Balakae microcarpae et B. macrocarpae affinis, sed truncus robustior usque ad 10 cm diametro. Inflorescentia usque ad 1.5 m longa. Rachilla trigona asymmetrica, tortilis, tortis 40˚-60˚ intermittentibus, tortis 3-5 in quoque rachilla. Flores in 3-8 triadibus distichis inter tortos in foveis vadosis. Flos staminatus albastro tubernatus, 20-35 stamina. Fructus 18-25 mm longus, B-14 mm latus. Apex endocarpi aliquantum rostrata, pagina endocarpi canalibus vadosis irregularibus. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm, trunk erect, 4-7 m tall, dbh 7-10 cm, base not expanded, internodes congested, dark green to grey with age, nodes conspicuous, light green-brown. Leaves eight to ten in the crown, held erect, slightly arcuate, regularly pinnate, to 3 m long including petiole and leafsheath, adaxially mid green, abaxially olive green; petiole 35-45 x 2.5-3.5 cm wide, adaxially concave, abaxially rounded, densely tomentose with scattered long dark scales; leafsheath tubular, split longitudinally opposite the petiole in the upper quarter, 30-50 cm long, abaxially green-light brown, densely tomentose with scattered dark scales, adaxially white, glabrous, margins at the apex lacerate-fibrous, fibers coarse and thick; rachis densely tomentose with scattered dark scales, proximally channelled, becoming ridged distally adaxially, abaxially rounded proximally, flattened distally, diamond-shaped in cross-section at mid rachis. Pinnae in one plane, regularly arranged, sub-opposite, 18-22 per side, obliquely truncate at the apex, apically dentate; mid-leaf pinnae elongately falcate, 83-95 x 6-8 cm wide, tapered from the middle toward the apex and the base; basal pinnae 90-110 x 6-7 cm wide; distal pinnae increasingly elongate to compactly cuneate toward the leaf apex, apical pair basally joined for one-sixth to one-fourth their length; mid rib prominent on both sides in all pinnae, secondary ribs almost as prominent abaxially only, two to six each side of pinna, marginal veins thick, lower marginal vein tomentose. Inflorescence interfoliar becoming infrafoliar in age, 1-I.5 m long, branched to three orders; axes densely silver tomentose when young, densely red-brown tomen- tose at maturity; prophyll boat-shaped,3 5-40 cm long, fully encircling the peduncle at attachment, persistent; peduncular bract one, 70-78 cm long, attached 27-30 cm above attachment of the prophyll, narrowly tubular, persistent and witheringt o a fibrous papyraceous tate;p eduncle elongate, 60-65 x 2.0-3.5 cm wide, laterally compressede, lliptical in cross section; rachilla 16-30 x 0.4-0.5 cm wide, irregularly angled in cross-section, densely tomentose, triads in shallow pits, three to eight triads ranked linear-distichous, rachilla with 40˚-60˚ twists at intermittent intervals, with three to five twists per rachilla. Flowers in triads for entire length ofthe rachilla; staminate flowers bullet-shaped in bud, 6-7 mm long, symmetrical, white; sepals triangular, 3 mm long, margins smooth; petals eiongare, 6 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, apically pointed, thick, apically valvate; stamens 20-35; filaments thino 3-4 mm long; anthers linear, 4 mm long, dorsifixed, versatile; pistillode elongate, 4-5 mm long, flask-shaped. Pollen elliptical in polar view, long axis ca. 36 pm, short axis ca. 15 pm, monosulcate, exine tectate, finely reticulate. Fruit irregularly ovoid, tapered toward the apex, 18-25 x 8-14 mm wide, orange-red at maturity, stigmatic remains apical on a beaked cone; epicarp smooth, drying moderately granular; mesocarp 2-3 mm thick, fibrous; endocarp longitudinally ridged, four-angled in cross section, apex with a moderate beaked extension, surface with numerous irregular shallow channels; seed similarly shaped as endocarp; hilum longitudinal; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Eophyll bifid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Fiji. Vanua Levu, known from a single location S of Labasa on the logging road toward Mt. Sorolevu, at 300 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Grows as an understory palm in lower montane rainforest in a boggy area. Balaka streptostachys ocurs as an understory palm species in mixed evergreen-lower montane rainforest. The single known population is growing on very wet, spongy ground in a flat section of the Mt. Sorolevu foothills. This area receives well over 3000 mm ofrain per year. The associated vegetation includes the palms Alsmithia longipes H.E. Moore (new island record McClatchey and Fuller 1101/191, 13 May 1995, and FTG, SUVA]), Balaka macrocarpa Burret and Physokentia thurstonii (Becc.) Becc. Higher up the slopes starting at c. 500 m large numbers of Gulubia microcarpa Essig (new island record McClatchey and Fuller 1117/210, l7 May 1995, FTG, SUVA]) can be found and Clinostigma exorrhizum (H. Wendl.) Becc. occurs above 900 m on the slopes and the top of Mt Sorolevu.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Proposed for IUCN Red List threatened category - Critically Endangered. There are 50-60 adult trees in the single known population of this unusual palm. This area has been selectively logged, and future logging is imminent. Dick Phillips (personal communication) has two seedlings of this taxon in cultivation in Fiji. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Ethnobotany. No native Fijian name or uses for this palm have been recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Balaka streptostachys is distinguished by its comparatively greater trunk diameter, to ca. l0 cm, than that of similar species such as B. microcarpa and B. macrocarpa. The inflorescence is distinctive in that the rachillae are densely tomentose, have 40˚-60˚ twists at intermittent intervals, and are angular in cross-section. Triads are ranked distichously, three to eight per section between the twistsi n the rachilla.T he endocarpa nd seeda re ridged and angular as with other Balakaspecies, though the arrangement with a single prominent longitudinal ridge, extended "wings" and quadrangular in cross-section is distinctive. An informal description of this species was included under the name of Balaka "robusta" in Fuller (1997) and again in Doyle and Fuller (1998). The species was first observed by Timoci Bulitavu, while working on construction of a logging road. Subsequently he showed it to palm horticulturist, Dick Phillips of Suva, Fiji, in early 1994, and again to Phillips along with DF and Will McClatcheyin 1995.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>FIJI. Vanua Levu, above Nakorutari Village, below ridge above Matani Creek alone Raciba Road, McClatchey and Fuller 1095/185, 1099/189, L3 May 1995 (FTG, SUVA). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Acaulescent unarmed pinnate-leaved palm from Amazonia, with flowers borne in pits.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Barcella</name>\r
+<author>(Trail) Trail ex Drude in Mart.</author>\r
+<citation>Fl. bras. 3(2): 459(1881).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Barcella odora; (Trail) Drude</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Elaeis subgenus Barcella</name>\r
+<author>Trail</author>\r
+<bibref>J. Bot. 15: 80 (1877).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Barca — little boat, -ella — diminutive, perhaps in reference to the shape of the peduncular bract.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, acaulescent, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem very short, subterranean. Leaves arching or erect, pinnate, biology has been studied by Listabarth (1994). marcescent; sheath abaxially with caducous tomentum; petiole short, Additional figures: Glossary figs 6, 14. adaxially flattened, abaxially ± angled, the margins sharp, both surfaces glabrous; rachis adaxially angled, abaxially flattened; leaflets numerous, regularly arranged, single-fold, very gradually narrowed from near the base to a long acuminate tip, ± plicate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially bearing a few small ramenta along the main vein near the base, transverse veinlets conspicuous, very short. Inflorescences interfoliar, solitary, branching to 1 order, apparently protandrous; peduncle elongate, curving, ± circular or semicircular in cross-section, densely tomentose; prophyll short, thinly coriaceous, 2-keeled, acute, becoming fibrous distally; peduncular bract much longer than the prophyll, ± woody, enclosing the inflorescence in bud, splitting longitudinally allowing elongation of the peduncle and rachis, beaked, striate abaxially, covered with minute scales; rachis much shorter than the peduncle, bearing up to ca. 40, crowded, rigid, spirally arranged, densely tomentose rachillae, each subtended by a triangular, acuminate bract; proximal few rachillae expanded at the base and bearing up to ca. 9 pistillate flowers, solitary or in triads, with staminate flowers distal and all other rachillae bearing dense spirals of paired staminate flowers, except at the very tips where staminate flowers solitary, the pistillate flowers ± superficial, each subtended by a triangular bract, the staminate flowers, especially distally, sunken in pits, the small triangular rachilla bracts forming the lower lips of the pits, extreme tips of rachillae bare of bracts and flowers, ± sharply pointed. Staminate flowers small; sepals 3, distinct, widely separated, membranous, narrow elliptic, abaxially keeled, hooded at the tips; petals 3, distinct, about the same length as the sepals, valvate, ovate, striate; stamens 6, filaments broad, fleshy, united laterally to each other to form a tube with 6, short, distinct, reflexed, abruptly narrowed tips, anthers ± rectangular, ± versatile, latrorse; pistillode much shorter than the connate filaments, columnar, trifid. Pollen asymmetric-ellipsoid to pyriform; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-channelled and coarsely rugulate, aperture margin finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 25–45 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers much larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, ovate, broadly imbricate, coriaceous, the margins tending to split irregularly; petals 3, distinct, ovate, broadly imbricate except at the short valvate, triangular tips, ± coriaceous except at the membranous, striate, irregular margins; staminodes forming a membranous, 6-toothed ring; gynoecium ± columnar, trilocular, triovulate, with 3, massive, fleshy, 3-angled stigmas, ovule apparently orthotropous, attached centrally. Fruit moderately large, 1-seeded, ovoid or basally angled by close packing, bright orange, usually with a prominent apical beak bearing the stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, glabrous, mesocarp thick, fleshy, oily, endocarp black, woody, ± 3-angled, traversed by longitudinal fibres, with 3 lateral pores (according to Trail [1877]). Seed (?)basally attached, with a coarse network of fibres, endosperm homogeneous with a central cavity; embryo lateral near one of the endocarp pores. Germination not recorded; eophyll apparently entire, lanceolate. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species confined to a small area of the banks of the Rio Negro and its tributaries in Brazil.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see subtribe Elaeidinae.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Many uses such as wood for construction and leaves forweaving, but the greatest potential of this palm lies withpossible hybridization with the African or American species ofElaeis to introduce novel characteristics.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Trail (1877) and Henderson (1986b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Barcella and Elaeis are separated from other Cocoseaeby having the rather large pistillate flowers deeply sunken in the rachillae and by endocarp pores at or above the middle. Barcella is distinguished from Elaeis by the lack of spines on the petiole and by the long peduncle, by having a woody rather than a fibrous peduncular bract, and by the consistent presence of both staminate and pistillate flowers in the inflorescence. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring on river banks at low altitude.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Extremely variable genus native to the Caribbean (one species) and South America, where it is particularly abundant in drier areas; leaflets are concolourous and the mesocarp does not split.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Syagrus</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author> \r
+<citation>Palm. fam. 18 (1824).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Syagrus cocoides; Mart.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Langsdorffia</name>\r
+<author>Raddi</author>\r
+<bibref>Raddi, Mem. Mat. Fis. Soc. Ital. Sci. 18(2): 345 (1820) (illegitimate name) (non Mart. 1818, Balanophoraceae).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Langsdorffia pseudococos; Raddi</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Platenia</name>\r
+<author>H. Karst.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Karst., Linnaea 28: 250 (1856).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Platenia chiragua; H.Karst.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Cocos subgenus Arecastrum</name>\r
+<author>Drude in Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Drude in Mart., Fl. bras. 3 (2): 402 (1881). </bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Barbosa</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Malpighia 1: 349, 352 (1887).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Barbosa pseudococos; Becc.</type> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Rhyticocos</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Malpighia 1: 350, 353 (1887).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Rhyticocos amara; (Jacq.) Becc.</type> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Arikuryroba</name>\r
+<author></author>\r
+<bibref>Barb. Rodr., Pl. jard. Rio de Janeiro 1: 5 (1891).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Arikuryroba capanemae; Barb.Rodr.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Arikury</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 445 (1916). Superfluous substitute name.</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Arecastrum</name>\r
+<author>(Drude) Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Drude) Becc., Agric. Coloniale 10: 446 (1916).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Arecastrum romanzoffianum; (Cham.) Becc.</type> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysallidosperma</name>\r
+<author></author>\r
+<bibref>H.E. Moore, Principes 7: 109 (1963).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Chrysallidosperma smithii; H.E.Moore</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Syagrus — the name of a kind of palm tree in Latin, apparently used by Pliny, but certainly not for members of this New World genus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to tall, solitary or clustered, rarely forking below ground (Syagrus cearensis), unarmed or armed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem very short, subterranean to erect and tall, rarely stolon-like, sometimes swollen basally, distally obscured by leaf-base remains, becoming bare, sometimes striate, and marked with inconspicuous or raised or impressed, oblique or circular conspicuous leaf scars. Leaves reduplicately pinnate, spirally arranged or, in S. coronata, ± even, scars circular, arranged in 5 ranks, marcescent or neatly abscising; sheath disintegrating into an interwoven mass of fibres, the fibres slender to robust and flattened, rarely flattened and spine-like; petiole very short to long, adaxially channelled or flattened, abaxially rounded or angled, the margins smooth or bearing short caducous fibres, and rarely also bearing coarse spine-like fibres, surfaces variously glabrous, tomentose or scaly, sometimes waxy; rachis straight or curved, short to long, variously scaly, tomentose or glabrous; leaflets single-fold, few to very numerous, regularly or irregularly arranged, held in one or several planes, linear, moderately wide to very narrow, stiff or curved, the tips acute, acuminate or obtuse, symmetrical and shallowly bifid or asymmetrical; blade adaxially glabrous or with sparse scales or hairs, sometimes waxy, abaxially usually with conspicuous ramenta along the main vein, very rarely also with dense grey indumentum, transverse veinlets often conspicuous. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, rarely spicate, usually branching to 1 order, ?protandrous, much shorter than the leaves; peduncle ± elliptic in cross-section, short to long, glabrous or variously hairy or scaly; prophyll usually mostly concealed within the leaf sheaths, tubular, flattened, 2-keeled, splitting at the tip, becoming fibrous and disintegrating with age; peduncular bract persistent, much longer than the prophyll, usually inserted just above the prophyll, tubular, enclosing the inflorescence until shortly before anthesis, very rarely shorter than the expanded inflorescence, often ± spindle-shaped before splitting longitudinally along the abaxial face for most of its length, then expanding and becoming cowl-like, beaked, usually ± woody, rarely thinly coriaceous or papery, glabrous or glaucous or pubescent, longitudinally grooved; rachis usually shorter than the peduncle or nearly equal (S. coronata), glabrous or hairy, bearing spirally arranged rachillae, each subtended by a short, triangular, usually coriaceous bract; rachillae few to numerous, short or elongate, slender, straight or often twisted in bud, frequently zigzag, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, bearing spirally arranged triads proximally, paired or solitary staminate flowers distally, or rarely, the distal-most rachillae bearing only staminate flowers; flower groups usually sessile, subtended by usually inconspicuous bracts; floral bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers usually ± asymmetrical; sepals 3, ± triangular, distinct and imbricate or briefly connate, rarely connate in a stalk-like base; petals 3, distinct, valvate, ± thinly coriaceous or fleshy, much longer than the sepals, variously lanceolate, oblong, or ovate with acute tips, glabrous, tomentose, scaly or dotted; stamens 6, filaments distinct, or very briefly connate, relatively short, ±fleshy, anthers elongate, dorsifixed near the base or medifixed and ± versatile, introrse or latrorse; pistillode minute, trifid or absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, frequently elongate and/or pyriform, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, perforate-rugulate, rugulate-verrucate or reticulate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 36–56 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral [11/31]. Pistillate flowers slightly smaller to very much larger than the staminate flowers; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, triangular to ovate, acute or obtuse, fleshy to coriaceous, sometimes tomentose or scaly; petals 3, distinct, slightly shorter to slightly longer the than the sepals, triangular or ovate, broadly imbricate at the base, with minute to moderately large and conspicuous valvate tips; staminodal ring membranous, low, ± 6-toothed, occasionally apparently absent; gynoecium columnar to conical or ovoid, trilocular, triovulate, glabrous or tomentose to scaly, the stigmas 3, reflexed, fleshy, ovules laterally attached to the central wall of the locules, ?anatropous. Fruit small to relatively large, 1–(rarely 2-)seeded, spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal, variously green, brown, yellow, or reddish, sometimes beaked, the perianth segments and staminodal ring persistent and sometimes enlarging as a cupule at the fruit base; epicarp smooth or longitudinally striate, glabrous or hairy, mesocarp fleshy or dry, with abundant longitudinal fibres, endocarp thick, woody, with 3(4) basal or subbasal pores, sometimes beaked, sometimes with 3 longitudinal ridges, rarely with 3 irregular vertical bands of minute pores, endocarp cavity irregular or more usually circular, rarely triangular in cross-section, with 3, conspicuous, vertical lines, very rarely with a curved lateral protrusion into the seed (S. romanzoffiana). Seed conforming to the shape of the endocarp cavity, subbasally attached, endosperm homogeneous or ruminate, sometimes with a central cavity; embryo basal or subbasal opposite one of the endocarp pores. Germination adjacent-ligular or remote tubular; eophyll entire. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Thirty-one species recorded in South America from Venezuela southwards to Argentina, with the greatest number of species in Brazil; one species in the Lesser Antilles. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Glassman 1987, Roth 1990), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), fruit (Reddy and Kulkarni 1985). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Syagrus is resolved as polyphyletic by Gunn (2004). For a preliminary assessment of relationships, see Gunn (2004). A detailed species-level phylogeny of Attaleinae is required to circumscribe a monophyletic Syagrus. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves of many species are used as thatch, those of S. coronata also yield wax. The mesocarp of S. oleracea and S. coronata is edible, and the endosperm of S. cocoides and S. coronata can be used as a source of palm oil. The wood is also useful. For medicinal uses, see Plotkin and Balick (1984). Many species are cultivated as ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Glassman (1987) and Noblick (2004a, 2004b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Two small palm endocarps (Maury 1930) that are included in Palmocarpon luisii, from the Maastrichtian of Brazil, State of Parahyba do Norte (Rio Gramame), are compared with members of the Cocoseae. One is described as being about the size and form of the living Cocos datel (sic.) “but more deformed” (Cocos datil Drude and Griseb. = Syagrus romanzoffiana [Cham.] Glassman; see Govaerts and Dransfield 2005), these are almost certainly not cocosoid in origin and probably not from palms at all. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Several genera earlier recognised as distinct because of their ruminate endosperm were included in Syagrus in the first edition of Genera Palmarum; this circumscription of the genus is followed here. The basis for including the genera is the extraordinary variability of Syagrus itself and the unreliability of the endosperm character for separating genera elsewhere in the family. Thus, S. vagans and S. ruschiana approach Arikuryroba, S. inajai differs from Chrysallidosperma smithii only in a few minor characters and in the endosperm. The connate petals of Rhyticocos referred to by Read (1979) have not been found on our specimens, and the palm is otherwise rather like S. sancona but with a large ruminate endosperm. Barbosa pseudococos is very similar in flower and fruit characters to S. stratinicola. Gunn (2004), in her preliminary phylogenetic analysis of Cocoseae, recovered trees that suggested Syagrus to be polyphyletic. However, she sampled just three species of Syagrus, and these were all at one time included in segregate genera. More work is needed. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Syagrus palms, licury palm (Syagrus coronata), Queen palm (S. romanzoffiana). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Most species are confined to dry or semi-arid areas; these include all of the acaulescent species. A few, usually tree-like species are restricted to mesic and tropical rain forest. The acaulescent species are conspicuous components of several Brazilian arid vegetation types such as ‘cerrado’ and ‘campo rupestre’. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Syagrus sancona</name>
+<author>(Kunth) H.Karst.</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 28: 247 (1856)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy or canopy palm. Stem solitary, 10-20 m tall and 20-35 cm in diameter. Leaves 3.5-4.5 m long; pinnae 150-170 on each side, inserted in groups of 2-7 and spreading in different planes, the central ones 60-100 cm long and 3.5-5 cm wide. Inflorescence 1-1.5 m long, with 100-150 simple, spreading branches, to 65 cm long. Male flowers ca. 10 mm long. Female flowers 5-10 mm long. Fruit yellow to orange when ripe, 3-3.5 cm long and 1.5-2 cm in diameter, with seed round in cross-section.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W South America from Venzuela to Bolivia, often in seasonal forest. Its ecology in Ecuador is quite remarkable: it occurs in dry forest in W Ecuador, but in wet forest in E Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Syagrus smithii</name>
+<author>(H.E.Moore) Glassman</author>
+<citation>Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 231 (1970)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem solitary, to 10 m tall, and 5-10 cm in diameter. Leaves 2.5-3.5 m long, with 80-100 pinnae on each side, these inserted in groups and pointing in somewhat different directions, the central ones 40-80 cm long, and 3.0-3.5 cm wide. Inflorescence 75-135 cm long, with 10-30 branches, to 30 cm long. Male flowers ca. 10 mm long. Female flowers 12-13 mm long. Fruit yellow, 6-8 cm long and 3-4 cm in diameter, with the seed triangular in cross-section.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Amazon region in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil. Rather local and not very common in E Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Some populations of this species from SE Colombia are known to have entire leaves also in the reproductive stage. This has not been observed in Ecuador, but the possibility should be kept in mind.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Novelties of the Genera Parajubaea and Syagrus (Palmae) from Interandean Valleys of Bolivia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Moraes</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Novon 6: 85-92</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1996</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Syagrus yungasensis</name>
+<author>M.Moraes</author>
+<citation>Novon 6: 89 (1996)</citation>
+<type>Bolivia. La Paz: Sud Yungas, 30 km on the road from Chulumani to 1.a Asunta, 900 m, 9 Dec. 1994; M. Maraes; 1874</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype LPB; isotypes FTG, NY</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet refers to the geographical region known locally as the Yungas, an area that comprises much of the east slope of the Andes in northern and central Bolivia.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Caudex solitarius 4-5 m. Pinnae utroque latere 98- 120, irrregulariter dispositae vel 4-10 aggregatae ad medium usque foliato. Rhachilla 32-46 appressus ad rhachim, flores feminei congesti ad rhachillae basim. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem solitary 4-5 m tall, 7-9 cm diam., smooth surface with overlapping internodes without foliar bases. Leaves 13-18, ca. 2.2 m long; sheath 12- 25 cm long, fibrous; pseudopetiole 80-100 cm long, fibrous, channeled with slightly raised midridge, margins with fibers 6-8 cm long; rachis 1.2-1.4 m long, triangular in cross section at apex; pinnae 98-120 per side, lanceolate, irregularly inserted in groups of 4-10, 4-6 cm apart, open, nearly perpendicular to rachis, plicate at base, green and lustrous adaxially, glabrous with ramenta on central nerve abaxially, in each group the apical pinnae erect to apex; basal pinnae 39-68 X 0.4-0.5 cm; middle pinnae 45-63 X 1-1.2 cm; apical pinnae 4-15 X 0.1-0.2 cm. Inflorescences up to 8 per plant, 40-95 cm long; prophyll 16 cm long, fibrous; peduncular bract 80-92 cm long, apiculate, inflated above, woody, sulcate, brown externally, glabrous and dark brown internally; peduncle 56 cm long, glabrous; rachis 10-13 cm long, glabrous; rachillae 32-46, appressed to rachis, 11-15 bearing 2-4 pistillate flowers, the remaining rachillae with only staminate flowers, basal ca. 8-26 cm long and apical 2.5-10 cm long; sometimes one single rachilla inserted 40 cm from the base of peduncle, with 5-6 pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers sessile, to 6 mm long; sepals and petals apiculate; stamens 6, 2-3 mm long; filaments to 1 mm long; anthers to 2 mm long. Pistillate flowers 9-10 mm; sepals and petals apiculate; ovary glabrous with trifid stigmas; staminodial ring to 2 mm high, undulate. Fruit 3.5- 4 X 2.5-3 cm; epicarp smooth, green with brown scales at apex; mesocarp fibrous; endocarp 5 mm thick covered with persistent coarse fibers, rough surface, beaked at the base and with lightly prominent ridges that stop short of apex; seed 1, endosperm homogenous. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Restricted to narrow dry valleys and steep rocky slopes in the semideciduous foresta of the eastern slope of the Andes, between 700 and 1000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>This species is only known from narrow valleys. Due to an increasing Dumber of vehicles and road construction in the ana ill population OOuld be endangered. However. most populations are found on inaccessible, Steep slopes and are not thought to be in any immediate danger.</p></div>
+<div type="uses">None recorded.<p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Syagrus yungasensis was found on the stretch of road between Chulumani and La Asunta growing on rocky soils and cliff faces in steep ravines. These dry interandean valleys are very different from the humid forests found in much of the Yungas, and are a result of orographie conditions. The linear distance from the collection sites to peaks of ca. 6500 m in elevation in the Cordillera is ca. 55 kilometers. The population is found within rainshadowed valleys, and the vegetation is characterized by the presence of semideciduous and xerophytic species that withstand extended periods without rain. Small species of Syagrus often turn out to be local endemics, such as in the northeast of Brazil (Larry Noblick, pers. comrn.). Some acaulescent endemic species were reported from Brazil: .S'. duartci Glassman, S. harleyi Glassman, S. mendanhensis Glassman, S. microphylla Burret, and S. werdermannii Burret (Glassman, 1987). This new small species may have evolved in recent geologic periods: it has survived in a restricted habitat that is biogeographically related to the Chaqueñan flora further south, but separated by the more humid forests of the Yungas and Chapare. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BOLIVIA. La Paz: Sud Yungas. 82 km from Chulumani on road to La Asunta. 7(H) m. M) May 1986, Beck 12636 (LPB).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary or clustered pinnate-leaved monecious palms from forest undergrowth in Central and northern South America; inflorescence has stiff rachillae bearing flowers in acervuli.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Synechanthus</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<citation>Bot. Zeit. 16: 145 (1858).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Synechanthus fibrosus; (H.Wendl.) H.Wendl.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Reineckia</name>\r
+<author></author>\r
+<bibref>H. Karst., Wochenschr. Gärtnerei Pflanzenk. 1: 349 (1858). (‘Reineckia’) (non Reineckea Kunth, 1844) (conserved name). </bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Reineckia triandra; H.Karst.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Rathea</name>\r
+<author></author>\r
+<bibref>H. Karst, Wochenschr. Gärtnerei Pflanzenk. 1: 377 (1858).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Rathea fibrosa; (H.Wendl.) H.Karst.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Synechos — continuous, anthos — flower, referring to the linear arrangement of the flowers (acervulus).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms, sometimes flowering when still acaulescent. Stem slender, usually erect, rarely decumbent, smooth, yellowish or glossy deep or dark olive-green, ringed with prominent widely spaced leaf scars. Leaves reduplicately pinnate; sheath elongate on new leaves but soon splitting opposite the petiole and differentiated from it only by a narrow, usually fibrous, dry strip along each margin; petiole circular in cross-section; rachis angled adaxially, rounded abaxially; leaflets broadly reduplicate at insertion, acute to acuminate, slightly to markedly sigmoid or, when broad-based, the apex sickle-shaped, with 1 to several principal nerves, these elevated above, or the blade sometimes undivided except at the bifid apex. Inflorescences interfoliar or becoming infrafoliar, branched to 1 or 2 orders basally, erect at anthesis, curved or pendulous in fruit, solitary; peduncle long; prophyll short, tubular, sheathing, ultimately disintegrating into fibres, open apically; peduncular bracts 4–5, similar to but longer than the prophyll and inserted at increasingly greater distances, the distal-most usually exceeding the peduncle; rachis usually elongate; rachillae slender, nearly equal in length, 4-angled to markedly flattened and ± flexuous, the tips usually slender and almost spine-like. Flowers borne in mostly distichously arranged lines (acervuli) of a proximal pistillate and 5–13 distal, biseriate, staminate flowers, the distal flower of the acervulus opening first and subsequent flower-opening basipetal. Staminate flowers green in bud, golden-yellow at anthesis, depressed-triangular in bud; sepals 3, connate in a low, acutely 3-lobed cupule; petals 3, valvate, very prominently nerved in bud when dry, spreading at anthesis; stamens 6, filaments short, incurved in bud, erect at anthesis, or 3, with long filaments markedly incurved and inflexed at the apex in bud, horizontally exserted at anthesis, anthers basifixed, shallowly bifid at apex and base, latrorse; pistillode small, deltoid-ovoid, apically 3-lobed or absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, scabrate-perforate, aperture margin similar or very slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 25–32 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral, rarely tetragonal or rhomboidal [2/2]. Pistillate flowers yellowish at anthesis; sepals 3, connate in a 3-lobed cupule; petals 3, distinct, imbricate, twice as long as the sepals or more; staminodes apparently lacking or 3, minute, or connate in a 6-lobed ring and partially adnate to the petals; gynoecium, ovoid, drying 3-angled, trilocular, triovulate, stigmas 3, short, recurved, ovules laterally attached, campylotropous but laterally elongate. Fruit rather large, round or elongate, yellow, becoming red at maturity, with basal stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy with few slender, loosely anastomosing, flat fibres against the membranous endocarp. Seed not adherent to endocarp, with inconspicuous basal hilum, raphe branches distinctive, large, ascending adaxially from the base, little anastomosed, curving laterally and descending abaxially; endosperm homogeneous or minutely ruminate marginally to markedly ruminate; embryo lateral above the middle to subapical. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species in southern Mexico, Central America, and northwestern South America. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Widely cultivated as an ornamental. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), distinguished from other palms by guard cells with only one outer cutinised ledge. Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Synechanthus is monophyletic with high support (Cuenca and Asmussen-Lange 2007). The sister-group relationships of Synechanthus have not yet been settled and all resolutions are with low support. One study based on plastid DNA places Synechanthus as sister to a clade of Chamaedorea and Gaussia (Asmussen et al. 2006), another study places Synechanthus as sister to Wendlandiella (Baker et al. in review), and a third analysis of the nuclear gene rpb2 alone, places Synechanthus as sister to Gaussia (Thomas et al. 2005). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1971) and Henderson and Ferreira (2002). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Leaf form is very variable ranging from undivided to irregularly and regularly pinnate; fruit form may be ellipsoidal or globose in the same population. Seven species were recognised at one time but these taxa are now regarded as variants of the two species listed below. The inflorescence is distinctive because of the long peduncle with erect rachillae near its end. The yellow to bright orange fruits are very attractive. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Bola, palmilla, jelly bean palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Fairly frequent in wet forests at sea level and low elevations but up to 1200 m in the mountains. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Genus Synechanthus</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Moore</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.E.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 15: 10-19</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1971</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Synechanthus fibrosus</name>
+<author>(H.Wendl.) H.Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 16: 145 (1858)</citation>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chamaedorea fibrosa</name>
+<author>H.Wendl.</author>
+<bibref>H.Wendl., Index Palm.: 57 (1854)</bibref>
+<type>Cultivated Hort. Herrenhausen (destroyed). Photos Field Museum negs. 20759, 20759a;;</type>
+<type_loc>Type BH, F</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rathea fibrosa</name>
+<author>(H.Wendl.) H.Karst.</author>
+<bibref>(H.Wendl.) H.Karst., Wochenschr. Gärtnerei Pflanzenk. 1: 377 (1858)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Synechanthus mexicanus</name>
+<author>L.H.Bailey ex H.E.Moore</author>
+<bibref>L.H.Bailey ex H.E.Moore, Gentes Herb. 8: 199 (1949)</bibref>
+<type>; E. Hernq-ndez X. & A. J. Sharp; X-1287</type>
+<type_loc>Type BH</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems solitary, slender, smooth, green, prominently ringed, rarely as much as a 5-6 m. high, 2-3 em. in diam., usually much lower and often commencing to flower before an emergent stem develops or the stem sometimes decumbent. Leaves few, glossy deep-green; sheath and petiole together to 1.1 m. long or more, the sheath tubular and the petiole short on new leaves (fide O. F. Cook) but the sheath soon splitting opposite the petiole, functioning as and differentiated from the petiole only by the deeply channelled upper surface and a narrow, usually fibrous strip along the margin; petiole convex below, concave above; rachis convex below, angled above, ca. 7.4-12.5 dni.long; pinnae 10-23 on each side of the rachis, rarely regularly arranged but usually in 2 or more separated groups of 2-4 or more, basal pinnae 13-31 em. long, 0.3-2.2 cm. wide, median pinnae 29-50 em. long, 2.5-4.4 cm. wide, apical pinnae 19-30 em. long, 4.2-8 em. wide and with 3-7 principal elevated nerves, all pinnae slightly to markedly sigmoid, acute to acuminate, all but the several-nerved apical ones with 1 midnerve and 2 lateral nerves prominent and elevated on the upper surface, dull yellow.brown on the lower surface. Inflorescence to ca. 1 m. long; peduncle to 7.2 dm. long; rachis to 22 cm. long; branches and/or rachillae to 30 em. long, subtended by a low, often acute bract, with a pulvinus much thickened and calloused in fruit between branch or rachilla and axis, lower branches divided into several (to 6) rachillae, all rachillae very slender, ca. 1 mm. in diam., mi• nutely scaberulous. Acervuli of a pistillate and usually 59 staminate flowers; staminate flowers ca. 0.6-0.8 mm. high in bud, lobes of the calyx acute, about half as high as the petals, petals very prominently nerved when dry, at anthesis horizontally spreading and slightly recurved at the margins, formi.ng a triangle basally about the apex of the pistillode, stamens 6, filaments short, incurved in bud but not inflexed at the apex, erect, about as long as the anthers and the petals at anthesis, pistill, ode shorter than the stamens, deltoidovoid, conic and shallowly 3-lobed apically; pistillate flowers ca. 1 mm. high, lobes of the calyx about half as high as the petals or somewhat more, petals strongly nerved when dry, staminodes lacking, pistil as high as the petals, stigmas recurved. Fruit globose to ellipsoid, very fleshy and slippery when bruised, changing from yellowish-green to yellow orange and finally scarlet, 14-21 mm. long, 10-14 mm. in diam. when dry (obovoid and ca. 1.5 em. long, 1.0 em. in diam. when fresh fide Steyermark) ; seed ellipsoid to globose, 12-14 mm. long, 7-12 mm. in diam.; endosperm nearly homogeneous or minutely ruminate marginally.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet forests of the Atlantic slope from near sea-level to ca. 1200 m. alt., southern Mexico to Costa Rica.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Synechanthus fibrosus was originally described in 1854 as a species of Chamaedorea from plants cultivated at the Royal Gardens in Herrenhausen, Hannover, Germany. The native country was noted as eastern Guatemala and the collector was apparently von Warscewicz, Garteninspektor at Krakow, Poland, who visited Central America in 1847. Wendland later removed the species' from Chamaedorea and erected a distinct genus for it and S. Warscewiczianus only months before two other generic names-Reineckea and Rathear--were proposed independently. The species appears to have been grown in a number of European gardens and a specimen sent to Kew by Wendland was figured in Curtis's Botanical Magazine 107: pl. 6572,1881. More recently, S. fibrosus has been grown in the Western Hemisphere in the Bahama Islands, Florida, and perhaps elsewhere. Foliage of S. fibrosus is variable. The pinnae, except for the apical pair, are always slender with one principal nerve and most often are borne in groups of two or more in varying patterns, although they are rarely regularly arranged along the rachis. The fruit and seed also appear to vary in size and shape-the subglobose fruit and seed of acaulescent plants from Mexico at one time seemed sufficiently distinctive to call for description of a new species, but similar fruits are now known from plants of British Honduras which otherwise are good S. fibrosus and a similar pattern of variation occurs in S. Warscewiczianus. There has been some question about the presence or absence of staminodes in the pistillate flowers of S. fibrosus. Karsten noted six staminodes in his material at Berlin while Wendland found none or only three very minute staminodes in his material (Wochenschrift fur Giirtnerei und pflanzenkunde 2: 15, 1859). I have not been able to discern staminodes clearly in the dried material at my disposal; certainly, if present, they are not prominent as they are in S. Warscewiczianus. An apparently constant feature of this species is the solitary stem. Nowhere has there been any indication that stems cluster as in S. Warscewiczianus, though plants have been said to be "gregarious." My own field notes clearly indicate solitary stems only for plants in Guatemala and Costa Rica, and Hooker described the plant at Kew as single-stemmed. Syneckanthus fibrosus has been less frequently collected than S. Warscewiczianus and certainly appears to be rare in Cost Rica where the ranges of the two species overlap. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>MEXICO. EDO. OAXACA: from Finca "La Gloria" (on rio Negro watershed) back over the sierra to rio Grande (n. Niltepec), 3 April 1946, E. Hernandez Xolocotzi & A. ]. Sharp X-1287 (BH, holotype of S. mexicanus). BRITISH HONDURAS. Roaring Creek-Stann Creek Rd., 15 mi. S. of Sibun River bridge (30 mi. S. of Roaring Creek), 1957, J. E. Smith 5 (BH) ; TOLEDO DISTR.: Esperanza Trail, 1500 ft. alt., May 1960, J. Turner 64 (BH). GUATEMALA. DEPT. ALTA VERAPAZ: near the Finca Sepacuite, Mar. 15,1902, Cook & Griggs 11 (US); Mar. 21, 1902, Cook & Griggs 88 (US) ; road between Panzos and Sepacuite, Apr. 17, 1904, Cook & Doyle 38 (US); Sepacuite, May 6,1904, Cook & Doyle 129 (US); mountain forest above Trece Aguas, 2700 ft. alt., April. 29, 1914, Cook & Doyle 2 (US); dense wet limestone forest near Chirriacte on the Peten highway, alt. ca. 900 m., Apr. 9, 1941, P. C. Standley 91641 (F); DEPT. IZABAL: wooded rocky slopes between Piciu and road to Senahi, about 20 miles from Puerto Barrios on road to Guatemala, alt. 100 m., 8 Nov. 1959, H. E. Moore & M. Cetto 8218 (BH); between Virginia and Lago Isabal, Montana de Mico, 50-500 m. alt., Apr. 5, 1940, J. A. Steyermark 38834 (F); Cerro San Gil, along rio Frio, 50-75 m. alt., Dec. 19, 1941, J. A. Steyermark 41599 (F, US). HONDURAS. YORO: rain forest, Sierra de Sulaco, 4100 ft. alt., July 1937, C. & W. von Hagen 1025 (F). COSTA RICA. PROVo CARTAGO: forets de Tuis, 650 m. alt., A. Tonduz 11373 (US); PROVo LIMON: wooded slopes about 5 km. beyond Central of Hacienda Moravia, 1000-1200 m. alt., 13 Apr. 1953, H. E. Moore 6696 (BB). CULTIVATED. The Retreat, Nassau, New Providence, Bahama Islands (probably from British Honduras), 16 Feb. 1952, H. E. Moore 6046 (BH); Fairchild Tropical Garden, Coral Gables, Florida, as FG 58-159 in plot 119A, 30 Apr. 1965, R. W. Read 1421 (BB, voucher for chromosome count), as FG 58-159A from seed collected by MacDougal west of Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, 18 Apr. 1966, H. E. Moore 9369 (BH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Synechanthus warscewiczianus</name>
+<author>H.Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 16: 145 (1858)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, to 4 m tall and 3.5 cm in diameter, rarely taller. Leaves with blade to 150 cm long, divided into 6-32 unequal to nearly equal, sigmoid to falcate pinnae on each side, the central ones 40-60 x 1.5-40 cm; leaf axis green and smooth. Inflorescence once branched, to 80 cm long, with up to 75, long and slender, spreading branches. Flowers minute, yellow, arranged in linear groups of 5-13 male flowers above a basal female one. Fruits ellipsoid, ca. 2 cm long, yellow to orange, turning bright red at full maturity, very soft when ripe.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Costa Rica to Ecuador, below 1200 m elevation. Common in somewhat seasonal tropical moist forest W of the Andes and sometimes dominant in the shrub layer.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Characteristic small to moderate pinnate-leaved palms from New Caledonia, displaying substantial variation in habit, leaf and inflorescence form, the prophyll usually incomplete and the fruit with lateral to apical stigmatic remains and ± smooth endocarp.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Basselinia</name>
+ <author>Vieill.</author>
+<citation>Bull. Soc. Lin. Normandie sere. 2. 6: 230(1873).</citation>
+<type>Lectotype; Basselinia gracilis; (Brongn. & Gris) Vieill.</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Microkentia</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f.</author>
+<bibref>H. Wendl. ex Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. pl. 3: 895 (1883).</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype; Microkentia gracilis; (Brongn. & Gris) Hook.f. ex Salomon</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nephrocarpus</name>
+<author>Dammer</author>
+<bibref>Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 21 (1906).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Nephrocarpus schlechteri; Dammer</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Alloschmidia</name>
+<author>H.E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>H.E. Moore, Gentes Herbarum 11: 293 (1978).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Alloschmidia glabrata; (Becc.) H.E.Moore</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Honors French fuller and poet Olivier Basselin (ca. 1400–1450).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Small to stout, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, usually ± prominently ringed, internodes glabrous, scaly, or densely tomentose, sometimes with exposed roots at the base. Leaves pinnate, sometimes irregularly so, or entire and pinnately ribbed, spreading to ascending; sheaths sometimes partly open but forming a prominent crownshaft, variously scaly and tomentose; petiole short to moderate, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially; rachis angled adaxially, abaxially rounded; leaflets soft or coriaceous when dry, ± regularly arranged, acute, single or several-fold, or the blade undivided except at the apex, bearing small dotted scales over ribs and surface abaxially (scales large and dense in Basselinia vestita), scales usually only on veins adaxially, midrib prominent, abaxially bearing ramenta fixed to one side, lateral and marginal veins prominent or not, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 1 or 3 orders; peduncle short or elongate; prophyll incompletely or completely encircling the peduncle, shortly 2-keeled laterally, rather thin, open abaxially; peduncular bract tubular, complete, not or somewhat exserted from the prophyll, ±beaked; rachis longer than the peduncle; rachis and rachillae glabrous to scaly or tomentose; bracts subtending the branches, rachilla, and triads low, rounded to acute, flowers sometimes obscured by hairs; rachillae moderate, stiff, ± spreading, bearing flowers horizontally aligned in triads in the lower 1/2 – 3/4 or more, and paired or solitary staminate flowers distally; bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flower equal or unequal, brown, sepal-like. Staminate buds symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, ±acute to rounded; petals 3, distinct, valvate; stamens 6, filaments connate at the very base, inflexed at the apex in bud, anthers dorsifixed, bifid at the base and apex, latrorse; pistillode nearly as high as or exceeding the stamens in bud, angled-cylindrical, narrowed to slightly expanded at the apex. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, sometimes elongate or lozenge-shaped; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, psilate-perforate, perforate and micro-channelled or finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 29–48 µm [8/12]. Pistillate flowers smaller than, equaling or larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded; petals 3, distinct, imbricate except for the briefly valvate apices; staminodes 3 at one side of the gynoecium, small, tooth-like; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, prominent, recurved, ovule ± pendulous, sometimes briefly arillate, usually hemianatropous. Fruit globose to elongate-ellipsoidal, sometimes bilobed, red or black, with lateral to apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth or drying pebbled, mesocarp with a thin layer of small, irregular tannin cells external to a thin layer of short sclereids over abundant ellipsoidal tannin cells and a few flat, thin fibres, endocarp thin, vitreous, fragile, sometimes minutely reticulate, with a rounded to elongate basal operculum. Seed globose, kidney-shaped or ovoid-ellipsoidal, hilum and raphe short to elongate, the raphe branches anastomosing laterally, rarely scarcely anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal or lateral below the middle. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid (where known). Cytology not studied.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Twelve species, locally or widely distributed in New Caledonia. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Uhl and Martens 1980), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), and fruit (Essig et al. 1999). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Several analyses provide moderate to high support for the monophyly of Basselinia (Asmussen et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.). Intrageneric relationships have been explored by Pintaud
+(1999b). The wider relationships of the genus within the Basseliniinae are not yet clear. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>All species would make elegant ornamentals but apparently are difficult to grow. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore and Uhl (1984), Hodel and Pintaud (1998), Pintaud and Baker (2008). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Thick-walled monosulcate pollen with a distinctive narrow infratectum, Palmaepollenites kutchensis, from the Middle Eocene of Central Java (Nanggulan Formation) is compared with pollen of Basselinia and Burretiokentia, and with the pollen of coryphoid genus Pritchardia (Harley and Morley 1995). </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The genus Basselinia is divided into two sections. The extremes are so different in general aspect that they were at one time thought to represent two or even three distinct genera. However, the species differ among themselves less than the complex as a unit does from other genera in the Basseliinae. The two sections of Basselinia are distinct in leaf. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>B. deplanchei, B. gracilis, B. pancheri and B. vestita form a very coherent group that share similar epidermal, hypodermal, mesophyll, and guard cell structure, and differ only in the distribution of fibrous strands and minor characteristics of midribs. The six species of section Taloua, except for B. sordida, are strikingly and distinctively fibrous, in contrast to the species of section Basselinia, which all have large amounts of tannin (Uhl and Martens 1980).</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names not recorded. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Ten species of Basselinia are restricted to either serpentine or schistose soils; B. gracilis occurs on both soil types and is the most widely distributed palm in New Caledonia; whereas B. glabrata is restricted to forest on schistose rocks.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary very spiny pinnate-leaved palms, native to Mauritius, with conspicuous crownshafts and distinctive cup-like pits on the rachillae.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Tectiphiala</name>\r
+<author>H.E. Moore</author> \r
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 11(4): 285 (1978).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Tectiphiala ferox; H.E. Moore.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Tectus — covered, phiala — a broad, flat-bottomed drinking vessel, referring to the shape of the rachilla bracts and the way they are at first covered by staminate flowers.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary or clustered, spiny, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, bearing persistent leaf bases basally, distally free of leaf bases, ringed with leaf scars and abundant long spines with bulbous bases. Leaves pinnate, neatly abscising in mature individuals; sheaths tubular, forming a crownshaft, bearing an untidy ligule, and very densely covered in spines of varying length and abundant dark hairs; petiole rather short, adaxially with short spines, abaxially hairy; rachis bearing stiff hairs on both surfaces or on the adaxial surface alone; leaflets single-fold, very coriaceous, acute, arranged in close or distant fascicles, and fanned within the groups, adaxially glabrous, abaxially with a very dense covering of white scales, the midnerve bearing scattered ramenta, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, erect in bud, becoming ± pendulous, branching to 1 order, protandrous; peduncle covered in short spines at the base, above the insertion of the peduncular bract bearing a variety of short to very long spines; prophyll inserted just above the base of the peduncle, tubular, 2-keeled, completely enclosing the inflorescence in bud, splitting along the ventral midline and abscising, densely covered in stiff dark hairs; peduncular bract 1, inserted just above the prophyll, similarly hairy, abscising before anthesis; rachis scarcely evident; rachillae 3–5, congested at the apex of the peduncle, straight or flexuous, flattened and spiny at the base; rachilla bracts arranged in ca. 6 vertical rows throughout most of the rachilla length, prominent, approximate, projecting, saucer-like, rounded, each subtending a triad except at the very tip of the rachilla where subtending solitary or paired staminate flowers; bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flower unequal, one much larger than the other. Staminate flowers asymmetrical, acute, very briefly stalked, obscuring the rachilla bracts; sepals 3, often unequal, acute, briefly connate at the base; petals 3, distinct, strongly nerved when dry, angled, acute, valvate; stamens 6(–7), ± equalling the petals, filaments ± cylindrical, ± twisted and coiled, erect at the tip, anthers dorsifixed, briefly bifid at the tip, deeply bifid at the base, latrorse; pistillode usually apparent, 1/2 as long as the stamens, trifid or oblique. Pollen ellipsoidal symmetric to asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate and/or rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 42–66 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers in bud ± obscured by the staminate flowers; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, ± acute; petals 3, distinct, scarcely exceeding the sepals, broadly imbricate with briefly valvate tips; staminodes 6(–7), small, tooth-like or linear; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, the stigmas not prominent, ovule large, pendulous, probably hemianatropous. Fruit asymmetrically ovoid, dark blue-black, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, underlain by longitudinal sclereids over a layer of tannin cells, endocarp thin with round basal operculum. Seed attached by an elongate elliptical hilum, raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination and eophyll not known. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species endemic to Mauritius.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Fruit (Essig et al. 2001). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Oncosperma. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cabbage is edible. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1978b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Tectiphiala is distinguished from Acanthophoenix by the remarkable saucer-like bracts that subtend the triads of flowers. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names not recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Tectiphiala grows in relict scrub in mostly wet, more-or-less acid situations at elevations of ca. 570–650 m above sea level. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Spectacular solitary unarmed pinnate-leaved palms endemic to Madagascar; distinctive in the thick peduncular bract borne at the tip of the peduncle, which splits and falls at anthesis leaving a collar-like scar, and staminate flowers with 18–21 stamens.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Beccariophoenix</name>\r
+<author>Jum. and H. Perrier</author> \r
+<citation>Ann. Fac. Sci. Marseille 23(2): 34 (1915).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Beccariophoenix madagascariensis; Jum. and H. Perrier.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates the great Italian palm botanist, Odoardo Beccari (1843–1920) by combining his name with phoenix — a general name for a palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious, tree palm. Stem erect, eventually becoming bare and ringed with leaf scars. Leaves massive, pinnate, apparently marcescent; sheath tubular at first, with a large, lateral obtuse lobe on each side, disintegrating into a mass of grey fibres; petiole absent; rachis adaxially channelled near the base, abaxially rounded, distally with 2 lateral grooves; leaflets single-fold, very numerous, ± regularly arranged, more slender and crowded at the base of the rachis than distally, ± rigid, acute, adaxially glabrous, abaxially covered with a thin layer of powdery white wax, transverse veinlets short, conspicuous. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, exserted from leaf sheaths, branching to 1(–2) orders; peduncle massive, elliptic in cross-section, densely grey-tomentose; prophyll inserted at the base of and ± equalling the peduncle in length, thick, coriaceous, persistent, disintegrating into coarse interwoven fibres, strongly 2-keeled, tubular, splitting briefly at the tip; peduncular bract inserted at the apex of the peduncle, ± the same length as the prophyll, thin to extremely thick (up to 3 cm), woody, tubular, with a solid beak, splitting or not, but circumscissile at the insertion, caducous, leaving a collar-like scar, adaxially smooth, shiny, abaxially tomentose and longitudinally shallowly grooved; rachis very short, bearing crowded, spirally arranged, short, triangular, acuminate, coriaceous bracts each subtending a first-order branch, the proximal few sometimes bearing 1–2 second-order branches; rachillae straight, rigid, rather thick, each with a large swelling at the very base, forming a spherical pulvinus, proximally with a very short bare portion, distally bearing subdistichous or strictly distichous flower groups, each subtended by a low triangular bract, the rachilla surface sparsely waxy or bare, flowers borne in triads throughout much of the rachilla length except near the tips where flowers solitary or paired and staminate, or near the base where flowers occasionally in tetrads of 2 pistillate and 2 staminate; floral bracteoles well developed, broad, rounded, striate, rather coriaceous. Staminate flowers relatively very large, covered with white wax (?always), subsymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, keeled, imbricate, coriaceous, rather short; petals 3, distinct except at the very base, valvate, strongly coriaceous to woody, ± boat-shaped, much longer than the sepals, somewhat striate, adnate at the very base to the floral axis; stamens 15–21, filaments short, slender at the base, adnate to the floral axis, anthers elongate, erect, ± basifixed, sometimes irregularly sagittate; pistillode absent or minute (Beccari and Pichi-Sermolli 1955). Pollen ellipsoidal, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 43–52 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers only slightly larger than the staminate, covered in thin wax (?always); sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, hooded, strongly coriaceous, ± striate; petals 3, distinct, imbricate, thinly coriaceous, with very brief valvate tips; staminodes connate in a brief irregularly toothed ring; gynoecium trilocular, triovulate, obpyriform, stigmas 3, tightly appressed in bud, ovule form unknown. Fruit relatively large, 1-seeded, ± ovoid with a short triangular beak, the perianth segments persisting as a cupule; epicarp smooth, mesocarp rather dry with abundant longitudinal fibres, the outer fine, the inner broad and flattened, easily separated from endocarp, endocarp woody, relatively thick, marked with 3 indistinct pores, 1 opposite the embryo. Seed broadly ovoid, attached near the base with a broad hilum, with numerous anastomosing raphe branches, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo lateral below the equator. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>At least two species endemic to Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b); stamen development(Uhl 1988). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Beccariophoenix has not been tested. Beccariophoenix is sister to the rest of the Attaleinae with moderate support (Hahn 2002b, Baker et al. in review).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The leaves are used in hat making and the cabbage is eaten. Destructive exploitation is responsible for the palm’s very localised distribution. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield and Beentje (1995b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>In cultivation, there are two sorts of seedling of Beccariophoenix: one has leaves with a broad terminal flabellum composed of thin, scarcely coriaceous, incompletely split leaflets, distally joined together and split proximally to produce conspicuous ‘windows’; the other has very coriaceous leaflets, the apical one or two only incompletely split, and thus with insignificant ‘windows’. Seed of B. alfredii and from the type locality of B. madagascariensis and populations at Vondrozo and near Tolagnaro produce the latter type of seedling; the origin of the first type appears to be from lowlands near Toamasina and this type may represent a third species. Beccariophoenix alfredii has been discovered recently in deep valleys in rocky grasslands west of Antsirabe (Rakotoarinivo et al. 2007). </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Manarano.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring in coastal white sand forest at sea level,lower montane forest at 900 m and gallery forest in highaltitude grassland.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+ <mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Beccariophoenix madagascariensis</name>
+<author>Jum. & H. Perrier</author>
+<citation>Ann. Fac. Sc. Marseille 23 (2): 35, fig. 1 & 2 (1915)</citation>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 7 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 121, fig. 32 (1945)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Principes 32: 59-68 (1988)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, Analamazaotra, alt. 900 m, "Manarano"; Perrier; 12014</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotype FI, P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A truly wonderful palm, beautiful, somewhat mysterious, and totally special. When this tree is in bud (and it often is) there seem to be torpedoes poking out of the crown; these are the extraordinary peduncular bracts at the tips of the long peduncles. A very rare species. The genus is most appropriately named for O. Beccari. Until the mid 1980"s the palm was virtually unknown and had been assumed to be extinct. The story of its rediscovery is told in Principes (Dransfield 1988). After the publication of this article, enthusiasts turned their attention to obtaining seeds, and soon large quantities were being exported from Madagascar. Seedlings from these introductions are already growing well around the world. In fact, young plants with their "windowed" leaves can be remarkably handsome!</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Manarano, Manara, Maroala (Andasibe); Sikomba (Antanosy).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 2-12 m, 24-35 cm diam.; internodes 2-8 cm, very pale grey or pale brown, nodal scars 1.5-2.5 cm, stepped distally (to 5 cm proud); wood hard. LEAVES 11-30 in the crown, straight, 3.5-5 m; sheath 80-160 cm long, 20-26 cm in diameter, green to brown with a thin grey to rich brown tomentum, with large fibres at right angles, with 2 large triangular, slightly obtuse auricles, decomposing into large greyish fibres; petiole absent, but leaf base fibres disintegrating to give a "false petiole" to 80 cm long; rachis 3.5-3.7 m long (to 6 m in young plants), yellow-green, proximally 8.5 x 5 cm diam., in mid-leaf c. 2.5 cm wide; leaflets 100-130 on each side of the rachis, regular, stiff and spreading, not very rigid, rich shiny green, abaxially with white waxy bloom, proximal 44-100 x 1-1.5 cm, median 110-176 x 2.7-4.5 cm, distal 20-40 x 0.5-1.7 cm, transverse veinlets very conspicuous, brown ramenta conspicuous on the abaxial midrib, scattered red or pale brown scales present (but sometimes difficult to see) on the minor veins. INFLORESCENCE massive, interfoliar, several per tree, c. 120 cm; peduncle thick, 83-100 cm long, distally 10 x 6 cm in diameter; prophyll 45-90 cm long, c. 25 cm wide, borne at the base of the peduncle, two-keeled, brown, persistent; peduncular bract inserted at the apex of the peduncle on a thickened collar c. 3 cm wide, 68-80 cm, c. 14 cm in diameter, woody, thick (2-3 cm), beaked for c. 8 cm, splitting except at apex, circumscissile and deciduous, adaxially peach-rose to pale cream and slightly spongy, abaxially brown, occasionally with deep grooves while still in bud; second peduncular bract 21 cm long, thick and woody; rachis 5.5-10 cm long, with 31-46 first order branches; rachillae 43-62 cm, 5-8 mm across, each with a grossly swollen basal pulvinus; proximally with a few quadrads, medially with triads, distally with pairs or solitary staminate flowers; rachilla bracts narrow, rounded; flowers covered in white wax, otherwise yellowish, tinged with red. STAMINATE FLOWERS oblong, 7 mm wide; sepals 3 mm, keeled; petals 5 x as long as the sepals, 15 x 7 mm, ovate, woody, with small incurved mucro; filaments 1.5-2 mm, anthers 9 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with 2 bracteoles, one small and ovate, the other much larger, forming a cupule; bud conical, 11 mm wide; sepals concave, 13 x 9 mm; petals less coriaceous, c. 11 x 11 mm; ovary irregularly globular. FRUIT purple-brown, brown-tomentose, ovoid, 35 x 25 mm, somewhat beaked with an acute tip, at the base with persistent perianth which is slightly accrescent; pulpa 3-4 mm thick; endocarp hard, woody, 1.5 mm thick.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>: Mantady and SW Madagascar.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Submontane rain forest, ridgetop and sides of crest, (100-) 900-1200 m; white sand forest, c. 20 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>. Critical. At Mantady the cutting down of this beautiful tree continues; in July 1992 nine mature trees were seen that had been felled for their palm-heart. At the last count there were less than 20 mature trees left in Mantady, as well as some 20 in the southern population on white sand, in an area threatened by strip-mining. There are unconfirmed reports of another population near Toamasina where seed is said to be harvested for export.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Young leaflets much sought after for the manufacture of "Manarano" hats, formerly exported in quantity; therefore species rare. Used in house construction. Palm-heart eaten.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Moramanga: Analamazaotra area, without date (fl.), Perrier 12014 (Holotype P; isotype FI); Mantady, November 1986 (fl., fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6433 (AAU, BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Mantady, Dec. 1991 (fl., fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4537 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Tolanaro: Manampanihy valley near Ampasimena, March 1947 (fl., y.fr.), Humbert 20572 (K, P); Ste. Luce, Dec. 1992 (y.fr.), Beentje 4758 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small to moderate, solitary hermaphroditic fan palms found in Caribbean islands and neighbouring coastal mainland; leaf sheaths fibrous, petiole bases deeply split at base; flowers and fruit stalked; fruit very small, white, the seed smooth.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Thrinax</name>\r
+<author>L.f. ex Sw.</author> \r
+<citation>Prodr. 4: 57 (1788).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Thrinax parviflora; Sw.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Porothrinax</name>\r
+<author>H.Wendl. ex Griseb.</author>\r
+<bibref>H.Wendl. ex Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub.: 221 (1866).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Porothrinax pumilio; H. Wendl. ex Griseb.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Thrinax — a trident, thought to be a reference to sharply pointed divided tips of the leaf segments.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palms. Stem erect, columnar, smooth or fibrous, tan or grey, obscurely ringed with leaf scars, usually with a basal mass of fibrous roots. Leaves induplicate, palmate, often irregular; sheath becoming split both opposite the petiole and abaxially to emit the inflorescence, disintegrating into irregular fibres, covered in thick, deciduous tomentum, margins fibrous; petiole long, slender, rounded to shallowly ridged both adaxially and abaxially, margins rather sharp; adaxial hastula prominent, long pointed, frequently inrolled, short and blunt at high elevations, abaxial hastula less conspicuous, rounded or triangular, lacking or very small at high elevations; blade fan-shaped, often irregularly folded segments united basally 1/2 their length or less, lanceolate, pointed and usually bifid apically, glabrous adaxially, abaxially variously scaly, sometimes white, midrib and marginal ribs conspicuous, transverse veinlets evident. Inflorescences interfoliar, slender, erect to arching, branched to 2 orders, primary branches pendulous; peduncle moderate, rather slender, round in cross-section; prophyll short, tubular, 2-keeled, pointed, opening distally, tomentose; peduncular bracts several (ca. 4), like the prophyll but lacking keels, overlapping and very closely sheathing the peduncle; rachis longer than the peduncle, slender, tapering, bearing spirally arranged, long, tubular, pointed distally and obliquely open primary bracts subtending first-order branches; first-order branches each with a short basal bare portion, bearing a 2-keeled, bifid prophyll and spirally arranged, narrow, triangular bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae slender, rather short, stiff, bearing spirally arranged, small triangular bracts subtending solitary flowers, bracteoles apparently lacking. Flowers borne on conspicuous stalks; perianth a single cupule with 6 lobes or teeth; stamens mostly 6–12 (5–15), filaments very slender, sometimes partly united basally, anthers elongate, dorsifixed near the base, emarginate apically, latrorse; gynoecium consisting of 1 carpel, unilocular, uniovulate, ovule basally attached, erect, campylotropous but tilted so that the micropyle faces the upper dorsal wall of the locule, and with a basal aril. Pollen ellipsoidal, less frequently oblate triangular, with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus, less frequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 24–46 µm [2/3]. Fruit very small, white at maturity, stigmatic remains apical, perianth often persistent; epicarp smooth when fresh, sometimes drying pebbled, mesocarp thin, mealy, endocarp very thin, papery. Seed depressed-globose, smooth, hilum round, impressed, forming a basal intrusion, raphe branches deeply impressed forming peripheral ruminations, otherwise endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral to subapical. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll narrow, lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species; of which two, Thrinax parviflora and T. excelsa, are endemic to Jamaica. Thrinax radiata also occurs in Jamaica but is widely distributed in littoral habitats of Atlantic Honduras, Belize, Mexico and the northern Caribbean. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Read 1975), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965, Uhl and Moore 1971), fruit (Murray 1973, Reddy and Kulkarni 1982, Essig 1999); correlations of floral anatomy and wind pollination suggested by Uhl and Moore (1977a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Thrinax is monophyletic with high support and resolved as sister to a clade of Schippia and Cryosophila with low support (Roncal et al. 2008). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used for thatch, fibre for basketry, and other purposes. The heart of some species is eaten. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Read (1975). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Fossil leaves that have been compared with those of Thrinax include T. eocenica from the Middle Eocene of southeastern North America (Claiborne flora) (Berry 1914b, 1924); and Palaeothrinax mantelli from the Lower-Middle Oligocene of the Isle of Wight (UK) (Bembridge flora) (Reid and Chandler 1926). From the Lower Eocene London Clay flora, Khin Sein (1961) described dispersed, irregularly rounded monosulate pollen as T. tranquillus. It is not possible to comment further than to say that the pollen grain is a typical small asymmetric monosulcate palm, a type frequent in Coryphoideae, including Thrinax, and also in Arecoideae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinctive in the split petiole bases and stalked flowersand fruit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Thatch palms, Key palms. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Each of the three species in Jamaica is confined to one habitat: T. parviflora to dry evergreen woodland or thicket, T. excelsa to lower montane rain forest, and T. radiata, which thrives under exposure to salt-laden winds, to littoral woodland or thicket. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary pinnate-leaved palms endemic to the Western Ghats in India and the Nicobar Islands, distinctive in conspicuous crownshafts and highly branched inflorescences with rachillae bearing flowers in laterally compressed pits.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Bentinckia</name>\r
+<author>Berry in Roxb.</author> \r
+<citation>Fl. ind. ed. 1832, 3: 621 (1832).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Bentinckia condapanna; Berry ex Roxb.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Keppleria</name>\r
+<author>Mart. ex Endl.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart. ex Endl., Gen. pl. 251 (1837)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Lord William Henry Cavendish Bentinck (1774–1839), Governor-General of India 1828–1835.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, moderately robust, brown, leaf scars clearly defined, close. Leaves pinnate, somewhat arching to spreading, becoming pendulous, neatly abscising; sheaths thick, striate, ± glabrous, tubular, forming a conspicuous crownshaft; petiole very short, stout, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded; rachis elongate, angled adaxially, rounded abaxially; leaflets single-fold (basal leaflets sometimes united), lanceolate, acute or acuminate, tips bifid, both surfaces with small brown scales, long, pale ramenta near the base adaxially, along ribs abaxially, midrib raised adaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 3 orders basally,fewer distally, branches somewhat pendulous at anthesis; peduncle veryshort, dorsiventrally flattened; prophyll inserted close to base of peduncle,tubular, splitting abaxially, caducous, chartaceous, tomentose, rather wide,2-keeled laterally, tapering slightly to a blunt tip; peduncular bract insertedclose to prophyll, similar but beaked and lacking keels, also caducous;rachis longer than the peduncle, bearing rather distant, spirally arranged,short, sometimes pointed bracts subtending branches and rachillae,glabrous except for a dense tuft of short hairs in bract axils; rachillae ratherstiff, moderate, tapering, bearing spirally arranged, low, rounded bractssubtending triads of flowers nearly throughout, a few paired or solitarystaminate flowers distally; flowers borne in vertical, laterally compressedpits, inner surfaces of pits densely hairy; floral bracteoles about equal,shallow, rounded. Staminate flowers slightly asymmetrical, borne on hairypedicels; sepals 3, distinct, scarcely imbricate, narrow, ± acute,membranous; petals 3, asymmetrical and angled, ± strongly nerved;stamens 6, those opposite the sepals usually shorter than those opposite thepetals, filaments awl-shaped, inflexed at the apex in bud, inflexed portionvery slender, anthers elliptic to oblong or nearly quadrate, basifixed,latrorse, the connective very short; pistillode, in bud as long as the stamens,ovoid with expanded capitate tip when fresh. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, imbricate, ± rounded apically, nearly as long as the petals in bud,occasionally lozenge-shaped or pyriform; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine glumaceous; petals 3, broadly imbricate with very briefly valvate tips;tectate, perforate and micro-channelled or finely perforate-rugulate, staminodes 3–6, awl-shaped or narrowly deltoid; gynoecium ellipsoid,aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest asymmetrical, unilocular but vestigial locules evident, uniovulate, stigmasaxis 23–44 µm [2/2]. Pistillate flowers ± symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, 3, recurved, papillose, ovule probably hemianatropous, pendulous. Fruit globose-obovoid, black or purplish at maturity, stigmatic remains near the base in lower 1/4; epicarp smooth but drying dimpled, mesocarp fleshy with sclerosomes, the principal fibres 4, 1 short from base to stigmatic remains, 1 looped over the endocarp and 2 laterally branched and anastomosing toward the apex, endocarp operculate, rather thick, less fragile than in most genera, grooved abaxially from operculum to apex and laterally, attached directly to the operculum. Seed shining brown, conspicuously grooved abaxially and laterally, raphe branches ascending adaxially, arched over the seed and laterally, anastomosing adaxially, hilum rounded; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species, one in Tranvancore, India, and one on the Nicobar Islands. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig et al. 1999).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Bentinckia has not been tested. In one study, the genus resolves as sister to Clinostigma with moderate support (Baker et al. in review).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The inflorescence of Bentinckia condapanna has been used in religious ceremonies.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>No recent treatment exists. See Gamble (1935). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The rachillae of Bentinckia have unusual pits out of which the staminate flowers are projected on short hairy pedicels. The endocarp is irregularly ridged and grooved. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Bentinckia palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Bentinckia condapanna grows at 1000–1400 m at the edge of high peaks in the Travancore hills, where it is threatened by forest clearance and the grazing of young foliage by elephants. Bentinckia nicobarica apparently grows at somewhat lower elevations along with Areca catechu, Pinanga manii and Rhopaloblaste augusta.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate or dwarf, very rarely clustering dioecious fan palms of warm temperate parts of northeastern Indian Subcontinent, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam and China; leaves induplicate; fruit often kidney-shaped.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Trachycarpus</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. in J. Gay</author>\r
+<citation>Bull. Soc. Bot. France 8: 429 (1863(?) [‘1861’]).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Trachycarpus fortunei; (Hook.) H. Wendl.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Trachus – rough, karpos – fruit, referring to the irregularly shaped fruit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Dwarf or moderate, solitary or clustering, acaulescent or erect, unarmed or lightly armed, pleonanthic, dioecious or polygamous palms. Stem decumbent or erect, becoming bare and marked with conspicuous, rather close, oblique leaf scars, or clothed with persistent petiole bases and fibrous sheaths, or obscured by a skirt of dead leaves. Leaves induplicate, palmate, marcescent; sheath disintegrating into a mass of fine and coarse fibres, the upper margin ribbon-like, becoming twisted; petiole elongate, narrow, adaxially flattened or slightly rounded, abaxially rounded or angled, bearing scattered, deciduous indumentum or glabrous, armed along the margins with very fine teeth or unarmed; adaxial hastula well developed, rounded or triangular, abaxial hastula absent; blade fan-shaped to almost circular, equally or unequally divided along adaxial ribs into single-fold segments, shallowly bifid at the tips, longitudinally striate or not, the abaxial surface sometimes glaucous, sometimes dotted with minute brown scales, midrib conspicuous abaxially, transverse veinlets conspicuous or not. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, arching or ± erect, copiously branching to 4 orders; peduncle oval in cross-section, bearing sparse indumentum; prophyll complete, conspicuous, with a tubular base, and inflated distally, 2-keeled laterally, splitting apically and along one side, covered with deciduous indumentum; peduncular bracts 1–3, as the prophyll but single-keeled, rachis shorter or longer than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged bracts similar to the peduncular bracts, but each subtending a first-order branch; bracts of subsequent orders inconspicuous, triangular, not sheathing; rachillae slender, stiff, short, very crowded, bright yellow to greenish, glabrous or sparsely hairy, bearing spirally arranged flowers, which are solitary or in clusters of 2–3, sessile or borne on low tubercles, each flower bearing a minute, apiculate, membranous bracteole. Flowers similar in both sexes; sepals 3, united at the base, triangular, short or long, glabrous; petals usually considerably exceeding the sepals, 3, distinct, imbricate, ovate, triangular-tipped or rounded, glabrous; stamens 6, filaments distinct, fleshy, ± parallel-sided, anthers short, oblong, sometimes slightly pointed, latrorse; staminodes when present, similar to fertile stamens but with flattened filaments and empty anthers, sometimes with filaments connate at the very base; carpels 3, distinct, follicular, hairy, ventral sutures partially open, stylar projections short, ovule basally attached, hemianatropous, surrounded dorsally and ventrally by a fleshy aril; pistillodes when present similar to, but much smaller than, the fertile carpels. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely rugulate-perforate, foveolate or reticulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 22–32 µm; post-meiotic tetrads usually tetrahedral, sometimes tetragonal or, rarely, rhomboidal [2/9]. Fruit usually developing from 1 carpel, purplish-black with a pale bloom, kidney-shaped to oblong, slightly grooved on the adaxial side with lateral or subapical stigmatic remains; epicarp thin, hairy in immature fruit, becoming glabrous in mature fruit, mesocarp thin with scattered layer of tannin cells, endocarp crustaceous. Seed kidney-shaped to oblong, endosperm homogeneous with a shallow to deep lateral intrusion of seed coat, sometimes also with very shallow ruminations; embryo lateral. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll simple, narrow, plicate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Nine species recorded (two of these perhaps only cultivars) ranging from the Himalayas in northern India to northern Thailand, Vietnam and China. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Preliminary analyses indicate that Trachycarpus is monophyletic (Stührk 2006). The genus is sister to all other Rhapidinae except Chamaerops with low support (Baker et al. in review). Alternative placements include sister to Guihaia with moderate support (Asmussen et al. 2006) and sister to a clade of Rhapidophyllum, Guihaia and Rhapis (Uhl et al. 1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems are used as posts in China, and fibres of leaf sheath and stem are used for brushes, plaiting and raincoats; seeds are used medicinally and are believed to have anticancer properties. Grown as ornamentals in cooler climates. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1931), see also Kimnach (1977). Several new species have been described recently by Gibbons et al. (1995, 2003), Spanner et al. (1997) and Gibbons and Spanner (1997, 1998). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Palmate leaves referred to Trachycarpus include: southern England, Lower Eocene (Bagshot Beds), T. raphifolia (Sternberg) Takhtajan (Chandler 1962); Russia, Caucasus, Middle Miocene (Takhtajan 1958; who considers that most specimens of fan palms from Russia should be referred to T. raphifolia), and Transcaucasia, Oligocene (Akhmetiev 1989); Czech Republic, Lower Miocene, T. rhapifolia (Czeczott and Juchniewicz 1975); northern India, upper Indus Valley, Miocene, T. ladakhensis (Lakhanpal et al. 1984). Chandler (1962) casts doubt on Takhtajan’s inclusion of Palaeothrinax mantelli (Reid and Chandler 1926) in Trachycarpus because, “the margins of the pinnules are thickened and there is no marked midrib.” A fruit containing a seed, from the Lower Eocene (London Clay) of southern England, is compared with Trachycarpus fruit (Chandler 1978). Some Monocolpopollenites pollen from the Tertiary of Hungary (Kedves and Bohony 1966) and monocolpate pollen from the Lower Miocene of Poland (Macko 1957) have been compared to Trachycarpus pollen but the pollen is of too general a coryphoid type to be conclusive. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The follicular carpels, with open ventral sutures, are among the least specialised in the family. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Chinese windmill palm, Chusan palm (Trachycarpus fortunei). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Trachycarpus nanus and T. oreophilus have both been recorded from limestone hills; the latter has been found at altitudes up to 2400 m and appears not to be exclusive to limestone. Trachycarpus takil has been reported from damp oak forests at 2400 m altitude, where the ground is under snow from November to March. Trachycarpus fortunei, one of the most cold tolerant of all cultivated palms, is hardy in the British Isles. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965, Uhl and Moore 1971). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Trachycarpus latisectus: The Windamere Palm</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Gibbons</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Spanner</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.W.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 42: 24-29</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Trachycarpus latisectus</name>
+<author>Spanner, Noltie & Gibbons</author>
+<citation>Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 257 (1997)</citation>
+<type></type>
+<type_loc></type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet latisectus (with wide segments) was chosen for this species unusually wide leaf segments, a characteristic through which it usually can be easily identified from olher members of the genus.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>The following local names have been recorded: talaerkop, punkah, tarika, purbung, and bhotay kucho.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, unarmed, dioecious fan palm to about 12 m tall; trunk slender, erect, bare, light grey, obscurely ringed, (10-)14-17 cm diameter, elothed in persistent, fibrous leaf-sheaths for 0.6-2 m below the crown. Leaves (8-)15-25, forming an erect, open ciown, some leaves reflexed, marcescent leaves numerous, forming a small skirt below the crown; leaf-sheath fibrous, 3O cm long or more, coarse, abaxial surface covered in pale tomentum,broadly triangular towards the apex, not breaking down into threads; petiole (50-)120-140 cm, slender (about 2.5 cm. wide and 1.2 cm high near the middle), flat above, slightly keeled towards the leaf-blade, broadly iriangular to rounded beneath, margins smoothr sharp-edged base very thick and robust, about 3.8 cm wide and 2 cm high, covered in pale tomentum; hastula less than 1 cm long, broadly triangular, slightly crested; leaf-blade palmate, 3/4 to completely orbicular, 65-85 cm long from hastula, 110-135 cm wide, leathery, dark green above, with thin whitish tomentum along the folds, slightly glaucous beneath, with clearly visible cross veinlets, nearly regularly divided for less than half its length into 65-75 stiff, linear segments with two inconspicuous longitudinal folds on either side of the midrib, tapering towards the apex from their broadest point, arranged at slightly differing angles, producing a slightly convoluted leaf profile; central segments 65-80 cm longo 3.5-5 cm wide at middle, with a prominent midrib beneath, lateral segments gradually more narrow and shorter, to about 2l-45 cm long and 1 cm wide, the more lateral segments joined for nearly the entire length in groups of 2-4, apex of central segments acute, notched, of lateral segments acuminate, bifid for 1-3 cm. Inflorescences 3-6, solitary, interfoliar, branched to three orders. Male inflorescence 60-100 cm long, spreading; peduncle short; prophyll two-keeled, apex acute; peduncular bract single, keeled, base tubular, inflated distally, about 7 cm wide in the distal portion, apex acuminate; rachis bracts 3, similar to peduncular bracts; rachillae short, about 2 mm diameter, yellowish; flowers globose,2.5-3 mm diameter, yellowish, arranged in groups of 2-4 on short pedicels; sepals ovate-triangular, joined into a fleshy base for lower l/4; petals nearly orbicular, minutely triangular-tipped, 3 times as long as sepals; stamens 6, slightly exceeding petals; filaments ventricose; anthers broadly ovate-sagittate, blunt; pistillodes less than half the length of the stamens. Female inflorescence 100-150 cm long, stiff, spreading; peduncle about 50 cm long, oval in cross section, 4.2 cm wide, 1.8 cm high; prophyll two.keeled, about 30 cm long, apex acute; peduncular bracts 2, keeledl long, tubular, about 4.5 cm wide. apex acuminate; rachis bracts 3, similar to peduncular bracts; rachillae 5-IB cm long, I*2 mm di- -ameter,'yellowish-green (in fruit); flowers glo. bose; about 1.5 mm diameter, yellowish, usually in pairs, subsessile, sepals briefly connate into a distinctly swollen base; petals oblong-orbicular, twice as long as sepals; staminodes 6, slightly exceeding petals; carpels with a very shdrt, conical style, stigma punctiform. Fruit shortly stalked, oblong-ellipsoid, flattened on one side, 16-18 mm long, 1l-13 mm wide; epicarp thin, yellowish-brown when ripe, turning bluishblack; mesocarp thin, fibrous; seed oval-oblong, flattened or shallowly depressed and grooved on one side, 13-16 mm long, 8.5-11 mm wide; endocarp very thin, with a crustaceous sand-like layer of light brown, small, irregurlar scales; endosperm homogeneous with a deep, lateral intrusion. Germination remote-tubular, eophyll simple, plicate, to 2 cm wide, glabrous. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA: in the foothills of the Sikkim Himalayas in extreme northeastern West Bengal (Kalimpong) and southern Sikkim between about 1200m and 2440m elevation (Gamble 1902, Cowan and Cowan 1929, Beccari 193l).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>In Sikkim and two locations in West Bengal, it has apparently not been recorded for at least 60 years and could not be relocated to date. It is under immediate threat of extinction in the wild with only about 50 plants surviving in what may be its last remaining site on a steep, deforested slope on rocky soil at Mirik Busty on the Relli River between 1300 and 1400 m, where it is unable to reproduce. Unless immediate action is taken, the chances for its survival in the wild seem bleak. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The stems have reportedly been used in construction.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Cultiaation. Trachycarpus latisectus is a frequently cultivated ornamental in Kalimpong and environs and its future in cultivation there seems fairly secure. Young plants are commonly encountered. Being cold-hardy as well as fast and easy to grow, it has good prospects of becoming a popular ornamental for temperate and subtropical regions. Seeds from cultivated trees around Kalimpong have been distributed to many growers around the world during recent years as Trachycarpus "sikkimensis", a provisional name of no botanical standing, relating to the area of its historical distribution being floristically and or geographically known as the "Sikkim Himalayas". Although many growers and enthusiasts may have become familiar with the name T. "sikkimensis" in the meantime, we have decided for a number of reasons not to use this name as the specific epithet of this new species and hope we will not have added too much to the confusion alreadys surrounding this genus. Note: There is no recent taxonomic treatment of the genus Trachycarpus (but see Beccari 1931, Kimnach 1977, and Gibbons 1996). Relationships of T. latisectus will be dealt with in a conspectus of the whole genus, which will appear in a later publication. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Trachycarpus oreophilus - The Thailand Trachycarpus</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Gibbons</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Spanner</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.W.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 41: 201-207</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Trachycarpus oreophilus</name>
+<author>Gibbons & Spanner</author>
+<citation>Principes 41: 205 (1997)</citation>
+<type>Thailand, Doi Chiang Dao; Gibbons & Spanner; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus BKF</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet (L. oreophilus, cloud-loving) relates to the fact that this palm and its habitat are often totally obscured by clouds.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Habitu, forma fructu T. fortunei, T. principi, T. takil et T. wagneriano similis sed vaginis foliorum brevibus, celeriter fatiscentibus et caducis, sine appendiculo, base petioli crassa, hastula prominentissima, lamina regulariter divisa, infra glauca, pedunculo inflorescentiae pistillatae longa differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, very lightly armed, dioecious palm to about 9 m tall; trunk slender, erect, bare, brown, conspicuously ringed, 10-16 cm in diam., in young plants occasionally clothed in persistent, fibrous leaf sheaths. Leaves about 20, forming a dense upright, rather flat crown; marcescent leaves few, leafblade, petiole and leafsheath soon deciduous, the thick, almost bulbous leaf bases persistent at first, covering the trunk for about 50 cm below the crown, eventually deciduous; leafsheath fibrous, about 30 cm long, brown, fine, soft, rapidly disintegrating thinly tomentose below, separated into short single threads towards the apex, not forming an appendage petiole about 50 cm long, stiff, robust, 2 cm wide near the middle, flattish above, depressedly triangular to rounded below, margins minutely toothed and thinly tomentose base thick and robust; adaxial hastula prominent, to 3 cm long, triangular, acute; leafblade palmate, 3/4 to nearly 4/4 orbicular, about 70 cm long from the hastula and about 100 cm wide, leathery, green above, glaucous below, parted to a nearly even depth for more than 1/2 its length into about 60 stiff, deeply folded, linear segments, tapering towards the apex from their broadest point; central segments about 70 cm long, lateral segments gradually shorter to 40 cm, apex acute-notcheds, hortly bifid for a few centimeters. Inflorescence about 4, solitary, interfoliar, 90-100 cm long; staminate inflorescence erect, peduncle short; prophyll two-keeled, 25 cm long; peduncular and rachis bracts five, 15-25 cm long, base tubular, inflated distally, apex acute; rachillae short; flowers globose, very small; sepals very small, ovate, joined at the base for 1/4 to 1/5 of their length; petals rounded with a blunt tip, 2.5 times as long as the sepals; stamens 6; filaments ventricose; anthers broadly ovate-sagittate with nearly disjoint cells, not apiculate; pistillodes (2-) 3, half as long as the stamens; pistillate inflorescence stiff, slightly arching or nearly horizontal in fruit, densely branched to three orders; peduncle about 50 cm long oval in cross section, 3.5 X 2 cm; prophyll two-keeled, apex acute; peduncular bracts three, 35 cm long, long and tubular; rachis bracts two, the basal one 25 cm long, similar to peduncular bracts, the distal one small and much reduced; rachillae 3-10 cm long, greenish (in fruit); flowers not seen. Fruit on short stalks, reniform, wider than long, epicarp thin, green, not seen when fully mature; mesocar? thin, fibrous; seed reniform, wider than long, 6 mm long, ll mm wide; endocarpv ery thin, with a crustaceoussa nd like layer of small, irregular scales; endosperm homogenous. Germination remote-tubular, eophyll simple, plicate, papery, 1 cm wide. Seedling leaves narrow, erect and very finely divided. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW-THAILAND: Doi Chiang Dao, a large, isolated limestone mountain about 70 km N of Chiang Mai.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Forming large colonies on steep, rocky hillsides and exposed cliffs among lichen- and moss-covered shrubs and stunted trees on the mountain's several peaks, between 1700 and 2150 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>The population on Doi Chiang Dao is the only one known in Thailand and there is no evidence to suggest that it might occur in similar sites outside Thailand, in Burma for instance. The Doi Chiang Dao population consists of a few thousand trees and is protected in a forestry reserve. It appears to be in a good state though all the more accessible sites have long since been cleared of palms by tribes of people and there are no seedlings and few young plants present at them. However, the vast majority of the palms grow in very steep, practically inaccessible sites and as pressure on these stands by man or beast is negligible, their future seems secure.W e would categorizeit as "rare." Trctchycarpus oreophilus has only very recently been introduced into cultivation. There are no mature palms of this species outside its native habitat.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>As there is no recent taxonomic treatment of the genus Trachycarpus (but see Beccari l93l and Kimnach 1977), relationships of T.oreophilus will be dealt with in a conspectus of the whole genus, which will appear in a later publication.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Thailand, Doi Chiang Dao, 5500-5900 ft (1680-1800 m) a.s.l., Jan. 25th 1913, A. F. G. Kerr 28724 (K); 1700-2100 m a.s.l., Jun. 4th 1921, A. F. C. Kerr 5600 (K); 1700-2100 m a.s.l., Jun. 4th 1921, A. F. G. Kerr 5600 (K); A. S. Barfod, R. Pooma, T. Burholt 45209 (AAU); 2000 m a.s.l., Oct.1993, M. Gibbons, R. Pooma, T. W. Spanner s.n.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Trachycarpus princeps, the Stone Gate Palm ,an Exciting New Species from China</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Gibbons</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Spanner</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.W.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Chen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.Y.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 39: 65-74</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Trachycarpus princeps</name>
+<author>Gibbons, Spanner & San Y.Chen</author>
+<citation>Principes 39: 73 (1995)</citation>
+<type>China, Yunnan, Nujiang; Chen, Gibbons & Spanner; 14440</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus KUN; isotypus K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specffic epithet (L. princeps, a prince) refers to the stately bearing of this palm and the majestic way it looks down from its lofty position on the sheer cliff faces</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>A ceteris speciebus vagina folii appendicibus tenuissimis ad 10 cm longis ferenti, petiolo valde glauco, lamina infra conspicue aho-ceracea ad medium regulariter in 45-48 segmenta divisa, forma fructus T. fortunei similis sed fructu minore mesocarpio glutinoso differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, very lightly armed, dioecious palm to about l0 m tall; trunk erect, slender, densely clothed in closely apressed, persistent, fibrous leafsheaths, around 22 cm diam. or bare, ringed, 13- 16 cm diam.; leaves l8-26, palmate, marcescent leaves few, sometimes forming a small skirt below the crown, petioles often persisting; leaf-sheath fibrouso relatively coarse, robust, about 45 cm long, abaxially densely covered in pale brown, woolly tomentum; leaf-sheath appendages approximately 10 cm long, very finely divided, upright at first, later strongly reflexed; petiole slender, arching, about 80 cm long, 0.8 cm high and 1.3 cm wide, slightly convex above, triangular below, strongly glaucous, very finely toothed along the margins; hastula shallowly triangular, 1 cm long, regular, crested; leaf-blade, semi- to 3/4 orbicular, 60-80 cm long from the hastula, 90-115 cm wide, dark green above, wax-white below, regularly parted for about half its length into 45-48 stiff, linear segments, tapering towards the apex from their broadest point; central segments 3-3.5 cm wide at the middle, lateral segments gradually more narrow irnd shorter, apex acute-notched, shortly bifid. Inflorescences few, solitary, interfoliar, slightly erect to horizontally arranged; male inflorescences about 50 cm long, branched to 4 orders; peduncle short; prophyll about l8 cm long, very broad; peduncular bract one, around 25 cm long, very broad, slighdy tomentose abaxially; rachis bracts 3, similar to peduncular bracts; rachillae 1-3 cm long, fine and very densely branched; female inflorescences about 75 cm long, branched to 3 orders; peduncle about 20 cm long, peduncular bract one, tubular, 30 cm long; rachis bracts 2, similar to ped. bract; rachillae short, 2- l0 cm, fleshy. Flowers not seen. Infructescence bright yellow when fruit are ripe; fruit small, on short stalks, slightly reniform to almost oval, wider than long, 0.8 cm long, 1.0 cm wide, 0.75 cm high; epicarp very thin, black, with a white bloom; mesocarp approximately 0.1 cm thick, spongyfibrous, coated in a very sticky substance; seed reniform, 0.6 cm long, 0.85 m wide, 0.55 cm high; endocarp pale beige, very thin, very slightly crustaceous sand-like layer on a red-brown skin; endosperm homogenous with a deep lateral intrusion; embryo lateral. Germination remote-tubular, eophyll simple, narrow, plicate, wax-white abaxially. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>China, Yunnan, Nujiang county, 3 km NW of Bingzhongluo on the banks of the Nujiang, on the two almost vertical, bare
+marble cliffs of the Shi Men Guan (Stone Gate) and below the cliffs in mixed, evergreen monsoonal rainforest on a black, humus-rich, alkaline soil (pH 7.5-8); 1,550-I,850 m a.s.l.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The description of the seeds is based on two mature and several empty old seeds only. As there is no recent taxonomic treatment of the genus Trachycarpu.s (but see Beccari 1931 and Kimnach 1977), relationships of T. princeps will be dealt with in a conspectus of the whole genus, which will appear in a later publication.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>China, Yunnan, Nujiang county, Sitjitong, Aug. 1916, H. Handel-Mazzetti 9802 (Vienna); Nujiang county, Shi Men Guan, Aug. 1916, H. Handel-Mazzetti 9802 (Vienna); idem, Oct. 1994, Chen, Gibbons & Spanner I444O (holotype KUN, isotype K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Solitary or clustering hermaphroditic fan palms of warm temperate parts of eastern South America; the leaf sheaths end in fibre spines and the unspecialised trimerous flowers have stamens greatly exceeding the petals in length.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Trithrinax</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author> \r
+<citation>Hist. nat. palm. 2: 149 (1837).</citation> Type: \r
+<type>Type; Trithrinax brasiliensis; Mart.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Diodosperma</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl., Bot. Zeit. 36: 118 (1878).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Diodosperma burity; H. Wendl.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chamaethrinax</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. ex R. Pfister.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl. ex R. Pfister., Beitr. Verg. Anat. Sabaleenblatter: 19 (1891) (invalid name).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Chamaethrinax hookeriana; H. Wendl. ex R. Pfister</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combines tri — three, with the generic name Thrinax, but why is not explained.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary or sometimes clustering, armed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palms. Stem erect, clothed with persistent, fibrous, sometimes spiny leaf sheaths, eventually becoming bare, rough, and longitudinally striate. Leaves induplicate, palmate, marcescent; sheath tubular, drying into a fibrous, often ± woody network, the upper fibres becoming stout rigid spines; petiole adaxially shallowly channelled or rounded, abaxially rounded, the margins entire, sharp; adaxial hastula triangular or deltoid usually with a definite point, abaxial hastula similar, often smaller; blade fan-shaped to nearly circular, not or only slightly costapalmate, nearly regularly divided beyond the middle (Trithrinax biflabellata divided centrally, almost to the base) into numerous single-fold, stiff segments with shallowly to deeply bifid, apiculate to sharp tips, adaxially glabrous, abaxially lightly waxy and tomentose, midribs more prominent abaxially, other veins numerous, small, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, rather short to moderate, robust, curved, creamy-white when young, branched to 3 orders; peduncle short; prophyll and 2(–3) peduncular bracts similar, inflated, tubular at base, expanded and split along one side, slightly keeled dorsally toward the apex, with short solid tips, glabrous or densely but irregularly tomentose; rachis longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts like peduncular bracts but becoming smaller, absent distally, each subtending a first-order branch; first-order branches adnate to the rachis and often to the tubular base of the next higher bract, stout, curved, bearing chartaceous, small, triangular bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae spirally arranged, ± equal in length, much shorter than first-order branches, bearing small elongate triangular bracts each subtending a flower. Flowers spirally arranged, solitary on short stalks, slightly asymmetrical; sepals 3, very shortly united basally, ovate; petals 3, ± twice as long as the sepals, ovate, imbricate, fleshy, acute; stamens 6, exserted, filaments distinct, twice as long as the petals, slender, tapering, anthers linear oblong, versatile, latrorse; carpels 3, distinct, ovarian part obovoid, attenuate to a tubular, short to long, erect or recurved style with apical stigma, ovule basal, hemianatropous, with aril. Pollen grains ellipsoidal, with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer or psilate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 25–45 µm [2/3]. Fruit 1-seeded, white, globose, stigmatic scar apical, abortive carpels basal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp thin, papery. Seed becoming free, globose, hilum circular, basal with ascending branches, endosperm homogeneous with deeply intruded seed coat below the raphe; embryo lateral, opposite the raphe. Germination remote-tubular (Chavez 2003); eophyll simple. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species in Bolivia, western tropical and southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (de Magnano 1973, Morrow 1965). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Trithrinax has not been tested. Baker et al. (in review) find moderate support for a sister relationship between Trithrinax and Chelyocarpus. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems are used in construction and leaves as thatch. The leaf sheaths have been used as filters. The fruit are eaten fresh or fermented and the seed can be a source of oil. Trithrinax campestris is a much sought-after ornamental (Gibbons 2001). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>A new treatment is needed. See Beccari (1931) and Henderson et al. (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>From amber deposits in the northern Dominican Republic, 13 hermaphroditic palm flowers have been described as Trithrinax dominicana (Poinar 2002a); the age of the amber is estimated to be somewhere between mid Eocene and mid Miocene. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Species in cultivation are notably resistant to cold and drought. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Caranday, for other local names see Glassman (1972). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Trithrinax schizophylla is reported from sandy marshes and along river banks. The other species occur in dry areas. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Elegant, moderate to tall, solitary pinnate-leaved palms, native to Vanuatu, Fiji and Tonga, all with crownshafts and almost always praemorse leaflets, the fruit with smooth thin endocarp and rounded seed with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Veitchia</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. in Seem.</author> \r
+<citation>Flora vit. 270 (1868)</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Veitchia joannis; H.Wendl.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Vitiphoenix</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 9 (1885).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Vitiphoenix filifera; (H.Wendl.) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Kajewskia</name>\r
+<author>Guillaumin</author>\r
+<bibref>Guillaumin, J. Arnold Arbor. 13: 113 (1932).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Kajewskia aneityensis; Guillaumin</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Honours James Veitch (1792–1863), famous British nurseryman.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to tall, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem moderate, sometimes wide at the base, ringed with close leaf scars, becoming longitudinally striate, covered in grey scales or smooth, grey to brown. Leaves pinnate, spreading or partially erect; sheaths forming a prominent crownshaft, covered with deciduous grey to brown tomentum; petiole short, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, densely covered with decidous tomentum at least basally, often bearing dark brown to black, tattered scales in various, sometimes diagnostic patterns at the apex; rachis elongate, flat to ridged adaxially, rounded abaxially, tomentose; leaflets regularly or irregularly arranged, single-fold, tapered from middle to base and usually to the apex, apically oblique, truncate, acute, or acuminate and variously toothed, the upper margin usually longest, midrib and marginal veins prominent, midrib bearing ramenta abaxially, otherwise abaxial surface covered in pale scales with brown centres, shining red scales, or glabrous, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 3 or 4 orders basally, fewer orders distally, branches variously tomentose; peduncle short, stout, dorsiventrally compressed; prophyll and peduncular bract caducous, prophyll tubular, rather thin, 2-keeled laterally; peduncular bract like the prophyll but lacking keels, briefly beaked, scar of an incomplete peduncular bract usually present; rachis longer than the peduncle, tapering, stiff, bearing very short bracts subtending branches and rachillae; rachillae medium to long, slightly to markedly flexuous, bearing spirally, or distally subdistichous triads nearly throughout, or triads only near the base of the rachillae and distally flower clusters of paired or solitary staminate flowers; floral bracteoles very small or conspicuous, short, rounded, margins notched. Staminate flowers bullet-shaped; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, ± hooded; petals 3, slightly asymmetrical to symmetrical, valvate, more than twice as long as the sepals; stamens numerous, to over 100, filaments awl-shaped, long, slender, united at the base, not inflexed apically, anthers linear, basifixed or dorsifixed and then bases deeply sagittate, acute, emarginate, or bifid apically, latrorse; pistillode attenuate from a bulbous base, as long as the stamens, usually bifid or trifid apically. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, often elongate; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, or perforate-finely rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 40–73 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral, rarely tetragonal or rhomboidal [6/8]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, thick, imbricate, margins notched; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, only slightly longer than the sepals, apices shortly valvate, margins notched; staminodes 3–6, tooth-like, usually variously connate; gynoecium irregularly ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, style thick, stigmas 3, sessile, recurved at anthesis, ovule large, laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit ovoid, beaked, small to moderately large, red or orange-red at maturity, perianth whorls enlarged, persistent, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp thin, sometimes appearing lined or pebbled when dry, mesocarp yellowish, thin-fleshy, with 3–5 layers of slender to large fibres and ground tissue sclerified near the endocarp, endocarp thin, chartaceous, cartilaginous or nearly glass-like, fragile, in some species fracturing transversely. Seed ovoid to ellipsoidal, truncate basally, rounded to pointed apically, attached laterally, hilum elongate, raphe branches descending from the apex and sides, simple, forked, or branched and much anastomosed, endosperm homogenous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Eight species in Vanuatu, Fiji and Tonga. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 196l), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig 1977). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Lewis et al. (in prep.) resolve Veitchia as monophyletic with high bootstrap support. The genus is moderately supported as sister to a clade of Solfia and Balaka (Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep., Lewis et al. in prep.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Several species are elegant ornamentals. The leaves have been used for thatch and the trunks as wood for rafters, spears, and canoes. The heart is edible as a salad and the inflorescence and seed are also said to be edible in Veitchia vitiensis. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Zona and Fuller (1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The genus is distinguished from other Ptychospermatinae by the combination of similar prophyll and peduncular bracts, lanceolate leaflets, and rounded rather than angled seeds.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Niuniu, niusawa (Fiji). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found from near sea level to cloud forests at 1000 m in dense or light forest. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Spectacular moderate solitary spiny stilt-rooted palm endemic to Seychelles, lacking a crownshaft and with ± undivided leaves with praemorse margins; inflorescnces have long peduncles.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Verschaffeltia</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author>\r
+<citation>Ill. Hort. 12 (misc.): 5 (1865).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Verschaffeltia splendida; H. Wendl.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Ambroise Colette Alexandre Verschaffelt (1825–1886), Belgian nurseryman and founder of the horticultural journal L’Illustration Horticole.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, spiny when young, becoming less spiny at maturity, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, becoming bare, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, the juvenile very densely armed with long black spines, the adult more sparsely armed with rings of reflexed spines, the base of the trunk supported on a cone of robust stilt roots. Leaves large, neatly abscising, bifid, pinnately ribbed and lobed, irregularly split into approximate several-fold leaflets; sheath becoming open, not forming a crownshaft, very densely black-spiny in juveniles, unarmed in adults, the margins irregularly ligule-like; petiole short, glabrous, heavily armed as is the rachis in juveniles, unarmed in adults, adaxially deeply grooved, abaxially rounded; blade unsplit in juveniles, irregularly split in adults, the margins deeply lobed to up to 1/2 the blade depth into reduplicate segments, the segment tips irregularly praemorse, blade adaxially glabrous, abaxially with sparse, minute, dot-like scales and conspicuous, large, tattered ramenta along adaxial ribs, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, branching to 2 (rarely 3) orders proximally, 1 order distally, protandrous; peduncle elongate, ±rounded in cross-section, densely tomentose like other inflorescence axes, winged at the base; prophyll inserted some distance from the base of the peduncle, very large, ± persistent, coriaceous, tubular, 2-keeled, the keels tending to become irregularly split or toothed, apically splitting to almost 1/2 the length, unarmed, bearing scattered scales; peduncular bract 1, inserted some distance above the prophyll, deciduous, similar to the prophyll but thinner and not 2-keeled; rachis shorter than the peduncle; rachis bracts minute, triangular, inconspicuous; first-order branches numerous, with a swollen base and short bare section; rachillae numerous, spreading, flexuous or rigid, somewhat sinuous, bearing spirally arranged superficial triads except at the very tip where bearing solitary or paired staminate flowers. Staminate flowers small, globular symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded; petals 3, distinct, ±broadly triangular, valvate, ±twice as long as sepals; stamens 6, filaments distinct, ± fleshy, rather short, anthers rounded, medifixed, ± versatile, latrorse; pistillode large, truncate, 3-angled, trifid, about as long as the petals. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 41–47 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate, ± globular; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, ± broad, rounded, irregularly splitting; petals 3, distinct, broad, rounded, imbricate, with very short, triangular, valvate tips; staminodes 6, with flattened, ribbon-like filaments and wide, flattened tips; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, short, reflexed, ovule laterally attached, ?hemianatropous. Fruit 1-seeded, moderate, spherical, brownish green, perianth whorls persistent, stigmatic remains basal; epicarp smooth, roughened when dry, mesocarp with a crustose layer just below the epicarp, and relatively thin flesh beneath, fibres sparse attached to endocarp, endocarp thin, cartilaginous, bearing conspicuous, irregular flanges and ridges, and a rounded basal operculum. Seed conforming to the endocarp shape, conspicuously ridged when immature, slightly ridged at maturity, basally attached with rounded hilum, raphe branches sparse, anastomosing, endosperm deeply ruminate, with a small central hollow; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid, spiny. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species confined to the islands of Mahé, Silhouette and Praslin in the Seychelles; widespread in cultivation. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, root (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig et al. 2001). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>There is strong support for a sister relationship between Verschaffeltia and Roscheria (Lewis and Doyle 2002, Lewis 2002, Loo et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Trunks have been used in house construction. The genus is also widespread in cultivation as an ornamental. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1942). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Verschaffeltia is distinguished by a nearly undivided leaf with praemorse margins and by large fruits that have a ridged endocarp. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Latanier latte. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Verschaffeltia splendida grows in relic forest on slopes between 300 and 600 m above sea level; more rarely, it occurs in river valleys below 300 m altitude. It seems to be confined to steep hillsides and precipitous ravines, where it usually occurs as solitary individuals, rarely in colonies. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>The forest coconut — solitary pinnate-leaved tree palm from northeastern Madagascar, the staminate flowers have 12–13 stamens and the fruit has large grooved endocarps with irregular protruberances on the inside that penetrate the homogenous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Voanioala</name>\r
+<author>J. Dransf.</author> \r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 44: 192 (1989).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Voanioala gerardii; J. Dransf.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derived from the Malagasy vernacular voanioala meaning forest coconut.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic monoecious palms. Stem erect, very conspicuously stepped and ringed with oblique leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, cleanly abscising; leaf-sheath tubular at first, fibrous, apparently soon disintegrating to leave a massive elongate rectangular leaf base, forming an apparent petiole with sparsely fibrous margins; true petiole absent; rachis rectangular in cross-section in the mid-leaf region; leaflets numerous, regularly arranged, scarcely pendulous, coriaceous, concolorous, unevenly bilobed at the tip, adaxially glabrous apart from bands of caducous chocolate-coloured scales on areas exposed in the sword leaf, abaxially bearing scattered ramenta near the base of the midrib, transverse veinlets obscure, but surface of leaflet minutely transversely striate, thin white wax present on both surfaces. Inflorescence solitary, apparently protandrous, branching to 1 order; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, fibrous, remaining hidden among the leaf bases; peduncular bract bright green and strictly tubular until shortly before anthesis, then splitting longitudinally, flattening and becoming somewhat cowl-like, abaxially deeply and longitudinally grooved, bearing scattered brown scales on the ridges between the grooves, adaxially smooth, glabrous, pale cream-coloured; peduncle ± circular in cross-section; rachis bearing spirally arranged rachillae, each subtended by a small triangular bract; rachillae numerous, most with a basal bare portion. Staminate flowers asymmetrical, broadly or narrowly triangular in outline; sepals 3, distinct, slightly to strongly imbricate at the base, triangular, acute to acuminate, membranous, glabrous; petals 3, distinct, unequal, valvate, glabrous, thinly coriaceous except at the thick angular tips, broadly and irregularly triangular-ovate, with acute or acuminate tips, abaxially smooth, adaxially marked with the impressions of the stamens and papillose near the thick tips; stamens 12(–13), filaments subulate, very short to moderate in length, anthers basifixed, basally sagittate, apiculate at the tips, latrorse; pistillode absent. Pollen bisymmetric, ellipsoidal, or less frequently oblate triangular; aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; ectexine intectate, finely granular interspersed with larger psilate gemmae, separate or arranged in a loosely reticulate pattern, aperture margin with small gemmae arranged linearly; longest axis of ellipsoid grains 55–65 µm, trichotomosulcate grains 49–52 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral [1/1]. Pistillate flowers only known as buds, much larger than the staminate, irregularly triangular; sepals 3, distinct, unequal, strongly imbricate, broadly ovate with triangular keeled tips, coriaceous, glabrous, the margins minutely toothed; petals 3, distinct, longer than the sepals, basally irregularly imbricate, conspicuously valvate at the triangular tips, abaxially with scaly indumentum towards the apex, adaxially strongly papillose towards the tip; staminodal ring high with 9 irregular triangular teeth, 0.1–0.5 mm; gynoecium syncarpous, tricarpellate, triovulate, stigmas 3, angled, papillose and scaly, ovules anatropous. Immature fruit green covered with dense chestnut-brown scaly indumentum. Mature fruit 1-seeded, somewhat irregularly ellipsoid, tipped with a short beak and stigmatic remains; epicarp purplish-brown, densely covered with brown scaly indumentum; mesocarp with an outer fibrous zone just below the epicarp, and an inner fleshy zone; endocarp ± ellipsoid, apically pointed, basally truncate, very heavily thickened, pale brown when fresh, becoming grey with age, deeply grooved without, with numerous embedded fibres and lacunae, and with irregular rounded intrusions, penetrating the central cavity, basally with 3 very deep intrusions, each with a pore. Seed irregularly ellipsoid, filling the endocarp cavity, laterally attached with a narrow irregular hilum, endosperm homogeneous but irregularly intruded by the endocarp protuberances, very hard, white, with a narrow irregular central lacuna; embryo basal, top-shaped, positioned opposite an endocarp pore. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 550–606 ± 3.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species endemic to Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Voanioala is sister to a clade of NeotropicalAttaleinae and Cocos with moderate support (Hahn 2002b,Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Sometimes cut for palm hearts.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1989) and Dransfield andBeentje (1995b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>A highly endangered palm, surviving in very lownumbers in the forested interior of the Masoala Peninsula andneighbouring parts of the eastern rain forests. The large,heavily sclerified endocarps accumulate beneath the parenttrees and there appears to be little or no effective dispersal.The polyploid chromosome number is the highest in themonocotyledons (550–660 ± 3).</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Voanio-ala (forest coconut, Betsimisaraka dialect). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found in primary forest rich in palms and pandansin swampy valley bottoms and on gentle slopes at ca. 400 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Voanioala gerardii</name>\r
+<author> J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation> Kew Bull. 44: 195 (1989)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Principes 36: 124-127 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Masoala Peninsula, Antalavia, Oct. 1986; Dransfield et al.; JD6389</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypes AAU, BH, MO, NY, P, TAN, US</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>An extraordinary palm, occurring as scattered trees in the depths of the forested Masoala Peninsula. The discovery of the palm and the first scientific collection are described in Dransfield (1989b, 1992b). The forest coconut is a robust palm with a conspicuously "stepped" trunk. Endocarps and partially rotted fruit carpet the ground beneath the only mature trees known and, as seedlings have not been observed away from the base of the trees, it seems that there is little effective dispersal at the present day. As in Satranala decussilvae, we suggest that the extraordinarily hard sculptured endocarp is an adaptation by a now extinct animal, such as the elephant bird, Aepyornis. Seed collected in October 1986 germinated at Kew in February 1987. From this batch of seedlings, Margaret Johnson (1989) counted the chromosomes of Voanioala and discovered that there are at least 596 chromosomes. This quite extraordinary number, at that time the highest recorded not only in the palms, but in all the monocotyledons, has been confirmed by RŮser (1994) who counted over 600 in another sample from the same batch of seed, grown at Fairchild Tropical Garden in Florida. The genus is named after the local name, while the specific epithet honours Jean Gerard, one of the discoverers.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Voa-nio-ala (forest coconut, Betsimisaraka).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust solitary unarmed pleonanthic monoecious tree palm. TRUNK 15-20 m tall, basally with a large root boss to c. 1 m diam., c. 35 cm diam., distally the stem bare, very conspicuously "stepped" and ringed with oblique leaf scars c. 10 cm distant, the distal part of the internode projecting c. 5 cm outwards from the proximal part of the following internode. LEAVES c. 15-20 in crown, c. 5 m long, cleanly abscising; leafsheath tubular at first, fibrous, apparently soon disintegrating to leave a massive elongate rectangular leaf base, forming an apparent petiole c. 150 x 30 cm, c. 8-10 cm thick, with sparsely fibrous margins, abaxially densely covered with caducous brown indumentum; leaf base suddenly contracting into rachis, true petiole absent, the rachis ; ± rectangular in cross section in the mid-leaf region, 4 x 3 cm, abaxially densely covered with caducous brown indumentum as the leaf base; leaflets c. 70 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, rather stiff, scarcely pendulous, very coriaceous, concolorous, shining mid green when fresh, drying pale, mid-leaf leaflets c. 150 x 7 cm, unevenly bilobed at the tips, mid vein prominent adaxially, abaxially bearing a few brown ramenta near the base, c. 8 longitudinal veins besides the mid vein, transverse veinlets obscure but lamina minutely transversely striate, portion of leaflet exposed in the sword leaf bearing caducous chocolate scales, thin wax also present on both surfaces. INFLORESCENCES to c. 1.5 cm long, interfoliar, erect in bud, later horizontal; peduncle c. 90 cm long, circular in cross section, 4-5 cm diam., pale cream-coloured at anthesis, becoming green in fruit, brown scaly when newly emerged; prophyll tubular, 2keeled, c. 70 x 13 cm, fibrous, remaining hidden among the leaf bases, bearing caducous brown scales; peduncular bract c. 120 x 18 cm, bright green and strictly tubular in bud, later splitting longitudinally, flattening and becoming somewhat cowl-like, abaxially deeply and closely longitudinally grooved, bearing scattered brown scales on the ridges between the grooves, adaxially smooth, glabrous, pale cream-coloured; rachis c. 60 cm long; rachillae c. 60, those near the base longest, to c. 50 cm, decreasing in length towards tip of inflorescence, most with a basal bare portion 2-5 cm long, c. 7 mm diam. near the base, decreasing to 1.5 mm diam. near the tip, the rachillae bearing 0-7 triads near the base and paired or solitary staminate flowers distally, the flower groups spirally arranged, or becoming somewhat distichous by close-packing, c. 5-10 mm apart. STAMINATE FLOWERS asymmetrical, broadly or narrowly triangular in outline, c. 10-12 x 7-9 mm, creamy-yellow just before anthesis, the whole inflorescence smelling sweetly; sepals c. 3-4 x 4 mm, distinct, slightly to strongly imbricate at the base, triangular, acute to acuminate, membranous, glabrous; petals 9-19 x 3-6 mm., unequal, glabrous, thinly coriaceous except at the thick angular tips, broadly and irregularly triangular-ovate, with acute or acuminate tips, abaxially smooth, adaxially marked with the impressions of the stamens and papillose near the thick tips; stamens with filaments subulate, 0.5-2.5 x 0.1 mm, anthers 9 x 1 mm, basifixed, basally sagittate, apiculate at the tips, latrorse. PISTILLATE FLOWERS only known as buds, irregularly triangular, c.18 x 10 mm; sepals 8-12 x 10 mm, unequal, strongly imbricate, broadly ovate, with triangular, keeled tips, coriaceous, glabrous, the margins minutely toothed; petals 15 x 8 mm, basally irregularly imbricate, conspicuously valvate at the triangular tips, abaxially with scaly indumentum towards the apex, adaxially strongly papillose towards the tip; staminodial ring c. 1.2 mm high with 9 irregular, triangular teeth, 0.1-0.5 mm; gynoecium c. 4 mm diam. FRUIT green when immature, turning rich red-brown when ripe, 7-8 x 4-5 cm, covered with dense chestnut-brown scaly indumentum, one-seeded, somewhat irregularly ellipsoid, tipped with a short beak and stigmatic remains; epicarp purplish-brown, densely covered with brown scaly indumentum; mesocarp with an outer fibrous zone just below the epicarp, and an inner fleshy zone; endocarp ellipsoid, apically pointed, basally truncate, very heavily thickened, pale brown when fresh, becoming grey with age, very deeply and irregularly longitudinally grooved, with 3 very deep basal impressions each with a central germination pore, in section the body of the endocarp traversed by longitudinal irregular vertical canals and fibres, inner surface of the endocarp with numerous irregular rounded excrescences intruding into the cavity. SEED irregularly ellipsoid, 4 x 2 cm, filling the endocarp cavity, laterally attached with a narrow irregular hilum, endosperm homogeneous but irregularly intruded by the endocarp protruberances, very hard, white, with a narrow, irregular central lacuna. EOPHYLL and leaf 2 entire, lanceolate, c. 30 x 7 cm, leaves 3 and 4 bifid.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Masoala Peninsula.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Primary forest rich in palms and pandans in swampy valley bottom and on gentle slopes at c. 400 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Voanioala gerardii seems to be a very rare palm; less than ten trees are known to exist in the wild. Unless the superb primary rain forests of the Masoala Peninsula can be effectively protected against further destruction, and palms in particular safeguarded from destructive exploitation for palm cabbage, then the chances of survival for this remarkable and beautiful palm are slim indeed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Cut for palm-heart.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroansetra, Masoala Peninsula, Antalavia, 17 Oct. 1986 (fl, fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6389 (Holotype K; isotypes AAU, BH, MO, NY, P, TAN, US) & (seedling) JD6391 (BH, K, MO, NY, P, TAN); Nov. 1989 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6737 (K, TAN). ;</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Dwarf to moderate, solitary or clustered monoecious pinnate-leaved palms from mainland Asia to southern Thailand, distinctive in the induplicate leaflets with praemorse tips, flowers borne in triads, very similar to Arenga but with united sepals in the staminate flower and always basipetal hapaxanthic.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Wallichia</name>\r
+<author>Roxb.</author> \r
+<citation>Pl. Coromandel 3: 91 (1820).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Wallichia caryotoides; Roxb.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Harina</name>\r
+<author>Buch.-Ham.</author>\r
+<bibref>Buch.-Ham., Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 317(1826).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Harina caryotoides; (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Wrightea</name>\r
+<author>Roxb.</author>\r
+<bibref>Roxb., Fl. ind. ed. 1832, 3: 621 (1832), non Wrightia R. Br. (1810).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Wrightea caryotoides; (Roxb.) Roxb.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Asraoa</name>\r
+<author>J. Joseph</author>\r
+<bibref>J. Joseph, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 14: 144 (1975 [‘1972’]).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Asraoa triandra; J.Joseph</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Danish medical attaché and botanist, Nathanial Wallich (1786–1854) who was employed by the East India Company, eventually becoming Superintendent of the Company’s garden in Calcutta.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Dwarf to large, solitary or clustered, hapaxanthic, monoecious or ?dioecious, acaulescent, shrubby or tree palms. Stem with congested or elongate internodes, usually obscured by persistent fibrous leaf bases and sheaths. Leaves spirally or distichously arranged, induplicately imparipinnate, marcescent; sheath covered in a great variety of tomentum, scales and hairs, often extended beyond the petiole to form a ligule, eventually disintegrating into a mass of black fibres; petiole well developed, slender to robust, ± circular in cross-section or channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, covered in a variety of scales and tomentum; rachis angled adaxially, rounded abaxially, variously tomentose; leaflets single-fold except for the terminal flabellum, regularly arranged or grouped and fanned within the groups, linear-lanceolate, irregularly rhomboid or deeply lobed, sometimes auriculate at base, the distal margins praemorse, the veins parallel to the fold or radiating from the base, or ± pinnately arranged along the fold, adaxial blade surface glabrous, abaxial surface usually densely covered in pale indumentum and scattered bands of brown scales, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences axillary, interfoliar, solitary, bursting through leaf sheaths, produced in a basipetal sequence, branching to 1 order only, unisexual, usually dimorphic, the pistillate usually the most distal or ‘terminal’, with inconspicuous bracts, the staminate proximal (lateral), often hidden by very conspicuous bracts; peduncle ± circular in cross-section, usually densely covered with indumentum; prophyll small, 2-keeled, tubular only at the very base; peduncular bracts several, ± spirally arranged, much larger than the prophyll, tubular at the very base, splitting, usually densely covered in brown scales and tomentum; rachis usually longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts minute; rachillae numerous, rather slender, ± spirally arranged, usually densely covered with indumentum, bearing spirally arranged, minute bracts, subtending flowers. Staminate flowers paired or solitary, sometimes accompanied by the rudiments of a central pistillate flower; calyx tubular, truncate, with 3 lobes or teeth; floral receptacle elongate and stalk-like between calyx and corolla; corolla much exceeding the calyx, tubular near the base, with 3, elongate, valvate lobes distally; stamens 3–15, the filaments united basally in a short to long column, adnate partially or completely to the corolla tube, sometimes partly adnate to the lobes, anthers linear, apically obtuse or acute; pistillode absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, ± bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine intectate, usually spiny, spines attached to smooth upper surface of foot layer, in some species spines more numerous along aperture margins, less frequently clavate, bases of clavae often swollen; longest axis 24–27 µm [4/7]. Pistillate inflorescence usually erect, with fewer, more robust rachillae. Pistillate flowers solitary, spirally arranged, each subtended by a low bract and surrounded by 3 bracteoles; sepals 3, low, rounded, imbricate, ± distinct or joined briefly at base, petals 3 united basally to about middle, valvate distally; staminodes 0–3; gynoecium ± globose, 2–3 locular, 2–3 ovulate with a conical apical stigma, ovules inserted adaxially at the base, hemianatropous. Fruit ellipsoidal, small, reddish or purplish, 1–2, rarely 3-seeded, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy, filled with irritant needle-like crystals, endocarp not differentiated. Seeds basally attached, ellipsoidal or hemispherical, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll ovate to elliptic with erose margins. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Nine species, from the Nepal Himalayas and upper Burma to China and southwards to peninsular Thailand. Found in humid tropical forest from near sea level to 2000 m altitude; the genus becomes rarer southwards in Thailand, suggesting that it is adapted to cooler or more seasonal climates than those found in Peninsular Malaysia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Wallichia is resolved as monophyletic with moderate support (Bayton 2005) and strongly supported as sister to Arenga (Bayton 2005, Asmussen et al. 2006).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves of Wallichia oblongifolia have been used as thatch and the stem of W. disticha as a source of sago. All species are ornamental. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson (2007). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The morphological differences between Arenga and Wallichia are very slight.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wallich palms. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Most species are undergrowth palms, but Wallichia disticha is a moderate tree, recorded as growing gregariously on steep sandstone declivities in deep valleys in east Sikkim (Anderson 1869). It also occurs on limestone in Thailand. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Wallichia (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 52(1) 1-11</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wallichia caryotoides</name>
+<author>Roxb.</author>
+<citation>Pl. Coromandel 3: 91 (1820)</citation>
+<type>Lectotype Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3: pl. 295 (excluding flowers and fruits), 1820;;</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Harina caryotoides</name>
+<author>(Roxb.) Buch.-Ham.</author>
+<bibref>(Roxb.) Buch.-Ham., Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 317 (1826)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name> Wrightea caryotoides</name>
+<author>(Roxb.) Roxb.</author>
+<bibref>(Roxb.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 621 (1832)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Wallichia siamensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa, Mem. 44: 175 (1934)</bibref>
+<type>THAILAND. Chiang Mai, Doi Sutep, 23 October 1910; A. Kerr; 1813</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI-B, BH (image); isotype K!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Wallichia mooreana</name>
+<author>S.K.Basu</author>
+<bibref>S.K.Basu, Taiwania 28: 146 (1983)</bibref>
+<type>CHINA. Yunnan, Poneshee, 17 Mar 1868; D. Anderson; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype: CAL; isotype K!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Chilputta (Bangladesh), walizong (China), saingpa, zanong (Myanmar), kuang denj, taou-rung-nu (Thailand).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, to 3 m tall, 2-10 cm diameter, Stems bearing staminate and pistillate inflorescences about equal in length. Leaves 4-7, spirally arranged; sheaths disintegrating into black fibers, with a prominent, fibrous ligule at the apex; petioles 0.8-1.5 m long; rachis 0.9-1.5 m long; pinnae 8-12 per side of rachis, regularly and alternately arranged except for clustered proximal 2-3 pinnae, spreading in the same plane, pinnae from middle of leaf 25-49 cm long, 5-11 cm wide at widest point, widest near the middle, lanceolate, with two pronounced lobes. Inflorescences subtended by smaller leaves, unisexual, staminate and pistillate borne on the same or separate stems, the pistillate terminal the staminate lateral; staminate inflorescences 40-50 cm long, erect; prophyll 4-7 cm long; peduncle 15-30 cm long; peduncular bracts 6-8, sheathing the peduncle; rachillae 21-30, 12.5-20.5 cm long, 1.5-3 mm diameter, glabrous; staminate flowers 5-6 mm long; sepals 1-2 mm long, connate into a cupular calyx; petals 5-6 mm long, yellow; stamens 11-16; pistillate inflorescences 40-50 cm long, erect; prophyll to 6.5 cm long; peduncle 23-24 cm long; peduncular bracts several, sheathing the peduncle; rachillae 7-17, 10-20 cm long, 2.5-4 mm diameter; pistillate flowers to 2.5 mm long at anthesis; sepals 1 mm long; petals 2 mm long; gynoecium 2 mm long; fruits ovoid to ellipsoid, to 1.7 cm long, to 0.8 cm diameter, red. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura), Myanmar (Kachin, Mon, Rakhine, Sagaing), and Thailand (North).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland to montane rain forest, at 100-1800 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>No uses recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Roxburgh’s (1820) description and illustration of Wallichia caryotoides is a mixture of two species – referred to in this paper as W. caryotoides and W. oblongifolia. The text describes an acaulescent palm (as in W. oblongifolia). The illustration, plate 295, shows pinnae with lobed margins and pendulous, condensed staminate inflorescences (as in W. caryotoides), but the detailed drawings of the staminate flowers, with six stamens, and fruits are of W. oblongifolia. The part of plate 295 showing pinnae and inflorescences is therefore chosen as lectotype. The confusion between these two species probably occurred because they appear similar, and both were cultivated in the Calcutta Botanical Garden (Griffith, 1845), where Roxburgh was superintendent from 1793 to 1813. Griffith (1845, p. 488), wrote that the two species had been “so strangely mistaken” for each other. The confusion was perpetuated by Martius (1845). The isotype of W. mooreana and a paratype (Henry 12331 - cited by Basu (1983)) are identical to other specimens of W. caryotoides. Both Basu (1983) and Beccari (1910 - describing W. gracilis) cited Henry 12331 as a paratype. One probable reason for this confusion is that the apical leaves, subtending inflorescences, are smaller and have narrower pinnae than those leaves from further down the stem. These apical leaves are often collected, and indeed appear different from other leaves. In Wallichia caryotoides, stems most often have terminal pistillate inflorescences and lateral staminate ones, although sometimes stems appear to have only either pistillate or staminate inflorescences. Pistillate inflorescences appear to bear solitary pistillate flowers only, and staminate ones paired staminate flowers only. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BANGLADESH. Chittagong, no date, Hooker & Thomson s. n. (A, K, P); Seetakoond, 12 Jan 1857, Hooker & Thomson s. n. (K). MYANMAR. Kachin: Jambu Ridge Wildlife Corridor, 25°59’N, 96°40’E, 228 m, 11 Jan 2005, Henderson et al. 3119 (MAND, NY, RAF, RANG); Ledo road, between Mile 22 Camp and Mile 8 Camp, between Namyung and Shinbwiyang, 26°48’N, 96°12’E, 600 m, 26 Jan 2005, Henderson et al. 3154 (K, MAND, NY, RAF, RANG); Sumpra Bum, 3000 ft., 15 Feb 1953, Kingdom-Ward 10533 (A). Mon: Kyaikto, Golden Rock, road from pagoda to base camp, 17°24’N, 97°04’E, 1 Nov 2005, Henderson et al. 3198 (NY, RAF); Kyaikto, E of village, 900 m, 22 Nov 2003, Hodel 1965 (NY). Rakhine: Ngapali Township, 3 km E of Mya Bin village, 100 m, 15 Mar 2003, Hodel & Aye Pe 1937 (NY). Sagaing: Ledo road, N of Namyung, 26°59’N, 96°11’E, 338 m, 19 Jan 2005, Henderson et al. 3139 (K, MAND, NY, RAF, RANG); Ledo road, N of Namyung, 26°59’N, 96°11’E, 428 m, 19 Jan 2005, Henderson et al. 3142 (MAND, NY, RAF, RANG). CHINA. Yunnan: Xishuanbanna, Kun Ge Luo, 17 Mar 1957, Anon 7226 (KUN); Luo road, Do Liu Dao Ban, 27 Apr 1957, Anon 8169 (KUN); Xishuanbanna, Menglunmanlun, 16 Sep 1959, Anon 59-13042 (KUN); Xishuanbanna, Menglun, Mengla, 16 Sep 1952, Anon 59-13042 (KUN); Xishuanbanna, Mengla, Man Na Electricity Station, 20 Mar 1984, Chen 18992 (HITBC); Xishuanbanna, Mengla, Yi Wu, Zhu Shi river, 30 Apr 1984, Chen 14289 (HITBC); YinJiang, Xi Ma, Na Bang Ba, 26 Nov 1981, Chen 18941 (HITBC); Ning Jiang, Meng Wang, 7 Dec 1951, Feng 14200 (KUN); SiMao, 15 km S along road to Gali, ca. 1200 m, 13 Apr 1955, Feyerodov 480 (NY); SiMao, no date, Henry 12331 (A, K, NY, US); SiMao, Cai Yan River, 14 Jul 2000, Yuan 5261 (HITBC); Xishuanbanna, Jinuo mountain, Long Pa, 21°59’N, 101°05’E, 1278 m, 6 Jul 2003, Henderson et al. 3100 (KUN, NY); Xishuanbanna, Mengla county, 3-4 km from Manzhuang, 21°24’N, 101°37’E, 9 Jul 2003, Henderson et al. 3106 (KUN, NY); road from Labang to Liuding Tongbiguan, 24°06’N, 97°05’E, 17 Jul 2003, Henderson et al. 3112 (KUN, NY); Mengtze, no date, Henry 10411 (K, NY, US); Menglun, Botanical Garden Electrical Station, 1 Sep 1982, Koyama 402 (KUN); Cang Yuan, Nanla commune, Da He Di, 28 Jun 1974, Li 12550 (HITBC); Mengla, Meng Xing River, 24 Dec 1977, Li 20858 (HITBC); Jing-Dong, Man Chwan, 15 Jun 1940, Li 2971 (KUN); Xishuanbanna, Man Sha, 17 Apr 1959, L01617 (KUN); Ping Bing Yao Shan Qu, Ke Zi, Ge Niao, 21 Apr 1954, Mao 3954 (KUN); Jiang Cheng, Jia He, Ming Zi Sha, 8 Nov 1989, Pei 772 (KUN); Menglian, Mang Ma, 24 Feb 1978, Pei 14234 (HITBC); Yin Jiang, Tong Bi Guan, 1 Sep 1976, Pei 14215 (HITBC); Xishuanbanna, Mengla, 2 May 1980, Pei 18938 (HITBC); Yi-Wu, Mengla, 20 Dec 1958, Research Team 10408 (KUN); YinJiang, on the way to NaBang Ba, 3 Nov 1974, Tao 13106 (HITBC); Xishuanbanna, Jiang Hong, 29 Jul 1977, Tao 15695 (HITBC); Mengla River, 28 Apr 1992, Tao 45498 (HITBC); Mengla, Meng Kang, 13 Apr 1986, Tong 24972 (HITBC); He Kau, Si Tiao Ban, 14 Apr 1953, Wang 31 (KUN); Tsang-Yuan, Apr 1936, Wang 73269 (A); Fo-Hai, 1500 m, 1 May 1936, Wang 74281 (A, KUN); Sheau-Meng-Yeang, Che-Li Hsien, 1 Sep 1936, Wang 75829 (A, KUN); Ban-Chiou-Chian, Che-li, 840 m, Oct 1936, Wang 79729 (A); Xichou Fa Dou, 15 Dec 1939, Wang 85726 (KUN); Mianning, Mayetiu, 1350 m, 24 Sep 1938, Yü 17710 (A); Xishuanbanna, Mengla, Shang Yong, 15 Oct 1974, Yang 10952 (HITBC); Xishuanbanna, Menglun, Man Lun, 9 Jun 1967, Yunnan Group 3 (KUN); Lin Cang, First District, Ma Yi Dui, 24 Aug 1957, Xin 334 (KUN). THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Doi Pae Poe, about 90 m NW of Tak, 17°17’N, 98°25’E, 1380 m, 14 Mar 1968, Hansen & Smitinand12912 (BKF, K); Doi Setup, 1000 m, 15 Nov 1997, Hodel & Vatcharakorn 1785 (BH); same locality, 31 Oct 1930, Kerr 3278 (BK, K); same locality, 26 Aug 1991, Pooma 515 (BKF); same locality, 26 Apr 1958, Sorensen et al. 3043 (AAU, BKF); same locality, 19 Sep 1958, Sorensen et al. 5130 (BKF); N of Chiang Mai at Chiang Dao, 600-1000 m, 17 Nov 1997, Hodel & Vatcharakorn 1793 (BH); Khun Awn, 900-1000 m, 30 Jan 1924, Kerr 4724 (AAU, BK, K); Bam Mae Kam, 1050 m, 2 Dec 1990, Maxwell 90-1297 (A); Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao National Park, 14 Nov 1986, Smith 22 (K); Inthanon National Park, 950 m, 23 Jul 1988, Phengklai et al. 6861 (BKF). Chaing Rai: Doi Tung, 1000 m, 13 Nov 1997, Hodel & Vatcharakorn 1783 (BH). Khamphaeng Phet: Mae Wong National Park, 16°05’N, 99°04’E, 1300 m, Parnell et al. 95-377 (K). Mae Hong Kong: Khao Chi Chong, 1500-1800 m, 9 Jun 1995, Niyomdham et al. 4286 (BKF). Nan: Doi Phu Kha, 30 km E of Pua, 1400-1600 m, 10 Nov 1997, Hodel & Vatcharakorn 1775 (BH); Doi Phu Kha, 55 km E of Pua, 1000 m, 11 Nov 1997, Hodel & Vatcharakorn 1780 (BH); Doi Phu Kha National Park, 26 km from Pua, 1150 m, 19°25’N, 101°06’E, 1150 m, 17 Aug 1995, Parnell et al. 95-165 (K); Doi Phu Kha National Park, 19°12’N, 101°04’E, 1400 m, 23 Sep 1996, Boyce 1129 (BKF, K). Phitsanulok: Phu Hin Rong Kla, 40 km E of Nakhon Thai, Rom Glao waterfall, 17°05’N, 101°07’E, 1100 m, 11 Dec 1990, Larsen et al. 41876 (AAU). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Wallichia (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 52(1) 1-11</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wallichia disticha</name>
+<author>T.Anderson</author>
+<citation>J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 6 (1869)</citation>
+<type>INDIA. Sikkim, between the rivers Mahanuddee and Teesta, no date; T. Anderson; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype P!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Didymosperma distichum</name>
+<author>(T.Anderson) Hook.f.</author>
+<bibref>(T.Anderson) Hook.f., Rep. Progr. Condition Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew 1882: 61 (1884)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Wallichia yomae</name>
+<author>Kurz</author>
+<bibref>Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 533 (1877)</bibref>
+<type>MYANMAR, Bago, Pegu Yomah, 23 Jan 1868; S. Kurz; 1469</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype US!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Thakal (Bhutan), katong (India), tao pha (Lao), minbaw, trung, zanong (Myanmar), mak na re suan (Thailand).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems solitary, to 9 m tall, 15-25 cm diameter. Leaves arranged in one or a few planes; sheaths 40-60 cm long, fibrous, with coarse, overlapping, black fibers, those of the outer layer thicker than the inner ones; petioles 0.5-1.5 m long; rachis 1.8-3.5 m long; pinnae 45-73 per side of rachis, irregularly arranged in clusters of 3-8 pinnae, spreading in different planes, pinnae from middle of leaf 56-80 cm long, 5-8 cm wide at widest point, linear or linear-lanceolate, shallowly lobed. Inflorescences unisexual, staminate and pistillate borne on the same stem, the pistillate terminal and the staminate lateral; staminate inflorescences to 1.2 m long, pendulous; prophyll not seen; peduncle to 50 cm long; peduncular bracts several, open and not sheathing the peduncle; rachillae to over 1000, to 30 cm long, 2 mm diameter, arranged in irregular whorls; staminate flowers to 10 mm long; sepals 1.5-2 mm long, connate into a cupular, lobed calyx, the lobes very briefly imbricate; petals to 10 mm long, purple and yellow; stamens 8-15; pistillate inflorescences to 1 m long, pendulous; prophyll not seen; peduncle to 50 cm long; peduncular bracts open and not sheathing the peduncle; rachillae 40-50, 30-60 cm long, 5-9 mm diameter; pistillate flowers 2 mm long; sepals 1 mm long; petals 2 mm long; gynoecium 2 mm long; fruits ellipsoid, to 2.2 cm long, to 1.5 cm diameter, reddish-brown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal), Lao (Bolikhamsay), Myanmar (Bago, Chin, Kachin, Kayin, Rakhine), Thailand (Northern, West), and probably Nepal.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Scattered localities in lowland to montane rain forest, especially in rocky places on steep slopes, often in disturbed areas, to 1200 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The pith from the stems is eaten in times of famine.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>There is considerable variation in size and shape of pinnae, from narrowly linear to more broadly linear-lanceolate.
+Staminate and pistillate inflorescences are borne on the same stem, with the pistillate terminal and the staminate lateral. Direction of anthesis amongst inflorescences is basipetal. There is no evidence that inflorescences are subtended by smaller leaves. An individual stem can produce inflorescences for over two years. On staminate rachillae, the direction of anthesis is acropetal.
+The locality of Brandis s. n. has not been found. Sopilura (Sopilara?) is not found on modern maps or gazeteers, and the only Gonda Hills found in India is in the state of Jharkhand, an unlikely locality for Wallichia disticha. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA. Assan: Makim, Apr 1879, Brandis s. n. (K). Meghalaya: Cherrapunjee, Khasi Hills, 4000 ft., 14 Aug 1952, Thakur Rup Chand 6391 (BH). West Bengal: above Sivoka, Feb 1874, Gamble 2970 (K). State unknown: Choklong, lower Danguling (Daguling?) Hills, Jan 1875, Gamble 2971 (K); Gonda Hills, inland from Sopilura (Sopilara?), no date, Brandis s. n. (K). MYANMAR. Chin: Nachawan-Webula, 1000-4000 ft., 28 Apr 1938, Dickason 7217 (NY). CHINA. Yunnan: Ying Jiang, Xi Ma, 28 Nov 1981, Chen 18946 (HITBC); Ying Jiang, Xi Ma, Na Bang Ba, 10 Oct 1988, Chen 659 (KUN). THAILAND. Kanchanaburi: Sangkhlaburi District, Three Pagodas Pass, 300 m, 8 Jan 1994, Dransfield et al. 7343 (K); Sangkhlaburi, 450 m, 1 Nov 1997, Hodel & Vatcharakorn 1766 (BH); Wangka, Kanburi, 200 m, 26 Jan 1926, Kerr 10313 (AAU, K, NY); SE of Sai Yok, 26 Dec 1961, Larsen 8965 (BKF); Toong Yai, Sangkhlaburi, 400-500 m, 22 Mar 1997, Niyomdham & Phuma 4967 (BKF); same locality, same date, Niyomdham & Phuma 4968 (BKF). LAO. Bolikhamsay: Pakkading District, Ban Naphong, Houay Mouang, 18°12’N, 104°21’E, 260 m, 9 Feb 1999, Evans 32 (K). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Wallichia (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 52(1) 1-11</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wallichia gracilis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Webbia 3: 211 (1910)</citation>
+<type>VIETNAM. Tonkin, Vallee de Banton [Lang Son, Ban Ton], 800 m, 27 Dec 1887; B. Balansa; 4362</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype P!, BH (image)</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Wallichia chinensis</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 602 (1937)</bibref>
+<type>CHINA. Guangxi, Lungchow, 20 Jun 1935; S. P. Ko; 55394</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B (destroyed); isotypes IBSC!, SYS!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Hsian-tung-lan (China), hoa ly (Vietnam).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, to 1.5 m tall, 2-2.5 cm diameter, stems bearing staminate and pistillate inflorescences about equal in length. Leaves arranged spirally; sheaths to 40 cm long, fibrous, with black fibers; petioles 1-1.7 m long; rachis 0.45-1.2 m long; pinnae 5-7 per side of rachis, regularly arranged, spreading in the same plane, pinnae from middle of leaf 30-40 cm long, 6-9 cm wide, lanceolate, with two lobes. Inflorescences unisexual, subtended by smaller leaves, staminate or pistillate terminal; staminate inflorescences 12-25 cm long, pendulous; prophyll to 4 cm long; peduncle to 12 cm long; peduncular bracts to 8, open and not sheathing the peduncle; rachillae numerous, 0.5-1.5 cm long, 0.8 mm diameter, short and crowded on the rachis; staminate flowers to 5 mm long; sepals 1 mm long, connate into a cupular, lobed calyx, the lobes free for about half their length, at least one pair of lobes briefly imbricate; petals to 5 mm long, white; stamens 6-7; pistillate inflorescences to 35 cm long, pendulous; prophyll to 4 cm long; peduncle to 20 cm long; peduncular bracts to 8, open and not sheathing the peduncle; rachillae numerous, to 6 cm long, 2 mm diameter; pistillate flowers 2 mm long; sepals 1.5 mm long; petals 2 mm long; gynoecium 2 mm long; fruits ovoid to ellipsoid, to 1.5 cm long, to 1.0 cm diameter, yellow.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>China (Guangxi, Yunnan) and Vietnam (Central, Northern), and probably Lao.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest, at 200-1000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari (1910) listed three specimens of W. gracilis, one of which, with staminate flowers, is chosen as lectotype. Beccari (1910) did not describe the number of stamens, nor the form of the staminate sepals because the flowers on Balansa 4362 are old and without stamens. Burret (1937), in describing W. chinensis, recorded 6-9 stamens. Beccari (1910) cited two paratypes - Henry 12331 and Henry 10411 – which are both here identified as W. caryotoides. Pinnae shape of Wallichia gracilis is similar to that of W. caryotoides. However, both staminate and pistillate rachillae of W. gracilis are considerably shorter than those of W. caryotoides. There is, however, variation in inflorescence length within W. gracilis, and both staminate and pistillate inflorescences range from short and compact to elongate. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CHINA. Guangxi: Long Jing, 12 Dec 1958, Qing 14604 (IBK, IBSC); Daqingshan, Long Jing, 2 Jul 1957, Qing 12955 (IBK, IBSC); Jingxi, 23 Aug 1935, Ko 55593 (IBSC); same locality, 23 Aug 1935, Peng 297155593 (IBSC); Long Jin, Da Qing Shan, Ke Kang, 15 Jun 1957, Tung 12621 (IBK, IBSC, KUN); Long Jin, Da Qing Shan, Gan Men, 2 Jun 1957, Tung 12155 (KUN); Longzhou, 25 Jun 1935, Xipeng 55394 (IBK, IBSC). Yunnan: MaLiPo, Nan Wen He, at the foot of Tao Jun Shan, 1 Jun 1983, Chen 18977 (HITBC); MaLiPo, Tung-ting, 1200-1800 m, 23 Nov 1947, Feng 13616 (A, KUN); Jin Ping, 15 Apr 1958, Huang 557 (KUN); He Kou, Nan E, 6 Jul 1953, Liu 189 (KUN); MaLiPo, Kwan-Kao, 15 Feb 1940, Wang 86913 (IBK, KUN); Si-chou, Fa-doe, 15 Feb 1939, Wang 85736 (KUN). VIETNAM. Cao Bang: Tra Linh District, Quoc Toan, Lung Tao, 22°45’N, 106°19’E, 14 Dec 1998, Hiep cbl1237/1 (HN). Bac Kan: Cho Don District, Bang Lung, 13 May 2000, Hach cd10 (HN). Ha Tay: Ba Vi, ca. 800 m, 19 Jan 1886, Balansa 4369 (P). Ha Tinh: Huong Son District, Nga Doi, 18°29’N, 105°13’E, 20 May 1998, Hiep et al. 773 (HN, K). Hoa Binh: Da Bac District, Phu Canh mountain, 20°55’N, 105°02’E, 30 Mar 2001, Hiep et al. hal452 (HN). Kon Tum: Distr. Dak Glay, ca. 15-18 km NW of Dak Glay, near Mang Khen (Dak Che) village, 1000 m, 24 Nov 1995, Averyanov et al. vh1953 (A, AAU, P). Lang Son: Dong Dang, Feb 1885, Balansa 519 (P). Lao Cai: Van Ban District, Nam Xe Municipality, Mu stream, 22°01’N, 104°00’E, 815-953 m, Harder et al. 7032 (HN). Nghe An: Que Phong, Hanh Dich, 20 Dec 2002, Anon s. n. (HN). Ninh Bihn: Cuc Phuong National Park, 20°21’N, 105°35’E, 330 m, Soejarto et al. 10394 (A, HN); same locality, 30 Jul 1999, Nguyen Manh Cuong et al. 308 (HN); same locality, 9 Jul 1971, Giang Dam 326 (HN); same locality, 23 Feb 1971, Hop 70cp (HN). Phu Tho: Xuan Son, 1 Jul 2003, Phuong 6214 (HN). Quang Bihn: Distr. Minh Hoa, 72 km WNW of Dong Hoi, Municipality Thong Hoa, vicinity of Yen Son village, 17°40’N, 105°57’E, 200 m, 18 Apr 1997, Averyanov et al. 4805 (AAU, HN, MO). Quang Ninh: Taai Wong Mo Shan and vicinity, Chan Uk Village near Chuk-phai, Hai-coi, 11-20 May 1939, Tsang 29051 (A, K, IBSC, P). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Wallichia (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 52(1) 1-11</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wallichia marianneae</name>
+<author>Hodel</author>
+<citation>Palm J. 137: 8 (1997)</citation>
+<type>THAILAND. Trang, SE of Trang near Ton Tok Park, 3 May 1997; D. Hodel, P. Vatcharakorn & R. Vatcharakorn; 1703</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BK; isotype BH!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kuong (Thailand).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, to 1.6 m tall, 4-10 cm diameter, stems bearing staminate and pistillate inflorescences about equal in length. Leaves spirally arranged; sheaths 30-75 cm long, disintegrating into black fibers, with a prominent, fibrous ligule at the apex; petioles 1-1.5 m long; rachis 0.8-1.3 m long; pinnae 5-10 per side of rachis, regularly and alternately arranged, spreading in the same plane, proximal 2-3 pinnae in a cluster, pinnae from middle of leaf 57-77 cm long, 6-8 cm wide at widest point, lanceolate, scarcely lobed. Inflorescences unixexual, subtended by smaller leaves, staminate and pistillate borne on the same stems, the pistillate terminal, the staminate lateral; staminate inflorescences not seen in their entirety; rachillae to 10, to 20 cm long, 2-2.5 mm diameter; staminate flowers to 6 mm long; sepals 1.5 mm long, connate into a cupular calyx, very briefly lobed; petals 6 mm long, purple; stamens 16-19; pistillate inflorescences not seen; rachillae to 11 cm long, 3.5 mm diameter; pistillate flowers to 3 mm long; sepals to 0.5 mm long; petals 3 mm long; gynoecium 1.5 mm long; fruits ovoid to ellipsoid, to 1.1 cm long, to 0.8 cm diameter, red or purple. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Thailand (Peninsula) and probably adjacent Myanmar.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland moist forest, 600-1100 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>No uses recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinguished from other species by its lanceolate pinnae (Fig. 2E) and purple staminate flowers with 16-19 stamens. One specimen from Thailand (Kanchanaburi: ca. 30 km NW of Thong Pha Phum on highway 323 to Myanmar border, ca. 20 km E of Koeng Ka Vin and Pawanaputso Temple, 500 m, 1 Nov 1997, Hodel & Vatcharakorn 1765 (BH, MO)) has lanceolate pinnae as in W. marianneae and 12 stamens as in W. caryotoides. It is illustrated in Hodel (1998), plate 83c. It may be a hybrid between W. marianneae and W. caryotoides. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>THAILAND. Trang: Khao Chong, forest adjacent to Peninsular Botanic Garden, 7°37’N, 99°37’E, 150-200 m, 24 Oct 1992, Barfod et al. 43985 (AAU); Khao Chang, Botanical Gardens, Tub Kian, 2 km from headquarters, 3 Dec 1986, Smith 94 (K). Phangnga: Sri Phangnga National Park, 9°00’N, 98°28’E, 100-200 m, Barfod et al. 45264 (AAU). Phuket Khao: Khao Phra Kaeo non-hunting area, 8°02’N, 98°21’E, 50-100 m, 27 Feb 1994, Barfod et al. 45273 (AAU). Ranong: La-un, 1100 m, 3 Jan 1929, Kerr 16522 (AAU, BH, BK, K, NY); Kapur District, Klong Na Kha Wildlife Sanctuary, Bang Mon, 25 Nov 1986, Smith & Sumawong 47 (K). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Wallichia (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 52(1) 1-11</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wallichia nana</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<citation>Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 488 (1845)</citation>
+<type>INDIA. Assam, “lower Assam, in woods about Gowahatty”, no date; Jenkins; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype CAL; isotypes A!, K!, NY!, P!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Harina nana</name>
+<author>(Griff.) Griff.</author>
+<bibref>(Griff.) Griff., Palms Brit. E. Ind.: 176 (1850)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Didymosperma nanum</name>
+<author>(Griff.) H.Wendl. & Drude in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem</author>
+<bibref>(Griff.) H.Wendl. & Drude in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 243 (1878)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Blancoa nana</name>
+<author>(Griff.) Kuntze</author>
+<bibref>(Griff.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 727 (1891)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Arenga nana</name>
+<author>(Griff.) H.E.Moore</author>
+<bibref>(Griff.) H.E.Moore, Principes 4: 114 (1960)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ipathi (India).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, to 0.6 m tall, to 2 cm diameter, stems bearing staminate and pistillate inflorescences about equal in length. Leaves arranged spirally; sheaths to 20 cm long, fibrous, with a fibrous ligule to 8 cm long; petioles 0.1-0.28 m long; rachis 0.15-0.5 m long; pinnae 3 per side of rachis, regularly arranged, spreading in the same plane, pinnae from middle of leaf 9-20 cm long, 6.5-10 cm wide, lanceolate, with two lobes. Inflorescences unisexual, subtended by smaller leaves, the pistillate terminal and the staminate lateral; staminate inflorescences to 30 cm long, erect; prophyll not seen; peduncle to 20 cm long; peduncular bracts several, sheathing the peduncle; rachillae 1-4, to 13 cm long, 2 mm diameter, densely brown tomentose; staminate flowers to 5 mm long; sepals 2 mm long, connate into a cupular calyx, deeply lobed, the lobes not imbricate; petals 5 mm long, purple; stamens 9; pistillate inflorescences 20-30 cm long, erect; prophyll not seen; peduncle 11-15 cm long; peduncular bracts several, sheathing the peduncle; rachillae 1-3, often only one well-developed, 8-12 cm long, 3-4 mm diameter, densely brown tomentose; pistillate flowers 2-3.5 mm long; sepals 0.5 mm long; petals 2-3 mm long; gynoecium 2-3 mm long; fruits ellipsoid, to 1.2 cm long, to 1.0 cm diameter, white. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rainforest at low elevations.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>No uses recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species was transferred by Moore (1960) from Wallichia to Arenga, presumably based on its staminate sepals. Wallichia and Arenga are morphologically similar, and the only difference between the two is the form of the staminateflowers. Wallichia is said to have the sepals of the staminate flowers connate into a tube, and Arenga to have free and imbricate staminate sepals (Uhl and Dransfield, 1987). As found in this study, species of Wallichia have cupular staminate sepals, either lobed or not lobed at the apex. In those species with lobed apices, the lobes are sometimes briefly imbricate. In all species of Arenga, the staminate sepals are free and imbricate. In this scenario, Arenga nana clearly belongs in Wallichia. Griffith (1850) reported ‘about 14’ stamens, although only nine have been counted in this study. Staminate and pistillate inflorescences are borne on the same stem, with a terminal pistillate inflorescence followed by staminate inflorescences. Direction of anthesis amongst inflorescences is basipetal. Distal inflorescences are subtended by smaller leaves. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA. Assam: Duphla Hills, 12 Dec 1874, Lister 59 (P); banks of the Duking and Dhumsiri rivers, Mar 1890, Anon s. n. (K) Meghalaya: Khasia, Nowgong, 22 Jul 1850, J. Hooker & J. Thomson s. n. (K, P). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Wallichia (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 52(1) 1-11</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wallichia oblongifolia</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<citation>Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 486 (1845)</citation>
+<type>INDIA. Assam, unknown locality, no date; Masters; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype NY!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Harina oblongifolia</name>
+<author>(Griff.) Griff.</author>
+<bibref>(Griff.) Griff., Palms Brit. E. Ind.: 175 (1850)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Wallichia densiflora</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 190 (1845)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Harina densiflora</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Walp.</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 3: 1032 (1853)</bibref>
+<type>Not designated.</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Mihua walizong (China); takoru (Bhutan, Nepal); araru, chilputtal, ipathi, lemi (India); zanong (Myanmar); khareto (Nepal).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, short and subterranean or to 1 m tall, to 40 cm diameter, stems bearing staminate and pistillate inflorescences about equal in length. Leaves 7-10, spirally arranged; sheaths and ligules disintegrating into black fibers; petioles to 2 m long; rachis 1.5-2.5 m long; pinnae 16-17 per side of rachis, regularly and alternately arranged, spreading in the same plane, proximal 2-3 pinnae in a cluster, the smallest erect, pinnae from middle of leaf 45-56 cm long, 7-12 cm wide, widest near the apex, approximately oblong, with several lobes. Inflorescences unisexual, staminate and pistillate borne on separate stems; staminate inflorescences pendulous, not seen in their entirety; prophyll not seen; peduncle not seen; peduncular bracts several, covering and compressing the rachillae at anthesis; rachillae numerous, at least to 12 cm long, 2 mm diameter, glabrous; staminate flowers 7-10 mm long; sepals 5-7 mm long, connate into a cupular calyx; petals to 7 mm long, free except for the basal 2 mm, there forming a solid tube with the stamens inserted; stamens 6; pistillate inflorescences to 100 cm long, horizontally spreading; prophyll not seen; peduncle to 70 cm long; peduncular bracts several (at least 3); rachillae 16-32, to 35 cm long, 4.5-6.5 mm diameter; pistillate flowers to 6 mm long; sepals 1 mm long; petals 5 mm long; gynoecium to 5 mm long; fruits ovoid to ellipsoid, to 1.5 cm long, to 0.8 cm diameter, greenish-brown to reddish.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttaranchal), Myanmar (Kachin, Sagaing), and Nepal.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland or montane rain forest, especially in rocky places on steep slopes, 200-1200 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The leaves are used for thatching and making brooms.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species has usually been known as Wallichia densiflora Mart. This name was published in September 1845 in the second printing of the third volume of Historia Naturalis Palmarum (Martius, 1845; see also Dransfield and Moore, 1982). Here Martius refers to page 189 of the first printing of the third volume, published in 1838, but no reference to Wallichia densiflora appears on that page, at least not in the copy at NY (contra Dransfield and Moore, 1982). Page 189, in fact, contains the treatment of Iriartea, and that of Wallichia is on page 188. However, even on that page there is no reference to W. densiflora. Wallichia oblongifolia was published in January 1845 (Griffith, 1845), and thus precedes W. densiflora. Wallichia oblongifolia is distinctive in its large, approximately oblong pinnae (Fig. 2G). Inflorescences of W.oblongifolia appear to be either staminate or pistillate and no specimen has been seen with both staminate and pistillate flowers on the same inflorescence. There is no evidence of inflorescences being subtended by reduced leaves. In the field plants have been seen with either staminate or pistillate inflorescences, never both, and thus there is a possibility that this species is dioecious. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA. Assam: Garo Hills, Chokphot, 1300 ft., no date, Parry 876 (K). Manipur: Mount Sirhoi, 13 Oct 1948, Kingdon-Ward 18231 (NY). Meghalaya: Khasi Hills, Barapani, 3000 ft., 5-14 Jun 1949, Thakur Rup Chand 1658 (BH); Khasi Hills, Burnihat, 15 Mar 1955, Thakur Rup Chand 8330 (BH); Khasi Hills, no date, Hooker & Thomson s. n. (A, P). Sikkim: Tista, Mar 1874, Gamble 2969 (K); Chumbai, 7 May 1876, Gamble s. n. (K); no locality, 1000-3000 ft., no date, Hooker & Thomson s. n. (A, P). Uttaranchal: Kumaon, 1000-2500 ft., no date, Strachey & Winterbottom s. n. (A, K, P). BANGLADESH. Chittagong, Pharoha, 28 Feb 1879, Gamble 6765b (K); Chittagong, Sitakund, 1000 ft., no date, Hooker & Thomson s. n. (K). CHINA. Yunnan: Labang, near YinJiang on border with Myanmar, 24°45’N, 97°34’E, 16 Jul 2003, Henderson et al. 3111 (NY): Jiang Cheng, Tu Ka river, 18 Dec 1991, Tao 49085 (HITBC); YinJiang, Xi Ma, Na Bang Na near La Zha river, 10 Dec 1978, Tao 17894 (HITBC); YinJiang, Xi Ma, Na Bang Ba, 30 Oct 1988, Chen 660 (KUN). BHUTAN. Sankosh: 2 km W of Pinkhua, 26°44’N, 90°02’E, 360 m, 16 Mar 1982, Grierson & Long 3786 (A, K). Samchi: Khagra Valley near Gokti, 26°49’N, 89°12’E, 600 m, 2 Mar 1983, Grierson & Long 3409 (K). NEPAL. Chitwan National Park, Siwalik Hill (Churiya Hill), ca 8 km SE of Bhimpur Siwalik, 350 m, Oct 1993, Rijal 800 (K). MYANMAR. Kachin: Ledo road, 3 km N of Shinbwiyang, 26°43’N, 96°11’E, 260 m, 16 Jan 2005, Henderson et al. 3132 (K, MAND, NY, RAF, RANG); Ledo road, Mile 8 Camp, between Namyung and Shinbwiyang, 26°46’N, 96°12’E, 847 m, 27 Jan 2005, Henderson et al. 3156 (K, MAND, NY, RAF, RANG); Ledo road, between Mile 8 Camp and Shinbwiyang, 26°43’N, 96°12’E, 350 m, 29 Jan 2005, Henderson et al. 3164 (MAND, NY, RAF, RANG). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Wallichia (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 52(1) 1-11</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wallichia triandra</name>
+<author>(J.Joseph) S.K.Basu</author>
+<citation>Principes 20: 120 (1976)</citation>
+<type>INDIA. Arunachal Pradesh, Hayuliang, 25 Sep 1969; A. Rao; 48105</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype CAL</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Asraoa triandra</name>
+<author>J.Joseph</author>
+<bibref>Bull. Bot. Surv. India 14: 144 (1972 publ. 1975)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, to 3 m tall, 3-5 cm diameter, Stems bearing staminate and pistillate inflorescences about equal in length. Leaves arranged spirally; sheaths fibrous; rachis to 2 m long; pinnae 11-19 per side of rachis, regularly arranged, spreading in the same plane, pinnae from middle of leaf to 40 cm long, to 10 cm wide at widest point, lanceolate, with two pronounced lobes. Inflorescences unisexual, the pistillate terminal and staminate lateral; staminate inflorescences to 0.35 m long, erect; prophyll not seen; peduncle not seen; peduncular bracts about 8, sheathing the peduncule; rachillae to 16 cm long; staminate flowers to 8 mm long; sepals 1-1.5 mm long, connate into a cupular calyx; petals 6-8 mm long, dark violet; stamens 3; pistillate inflorescences to 0.35 m long, erect; prophyll not seen; peduncle not seen; peduncular bracts several, sheathing the peduncle; rachillae 20-30 cm long; pistillate flowers 4 mm long; sepals 1 mm long; petals 3 mm long; fruits oblong, to 1.3 cm long, to 0.7 cm diameter, red. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from China (Tibet) and India (Arunachal Pradesh).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Montane rainforest, at 900-2000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The description above is taken from Joseph (1972). Kingdom-Ward 18477, which lacks staminate flowers, probably belongs here, based on pinnae shape only. It comes from the same locality as one of the paratypes cited in the original description.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA. Arunachal. Pradesh: Mishmi Hills, Glo, Kamlang valley, 4000 ft., 1 Apr 1949, Kingdom-Ward 18477 (NY). CHINA. Tibet: Didong, Medog, SE Tibet, 13 Dec 1992, Sun ETM2217 (KUN); Mo-Tuo, Mo Tuo, Bei Ben, 7 Oct 1974, Qing Hai Tibet Team 74-5067 (KUN); Mo Tuo, Lao Mo Tuo, 26 Aug 1974, Qing Hai Tibet Team 74-4548 (KUN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Striking solitary hermaphroditic tree fan palms native to desert oases in southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico, distinctive in the long inflorescences with bracts that split and open out, becoming almost sword-like, and the chaffy petals and sepals.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Washingtonia</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<citation>Bot. Zeit. 37: lxi, 68, 148 (1879)</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Washingtonia filifera; (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. ex de Bary</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neowashingtonia</name>\r
+<author>Sudw.</author>\r
+<bibref>Sudw., U.S.D.A. Div. Forest. Bull. 14: 105 (1897) (substitute name).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Honors George Washington (1732–1799).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, tall, solitary, armed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic tree palms. Stem erect, usually partly or wholly covered with persistent dry leaves, ringed with close leaf scars, sometimes enlarged basally. Leaves induplicate, costapalmate, marcescent; sheath with a conspicuous abaxial cleft below the petiole, the margins disintegrating into a dark-brown fibrous network, the sheath densely caducous tomentose, margins becoming fibrous; petiole elongate, adaxially flattened to slightly concave, abaxially rounded, margins strongly armed with curved teeth, teeth becoming smaller and sparser distally; adaxial hastula large, membranous, triangular, irregularly margined and tattering, abaxial hastula a low ridge obscured by a mat of thick tomentum (in Washingtonia robusta); blade divided irregularly to ca. 1/3 its length into linear single-fold segments, bifid at their apices, pendulous at maturity, filamentous at the tips, interfold filaments conspicuous, midribs prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescence interfoliar, ascending, branched to 3(–4) orders, equalling or generally exceeding the leaves, curved, slender; peduncle short; prophyll tubular, closely sheathing, 2-keeled, irregularly tattered at the tip; peduncular bract 1, like the prophyll but with a single keel; rachis much longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts tubular basally, splitting longitudinally, becoming flattened and sword-like, very coriaceous; subsequent bracts minute or lacking; rachillae numerous, short, very slender, glabrous. Flowers solitary, elongate, spirally inserted, briefly pedicellate; calyx chaffy, tubular proximally with 3 irregularly tattered, imbricate lobes, persistent in fruit; corolla tubular for ca. 1/3 its length, distinct lobes valvate, narrowly ovate, tapering to a point, reflexed at anthesis, thin, almost chaffy; stamens 6, borne at the mouth of corolla tube, filaments elongate, gradually tapering from a fleshy base, anthers elongate, medifixed, versatile, latrorse, connective narrow; gynoecium top-shaped, carpels 3, distinct basally, united through the long slender styles, ovule basal, erect, (?)anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight to extreme asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, rugulate or reticulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 35–51 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral, tetragonal or decussate, proportions not recorded [2/2]. Fruit small, broadly ellipsoidal to globose, often falling with the pedicel and unilaterally ruptured calyx tube attached, blackish, stigmatic and abortive carpel remains apical; epicarp smooth, thin, mesocarp thin, fleshy with a few flattened longitudinal fibres, endocarp thin, crustaceous, not adherent to the seed, smooth within. Seed ellipsoidal, somewhat compressed, hilum eccentrically basal, raphe extending 2/3 the length of the shining red-brown seed coat, loosely branched laterally, seed coat intrusion very thin, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination remote-ligular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two closely related species: Washingtonia filifera occurs in southeastern California, western Arizona, and Baja California; W. robusta in Baja California and Sonora, Mexico. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Washingtonia has not been tested. Washingtonia is resolved as sister to Pritchardia with low support (Asmussen et al. 2006). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1936) and Zona (1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Washingtonia stands apart from other members of theLivistoninae because of its unusual sword-shaped bracts andcurious chaffy perianths, in particular, the large, flat, reflexedpetals.\r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Washington palms, desert fan palm (Washingtonia filifera), Mexican washington (W. robusta). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Desert palms occurring along streams and canyons, also about springs and seepages in more open areas. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate pinnate-leaved palm from Central and South America, distinctive in the very robust rachillae, with deep pits out of which emerge the flowers, the staminate flower with numerous stamens, and the 2-keeled fruit.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Welfia</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<citation>Gartenflora 18: 242 (1869).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Welfia regia; H.Wendl.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for the House of Welf (English Guelf or Guelph, Italian Guelpho), dynasty of German nobles and rulers in Italy and central Europe in the Middle Ages, later including the Hanoverian Welfs, who became rulers of Great Britain.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, leaf scars conspicuous, wide, rather distant, upper trunk orange to brown. Leaves large, marcescent, regularly pinnate, ± erect and arching at the tip in a feather-duster crown; sheath soon splitting opposite the petiole, not forming a crownshaft, abaxially thick, somewhat ridged, densely tomentose, margins disintegrating into large fibres; petiole short, deeply channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, densely tomentose; rachis much longer than the petiole, adaxially flattened, laterally channelled, abaxially rounded; leaflets subopposite to almost alternate, broadly lanceolate, pendulous, single-fold, glabrous and darker adaxially, pale but with a dense layer of tomentum abaxially, midrib not evident, ca. 8–several, nearly equal, rather large veins more conspicuous abaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences interfoliar and erect in bud, becoming infrafoliar and pendulous, branched to 1(–2) orders, protandrous; peduncle short, very stout, recurved; prophyll tubular, flat, wide, woody, deeply grooved abaxially, tomentose, margins with wide flat keels, often notched; complete peduncular bracts l, like the prophyll but shorter and thinner, leathery, subsequent peduncular bracts several, short, stiff, rounded, spirally inserted above the peduncular bract; rachis short, about as long as the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged, small, rounded or pointed, ovate bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae stout, bearing 8 rows of partly sunken, stiff ovate bracts each subtending a triad of flowers borne in a pit. Staminate flowers sessile, borne to the outside of the pistillate flower within the pit; sepals 3, chaffy, briefly united basally to the floral receptacle, narrow, keeled, overlapping distally in bud; petals 3, elongate, connate and joined with the floral receptacle for ca. 1/3 their length, free lobes ± boat-shaped, valvate, chaffy; stamens 36 (27–42) in antesepalous and antepetalous groups (see Uhl and Moore 1980), filaments short, broad, connective with a pointed tip, anthers linear-sagittate, basifixed, introrse; pistillode consisting of 3 small tubercles or lacking. Pollen asymmetric ellipsoidal, or pyriform; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate, longest axis 25–45 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flower rounded, pointed in bud; sepals 3, distinct, narrow, overlapping, keeled, chaffy; petals 3, connate in a tube for 2/3 their length or more, distinct lobes triangular, valvate, chaffy; staminodes numerous (15–16), adnate to the corolla tube for 2/3 their length, free and awl-shaped or linear-triangular above; gynoecium trilocular, triovulate, 3-angled with the adaxial side longer, style long, cylindrical, stigmas 3, recurved, ovule axile at the centre of the locule, anatropous. Fruit almond-shaped, slightly compressed dorsiventrally, laterally ridged, with a short apical point, dull purple, stigmatic remains and abortive carpels basal; epicarp smooth, ± shiny, mesocarp with slender parallel fibres, endocarp thin, crustaceous. Seed purple, ellipsoidal, rounded apically, covered in a white, sweet-tasting mucilage-like coating when ripe, hilum lateral at the base, raphe ± encircling the seed with short basal and apical branches, endosperm homogeneous; embryo eccentric at the base. Germination adjacent-ligular, eophyll bifid. Cytology unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species, from Honduras to west and east Colombia and Ecuador. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Wessels Boer 1968), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), and flower (Uhl and Moore 1980, Stauffer and Endress 2003). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Welfia is resolved as sister to Pholidostachys with moderate support (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review), or as sister to a clade of Pholidostachys, Calyptronoma and Calyptrogyne (Asmussen 1999a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Wessels Boer (1968) and Henderson et al. (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>A distinctive large subcanopy tree with feather duster crown and leaves with large, several-ribbed pinnae. The numerous (about 42) stamens with filaments united in a tube basally but free and fleshy distally are diagnostic. Their development follows a pattern not recorded in any other palm genus; after sepal and petal origin, the floral apex expands in lobes opposite the sepals, and stamens arise in arcs of ca. 6 opposite each sepal and petal (Uhl and Moore 1980). \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring from lowlands to 2000 m above sea level in the Andes in dense rain forest. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Welfia regia</name>
+<author>H.Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Gard. Chron. 1869: 1236 (1869)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, to 15 m tall, 10-20 cm in diameter. Leaves erect, 4-6 m long, usually arching and with the rachis twisting so that the distal part of the leaf stand in a vertical plane; pinnae to 100 on each side, the central ones to 1 m long and 5-10 cm wide, with several prominent secondary veins; developing leaves reddish green. Inflorescence with a short axis bearing 5-12 pendulous, angled branches, 2-3 cm in diameter; flower pits usually arranged in 8 longitudinal rows. Flowers cream coloured, slightly bilabiate, ca. 1 cm long, with 30-45 stamens or staminodes, respectively. Fruits reddish brown, almond shaped, flattened, ca. 3 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central America to Ecuador W of the Andes, with an isolated population in E Andes of Peru. In Ecuador it is abundant in a narrow belt of forest in the W lowlands.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Diminutive pinnate-leaved dioecious undergrowth palms from rain forest in South America; the leaves are often entire bifid; inflorescences are very small with flowers in acervuli.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Wendlandiella</name>\r
+<author>Dammer</author>\r
+<citation>Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36 (Beibl. 80): 31 (1905).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Wendlandiella gracilis; Dammer</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Hermann Wendland (1825–1903), German botanist and horticulturist who collected palms in Costa Rica and described many palms, with the diminutive iella, perhaps distinguishing the genus from one named after H. Wendland’s grandfather, J.C. Wendland, also a horticulturist.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Dwarf, clustering, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious palm. Stem very slender, internodes long, ringed with leaf scars. Leaves pinnate or entire, bifid and pinnately nerved; sheaths slender, tubular, not splitting opposite the petiole; petiole slender; rachis ± triangular in cross-section; leaflets when present only 24 per side, with broad insertions, thin, smooth, lanceolate, midrib and sometimes another pair of veins larger, transverse veinlets not apparent. Inflorescences interfoliar, staminate and pistillate inflorescences superficially similar, branching to 1(–2) orders; peduncle elongate; prophyll tubular; peduncular bract 1, tubular, it and the prophyll included within the sheath or exserted and exceeding the peduncle; rachis shorter than the peduncle; rachillae slender, few and subdigitate to numerous, bearing low membranous bracts, floral bracteoles not evident. Staminate flowers in acervuli of 2–6; sepals 3, briefly connate and markedly gibbous basally, distinct distally and the lobes ± hooded at least in bud, the margins usually thin; petals 3, thin, nerveless when dry, valvate, spreading to recurved at anthesis; stamens 6, the filaments erect in bud, distinct, anthers medium with rounded ends, fleshy connectives very short; pistillodes 3, distinct or somewhat connate. Pollen ellipsoidal, slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, very finely striate, aperture margin similar or slightly perforate; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 26–32 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral, occasionally tetragonal [1/1]. Pistillate flowers solitary or in vertical pairs; sepals 3, connate in a low, 3-lobed cupule, gibbous basally; petals 3, imbricate, gibbous, about twice as long as sepals; staminodes 3, minute; gynoecium subglobose, trilocular, triovulate, stigmas 3, reflexed, ovule pendulous, form unknown. Fruit ellipsoidal, with basal stigmatic remains and remnants of abortive carpels, orange-red at maturity; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thin, lacking fibres, endocarp membranous, not adherent to the seed. Seed with a single raphe branch ventrally curving over the top and a side branch curving around each lateral surface, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral slightly below the middle. Germination and eophyll unrecorded. Cytology: 2n = 28.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species with three varieties, each confined to three separate basins of the western Amazon in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Grown as ornamentals by a few enthusiasts. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The placement of Wendlandiella is not yet clear and varies among different studies. In a well-sampled study based on nuclear DNA alone, Wendlandiella is found to be sister to the rest of the Chamaedoreeae, excluding Hyophorbe, with high support (Thomas et al. 2006). In the studies based on plastid DNA alone, Wendlandiella is found to be sister to Hyophorbe with moderate or low support (Asmussen et al. 2006, Cuenca and Asmussen-Lange 2007). Alternative placements are found in other studies based on combinations of data types: Wendlandiella as sister to Chamaedorea (Uhl et al. 1995) and Wendlandiella as sister to Synechanthus (Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Wendlandiella resembles Chamaedorea but differs in having only two bracts on the inflorescence, the staminate and sometimes pistillate flowers borne in rows (acervuli), sepals of both staminate and pistillate flowers connate in a low ring, and endocarp membranous not hard. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Chontilla, ponilla (Peru). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>This is a palm of the undergrowth of lowland rain forest on terra firme (Henderson 1995).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Clustering shrubby hermaphroditic fan palm occurring in swampy coastal areas of the northern Caribbean, distinctive in its long erect or pendulous inflorescences bearing numerous very small blue-black fruit.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Acoelorrhaphe</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<citation>Bot. Zeit. 37: 148 (1879).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Acoelorrhaphe wrightii; (Griseb. and H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. ex Becc.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Paurotis</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, in Northr., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 12: 21 (1902).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Paurotis androsana; O.F. Cook.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Acanthosabal</name>\r
+<author>Prosch</author>\r
+<bibref>Prosch, Gard. Chron., series 3. 77: 91 (1925).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Acanthosabal caespitosa; Prosch</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>A — without, coelos — hollow, rhaphe — seam, alluding to the fact that the seed lacks the impressed raphe common in many coryphoid genera.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, armed, clustered, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palm. Stem slender, erect, clothed with persistent leaf sheaths and petiole bases, older stems naked below, internodes very short. Leaves rather small, induplicate, very briefly costapalmate; sheath disintegrating into an interwoven mass of coarse, rich brown fibres; petiole moderate, slightly channelled or flattened adaxially, rounded abaxially, fiercely armed with robust, triangular, reflexed or inflexed spines, adaxial hastula conspicuous, irregularly lobed, abaxial hastula a low ridge; blade nearly orbicular, relatively flat regularly divided to below the middle into narrow, single-fold, deeply bifid, stiff segments, usually silvery abaxially due to small scales, midribs prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences slender, solitary, interfoliar, exceeding the leaves, branched to 4 orders; peduncle slender, elongate, elliptical in cross-section, usually erect; prophyll short, partly to completely enclosed by the leaf sheaths, tubular, 2-keeled laterally, splitting apically into short, irregular lobes; peduncular bracts 2, like the prophyll but much longer and more shallowly keeled; rachis about as long as the peduncle, ± glabrous, completely sheathed by tubular bracts, other branches densely tomentose; rachis bracts like the peduncular bract but smaller and decreasing in size distally; first-order branches bearing a 2-keeled membranous prophyll ± included within the primary bract; subsequent bracts very inconspicuous, triangular, membranous; rachillae slender, bearing spirally arranged, minute bracts each subtending a low spur bearing a cluster (cincinnus) of (1)–2–3 flowers, each flower subtended by a small thin bract. Flowers cream-coloured; sepals 3, fleshy and slightly connate basally; petals 3, united in a basal tube for 1/4 their length; stamens 6, borne at the mouth of corolla tube, filaments connate in a shallow cup at the base, free portions abruptly narrowed to a filiform apex, not inflexed in bud; anthers dorsifixed, short, rounded, versatile at anthesis, latrorse; gynoecium of 3 glabrous, follicular carpels, connate in stylar regions, ovule basal, erect, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate, micro-channelled, and slightly rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate, longest axis 29–33 µm [1/1]. Fruit small, rounded, developing from 1 carpel, black, stigmatic scar apical, abortive carpels basal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thinly fleshy with prominent longitudinal fibres, endocarp thin, crustaceous. Seed with basal hilum, endosperm homogeneous penetrated by a thin intrusion of the seed coat at one side; embryo lateral near base on the antirapheal side. Germination remote-ligular (Chavez 2003); eophyll simple, narrow, lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+ <div type="distribution"><p>One species in southern Florida,the West Indies, and parts of the Caribbean coast of CentralAmerica.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997),floral (Morrow 1965).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Acoelorrhaphe is resolved as sister to Serenoawith moderate support (Uhl et al. 1995, Asmussen et al.2006, Baker et al. in review).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Widely grown as anornamental.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Zona (1997).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>See comments under Brahea.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>An attractive clustering palm with erect, ratherslender, brown trunks and leaves silvery beneath, suitable forrather moist areas. Similar to Serenoa, but differing in anerect habit, larger thorns on the petioles, and flowers withfree and overlapping sepals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Paurotis palm, saw cabbagepalm, silver saw palm, everglades palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Forming clumps in brackish swamps.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Usually moderate solitary or clustered pinnate-leaved tree palms of the Andes and foothills, the stems with stilt roots; leaflets are rhomboid praemorse, and sometimes longitudinally divided to give the whole leaf an ostrich-feather appearance; inflorescences are often multiple at each node, often unisexual, and the fruit has basal stigmatic remains and embryo.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Wettinia</name>\r
+<author>Poepp. in Endl.</author> \r
+<citation>Gen. pl. 243 (1837).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Wettinia augusta; Poepp. and Endl.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Catoblastus</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl., Bonplandia 8: 104, 106 (1860).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Catoblastus praemorsus; (Willd.) H. Wendl.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Wettinella</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook and Doyle</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook and Doyle, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 235 (1913).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Wettinella quinaria; O.F. Cook and Doyle</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Acrostigma</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook and Doyle</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook and Doyle, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 228 (1913).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Acrostigma aequale; O.F. Cook and Doyle</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Catostigma</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook and Doyle</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook and Doyle, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 230 (1913).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Catostigma radiatum; O.F. Cook and Doyle</type> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Wettiniicarpus</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 937 (1930).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Wettiniicarpus fascicularis; Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for Frederick August of the House of Wettin (1750–1827), King of Saxony.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustered, slender, moderate or robust, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious tree palms. Stem erect, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, bearing at the base a cone of stilt roots, covered in small sharp lateral roots. Leaves few in number, spirally arranged or rarely distichous, pinnate, neatly abscising or rarely marcescent; sheaths forming a well-defined crownshaft, covered with a variety of indumentum types; petiole rather short, adaxially channelled or convex, abaxially rounded; rachis adaxially angled, abaxially rounded, bearing hairs of various types; leaflets of two sorts, one undivided, elongate, asymmetrically and narrowly elliptic in outline, the proximal margin entire for ca. 2/3 its length, then praemorsely toothed, the distal margin entire for ca. 1/4 its length, then praemorsely toothed, conspicuously ribbed, the main ribs diverging from the base to the praemorse margin, the other leaflet type similar but with stouter ribs, and split between the ribs to the base into narrow segments displayed in several planes giving the whole leaf a plumose appearance, leaflets densely hairy abaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences unisexual, infrafoliar, 3–8(–15) at a node, maturing centrifugally, the central pistillate or staminate, the lateral staminate, or sometimes the inflorescence single by abortion of accessory buds at the node, either staminate or pistillate, spicate or branched to 1 order; peduncle prominent, shorter than or ± as long as rachis; prophyll short, tubular, 2-keeled, open at the apex; peduncular bracts 4–7, proximal 2 rather short, tubular, rounded, not flattened, open apically, distal bracts much longer, tubular, ± beaked, enclosing the inflorescence, splitting longitudinally, prophyll and all peduncular bracts very coriaceous, variously hairy or bristly, persisting long into fruiting stage; rachis where inflorescence branched, bearing small, collar-like or scarcely evident, spirally arranged bracts, the rachis and branches often coiled in bud; rachillae radiating or pendulous, bearing spirally arranged flowers. Flowers white or cream-coloured at anthesis, densely crowded. Staminate flowers crowded in ebracteolate pairs or solitary, open within the inflorescence bud; sepals 3(–4), briefly connate or distinct, ± narrow-triangular, small; petals much longer than the sepals, 3(–4), narrow triangular, straight or hooked at the apex, briefly valvate at the base; stamens 6–20, filaments short, slender, anthers basifixed, erect, elongate, latrorse; pistillode absent or minute and trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal, ± bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine intectate, upper surface of foot layer covered by fine, dense gemmae or clavae, loosely supporting short, wide-spaced, broad-based spines, aperture margin similar; longest axis 43–50 µm [5/21]. Pistillate flowers open in bud asymmetrical due to close packing, usually borne with 2 vestigial staminate flowers; sepals 3(–4), imbricate, or separated, or briefly connate basally, deltoid to elongate triangular; petals 3(–4), similar to but usually longer and broader than the sepals; staminodes 6, minute, tooth-like or absent; gynoecium of 1–3 minutely roughened, hairy or bristly fertile carpels and (0–)2 abortive carpels, with basal or apical, short to elongate, glabrous or hairy style, and 3 elongate, large stigmas, persistent or deciduous in fruit, ovule laterally attached at the base, anatropous. Fruit developing from 1 carpel, rarely from 2, densely crowded or rather loosely arranged, 1-seeded, prismatic, irregular, ellipsoid or globose, stigmatic remains basal; epicarp minutely roughened, softly hairy, or hairy and warty, or prickly with shining straight or twisted spines, mesocarp granular, with a layer of sclereids external to a parenchymatous layer with included tannin cells and elongate fibres, endocarp very thin. Seed ellipsoidal or subglobose, sometimes enclosed in a gelatinous mass when fresh, basally attached with rounded hilum, raphe elongate with reticulate branches, endosperm homogeneous or ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll praemorse, undivided or with a brief apical split. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Twenty-one species in Panama, Colombia, Peru, west Brazil and Ecuador. Greatest diversity in Colombia, west of the Andes in the Choco refugium, but also found east of the Andes. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Roth 1990), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), gynoecium (Uhl and Moore 1971), stamen development (see Socratea), seed (Roth 1990, as Catoblastus praemorsus). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Wettinia has not beentested. For relationships, see Iriartella.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used forthatching and the trunk split and used for flooring and walling.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore and Dransfield (1978), Moore(1982), Galeano-Garces and Bernal-Gonzales (1983) and Bernal(1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>There is striking diversity in fruit form, particularly infruit surface; fruits can be warty, bristly or prickly.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Stilt palms. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Confined to ever-wet tropical rain forest at low to medium elevations, often occurring in abundance. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia aequalis</name>
+<author>(O.F.Cook & Doyle) R.Bernal</author>
+<citation>Caldasia 17: 368 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, 4-10 m tall and 7-13 cm in diameter, distally with persisting, dead sheaths. Leaves 3-5 m long; pinnae 20-35 on each side, entire, spreading horizontally in one plane, glabrous on both sides, the central ones 70-110 cm long and 7-16 cm wide. Inflorescences 3-11 per node; peduncle 15-35 cm long; rachis 2-20 cm long; branches 2-10; male inflorescence branches 15-25 cm long; male inflorescence branches to 115 cm long in fruit, strongly pendulous. Male flowers 7-8 mm long, with 5-9 stamens. Female flowers dispersed along the branches, 10-11 mm long. Fruit yellow at maturity, 2-3 cm long and 1.5-2 cm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Panama, W Colombia, and W Ecuador, at elevations below 800 m. In Ecuador it often replaces Wettinia quinaria as a dominant subcanopy species in areas with a slightly seasonal climate.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia aequatorialis</name>
+<author>R.Bernal</author>
+<citation>Caldasia 17: 369 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, 5-8 m tall and 4-7 cm in diameter, smooth. Leaves 1.5-2.5 m long; pinnae 25-30 on each side, entire, borne horizontally or slightly pendulous, glabrous on both sides, the central ones 55-70 cm long and 3.5-4.5 cm wide, with ca. 10 prominent veins. Inflorescences 1-3 per node; peduncle 10-20 cm long; rachis 5-20 cm long; branches 8-20; male inflorescence branches to 12 cm long; female branches to 45 cm long in fruit. Male flowers hairy, 7-8 mm long, with 12-15 stamens. Female flowers dispersed along the branches, 10-12 mm long. Fruit ca. 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, with a rusty indument.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to the SE Andes of Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Lower risk/near threatened (Borchsenius & Skov 1999).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Occasionally individuals with simple leaves may be encountered.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia anomala</name>
+<author>(Burret) R.Bernal</author>
+<citation>Caldasia 17: 368 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, 6-15 m tall and 8-15 cm in diameter, smooth. Leaves 2.5-4.5 m long; pinnae 20-45 on each side, entire, pendulous, with a yellow to rusty indument below, the central ones 100-125 cm long and 8-10 cm wide, with ca. 15-20 prominent veins. Inflorescences 5-17 per node; peduncle 15-30 cm long; rachis 8-45 cm long; branches 20-50, to 30 cm long. Male flowers ca. 8 mm long, with 8-9 stamens. Female flowers dispersed along the branches. Fruit minutely warty, 1.5-2 cm long and ca. 1.5 cm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>E slopes of the Andes in S Colombia and Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable (Borchsenius & Skov 1999). Criteria A1c, B2c</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
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+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia drudei</name>
+<author>(O.F.Cook & Doyle) A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Palms Amazon: 98 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey or subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, 3-7 m tall and 2-4 cm in diameter, smooth. Leaves 1.5-2.5 m long; pinnae 10-15 on each side, entire, borne horizontally, glabrous or finely hairy below, the central ones 25-55 cm long and 4-7 cm wide. Inflorescences 1-3 per node; peduncle 10-15 cm long; rachis ca. 5 cm long, with 2-10 branches, those of the female inflorescences to 20 cm long in fruit. Male flowers up to 27 mm long, with 5-6 stamens. Female flowers dispersed along the branches, 7-9 mm long. Fruit dark yellow, minutely warty and hairy, 2-2.5 cm long and 1-1.5 cm in diameter, often with two fully developed carpels.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Amazon basin in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil. Uncommon in Ecuador, where it has been recorded only once.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia fascicularis</name>
+<author>(Burret) H.E.Moore & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 36: 264 (1978)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, 5-20 m tall and 10-20 cm in diameter, smooth. Leaves 2.5-5 m long; pinnae 15-30 on each side, glabrous on both sides, longitudinally divided into 3-13 segments, these spreading in different planes, pendulous distally, the segments in the central part of the blade to 130 cm long, 1.5-6 cm wide. Inflorescences 3-11 per node; peduncle 10-35 cm long; rachis 10-30 cm long; branches 20-50; male inflorescence branches 1.5-3 cm long, the female to 12 cm long in fruit. Male flowers 6-10 mm long, with 9-19 stamens. Female flowers crowded along the branches, 8-12 mm long. Fruits brown, angled, finely warty and with soft yellow hairs, 3-6 cm long and 1.5-3.5 cm in diameter, forming a single elliptic mass, 20-30 x 15-25 cm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Andean slopes in NW Colombia, SE Colombia and E Ecuador, at 1200-2000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Plants from Ecuador and S Colombia are larger than those in N Colombia, and have been recognised as a separate species, Wettinia cladospadix. The infructescence strongly resembles that of W. verruculosa which, however, have entire pinnae and occur on the other side of the Andes.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia kalbreyeri</name>
+<author>(Burret) R.Bernal</author>
+<citation>Caldasia 17: 368 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, 5-20 m tall and 10-15 cm in diameter, smooth. Leaves 3-5 m long; pinnae 20-25 on each side, somewhat hairy, especially below, longitudinally divided into 2-7 segments, these spreading in different planes, 80-130 cm long and 2.5-10 cm wide in the central part of the blade. Inflorescences 3-7 per node; peduncle 15-40 cm long; rachis 8-40 cm long; branches 15-30; male inflorescence branches to 30 cm long, the female to 60 cm long, pendulous. Male flowers 5-10 mm long, with 6-22 stamens. Female flowers dispersed along the branches, 5-6 mm long. Fruits green, minutely warty, glabrous or hairy, 2.5-3.5 cm long and 2-3 cm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Andean slopes in Colombia (both sides) and Ecuador (W side only), at 500-2000 m elevation. It is often a conspicuous component of the premontane wet forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Occasionally individuals with clustered stems are encountered (Cotopaxi: Bergmann #97809).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia longipetala</name>
+<author>A.H.Gentry</author>
+<citation>Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 160 (1986)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey or subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, ca. 6 m tall. Leaves ca. 4 m long, with ca. 30 pinnae on each side, these simple, spreading in one plane, ca. 50 cm long and 9 cm wide in the central part of the blade. Inflorescences unbranched, with peduncle 10-15 cm long; rachis 13-15 cm long. Female flowers densely crowded along the branches, with petals 2-3 cm long. Fruits brownish hairy, ca. 2.5 cm long, packed into a single elliptical mass ca. 15 cm long and 6-8 cm in diameter, with the persistent petals emerging among them.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Peru (Pasco, ca. 700 m) and Cordillera de Cutuc� in S Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia maynensis</name>
+<author>Spruce</author>
+<citation>J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 191 (1859)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy or canopy palm. Stem solitary, 6-15 m tall and 8-15 cm in diameter, smooth. Leaves 3-5 m long; pinnae 30-45 on each side, entire, pendulous, with a rusty pubescence, especially below, the central ones 85-125 cm long and 8-13 cm wide, with 14-25 prominent veins. Inflorescences 3-9 per node; peduncle 15-30 cm long; rachis 1-3 cm long; branches 4-8, to 30 cm long. Male flowers ca. 1 cm long, with 9-18 stamens. Female flowers densely crowded along the branches, 10-15 mm long. Fruits minutely warty and hairy, ca. 2.5-3.5 cm long and 1.5-2 cm in diameter, forming 4-8 sausage-like clusters.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>E slopes of the Andes from S Colombia to S Peru. Common in Ecuador, especially in the Andean foothill region, at elevations between 500-1000 m.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>An unusual population of this species with clustered stems is known from S Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe: Borchsenius # 325).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia minima</name>
+<author>R.Bernal</author>
+<citation>Caldasia 17: 373 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey or subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, ca. 6 m tall and 3 cm in diameter, smooth. Leaves distichous, 2.5-3 m long; pinnae glabrous on both sides, split longitudinally into 4-7 segments, these ca. 30 cm long and 4 cm wide in the central part of the blade. Inflorescences one per node; peduncle ca. 10 cm long; rachis ca. 5 cm long; branches 4-7, to 15 cm long. Female flowers dispersed along the branches, 9-12 mm long. Fruit finely warty, glabrous, 1.5-2 cm long and 1-1.5 cm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>So far known only from the Cordillera de Cutuc� in SE Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable (Borchsenius & Skov 1999). Criteria A1c, B2c</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia oxycarpa</name>
+<author>Galeano-Garc�s & R.Bernal</author>
+<citation>Caldasia 13: 695 (1983)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, 6-15 m tall and 9-15 cm in diameter, usually with one dead leaf hanging down. Leaves 3.5-6 m long; pinnae 23-30 on each side, entire, pendulous, with a rusty pubescence, especially below and along veins, the central ones 95-130 cm long and 9-12 cm wide, with ca. 13 prominent veins. Inflorescences 1-6 per node; peduncle 20-25 cm long; rachis 8-25 cm long; branches 30-40, to 15 cm long. Male flowers 10-12 mm long, with 12-19 stamens. Female flowers crowded along the branches. Fruits brown, angled, with a velevety pubescence, 2.5-3.5 cm long and 1.5-2 cm in diameter, forming a single elliptic mass 30-40 x 20 cm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Colombia and Ecuador, in moist to wet forest in the Andean foothills at elevations between 400 and 1600 m. Usually very local in its occurrence.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia quinaria</name>
+<author>(O.F.Cook & Doyle) Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 942 (1930)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, 8-15 m tall and 10-20 cm in diameter, smooth. Leaves 3-5.5 m long; pinnae 35-60 on each side, entire, pendulous, sparsely pubescent below, the central ones 60-115 cm long and 4-12 cm wide, with 16-18 prominent veins. Inflorescences 5-7 per node; peduncle 10-40 cm long; rachis 1-8 cm long; branches 4-7, to 40 cm long. Male flowers ca. 8 mm long, with 8-11 stamens. Female flowers densely crowded along the branches, to 20 mm long. Fruits green, with sparse white pubescence, ca. 2-3.5 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter, forming 4-7 sausage-like clusters.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Colombia and Ecuador, in wet forest up to 1000 m elevation. Often dominant in areas with more than 4000 mm precipiation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia radiata</name>
+<author>(O.F.Cook & Doyle) R.Bernal</author>
+<citation>Caldasia 17: 368 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, 4-9 m tall and 7-10 cm in diameter. Pinnae 11-17 on each side, the central ones ca. 25 cm wide, entire, or sometimes longitudinally split into 2-7 segments. Inflorescence 3-5 per node; branches 3-5, pendulous, 20-40 cm long. Female flowers scattered along the inflorescence branches. Fruits elongate, cylindrical, 3-4 cm long, and ca. 2 cm in diameter, yellow, more or less glabrous, with slightly irregular surface.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet forest from Panama to Ecuador W of the Andes, at elevations below 1000 m.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wettinia verruculosa</name>
+<author>H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Principes 26: 42 (1982)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, 8-10 m tall and 15-20 cm in diameter. Leaves 4-6 m long; pinnae 35-40 on each side, entire, borne horizontally, with a rusty pubescence below, especially along the veins, the central pinnae 110-135 cm long and 8-13 cm wide. Inflorescences 1-2 per node; branches numerous, short. Female flowers crowded along branches. Fruits green, angled, finely warty, forming a single elliptic mass, ca. 25 x 15 cm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from a few localities in SW Colombia and NW Ecuador, in premontane wet forest at 1000-1500 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered (Borchsenius & Skov 1999). Criteria B1, B2c</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Flowers have never been collected and described. Fruits resemble those of Wettinia fascicularis.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Spectacular, moderate solitary pinnate-leaved palm, native to northeastern Queensland, Australia, with crownshaft and praemorse leaflets, the leaflets longitudinally divided into many segments that are splayed out, giving the whole leaf a foxtail appearance; the fruit is relatively large and has a distinctive network of black fibres next to the endocarp; the seed has homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Wodyetia</name>\r
+<author>A.K. Irvine</author> \r
+<citation>Principes 27: 161 (1983).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Wodyetia bifurcata; A.K. Irvine.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Wad-yeti, last surviving male Aboriginal in the Bathurst Bay area of Queensland who acted as anthropological and linguistic informant to many researchers; he was also called Johnny Flinders. He died in 1978.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem columnar, slightly bottle-shaped, closely ringed with leaf scars, light grey. Leaves pinnate, appearing plumose and oblong-elliptical in outline; sheath tubular forming a prominent crownshaft, elongate, green, splitting opposite the petiole, covered with a greyish-white tomentum; petiole short, stout, adaxially slightly concave to flat, abaxially rounded; rachis much longer than the petiole, adaxially becoming angled, abaxially rounded, petiole and rachis covered with greyish-white to brown, tattered-peltate scales and larger ramenta; leaflets single-fold, regularly arranged, divided into several linear segments, or deeply lobed, each segment usually with 1 (2–4) main ribs, apices coarsely praemorse sometimes obliquely so, or with 2-several small teeth, rarely pointed, tapering, terminal leaflets single or paired, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely covered with very small whitish scales, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, horizontal in bud, becoming ± pendulous in fruit, branched to 4 orders basally, 2–1 orders distally; peduncle short, wide, ± flattened; prophyll tubular, dorsiventrally flattened, with 2 flat lateral keels, rather narrow, tapering from the base to a blunt point, caducous; peduncular bract like the prophyll but not keeled, 4–5 small, incomplete bracts present above the peduncular bract; rachis much longer than the peduncle bearing distant, stout, angled, spirally arranged branches subtended by small, pointed, or wrinkled bracts; rachillae rather short, cylindrical, bearing widely spaced triads basally and paired or solitary staminate flowers distally; floral bracteoles small, narrow, imbricate. slightly bifid apically, unevenly sagittate basally, dorsifixed near the base, Staminate flower symmetrical, bullet-shaped in bud; sepals 3, distinct, latrorse, connective elongate, tanniniferous; pistillode bottle-shaped with imbricate, rounded, inflated, margins finely toothed; petals 3, distinct, a long neck, terminated by 4–5 short, linear lobes or papillae. Pollen broadly ovate, valvate, very hard, about twice as long as the sepals; ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, stamens 60–71, filaments slender, terete, short, anthers elongate, narrow, or perforate-finely rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 50–56 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers (buds only seen), ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, rounded, margins finely tattered; petals 3, distinct, imbricate, hooded, valvate distally; staminodes 6, very small, triangular with short filaments; gynoecium conic-ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, apices rounded. Fruit globose-ovoid, orange-red at maturity, stigmatic remains apical forming a conical beak; epicarp thin with very short, stout fibres below the epidermal layer, mesocarp fleshy, orange-yellow when ripe, thin with longitudinal fibres, some forked, endocarp complex with outer distinctive thick, flat, branched fibres and an inner layer of horizontal fibres. Seed ellipsoidal, beaked, raphe branches medium, anastomosing, slightly impressed, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species in north-eastern Queensland, Australia, confined to the south-west, south and south-east sides of the Melville Range. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Carpentaria.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Since its discovery in the early 1980s, Wodyetia has rapidly become a highly valued and very widely dispersed ornamental.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Irvine (1983).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The divided leaflets and large black, pericarp fibres arethe distinguishing characters.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Foxtail palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Forming the canopy in open woodland communities of rain forest in coarse, loose granite sand, among huge granite boulders.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Wodyetia, A New Arecoid Genus from Australia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Irvine</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 27: 158-167</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1983</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wodyetia bifurcata</name>
+<author>A.K.Irvine</author>
+<citation>Principes 27: 163 (1983)</citation>
+<type>Australia, Queensland; Irvine; 2184</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus QRS; isotypi BR, K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma compta 6-15 malta, caule 20-25 cm diametro, aliquanto lageniformi. Pinnae primariae regulares 90-107, in sectione medio folii 14-17 segmentis divisae; pinnae terminales binatim vel singularis; segmenta 765-950, supra nitida, viridia, infra pallidioria, hebetate-viridia, nitore dilute-albido propter punctuationes numerosas, parvas, albidas, densas, in sicco pellucidas. Gemma staminata filamentis squamis destitutis stylodio leviter curvato, squamis destitutis. Fructus maturus cum calyce 60-65 mm longus, sine calyce 4957 mm longus, 27-37 mm latus, vestigio stigmatis 8-10 mm longo. Semen ca. 32 x 22 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem light grey, slightly bottle-shaped, 6-15 m tall, 20-25 cm diam. Leaves 610 in the crown, 2.6-3.2 m long; petiole and rachis greenish, adaxially with greyish white, mostly brownish lacerate-peltate scales, abaxially mostly with fringed scales, chafHike ramenta and some lacerate-peltate scales; young leaves densely covered with scales; leaf sheath tubular, 80-120 cm long, light green with greyish white bloom; petiole 29-42 cm long, 5.0-5.6 cm wide, 2.5-3.5 cm deep, adaxially f1attish distally, slightly concave proximally, abaxially convex, primary pinnae regularly arranged, 90-107, in patterns each side ofrachis such as 50/49,53/54,44/ 46, 50-1 terminal-48, mostly divided into numerous secondary segments, parallel to long axis of the pinnae; segments in 2 leaves from different collections numbered 765 and 950, arranged in patterns of 387-1-377 and 480-470 each side of rachis; proximal 1-4 primary pinnae sometimes entire or divided into 1-4 segments; number of segments increasing towards mid-rachis, the primary pinnae nos. 18-24, divided into 11-17 segments, primary pinnae 25-30 divided into 14-11 segments, segments reduced distally with near-terminal pinnae having 31 divisions; lamina glossy light green above, paler flat green with faint whitish sheen below; larger pinnae 45-70 cm long, 2.0-4.8 cm wide (midpart); terminal pinnae 12-24 cm long, 2.4-4.0 cm wide at apex, single or paired, slightly cuneate. Inflorescence 75-112 cm long, with 4 orders of branching, 26-31 main laterals plus terminal; rachis light green, scales not conspicuous, but small scattered clusters of flat brown scales occur around bases of buds; peduncle 8-13 cm long, 4.0-4.5 cm wide, 2.0-2.5 cm deep, with 5-6 caducous bracts subtending the first lateral; prophyll ca. 60 cm long immediately prior to splitting, peduncular bract 1 ca. 58 cm long, peduncular bract 2, 1.4 cm long, 3.5 cm wide at base, 1.1 cm wide at shoulder, with short acute apex 2 mm long; other peduncular bracts very small, 1-3 mm long, 3.0-3.2 cm wide; rameal bracts extremely small, either acute or wrinkled wavy tissue. Staminate buds 11 mm long at two-thirds maturity, sepals 56 x 3-4 mm; petals cream-green, 9.810 x 5 mm; anthers 5.5-6.0 mm long; pistillode lageniform, 8 mm long, base rugose, stylode 5 mm long. Pistillate buds, with sepals 5-6 x 3-4 mm in Y3-Y2 mature buds; staminodes 6, small, deltoid with very short filaments at base of pistil; stigmas 3 virtually sessile, apices slightly rounded. Infructescence (mature fruit stage) 75-115 cm long, peduncle 8-13 cm long, 4.8-6.6 cm wide, 2.5-3.0 cm deep, light green. Fruit 49-57 x 27-37 mm, excluding calyx but including remnant stigma, 8-10 mm long (which merges gradually into body of fruit), 60-65 mm long with calyx; mesocarp, 2.5-3.0 mm thick. Seed terete, ca. 32 X 22 mm, embryo 5 mm long at maturity. Eophyll simple bilobed, light glossy green above, pale flat green below, apices oblique truncate- acute. Seedlings 40-60 cm tall, with simple and pinnate leaves, primary pinnae undivided, arranged in patterns of 2/2, 3/2, 3/3 each side of rachis; larger simple bilobed leaflets 17 cm long, lobes 2.12.2 cm wide (midlobe), 3.2 cm wide through base of V, apices oblique praemorse; pinnate leaves 36-44 cm long, terminal pinnae 12.5-13.5 X 2.2-2.4 cm (midlobe), apices oblique praemorse; lateral pinnae ca. 14.0 X 1.7 cm (midpart), apices aristate and/or oblique praemorse; proximal pinnae 11.5-15.7 X 1.1-2.3 cm, apices aristate; pinnae glossy light green above, flat pale green with faint white sheen below. Seedlings around 1 m tall, with most primary pinnae each divided into 3 cuneate secondary pinnae, apices praemorse or obliquely praemorse, with distal edge extended into a point 1-2 cm beyond apex; leaves 71-80 cm long, petiole 18-21 cm long, roundish in cross section, with a thin longitudinal groove adaxially, green with slight grey bloom and widely scattered grey-brown scales, which are dense on young leaves; primary pinnae arranged in patterns of 9/9 each side of rachis; proximal pinnae nos. 1-3 divided into 1-3 segments, mid primary pinnae each divided into 3 segments, distal pinnae reduced to 1, terminal pinnae paired; larger secondary pinnae 10.0-11.5 X 5.0-5.7 cm (midpart), 8.3-8.5 cm wide across apex. Seedlings around 2.5 m tall, with most primary pinnae each divided into around 8 cuneate segments; leaves 1.7-1.75 m long, petiole 40-50 X 1.61.7 cm, 1.4-1.5 cm deep, flattish, adaxially slightly channeled, abaxially convex, white bloom on both surfaces, with greybrown scales denser abaxially; primary pinnae in patterns each side of rachis, 251- 26 and 26-1-26 (terminal pinna single), hence 52 and 53 primary pinnae in all; proximal primary pinnae nos. 1-3 each divided into 1-7 segments, mid primary pinnae each divided into 7-8 segments, distal primary pinnae divided into 3-1 segments; larger segments 21-22 X 2.23.0 cm wide (midpart).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Australia, N.E. Queensland, confined to the southwest, south and southeast sides of Melville Range, latitude 14˚ 17' S, longitude 144˚ 28' E. Irvine 2184 (holotype QRS; isotypes BH, K), Hyland 8369, 9757 (QRS). </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Wodyetia occurs in open woodland communities consisting of rain forest elements in coarse, loose granite sand, among huge granite boulders, with the main canopy being the palms themselves. Other tree species associated with it are low forms of Ficus obliqua, F. benjamina (semi-creeping), Buchanania arborescens, Polyalthia nitidissima, Myristica insipida, Diospyros reticulata var. ferrea, Cryptocarya bidwilli, and vines Capparis sp., Cissus sp. It extends 1-2 km, downstream, along open forest creeks at the foot of the granite boulder hills. Here it may be found amongst Eucalyptus polycarpa, E. drepanophylla, Cochlospermum gillvrayei and Bombax ceiba forest. It appears to be absent from dense closed forest communities in the area. In these communities the palm Archontophoenix alexandrae is a prolific upper canopy species. Altitude range is 60-400 m a.s.l. Climatic conditions have a strong seasonally dry component, with drought stress likely to be significant for six months of the year. Annual rainfall is reckoned to be about 1400-1600 mm, confined mainly to 3-4 months of the year, DecemberMarch (Summer Wet). Mature fruit is present in October-December, open flowers are likely to be found in DecemberFebruary. Seed germinates in 2-3 months, coinciding with the wet season, but sporadic germination continues for at least 14 months. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Key Characters of Wodyetia bifurcata Irvine: Stem slightly bottle shaped, primary pinnae regularly arranged, divided into as many as 11-17 segments. Margins of segments ribbed. Stamens 60-71, filaments and stylodes lacking scales. Mature fruit orange-red, ovoid-globose, 49-57 mm long, 27-37 mm wide, excluding calyx, but including remnant stigma 8-10 mm long. Mesocarp flesh orange-yellow when ripe. Outer endocarp with strongly forking, flattened, tough black fibers. Seed terete, around 32 mm long, 22 mm wide. Seed "shell" covered with wavy, slightly depressed, longitudinally tending fibrous lines, some forking. Endosperm homogeneous. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Distinctive clustering hermaphroditic fan palm of Hispaniola, with close erect stems almost completely obscured by spines formed from the fibres of the expanded leaf sheaths; petiole base not split; fruit white, the seed deeply bilobed, each lobe further lobed.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Zombia</name>\r
+<author>L.H. Bailey</author> \r
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 4: 240 (1939).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Zombia antillarum; (Desc.) L.H.Bailey</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>From the Haitian local name, latanier zombie, itself alluding to zombies.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, clustering, spiny, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palm. Stem erect, slender, covered with persistent, overlapping spiny sheaths, few erect spine-like pneumatophores emerging from the ground near the stem base. Leaves induplicate, palmate, marcescent; sheath expanding into a regular network of fibres, distal fibres reflexed, forming a partial whorl of spines; petiole very slender, elongate, unarmed, semicircular in cross-section; adaxial hastula 3-lobed, center lobe pointed, lateral lobes rounded becoming irregularly tattered, abaxial hastula also pointed with very shallow lateral ridges; blade irregularly divided along the adaxial folds 1/2 – 2/3 to the base into single-fold, lanceolate, rather thin, shortly bifid segments, shiny dark green above, whitish beneath, caducous indumentum along ribs on both surfaces, midrib prominent abaxially, interfold ribs prominent adaxially, transverse veinlets scarcely discernible. Inflorescences interfoliar, shorter than the leaves, branched to 2 orders; peduncle short; prophyll partly included in the subtending the leaf sheath, tubular, 2-keeled, opening and ± 2-lobed distally, longitudinally striate; peduncular bracts lacking; rachis longer than the peduncle, densely tomentose; rachis bracts tubular, longitudinally striate, sparsely tomentose, each with a short pointed lobe, sometimes with short apical splits; first-order branches distant, each bearing a basal, tubular, 2-keeled, 2-lobed, longitudinally striate, sparsely tomentose prophyll; rachillae (second-order branches) sparse, short, spreading, proximal 2 ± subopposite, subtended by narrow bracts, distal rachillae subopposite or alternate, subtending bracts minute, inconspicuous, rachillae slender, glabrous, minutely papillose, bearing rather distant, solitary, subdistichous flowers each subtended by a minute triangular bract. Flowers cream-coloured; perianth shallow, cup-shaped with 6 short, membranous points; stamens 9–12, the filaments short, variable, slender, anthers basifixed, erect, elongate, latrorse; gynoecium obpyriform, unicarpellate, tapered to a large, laterally compressed, cup-like stigma, ovule basal, orthotropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, aperture margin ± psilate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 30–38 µm [1/1]. Fruit falling with the perianth attached and stamen bases often obvious, oblong-globose, white, fleshy, large, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth except for the stigmatic remains, mesocarp fleshy without obvious fibres, endocarp crustaceous. Seed basally attached, very deeply bilobed, the lobes again divided irregularly in a bilobed fashion, the 2 halves connected by a portion in which the embryo lies centrally, endosperm homogeneous within the lobes. Germination and eophyll not recorded. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species in Hispaniola. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997),floral (Morrow 1965, Moore and Uhl 1973).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Baker et al. (in review) find high support for asister relationship between Zombia and a clade of Thrinax,Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax and Leucothrinax. Roncal et al.(2008) place Zombia as sister to a clade of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax and Leucothrinax with weak support.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>A striking ornamental. Fruit are said to be fed to hogs.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1939b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>An unusual palm easily distinguished by the bizarre, persistent, spiny leaf sheaths. Differing from Coccothrinax by having white fruits and from Thrinax, Hemithrinax and Leucothrinax by having unsplit petioles.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Zombi palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Open and bushy slopes of very dry hills.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Large solitary dioecious fan palm of savannahs in western Madagascar, distinctive in the ellipsoidal fruit with externally shallowly grooved endocarp, internally with numerous irregular intrusions into the homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bismarckia</name>
+<author>Hildebrandt and H. Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Bot. Zeit. 39: 90, 93 (1881).</citation>
+<type>Type; Bismarckia nobilis; Hildebr. & H.Wendl.</type>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for Prince Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen (1815–1898), German Chancellor responsible for the unification of the German state.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious, tree palm. Stem erect, irregularly ringed with close leaf scars, becoming swollen basally. Leaves induplicate, costapalmate, marcescent in immature individuals, neatly abscising under their own weight in mature trunked individuals; sheath laterally ridged at the base, with a conspicuous triangular cleft below the petiole, with rows of scales in patches, petiole robust, adaxially channelled near the base, distally ± flattened, abaxially rounded, the surfaces greyish white, densely covered in white wax and patches of reddish, fringed caducous scales, the margins smooth; adaxial hastula often very large, distinctly lopsided, abaxial hastula absent; blade divided to ca. 1/4–1/3 its length along adaxial folds into regular, stiff, single-fold segments, these further shortly bifid, interfold filaments conspicuous, surfaces obscurely striate, densely covered with wax, and along the folds with caducous scales, transverse veinlets not visible. Inflorescence interfoliar, solitary, shorter than the leaves, the staminate and pistillate similar; peduncle ± rounded in cross-section; prophyll short, 2-keeled, included in subtending sheath; peduncular bracts several, tubular, rather loosely sheathing, with a broad, split triangular limb, sometimes strongly keeled, and covered with caducous scales and wax; rachis longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts like the peduncular, decreasing in size distally; first-order branches crescent-shaped in cross-section, longer than the subtending bract, not bearing a prophyll, branching at the tip to produce a group of 3–7 radiating, catkin-like rachillae, the group sometimes reduced to 1; staminate rachillae usually more numerous than the pistillate, slightly sinuous, bearing a tight spiral of rounded, densely hairy, striate bracts, connate laterally and partially adnate to the axis to produce pits, densely filled with hairs, pistillate rachillae usually more massive than the staminate, each bract subtending a solitary flower. Staminate flowers borne in a cincinnus of 3, embedded in the hairs, one flower emerging at a time, each bearing a membranous bracteole; calyx tubular, membranous, with 3 short, rather irregular lobes distally; corolla with a stalk-like base almost as long as the calyx lobes, bearing at its tip 3 ovate, hooded, valvate lobes; stamens 6, borne at the base of the corolla lobes, the filaments elongate, briefly united at the base, gradually tapering, anthers medifixed, versatile, latrorse; pistillode short, conical. Pollen ellipsoidal and ± bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 35–46 µm; post-meiotic tetrads usually tetrahedral, rarely tetragonal or rhomboidal [1/1]. Pistillate flowers solitary, borne on a short hairy pedicel, the pedicel greatly elongating in fruit; sepals 3, imbricate, rounded, briefly connate basally; petals smaller than the sepals, 3, triangular, briefly connate at the base; staminodes united by their flattened triangular filaments to form a ring with 6 teeth, tipped with flattened empty, sagittate anthers; gynoecium tricarpellate, rounded, tipped with 3 low, slightly reflexed stigmas, septal nectaries present, ovule orthotropous with 2 lateral bodies, attached adaxially at the base. Fruit usually developing from 1 carpel, ± ellipsoidal, ovoid or rounded, the stigmatic remains and abortive carpels basal, the abortive carpels often enlarging to form 2 swellings; epicarp smooth, shiny, rich brown, somewhat speckled with lighter brown, mesocarp fibrous, ± aromatic, endocarp thick, irregularly flanged and pitted, and with a conspicuous central intrusion at the base. Seed basally attached, endosperm homogeneous, but grooved to match the endocarp intrusions; embryo apical. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll simple, strap-shaped. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species, Madagascar. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1997).Somewhat resembles Hyphaene in leaf anatomy buthypodermal layers and fibres are less developed.</p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Bismarckia is resolved as sister to Satranala withmoderate to high support (Bayton 2005, Asmussen et al.2006). </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The trunk is usedwhole or split for house construction and the leaves for thatch.The pith of the trunk produces a rather bitter sago. The stemis occasionally tapped for wine. Outside Madagascar, Bismarckia is a highly regarded ornamental for the drier tropicsand subtropics. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1924) and Dransfield andBeentje (1995b).</p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinguished by stiff, whitish, waxy, costapalmateleaves, with large adaxial hastula and petiole with smoothmargins. The internal structure of the fruit and seeddistinguish it from Medemia, in which the genus hassometimes been included.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Bismarck palm.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Bismarckia nobilis occurs as a conspicuous component of savannahs in thewestern part of Madagascar.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.taxonx.org/schema/v1/taxonx1.xsd">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+ <mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Bismarckia nobilis</name>
+<author>Hildebrandt & H. Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Hildebrandt & H. Wendl., Bot. Zeit. 39: 94 (1881)</citation>
+<bibref>Stein, Gartenfl. 35: 193, t. 1221 (1886)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38, Beibl. 87: 6 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Palme del Madagascar 57 (1914).</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, Beravi; Hildebrandt; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Medemia nobilis</name>
+<author>(Hildebrandt & H. Wendl.) Drude</author>
+<bibref>(Hildebrandt & H. Wendl.) Drude, Nat. Pflanzenfam. II, 3: 39 (1887)</bibref>
+<bibref>Gallerand, Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris 138: 1120 (1904)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 74 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 16 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 6 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This must be the most common palm in Madagascar. It is a handsome palm, which does well in the drier tropics and subtropics and is planted in many countries. The genus is named for the German chancellor, Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), one of the few cases where botanists have named a species after a politician. When Madagascar was colonized by the French, they included the species in Medemia, thus getting rid of the name Bismarckia, but most botanists (including the present authors) regard the genera as distinct, and therefore Bismarckia is the correct name for the Madagascar palm.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Satra, satrabe, satrana, satranabe, satrapotsy (Sakalava).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Palm 2-20 m tall (the 30-50 m mentioned in Stein, 1886 is surely an exaggeration). TRUNK smooth, grey-brown, cylindrical, very straight, 20-40 cm diam., to 80 cm at very base, often marked distally with spiral twists, either clockwise or counterclockwise; internodes c. 1.5 cm; pith abundant, white. LEAVES 13-30 in the crown, porrect to slightly arching, marcescent in immature individuals, neatly abscising under their own weight in mature trunked individuals; sheath c. 80 cm long, pale brown with a white-waxy covering and with scattered laciniate scales, at the interface with the petiole with 2 auricles in the shape of a 90° bend in the sheath edge; petiole 70-250 cm, proximally 12 x 3.5 cm diam., distally 3.5-5.5 x 1.3-2.5 cm diam., abaxially convex, adaxially almost flat to channelled, the surfaces greyish white, densely cov ered in white wax and patches of reddish, fringed caducous scales, with sharp edges or with minute, 1 mm long teeth, grey-waxy; blade c. 1.5 m diameter at greatest width, 50 cm at shortest, blade held mostly flat, grey, yellowish by the hastula, interfold filaments conspicuous, costa 43 cm, segments 50-77, inserted on one side 2-11 cm lower than on the other, the outermost undivided for c. 25-50%, 42-80 x 1.7-3 cm, the innermost undivided for c. 80%, 79-87 x 4.1-6 cm, slightly waxy abaxially with pale grey-brown ramenta on the midrib, transverse veinlets very faint or not visible. STAMINATE INFLORESCENCES branched to 2 orders; bracts 5-6, acute; first order branches 30-35 x 3.5 x 0.5 cm; rachillae digitate, in groups of 1-9 at the end of the branches, crimson, 15-25 cm long, 0.8-1 cm across; floral bracteoles thick, short, wide. STAMINATE FLOWERS with the sepals ovate, acute, c. 3.5 mm long; petals obtuse, c. 7 mm long, connate in the lower half; stamens 7 mm, with long thin filaments; ovary rudiment c. 3.5 mm high. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCES interfoliar, (x: sight records) erect, c. 120 cm, branched to 2 orders; peduncle c. 30 cm, proximally c. 3.2 x 1.5 cm; prophyll c. 28 cm; peduncular bracts inserted at c. 7 cm, c. 41 cm long (closed for c. 22 cm), inserted at c. 12 cm and c. 50 cm long (closed for c. 29 cm); rachis c. 66 cm; first order branches 36-44 cm long, proximally c. 16 x 8 mm across, distally c. 13 x 4 mm across, straw-yellow, glabrous except for the most distal part bearing some scattered scales, with 2-5 digitately arranged rachillae; rachillar bracts 27-53 cm, cylindrical, open only distally, proximally glabrous, distally with dense or scattered scales; rachillae 15-23 cm long, 1-1.5 cm across; floral bracteoles thick, short, 2-3 mm high, 8-16 mm wide. Pistillate flowers stalked, the pedicel hairy, elongating after anthesis; sepals c. 3 x 3.5 mm, similar to the petals, but more acute; ovary oblong, stigmas quite early in development lateral-basal. FRUIT dark brown, ovoid, obtuse, 40-48 x 30-35 mm, flanked at base by 2 aborted carpels, or occasionally bi- or tri-lobed, with crustaceous pericarp, spongy mesocarp and hard endocarp. SEED 35-38 x 22-24 mm; endosperm homogeneous but penetrated by ridges on the inside of the endocarp.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>N and W Madagascar, often the only tree in the landscape; occasionally planted in E Madagascar as well.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Plateaux, plains, in all terrains; very common, in large numbers as the only tree on regularly burnt palm grassland on the west coast; rarely mixed with Hyphaene. Sometimes in flooded areas.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. Widespread and very common.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Trunk emptied and flattened for use as planks or in partition walling; leaves used for roofing and basketry; pith serves as a slightly bitter sago. Outside Madagascar a prized ornamental for the drier (sub-) tropics.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mitsinjo: Katsepy, Dec. 1991 (fr.), Beentje 4555 (K, MO, P, TAN). Maintirano: Beravi, at the foot of Beturea/Rano-be between Ansahafi and Ansunaki, Hildebrandt s.n. (Holotype FI). Amboasary Atsimo: Anadabolava, sine die (stam.), Humbert 12458bis (P).
+</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Calamus longipinna (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) and its relatives in New Guinea</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bull. 57: 853-866</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus bankae</name>
+<author>W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 57: 860</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Gulf, Kikori District, Victory Junction, confluence of Sirebi and Kuru Rivers, 34 km north of Kikori (S 7˚ 7’ 25.9”, E 144˚ 19’ 30.2”), Nov. 2000; Baker et al.; 1097</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K!; isotypi AAU!, LAE!, NY!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not known</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>C. longipinnae Lauterb. et K.Schum. affinis sed foliolis paucioribus aggregatis vice regularibus, ocrea tubulari vice fissa, spinis ocreae acicularibus et ramis inflorescentiae pistillatae congestis vice laxis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust, clustering rattan climbing to 15 m. Stem with sheaths c. 11 mm diam., without sheaths to c. 9 mm diam.; internodes c. 25 cm. Leaf ecirrate to 74 cm long including petiole; sheath pale yellowish green, occasionally with patches of very thin, orange-brown indumentum, spines numerous, 1 – 2.5 × 1 – 1.5 mm, triangular, solitary, some deflexed, very few erect, colour as sheath, but with black tips, sometimes with dark purple-brown scales; knee 20 – 22.5 mm long, 9 – 10 mm wide, colour as sheath, armature as sheath; ocrea 24 – 28.5 × 1.6 cm, inflated, tubular, splitting longitudinally with age, clasping and usually obscuring sheath, papery, tattering to fibres, persistent at first, but eventually disintegrating completely, brown, with numerous needle-like spines 2 – 4 mm long and scattered dark purple-brown scales; flagellum present, c. 150 cm long; petiole c. 20 cm, 5.5 × 2 mm at base, slightly channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, with scattered dark purple-brown scales, armed as sheath adaxially, with few solitary grapnels abaxially; rachis c. 39 cm, with indumentum as petiole, armed on abaxial surface with solitary and irregularly-grouped grapnel spines; leaflets c. 19 each side of rachis, arranged in three widely-spaced groups of 5 – 8 leaflets, leaflets regularly spaced within each group, but slightly divaricate, upper leaflets of middle group overlapping lower leaflets of upper group, linear, longest leaflet towards base 29.5 × 1.5 cm, mid-leaf leaflets 29 × 1.2 cm, apical leaflets 18 × 0.9 cm, apical leaflet pair not united, margins with bristles 0.5 – 1.5 mm, adaxial surface with bristles 1 – 3 mm on all major veins, abaxial surface with few bristles 1.2 – 2.5 mm on mid-rib only, leaflet with very few scales as petiole, transverse veinlets inconspicuous. Staminate inflorescence not seen. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescence very slender, flagelliform, 1.5 m long including 1.4 m peduncle, lacking flagelliform tip, branched to 2 orders; prophyll 28 × 0.5 cm, tubular, not splitting, with scattered dark purple-brown scales, with minute spines throughout; peduncular bracts 4, similar to prophyll, armed as prophyll, but also with scattered grapnel spines, rachis bracts 6 – 20 × 0.3 – 0.4 cm, tubular, tattering at mouth, with scattered indumentum of matted dark purple-brown scales, with numerous minute spines; primary branches 2, to 16.5 cm long, 4.5 cm apart, rather congested, with up to 13 rachillae, secondary bracts tattering, with armature and indumentum as rachis bracts; rachillae 8.5 – 20 mm × 4 mm, straight, erect; rachilla bracts 3 × 3 mm, distichous, funnel-shaped, tattering with age, with indumentum as rachis bracts; proximal floral bracteole 1.5 × 2.5 mm, distal floral bracteole 1.5 × 1.5 mm. Pistillate flowers 5.3 × 2.1 mm at anthesis; calyx 2.1 mm diam., tubular in basal 3 mm, with 3 lobes to 1.4 × 1.5 mm, with dark purple-brown scales; corolla 3.5 × 1.7 mm, tubular in basal 2.2 mm, with 3 lobes to 1.7 × 1.3 mm, glabrous; staminodes 6, 0.6 mm long, staminodal ring 1.4 mm high; ovary 2 × 1.5 mm, subglobose, style 0.7 mm long, stigmas 1 mm long. Fruit not seen.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a single collection in Gulf Province of Papua New Guinea</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Hill forest on karst limestone above riverside swamp forest, 50 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Data deficient. It is not possible to assess the conservation status of such a poorly known species. Large expanses of primary vegetation remain in Gulf Province and neighbouring areas of Papua New Guinea, but logging companies are active in the region</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This new species is known from only one pistillate specimen from Gulf Province of Papua New Guinea (Map 1). At first glance, it resembles a form of C. longipinna with grouped leaflets, but closer scrutiny reveals numerous characters to distinguish it as new (Fig. 1). In addition to the arrangement of the leaflets in three widely-spaced groups, the leaf bears rather few leaflets (c. 19 each side of the rachis). The smallest forms of C. vestitus may have as few as 20 leaflets each side, but C. bankae cannot be included in that species because its sheath and ocrea morphology is so different. The ocrea is tubular, lacking a congenital split, but it is fragile and readily tatters into papery shreds. It is armed throughout with numerous, fine, needle-like spines. Most striking though is the pistillate inflorescence morphology. Unlike all other members of the group, the primary branches are congested rather than lax, with the rachillae straight and inserted at an acute angle to the primary branch. The inflorescence in the available material consisted of a flagelliform peduncle to 1.4 m with just two primary branches inserted near the tip. This may be typical of the species, but it is conceivable that such a small number of branches is abnormal. Further collections are required to gain a clearer impression of the inflorescence morphology of this species. Calamus bankae is named for Roy Banka, Assistant Curator of the National Botanic Garden at the Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute, Lae and co-collector of the type material, in honour of his significant contributions to the exploration of New Guinea palm botany and in recognition of his collaboration in the Palms of New Guinea project.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Gulf Province: Kikori District, Victory Junction, confluence of Sirebi and Kuru Rivers, 34 km north of Kikori, (S 7˚ 7’ 25.9”, E 144˚ 19’ 30.2”), Nov. 2000, Baker et al. 1097 (AAU!, K!, LAE!, NY!).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A revision of the Calamus aruensis (Arecaceae) complex in New Guinea and the Pacific</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Bayton</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.P</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Maturbongs</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.A</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 58: 351-370</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus dasyacanthus</name>
+<author>W.J. Baker, Bayton, J.Dransf. & Maturb.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bulletin 58: 351-370</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Mimika Regency, Timika, between Ajkwa and Otomona Rivers, on road Timika to Mile 38, Feb. 1998; Baker et al.; 827</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K!; isotypi AAU!, BH!, BO!, L!, MAN!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Warar (Biak)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>C. aruensi affinis sed spinis vaginarum foliorum numerosis laceratis fimbriatisque, spinis cirri regulariter dispositis statim distinguenda</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary rattan climbing to 15 m. Stem with sheaths 36 – 45 mm diam., without sheaths 20 – 23 mm diam.; internodes 10 – 25 cm. Leaf cirrate, to 5 m long including cirrus and petiole; sheath green, with scattered, thin, caducous indumentum of matted brown fibrous scales, spines numerous, 2.5 – 47 × 1 – 10 mm, orange-brown, planar, parallel-sided, flexible, somewhat papery, apices truncate, apices and margins distinctly lacerate and fimbriate, spine bases slightly swollen adaxially, spines of various sizes, forming partial whorls of few to many spines, sheath mouth densely armed with numerous spines; knee 50 – 70 mm long, 37 – 45 mm wide, moderately to densely armed, colour and indumentum as on sheath; ocrea 8 – 10 mm, forming a low, woody, brown, armed, persistent collar, base of ocrea extending along petiole to an acute angle; flagellum absent; petiole 0 – 30 mm, 16 – 23 mm wide and 8 – 10 mm thick at base, channelled or flat adaxially, rounded abaxially, indumentum as on sheath, with few to many short triangular spines or spines as sheath; rachis 2 – 3 m, with few to many spines as petiole, with grapnel spines abaxially; leaflets 14 – 25 each side of rachis, irregular or arranged in widely spaced pairs, the leaflets in each pair sometimes slightly divergent, broadly lanceolate, cucullate, longest leaflets near middle of leaf, 28.5 – 40 × 4 – 6.8 cm, apical leaflets 20.5 – 29 × 2 – 3 cm, distal leaflets widely spaced, basal leaflets small, leaflet surfaces lightly armed with few bristles 0.8 – 2 mm on adaxial surface of mid-rib and major veins near leaflet base, leaflet margins unarmed or with few bristles 0.3 – 2.6 mm near leaflet apex, transverse veinlets inconspicuous; cirrus 1.5 – 2 m, cirrus grapnel spines arranged regularly. Staminate inflorescence similar to pistillate inflorescence, but branched to 3 orders, up to 1.3 m long including c. 27.5 cm peduncle, branched to 3 orders; prophyll c. 28 × 1.3 cm, strictly tubular, with 2 conspicuous keels, prophyll mouth entire, with narrow, acute, triangular limb to one side, subtending primary branch (always?), indumentum as on sheath, moderately armed with short spines; peduncular bracts absent, rachis bracts not seen; primary branches up to c. 28 cm long, strongly recurving, bracts on primary and secondary branches funnel-shaped; rachillae c. 4.5 – 21 × 1 mm, sublinear, glabrous; rachilla bracts c. 0.7 × 1.2 mm, distichous, glabrous; floral bracteole c. 0.8 × 1.2 mm. Staminate flowers c. 3.6 × 2.2 mm in early bud; calyx c. 2.2 mm diam., tubular in basal c. 1.4 mm, with 3 lobes c. 0.4 × 1.5 mm, glabrous; corolla c. 3.2 × 2 mm in bud, tubular in basal c. 0.8 mm, glabrous; stamens 6, filaments c. 1.2 × 0.3 mm, anthers c. 1.5 × 0.7 mm; pistillode c. 0.3 mm. Pistillate inflorescence up to 2 m long including 26 – 44 cm peduncle and 31 – 48 cm sterile tip; prophyll 21 – 27 × 1.4 – 2.2 cm, similar to staminate prophyll, sometimes subtending primary branch; peduncular bracts absent, rachis bracts 9 – 30 × 0.6 – 1.6 cm, similar to prophyll; primary branches 4 – 8, to 36 cm long, 11 – 23 cm apart, moderately to strongly recurving, with up to 27 rachillae, bracts on primary branch funnel-shaped; rachillae 3.5 – 15.5 × 0.1 – 0.2 cm, sublinear or irregular; rachilla bracts 0.8 – 1.5 × 1 – 2.2 mm, subdistichous, sometimes with scattered indumentum as on sheath; flower clusters sometimes distinctly stalked, stalk 0.3 – 1.5 mm long, proximal floral bracteole c. 1.6 × 1.2, distal floral bracteole 1.5 – 1.8 × 1.2 – 2 mm, glabrous, scar from sterile staminate flower c. 0.2 mm diam. Pistillate flowers c. 3.7 × 2.2 mm at anthesis; calyx c. 2.2 mm diam., tubular in basal c. 2.7 mm, with 3 lobes to c. 0.5 × 1 mm, glabrous; corolla c. 3 × 1.5 mm, tubular in basal c. 2 mm, with 3 lobes to c. 1 × 0.7 mm, glabrous; staminodes 6, c. 0.8 mm long, staminodal ring c. 1 mm high; ovary c. 1.5 × 1.2 mm, globose, style c. 1 mm long, stigmas c. 1 mm long. Sterile staminate flowers not seen. Fruit globose, 9 – 12.8 × 8.5 – 10 mm including beak 1.5 – 2 mm, with 18 – 19 longitudinal rows of white to pale yellow, shallowly channelled scales with entire margins, sometimes with dark tips. Seed (sarcotesta removed) 7 – 7.8 × 7 – 7.8 × 5.6 – 6 mm, globose, with a deep, narrow pit on one side, the surface covered with numerous deep pits and irregular channels; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Fig. 2.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from three localities, two on the south coast of New Guinea and the third on Biak</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Various types of primary and secondary forest vegetations, 30 – 150 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Data deficient</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The species epithet of this extraordinary new rattan refers to the shaggy appearance of its lacerate, fimbriate leaf sheath spines. The papery spines are numerous and apically truncate, giving the impression that they have been roughly trimmed with scissors. Although known from only four collections, the large distances between the three localities suggests that C. dasyacanthus is widespread, if not common, in the western half of New Guinea. Further collecting efforts in the lowlands of west New Guinea, especially in Merauke and Mimika Regencies in Papua Province, would very likely yield new records</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA, Papua. Biak Numfor Regency: Biak, beside main road to Korem, June 2001, Maturbongs et al. 687 (AAU!, BO, K!, MAN). Mimika Regency: Timika, between Ajkwa and Otomona Rivers, on road Timika to Mile 38, Feb. 1998, Baker et al. 827 (AAU!, BH!, BO!, K!, L!, MAN!, type); mile 39 on road from Timika to Tembagapura, March 1998, Baker et al. 983 (BO!, K!, MAN). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Western Province: Nomad Subdistrict, 2 km from Nomad, April 1978, Essig & Young LAE 74018 (LAE!).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Two unusual Calamus species from New Guinea</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bull. 57: 719-724</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus essigii</name>
+<author>W.J. Baker</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 57: 720</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Port Moresby Sub-District, Kokoda Trail, 1 mile from Owers Corner; Essig and Womersley LAE; 55180</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K!; isotypes L!, LAE!, BH</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Hulawarra (Goari)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>C. anomaloBurret affinis sed habitu graciliore, petiolo distincto ferenti, foliolis angustissimis linearibusque, et inflorescentia ramis paucioribus differt</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Very slender, clustering, short-stemmed rattan, sometimes climbing to 8 m. Stem with sheaths 4 – 5 mm diam., without sheaths 2 – 2.5 mm diam.; internodes 4.5 – 10 cm. Leaf ecirrate 12 – 23 cm long including petiole, to 29 cm in juvenile leaves on lower stem; sheath with thin, brown, scaly indumentum, most abundant near sheath mouth, scattered brown scales in lower sheath, unarmed or armed with numerous, very fine spines to 3 mm long, most abundant in upper parts of sheath, spines most numerous near to sheath mouth, spines at sheath mouth to 5mm long, erect; knee to 7 mm long, unarmed or armed as sheath; ocrea absent or minute; petiole 1 – 3 cm, to 11 cm in juvenile leaves on lower stem, to 2 mm wide and 1.5 mm thick at base, flattened adaxially, rounded abaxially, with thin, brown indumentum, unarmed or with few solitary, reflexed, grapnel spines; rachis 8 – 55 mm, with indumentum as petiole, unarmed or armed as petiole; leaflets 3 – 5 each side of rachis, subregular or in two distinct subregular groups, narrowly linear, longest leaflet near base 12 – 21.5 × 0.5 – 0.8 cm, apical leaflets 11.5 – 21 × 0.4 – 0.6 cm, apical leaflet pair united to one tenth of their length or not at all, few minute spines on leaflet margins, most frequent towards apex, very few on adaxial surface of midrib, transverse veinlets rather inconspicuous. Flagellum to 36 cm, readily detached. Staminate inflorescence 10.5 – 17.5 cm long including 15 – 45 mm peduncle, branched to 2 orders or rarely 1 order; prophyll 40 – 80 × 3 – 5 mm, tubular if not subtending primary branch, otherwise split to base by emerging primary branches, sometimes remaining tubular distally, with indumentum as sheath, sometimes armed with few reflexed grapnel spines; peduncular bracts absent; rachis bracts 20 – 60 × 3 – 4 mm, similar to prophyll, imbricate; primary branches up to 5, to 45 mm long, 25 – 35 mm apart, straight to strongly recurving, barely adnate to primary inflorescence axis above point of insertion, bursting through base of rachis bracts, with up to 6 rachillae, sparse to abundant brown indumentum on all axes, readily detached; rachillae 2 – 15 mm × 0.3 – 1 mm, sometimes recurving; rachilla bracts 0.75 – 1 × 0.6 – 1 mm, triangular, distichous, glabrous; floral bracteole 0.8 – 1.2 × 0.5 – 0.6 mm, elliptic. Staminate flowers 4 × 2 mm prior to anthesis; calyx 1.8 – 2 mm diam., tubular in basal 1 mm, with 3 lobes to 0.5 mm long, glabrous; corolla 3.5 × 1.5 mm in bud, very briefly tubular at base, glabrous; stamens 6, filaments 2 – 3 × 0.3 – 0.5 mm, anthers 1.5 × 0.4 – 0.7 mm; pistillode minute, to 1 mm long. Pistillate inflorescence similar to staminate inflorescence, 10 – 10.5 cm long including 30 – 40 mm peduncle, branched to 1 order; prophyll 25 – 50 × 2 – 5 mm; peduncular bracts absent or 1, similar to prophyll; rachis bracts 13 – 30 × 3 – 4 mm; primary branches (=rachillae) up to 5, 4 – 20 mm × 1 – 2 mm, 15 – 30 mm apart, recurving; rachilla bracts 0.5 × 1.5 mm, subdistichous, triangular, glabrous; proximal floral bracteole 1 × 0.5 mm, distal floral bracteole 1.2 – 1.7 × 1 – 1.5 mm, glabrous, scar of sterile staminate inconspicuous. Pistillate flowers 4 × 2 mm prior to anthesis; calyx 2 mm diam., tubular in basal 3 mm, with 3 lobes to 0.75 × 1.25 mm, glabrous; corolla 3 × 2 mm, tubular in basal 0.5 mm, with 3 lobes to 2.5 × 1.5 mm, glabrous; staminodes 6, 2 mm long, staminodal ring 0.5 mm high; ovary 1.5 × 1.5 mm, spherical, style 1 mm long, stigmas 1 mm long. Fruit globose, 9.5 × 9 mm including beak to 1 mm long, with 12 – 15 longitudinal rows of smooth scales with minutely fimbriate margins. Seed somewhat immature in available material, 7 × 5.5 × 5 mm, ellipsoid, with a shallow depression on one side; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a small area between the Astrolabe Range and the Tinumu Range due east of Port Moresby</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In under storey of lower montane forest with Lithocarpus and Castanopsis between 650 and 900 m</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Near threatened. While the forests of the Astrolabe and Tinimu Range are thought to be relatively undisturbed, C. essigii is known from an area so small and in such close proximity to the major urban centre of Port Moresby that the species faces an appreciable level of threat</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This extremely slender, rather short-stemmed rattan is closely related to C. anomalus, but is readily distinguished from that species in both vegetative and reproductive features (Fig. 1). It usually possesses a distinct petiole that can be as much as 3 cm in length whereas the petiole of C. anomalus is lacking or is little more than a few millimetres in length. The leaflets of C. essigii are arranged subregularly or in two widely-spaced, subregular groups; those of C. anomalus are organised in two widely-spaced groups, each comprising two divaricate pairs of leaflets. The leaflets of C. essigii are very narrowly linear in contrast to the lanceolate leaflets of C. anomalus. While general inflorescence morphology of the two species is rather similar, the inflorescences of C. essigii are much smaller than those of C. anomalus. Moreover, the pistillate inflorescence is branched to just one order in C. essigii compared with two orders in C. anomalus. Similarly, its staminate inflorescence is branched to two orders or sometimes only one order whereas that of C. anomalus is branched to three orders. It could be suggested that C. essigii is a depauperate montane form of C. anomalus and indeed their ranges are adjacent to each other. However, the former is known only from localities at considerably lower elevations than the latter.
+The species is named for Fred Essig, botanist at the University of South Florida and collector of the type specimen, whose research in Papua New Guinea has contributed much to our knowledge of the palms of New Guinea.
+</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central Province: 1 mile from Owers Corner, Kokoda Trail, Port Moresby Sub-District, Feb. 1972, Essig & Womersley LAE 55180 (holotype K!; isotypes L!, LAE!, BH); Girinumu plantation passing Chapsinum mission station, Sogeri Sub-District, Sept. 1976, Larivita & Maru LAE 70623 (BRI!, LAE!, K!); Astrolabe Range, Sogeri Sub-District, May 1968, Zieck NGF 36158 (BH, BRI!, K!, LAE!,). Locality unknown: New Guinea, 1885, Sunderland s.n. (MEL!)</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Calamus maturbongsii, an unusual new rattan species from New Guinea</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bull. 57: 725-728</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus maturbongsii</name>
+<author>W.J. Baker & J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 57: 725-728</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Sorong; Maturbongs; 286</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K!; isotype MAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a ceteris speciebus papuanis foliis ecirratis, petiolo brevissimo, foliolis basalibus longissimis, inflorescentia flagello apicale carenti, bracteis rachidis maximis laceratis, ramis primariis congestis bene distincta</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust, clustering rattan climbing to 30 m. Stem with sheaths 16 – 22 mm diam., without sheaths to 10 – 11 mm diam.; internodes c. 48 cm. Leaf ecirrate, to 1 m long including petiole; sheaths with very thin, white, cobweb-like indumentum, unarmed or armed with very few, scattered, minute, easily detached, triangular spines to 1 mm; knee 13 – 22 × 16 – 21 mm, unarmed, with conspicuous ridge at the base, both ends of ridge somewhat deflexed; ocrea 3 – 5 mm, forming a low collar almost entirely encircling stem, persistent, drying woody, brittle, unarmed; flagellum to 1.7 m, with numerous grapnel spines arranged subregularly to irregularly; petiole 3 – 5 mm long, 6 – 11 × 3 – 6 mm at base, flat adaxially, rounded abaxially, unarmed; rachis with grapnel spines arranged subregularly, abaxial surface with indumentum as sheath, adaxial surface with numerous dark purple-brown scales; leaflets 7 – 12 each side of rachis, arranged regularly, lanceolate with cucullate apices, longest leaflet near leaf base 26 – 36 × 4.5 – 5 cm, the basal pair of leaflets almost as large as longest leaflets, mid-leaf leaflets 24.5 – 26 × 4.3 – 5.5 cm, apical leaflets 5.5 – 12 × 0.7 – 2 cm, apical leaflet pair not united or united to one quarter of their length, leaflets glabrous and unarmed or with exceedingly few bristles on margin or tip, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Staminate inflorescence not seen. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescence 62 – 81 cm long including 33 – 46 cm peduncle and 5 – 14 cm tip lacking primary branches, branched to 2 orders; prophyll 36 × 0.6 – 2 cm, with triangular limb at apex, not splitting, with indumentum as sheath, unarmed, prophyll and other primary bracts strongly overlapping; peduncular bract 1, c. 17.5 × 1.5 cm, similar to prophyll, but splitting to one half of its length, with indumentum as sheath, unarmed; rachis bracts 6 – 16.5 × 0.6 – 2 cm, similar to peduncular bract, but splitting to base and tattering due to emergence of primary branches, sometimes splitting on one side of inflorescence only, otherwise splitting irregularly, with indumentum as sheath, unarmed; primary branches 3 – 7, to 7 cm long, 3 – 6.5 cm apart, only briefly adnate to inflorescence axis above subtending bracts, straight and forming narrowly acute angle with inflorescence axis, rather congested, with up to 17 rachillae, bracts unarmed, primary branch and bracts with indumentum as rachillae; rachillae 3 – 20 × 1 mm, straight and forming acute angle with primary branch; rachilla bracts 1 × 1 mm, subdistichous, with dark indumentum and narrow brown scales; proximal floral bracteole 1 × 0.75 mm, distal floral bracteole 2 × 2 mm, triangular, scar of sterile staminate flower inconspicuous. Pistillate flowers 4.5 × 3.5 mm shortly after anthesis, available material somewhat decayed; calyx 3.5 mm diam., tubular in basal 3 mm, with 3 lobes to 0.75 × 1.5 mm, glabrous; corolla 2.75 mm, with 3 lobes; staminodes 6. Fruit subspherical to broadly ellipsoid, 15 × 12 mm including beak 0.5 mm, with 15 – 17 longitudinal rows of orange, scarcely channelled scales with finely erose margins. Seed (sarcotesta removed) 9 × 8 × 5 mm, globose, compressed, with a deep pit on one side, with a small, rounded appendage at apex; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from Klasaman near Sorong in western New Guinea</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest from 100–200 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Data deficient. It should be noted that this species is known only from an active logging concession</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Although known only from one pistillate and one sterile collection, C. maturbongsii is unlike any other rattan species, possessing striking features in both leaf and inflorescence morphology (Fig. 1). The inflorescence is rather short, lacks a terminal flagellum and bears primary branches that are congested and held almost parallel to the main axis of the inflorescence. When the primary branches expand, the rachis bracts which subtend them are split into tatters. A similar mechanism of inflorescence expansion occurs in two diminutive species from eastern New Guinea, Calamus anomalus Burret and C. essigii W.J. Baker. In these two taxa, the primary branches burst through the subtending bracts, creating a split at the base of each bract, but, unlike C. maturbongsii, the bract remains intact at its apex. Vegetatively, C. maturbongsii has little in common with these species.� There is some resemblance to another Papuasian rattan, C. nannostachys, but in this species the inflorescence bracts, though inflated and split, do not tatter. In overall structure, the inflorescence of C. maturbongsii resembles those of the group of largely short-stemmed or acaulescent Calamus species belonging to Furtado�s section Platyspathus (Furtado 1956) that are restricted to West Malesia, except that the bracts in this group split neatly rather than tatter.� While the similarities described above are noteworthy, the relationships of C. maturbongsii remain uncertain.
+In the majority of pinnate palm leaves, the leaflets near the base of the leaf gradually reduce in size towards the petiole.� In Calamus maturbongsii, the largest leafletsoccur very near the base, with the basal pair almost as large.� This feature together with the very short petiole and almost entirely unarmed leaf sheath must lend the palm a very distinctive appearance. The species is named after our friend and counterpart, Rudi Maturbongs of Universitas Negeri Papua, who has discovered this and many other remarkable new palm species during his field research and has done so much to build collaboration between Papuan botanists and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA, Papua. Sorong Regency: Sorong, Klasaman, Intimpura Co. Concession, Nov. 1994, Maturbongs 32 (K!, MAN), Sept. 1995, Maturbongs 286 (K!, MAN)</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A revision of the Calamus aruensis (Arecaceae) complex in New Guinea and the Pacific</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Bayton</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.P</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Maturbongs</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.A</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 58: 351-370</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus pachypus</name>
+<author>W.J.Baker, Bayton, J.Dransf. & Maturb.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bulletin 58: 351-370</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Manokwari Regency, Warmare, Valley of River Prafi, road to Manyambo (S O˚ 47', E 133˚ 58'); Dransfield et al.; JD7600</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K!; isotypi BO, FTG, MAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Hele bu (Yali), kour (Biaru), kur (Karkar), mambile (Yali), meya (Arfak Plains), tendu mundu (Berap)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a ceteris speciebus C. aruensi affinis, sed spinis vaginarum foliorum flexilibus triangularibus basin valde tumidis, foliolis plerumque geminatis recedit</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary rattan climbing to 26 m. Stem with sheaths 25-60 mm diam., without sheaths 13-30 mm diam.; internodes 18-33 cm. Leaf cirrate, to 4 m long including cirrus and petiole; sheath dark green, drying brown, with abundant, caducous indumentum of irregular brown, fibrous scales, spines few to numerous, 1-60 x 0.3-5 mm, red-brown to black, planar, triangular, flexible, often curving, tapering distinctly at base then attenuate to a narrowly acute apex, margins sometimes sinuous, spines sometimes united at their margins to form compound spines, spine bases yellow, swollen, often distinctly so in larger spines, spine surface with indumentum as on sheath, spines of various sizes, in irregular partial whorls of up to 14 interspersed with solitary spines, spine impressions on sheath sometimes conspicuous, sheath mouth armed with numerous small spines; knee 6-100 mm long, 24-45 mm wide, unarmed or lightly armed with short spines, colour and indumentum as on sheath; ocrea 2-11 mm, forming a low, woody, brown, lightly armed, persistent collar, base of ocrea extending along petiole to an acute angle; flagellum absent; petiole 5-90 mm, 14-23 mm wide and 7-15 mm thick at base, channelled or flat adaxially, rounded abaxially, indumentum as on sheath, with few to many triangular spines; rachis 1.3-2.2 m, with spines and indumentum as petiole, with grapnel spines abaxially; leaflets 1-17 each side of rachis, usually arranged in widely spaced pairs, rarely regular or subregular, when paired the leaflets in each pair sometimes divergent, broadly lanceolate, cucullate, longest leaflets near middle of leaf, 27-46 x 4.4-6.5 cm, apical leaflets 13-30 x 0.6-4.8 cm, distal leaflets widely spaced, basal leaflets small, leaflet surfaces with very few bristles 0.6-2 mm on adaxial surface of mid-rib and other major veins, leaflet margins unarmed or with very few bristles 0.5-2.5 mm near apex, with indumentum as on sheath sometimes present on both surfaces of leaflet base, transverse veinlets inconspicuous; cirrus 80-160 cm, cirrus grapnel spines arranged regularly. Staminate inflorescence limited material seen, similar to pistillate inflorescence, but branched to 3 orders, bracts on primary and secondary branches funnel-shaped; rachillae 3-44 x 0.5-2 mm, sublinear, glabrous; rachilla bracts c. 0.6 x 1.2 mm, distichous, glabrous; floral bracteole 0.6 x 1 mm. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescence, up to c. 4 m long including 27-72.5 cm peduncle and 25-90 cm sterile tip, branched to 2 orders, usually inserted near to sheath apex, but sometimes emerging from sheath mouth; prophyll 16-33.5 x 1.6-2.3 cm, strictly tubular, with 2 conspicuous keels, prophyll mouth entire, with acute, triangular limb to one side, sometimes subtending primary branch, indumentum as on sheath, lightly to moderately armed with short spines; peduncular bracts absent, rachis bracts 9.5-38 x 0.6-2.1 cm, similar to prophyll, unarmed to moderately armed as prophyll; primary branches 6-9, to 70 cm long, 19-32 cm apart, strongly recurving, with up to 43 rachillae, bracts on primary branch funnel-shaped; rachillae 4-20 x 0.2 cm, sublinear or arcuate; rachilla bracts 1.5 x 1.7-2 mm, subdistichous, with scattered scales as sheath; flower clusters rarely distinctly stalked, stalk to c. 1.5 mm long, proximal floral bracteole obscured by distal bracteole, distal floral bracteole 1.5-1.6 x 1.6-1.7 mm, glabrous, scar from sterile staminate flower c. 0.2 mm diam. Pistillate flowers 4-4.5 x 2.5 mm shortly after anthesis; calyx 2.5 mm diam., tubular in basal 1.7-3.5 mm, with 3 lobes to 0.7-0.8 x 1-1.5 mm, glabrous; corolla 2-3.3 x 2 mm, tubular in basal 0.7-1.7 mm, with 3 lobes 1.3-1.6 x 1.5 mm, glabrous; staminodes 6, c. 0.8 mm long, staminodal ring c. 1 mm high; ovary c. 2 x 2 mm, globose, style c. 0.5 mm long, stigmas c. 1 mm long. Sterile staminate flowers not seen. Fruit globose, 10-15 x 8.5-13.5 mm including beak 1.5-2 mm, with 16-19 longitudinal rows of light green to white, shallowly chanelled scales with entire, but uneven margins. Seed (sarcotesta removed) 7.3-8 x 7-9.5 x 6-8 mm, globose, with a deep, narrow pit on one side, the surface covered with numerous deep pits and irregular channels; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal or sub-basal. Fig. 1.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from scattered records throughout mainland New Guinea with one collection from New Ireland</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Various types of primary and secondary forest vegetations, 100-1500 m with more than half of the records above 600m</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least concern</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane used for making bridges and waist hoops, split cane for general cordage, for making arrows and bow strings, and for fire-making</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This distinctive new species is readily distinguished from its relatives by its leaf sheath armature. The spines on the sheath are flexible, triangular and distinctly swollen at the base (Fig. 1D). While both large and small spines occur on the sheath, very long spines (up to 60 mm) are almost always present. Leaflet arrangement is variable, but the most frequent form bears leaflets grouped in pairs.
+Although C. pachypus is recorded from low elevations, it is more frequently found in submontane and montane vegetations. While the species is known from a relatively limited number of collections, it is apparently widespread in New Guinea and is recorded from both eastern and western extremes of the island. Outside mainland New Guinea, it is known from a single collection from New Ireland</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA, Papua. Jayapura Regency: Jayapura, Berap, May 1994, Upessy 7 (K!); Cyclops Mts, Angkasa, Aug. 1998, Heatubun et al. 288 (AAU!, BO, K!, MAN, NY!); Papua, Jayapura, N Cyclops Mts, Jan. 2001, Desianto 7 (AAU!, K!, MAN). Manokwari Regency: Warmare, valley of river Prafi, new road to Manyambo, Aug. 1995, Dransfield et al. JD 7600 (BO, FTG, K!, MAN, type); Mubri Lama, near Arfak Mts, April 1995, Maturbongs 47 (K!, MAN); Manokwari, Mubri, April 1995, Maturbongs 46 (K!, MAN); Arfak Plains, Settlement Unit Seven, (satuan Pemukiman Tujuh), April 1994, Mogea 6245 (BO, K!, L!, MAN, NY!). Merauke Regency: Between Mindiptanah and Imko, Aug. 1957, Dijkstra BW 6630 (L!). Wamena Regency: 6km SW of Bernhard Camp, Idenburg River, Feb. 1939, Brass 12963 (A, L!); Abenaho Subdistrict, Jayawijaya, Nov. 1999, Maturbongs et al. 644 (AAU!, K!, MAN); Snow Mountains, E of Baliem Valley, vicinity of Panggema, Oct. 1992, Milliken 1435 (K!). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Madang Provice; Karkar Island, Mom, Sept. 1970, Zieck NGF 36248 (BH, K!, L!, LAE). Milne Bay Province: junction of Ugat and Mayu Rivers, near Mayu Island, July 1972, Streimann & Katik NGF 28669 (BH, L!, LAE!). Morobe Province: locality unknown, 1989, Taurereko 209 (K!); Wau Subdistrict, Kanis, between Tori-Korwa, Biaru Valley, June 1969, Zieck NGF 36225 (LAE!); Wau Subdistrict, Bulolo-Watut, June 1969, Zieck NGF 36221 (L!, LAE), March 1964, Moore & Womersley 9278 (LAE!). New Ireland Province: Logagon Subdistrict, N Schleinitz Range, 5 km S of Logagon, Oct. 1974, Croft LAE 65582 (A, BH, BRI, E, K!, L!, LAE). Southern Highlands Provice: Moro, Iagifuago, Path along water pipeline from well site down to road, Feb. 1996, Baker & Kage 659 (K!, LAE!). Western Province: Yat, June 1967, Henty et al. NGF 33042 (BH, CANB!, LAE!)</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>An account of the Papuasian species of Calamus (Arecaceae) with paired fruit</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 371-387</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus pholidostachys</name>
+<author>J. Dransf and W J. Baker</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 58: 381 (2003)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay, Peria Creek, Kwagira R., river bank, alt. 50 m, 27 Aug. 1953; Brass; 24209</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus L; isotypi A, LAE</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>inter species Papuanas fructibus geminatis flagello longissimo, foliolis regulariter dispositis, vaginis foliorum sparse armatis, geniculo inerme, ocrea fibrosa, bracteis rachillarum expansis imbricatis recedit.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust, solitary rattan climbing to 30 m. Stem with sheaths 20 - 40 mm diam., without sheaths to 9 - 15 mm diam.; internodes 12 - 28 cm. Leaf ecirrate, to 2 m long including petiole; sheath green, drying pale greenish brown, usually with sparse to very dense, dull brown, caducous indument; spines persistent, rather sparse and mostly of uniform size and form, (5)12 - 25 x 2 - 4 mm, rigid, laminar, black, drying grey, scattered or arranged in horizontal groups, pointing horizontally or upwards, spines around leaf sheath mouth similar or sometimes much longer, to 60 mm long; knee conspicuous, only slightly swollen, to 80 x 10 mm, green, unarmed; ocrea 15 x 2 cm, tubular at first, splitting to form two auricles with rounded triangular tips, these then disintegrating to form a tangle of slender pale to mid-brown fibres at the sheath mouth, the ocrea unarmed or with a few spines near the sheath mouth; flagellum present, 2.5 - 3 m long; petiole 7 - 12 cm long, 13 - 14 mm wide, 6.5 mm thick at the base, adaxially flattened or shallowly channelled, abaxially rounded, with sparse to dense caducous brown indument, and very few rigid persistent triangular spines to 5 mm long along the margins, otherwise unarmed; rachis to 150 cm long, armed with solitary or grouped recurved hooks abaxially, glabrous or with sparse to dense brown caducous indument; leaflets c. 60 on each side of rachis, regularly arranged, concolorous, lanceolate, longest leaflet in mid-leaf 38 - 46 x 2.3 - 2.4 cm, apical leaflets 8 - 12 x 0.4 - 0.9 cm, apical leaflet pair united to 1/10 their length, leaflets armed with dark bristles 3 - 4 mm long along 5 veins adaxially and with slightly shorter bristles along mid-vein abaxially, margins minutely bristly and strongly inrolled at the very insertion, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Staminate inflorescence unknown. Staminate flowers unknown. Pistillate inflorescence 4.5 - 8.2 m long, including peduncle to 3.9 m long, branching to 2 orders; prophyll not seen; rachis bracts closely sheathing, armed with robust recurved hooks in grapnel-like groups; primary branches 5 - 7, to 50 cm long, each bearing 6 - 8 rachillae, subtending bracts unarmed, or sparsely armed with short triangular recurved spines to 1 mm long; rachillae in fruit 15 - 30 x 0.3 - 0.5 cm, probably pendulous; rachilla bracts very conspicuous, 8 x 5 mm, distichous, unarmed or with a single or pair of very short dark-tipped spines to 0.5 mm, the bract tips triangular but eroding and becoming truncate and expanded, covered in sparse to dense irregular dark brown scales; proximal floral bracteole cup-shaped, 1.5 x 4 mm, distal floral bracteole cup-shaped, 1.5 x 3 mm, scar from sterile staminate c. 1 mm diam. Pistillate flowers borne in pairs together with a sterile staminate flower to form a triad; pistillate flowers in bud or anthesis; fruiting perianth with calyx to 3 mm long, tubular in basal 1 mm, the 3 free sepals split in 2 as the fruit develops, giving 6 lobes; corolla with 3 lobes 3.5 x 2 mm, each split in 2; staminodal ring split into 6 lobes to 1.5 x 1 mm, together with the calyx and corolla spread-out star-like at the fruit base. Sterile staminate flowers not seen. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, 14 - 16.5 x 9.5 - 12.5 mm, including beak 1.5 x 1.5 mm, with 18 - 20 longitudinal rows of dull pale brown, channelled scales with darker intramarginal lines. Seed 11 x 9 x 7 mm, ellipsoid, with a deep lateral chalazal pit, the surface covered in shallow scalloped depressions; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal.
+</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Confined to eastern New Guinea, recorded only from Milne Bay and Central Districts of PNG.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In lowland forest, usually on river banks at altitudes up to 750 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Local uses not recorded</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species appears most similar to Calamus zebrinus, but differs in the very different leaf sheath armature and the distinctive overlapping, eventually truncate rachilla bracts with expanded mouths. As yet, it is known only from pistillate material. This robust rattan is easily distinguished by its ecirrate leaves with regularly arranged leaflets, long flagella and sheaths sparsely, but robustly armed, with unarmed knee and fibrous ocrea; the pistillate rachillae are particularly distinctive with their almost overlapping expanded rachilla bracts that lend an almost scaly appearance to the rachilla.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central: Port Moresby, Vanapa R., Oct. 1969, Zieck 36231 (L); Mariboi Plantation, April 1973, Zieck and Gore NGF36549 (LAE). Milne Bay: Alotave, Aug. 1979, Kairo 109 (A, BFC, K, L, LAE, USF); Peria Creek, Kwagira R., Aug. 1953 Brass 24209 (holotype L; isotypes A, LAE).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Calamus suaveolens — a new rattan from Sulawesi</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 59: 69-71</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus suaveolens</name>
+<author>W. J. Baker & J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bulletin 59: 69-71</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Bolaang Mongondow, Kotamobagu, Gunung Ambang, Oct. 1973; Dransfield and Mogea; JD3858</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K!; isotypi BH, BO, L</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>C. aruensi affinis sed foliolis singulariter vel binatim non regulatim dispositis, geniculis et vaginis foliorum spinis triangularibus dense tectis (geniculum C. aruensi raro spinosum), inflorescentia spinosa non raro spinosa, ocrea 14 - 23 mm (vice 3 - 9 mm) differt</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary rattan climbing to 10 m. Stem with sheaths 15 - 40 mm diam., without sheaths 11 - 20 mm diam.; internodes 30 - 40 cm. Leaf cirrate, c. 4.3 m long including cirrus and petiole; sheath dark green, with sparse to abundant, caducous indumentum of minute, irregular, brown and white scales, spines numerous, 2 - 25 x 0.5 - 5 mm, black, planar, triangular, stiff, slightly deflexed, scattered evenly throughout sheath, spine bases slightly swollen adaxially, sheath mouth densely armed; knee 60 - 90 mm long, 18 - 21 mm wide, moderately to densely armed, spines and indumentum as on sheath; ocrea 14 - 23 mm, forming a hard, woody, persistent flange, divergent from stem, armed with bristle-like spines and spines as on sheath, base of ocrea extending along petiole to an acute angle; flagellum absent; petiole 20-30 mm, 14-17 mm wide and 7-8 mm thick at base, flat adaxially, rounded abaxially, indumentum as on sheath, with numerous short triangular spines; rachis up to 3 m, with few, very small, triangular spines, with irregularly-arranged grapnel spines abaxially; leaflets 13 - 15 each side of rachis, irregularly arranged in divergent pairs and solitarily, broadly lanceolate, cucullate, longest leaflets near middle of leaf, 28 - 40 x 6.5 - 9 cm, apical leaflets 19 - 35 x 1.8 - 3 cm, distal leaflets widely spaced, basal leaflets small and apparently reflexing, with few bristles 1 - 2.5 mm towards base of adaxial surface of mid-rib and rarely on other major veins, unarmed abaxially, leaflet margins unarmed or with very few bristles 1 - 1.5 mm, increasing in density towards leaflet apex, transverse veinlets moderately inconspicuous; cirrus 1.2 - 2 m, cirrus grapnel spines arranged irregularly. Staminate inflorescence up to 3.8 m long including c. 35 cm sterile tip, branched to 3 orders; prophyll 12 - 16.5 x 1 - 1.3 cm, strictly tubular, with 2 keels, prophyll mouth entire, with narrow, acute, triangular limb to one side, indumentum as on sheath, densely armed with spines 1 - 18 mm long, similar to spines on sheath; peduncular bracts absent (always?), rachis bracts 19 - 26.5 x 0.7 - 1.5 cm, similar to prophyll, densely armed towards apex as prophyll; primary branches up to c. 12, to 28 cm long, 31 - 38 cm apart, strongly recurving, with up to c. 250 rachillae, bracts on primary and secondary branches funnel-shaped; rachillae 4 - 20 x c. 1 mm, sublinear, glabrous; rachilla bracts c. 0.5 x 1.2 mm, subdistichous, glabrous; floral bracteole c. 0.8 x 1 mm. Staminate flowers 3.3 - 4.1 x 1.8-2 mm in bud near anthesis, very sweetly scented; calyx 1.8 - 2 mm diam., tubular in basal 1 mm, with 3 lobes 0.7 - 1 x 1 - 1.2 mm, glabrous; corolla 3 - 3.6 x 1.8-2 mm in bud, scarcely united at base, glabrous; stamens 6, filaments 1.5 - 1.8 x 0.3 mm, anthers 1.6 - 2.1 x 0.4 mm; pistillode inconspicuous. Pistillate inflorescence similar to staminate inflorescence, but branched to 2 orders; primary branches c. 25 cm long, strongly recurving, with c. 26 rachillae, bracts on primary branch funnel-shaped; rachillae 25 - 70 x 2 mm, sublinear or irregular; rachilla bracts c. 1.2 x 1.7 mm, subdistichous, glabrous; proximal floral bracteole obscured by distal bracteole, distal floral bracteole 1.3 -1.5 x 1.5 mm, glabrous, scar from sterile staminate flower c. 0.2 mm diam. Pistillate flowers c. 3-3.5 x 2 mm at anthesis, very sweetly scented; calyx c. 2 mm diam., tubular in basal c. 2 - 2.2 mm, with 3 lobes to c. 0.9 x 1 mm, glabrous; corolla c. 2.4 x 1.5 mm, tubular in basal c. 1.3 - 2 mm, with 3 lobes to c. 1.1 - 1.2 x 1 mm, glabrous; staminodes 6, staminodal ring c. 1 mm high; gynoecium 1.8 - 2 x 1.1 - 1.4 mm, ovoid, stigmas 0.6 - 0.8 mm long. Sterile staminate flowers not seen. Fruit globose, c. 8 x 6 mm including beak 1.5 mm (available material unripe), with c. 20 longitudinal rows of shallowly channelled scales with entire, but uneven margins. Seed (sarcotesta removed) c. 6 x 4 x 4 mm (available material unripe), globose, with a deep, narrow pit on one side, the surface covered with numerous deep pits and irregular channels; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Fig. 1</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>North and central Sulawesi</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Hill forest and lower montane forest, on steep slopes, 780 - 1350 m</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Data deficient</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus suaveolens is easily recognised by a combination of characters: the irregular arrangement of solitary and divergent pairs of leaflets, the leaf sheath and knee densely armed with black triangular spines, the cirrus with irregularly arranged grapnel spines, the heavily armed major bracts on the primary axis of the inflorescence and the relatively large, heavily armed, persistent ocrea. Some characters are shared with other members of the C. aruensis complex in New Guinea and the Pacific, for example, C. pachypus W. J. Baker et al., C. vitiensis Warb. ex Becc. and C. dasyacanthus W. J. Baker et al. display similar leaflet arrangements, C. aruensis bears similar cirrus spines and the sheath spine morphology resembles that of C. aruensis and C. vitiensis. However, none of them possesses inflorescences that are densely armed throughout (in fact, most bear largely unarmed inflorescences) or so conspicuous an ocrea. Calamus suaveolens is so named on account of the strikingly sweet odour of the flowers at anthesis observed by one of us (JD) when collecting two of the three known specimens</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA. Sulawesi: N Sulawesi, Bolaang Mongondow, Kotamobagu, Gunung Ambang, Oct. 1973, Dransfield & Mogea JD 3855 (BH, BO, K!, L), Dransfield & Mogea JD 3858 (BH, BO, K!, L, type). C Sulawesi: Mt Roroka Timbu, W slope, c. 80 km SSE of Palu, May 1979, de Vogel 5283 (L!)</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A new species of Calamus (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) from north-east Thailand</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.D</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 85-90</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus temii</name>
+<author>T. Evans</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 57: 85 (2002)</citation>
+<type>Thailand, Loei Province; Tem Smitinand; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus BKF</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a C. melanochroo Burret habitu arborescenti, endospermio ruminato differt; a C. oxycarpo Becc. et C. macrorhyncho Burret foliolis concoloribus indumento infra carenti, fructibus vix globosis et endospermio ruminato distinguenda.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust, erect rattan up to 5 m tall. Distal part of leaf sheath brown when dry, tapering gradually into the petiole and bearing partial whorls of laminar, elastic black spines up to 3 cm long, the spine bases thickened, neatly defined from the blades and drying brown like the sheath. Amongst the larger spines many smaller, needle-like or laminar, black spines, mostly in groups. Entire leaf not seen, but large (perhaps 1.5 - 2 m long in total), ecirrate. Entire petiole not seen, probably greatly exceeding 50 cm, about 1 - 1.2 cm in diameter, rounded abaxially and deeply chanelled adaxially, armed on both surfaces with widely spaced, more or less complete whorls of large and small spines like those of the upper sheath. Rachis rounded abaxially, acutely bifaced adaxially, armed on all surfaces with incomplete whorls of laminar, black spines up to 2.5 cm proximally, much shorter distally. Leaflets arranged in groups of 2 - 6, more in the terminal group, lying in a single plane, angled away from the stem and not divaricate, ensiform or narrowly lanceolate, up to 40 x 2 cm, terminal pair not joined, drying light green adaxially and a paler grey-green abaxially but wholly lacking pale indumentum, adaxially bearing three lines of black bristles along the three prominent costae, abaxially with 1 - 3 sub-prominent veins, all without bristles. Male inflorescence unknown. Female inflorescence not seen entire, apparently more or less erect at base, drooping distally, more than 80 cm long, branched to two orders, partial inflorescences up to 40 cm long in the terminal part of the inflorescence, primary branches quite slender, primary and secondary bracts heavily tattered almost to the base, much of each bract eventually deciduous, degree of armature not clear in available material, the bract bases marked by pronounced dark rings at the point of attachment, rachillae arising at the base of their subtending bracts, stout in relation to the primary branches, appressed at the base, 1 - 2 (rarely 3) cm long, with flowers at 4 mm intervals on each side and thus appearing crowded, the axis very slender but rarely visible, rachilla bracts short and very broadly funnel-shaped, about 8 mm wide with a long apiculate limb on one side, involucrophore arising half inside the mouth of the rachilla bract, deeply cupular, involucre also deeply cupular but strongly asymmetrical, raised to a prominent exposed crest on the side bearing the impression of the neuter flower, broadly and deeply notched and lower than the rim of the involucrophore on the other side. Site of the neuter flower about '/4 as large as the site of the female flower. Flowers not seen. Fruiting perianth explanate, split almost to the base but the basal part of each lobe thickened and the distal part slightly reflexed, giving the impression of a weakly pedicelliform perianth. Fruit, very broadly ellipsoid, almost globose with a short, abrupt beak, 19 x 14 - 15 mm, very dark, the scales blackish, becoming deep chestnut brown basally and bearing a mid-brown fimbriate margin, sometimes lightly channelled. Concealed part of scale base bright yellow, only visible when fruit is broken open. Seed ellipsoid, 11 x 10 x 8 mm, flattened on the side bearing the deep chalazal fovea, the surface deeply pitted and channelled, shape and pattern together resembling a human brain. Albumen strongly ruminate. Embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In lower montane oak forest at 1300 - 1550 m. Fruits apparently almost ripe in February and May. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus temii seems to be close to C. melanochrous Burret from Guangxi in China, although the latter is known only from the brief protologue and the isotype in A (a single fruit and tiny piece of leaflet, together with a photograph of the holotype, from B, which is itself now believed destroyed). The Flora of China account is based solely on the protologue (Pei et al. 1991) and there is no published mention of any herbarium material of this species in China. Wei (1986) considered C. melanochrous a doubtful species, probably referrable to C. thysanolepis Hance, but I agree with Pei et al. (1991) that the two are distinct. Burret stated that C. melanochrous was a climber (based on the collector's notes 'creeping...on trees in a wood') and had a homogeneous endosperm. The seed interior cannot now be re-examined since only one fruit remains, so we must assume Burret noted this accurately. Another apparently related species, C. macrorhynchus Burret, also from China is noted as 'semi-erect to climbing' by Pei et al. (1991). This is an unusual character state amongst Calamoid palms, which can usually be clearly ascribed to acaulescent, arborescent or climbing types (J. Dransfield pers. comm. 2001). There is a possibility that either C. temii or C. melanochrous will also prove to show this rare, ambiguous habit given further fieldwork, in which case a reassessment of their distinctness might be appropriate. Five other arborescent Calamus species occur in or near Thailand and are perhaps more likely to be confused with C. temii by field botanists than are the three Chinese species diagnosed above. All have persistent primary inflorescence bracts with a long tubular base, lacerate to varying degrees in the distal part, and they also show the following individual differences from C. temii. C. erectus Roxb. (northern Indochina west to India) differs in its whorls of long, yellow petiole spines, leaflets usually longer than 60 cm, stiffly erect inflorescences, and larger and more strongly patterned ovoid fruit up to 3 cm long. C. arborescens Griff. (south-west Thailand and areas to the south and west) differs in its larger, ungrouped leaflets with prominent white indumentum below, much longer and thicker female rachillae, and fruits with deeply channelled scales and homogeneous endosperm. C. dongnaiensis Pierre ex. Becc. (south Vietnam) has paler rachis spines, larger and less bristly leaflets, and, in the male, a longer, flagelliform inflorescence with spiny primary bracts. C. harmandii Pierre ex. Becc. (south Laos) has different armature, regularly spaced leaflets and a very slender inflorescence with remote, almost spicate partial inflorescences and unusual, crowded, densely tomentose rachillae bearing flowers in apparently jumbled spirals. Finally, Calamus modestus T. Evans and T. P. Anh (central Vietnam) has leaflets up to 24 x 1 cm, short, stiffly erect inflorescences and small, ovoid fruits. The female plant of C. dongnaiensis is unknown but its inflorescence seems most likely to resemble the male inflorescence which is slender, flagelliform and over 170 cm long with quite slender, lax rachillae over 10 cm long. There is, however, a slim possibility that it resembles the shorter, much more robust female inflorescence of C. temii. Differences in many details of the leaflets, spines and inflorescence bracts suggest that C. dongnaiensis will remain abundantly distinct from C. temii when better known. C. temii may also occur at high altitudes elsewhere in the Petchabun range and in nearby areas of northern Thailand and northern Laos.
+There is no widely applicable sub-generic classification of the genus Calamus. Various formal or informal systems have been proposed by Beccari (1908), Furtado (1956, focussing on the Malayan species) and Wei (1986, for the Chinese species). However, ongoing modern cladistic analyses indicate that many features used by these authors, such as habit and climbing organ, are poor guides to monophyly in this subtribe (Baker et al. 2000). Calamus temii does not fit satisfactorily in any of the existing systems. In particular, the primary inflorescence bracts of C. temii are unusual in the genus since in the infructescences seen they have been almost entirely lost, leaving only a dry and tattered basal portion 0.5 - 2 cm long which is split almost to the base. Based on the limited material available this feature also appears to be shared by C. melanochrous, C. macrorhynchus and a third Chinese species, C. oxycarpus, suggesting that these four species may have close affinities. They are unusual since in most congeners the primary bracts remain mostly tubular, entire and living, sometimes splitting or becoming partially lacerate (Uhl and Dransfield 1987). Beccari (1913) believed that C. oxycarpus lay close to C. arborescens (informal grouping II of Beccari 1908) amongst the species he recognised and Wei (1986) places both C. oxycarpus and C. macrorhynchus in subgenus Protocalamus C. F. Wei, alongside C. thysanolepis Hance, C. dianbaiensis C. F. Wei, C. yuangchunensis C. F. Wei and C. guangxiensis C. F. Wei. However, because of their distinctive primary inflorescence bracts and a combination of other details C. temii and the three similar species mentioned above are perhaps better left in an unassigned position, pending a better subgeneric classification. This group of four poorly known species probably merits careful attention during the construction of such a system.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>THAILAND (NORTH-EAST): Loei Province, Phu Luang, (fr.), Feb. 1991, T Smitinand s.n. (K, BKF); same province, Wang Sapluang Distr., Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Lou Tae, (fr.), 15 May 1998, Wongprasert s.n. (BKF); same district and sanctuary, Phu Yong Phu, (fr.), 16 May 1998, Wongprasert s.n. (BKF).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Calamus longipinna (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) and its relatives in New Guinea</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bull. 57: 853-866</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus wanggaii</name>
+<author>WJ.Baker & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 57: 863 (2002)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Manokwari Regency, Wasior District, Sikama River, 3 km SE of Wosimi River at Senderawoi, 26 km SSE of Wasior (S 2˚ 57’ 2.7”, E 134˚ 34’ 22.5”), Feb. 2000; Barrow et al.; 129</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K!; isotypi AAU!, BO!, BRI!, L!, MAN!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>C. longipinnae Lauterb. et K. Schum. affinis sed foliolis paucioribus aggregatis oblanceolatis vice regularibus linearibusque, setis foliolorum longissimis, spinis ocreae triangularibus differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust, clustering rattan climbing to 25 m. Stem with sheaths c. 15 mm diam., without sheaths to 7 - 9 mm diam.; internodes c. 35 cm. Leaf ecirrate to 75 cm long including petiole; sheath dark green, with abundant, thin indumentum of minute, matted, brown and white scales, with numerous spines, 2 - 6 x 0.5 - 1 mm, solitary, narrowly triangular; knee 28 mm long, 13 mm wide, colour and armature as sheath; ocrea 22 x 2.6 cm, persistent, inflated, boat-shaped, split longitudinally to base on side opposite petiole insertion, clasping and usually obscuring sheath, papery, tattering, with sparse indumentum as sheath, armed as sheath; flagellum present, c. 2 m; petiole c. 13 cm, 6 mm wide and 5 mm thick at base, shallowly channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, with sparse indumentum of scales as sheath, adaxial surface with short spines similar to sheath spines, abaxial surface with scattered solitary grapnel spines; rachis c. 51 cm, indumentum as petiole, unarmed adaxially, abaxial surface as petiole; 28 leaflets each side of rachis, arranged in three widely-spaced groups of 9 - 11 leaflets, leaflets regularly spaced within groups, but divaricate, upper and lower leaflets of middle group overlapping with leaflets in adjacent groups, oblanceolate, longest leaflet in upper part of lowest group, 33 x 2 cm, mid-leaf leaflets 26.5 x 2 cm, apical leaflets 17 x 1.2 cm, apical leaflet pair briefly united, leaflets armed with conspicuous bristles on mid-vein and one major either side, 7 - 11 mm, bristles very rare or absent from abaxial surface, numerous short bristles on margin, 0.5 - 1 mm, some scales on leaflet bases, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Staminate inflorescence c. 2.2 m long including c. 1.9 m peduncle (always?) and at least 25 cm flagelliform tip, branched to 3 orders; prophyll 38 x 0.4 cm, strictly tubular, splitting very briefly at apex, with thin indument of purple-brown scales, armed with numerous grapnel spines; peduncular bracts 3 (always?), peduncular and rachis bracts similar to prophyll, with indumentum and armature as prophyll; primary branches 1 (always?), to at least 19 cm long, lax, with 11 rachillae in available material, bracts on first order branch very sparsely armed; rachillae 26 - 40 mm x 1.5 mm, straight to recurved; rachilla bracts 1.4 x 1.5 mm, distichous, shallowly funnel-shaped, with indumentum as prophyll; floral bracteole 1.5 x 1.5 mm. Staminate flowers 3.3 x 1.7 mm prior to anthesis; calyx 1.8 mm diam., tubular in basal 1.7 mm, with 3 lobes 0.7 x 1 mm, scattered scales as prophyll; corolla 2.5 x 1.5 mm in bud, tubular in basal 0.5 mm, very few scales as prophyll; stamens 6, filaments 1 x 0.2 mm, anthers 1.4 x 0.5 mm; pistillode 0.8 x 0.2 mm, trifid. Pistillate inflorescence not seen. Pistillate flowers not seen. Fruit not seen. Seed not seen. Fig. 2.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a single collection near the Wosimi River, south of the Wandammen Peninsula, Papua, Indonesia.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland, primary forest, 30 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Data deficient. The type locality of C. wanggaii falls outside the Wondiwoi Mountain reserve. Although C. wanggaii occurs in abundance at the type locality, it may be threatened by impending forestry activities. There is considerable logging activity in the area and the type locality itself has been assessed for timber extraction. However, it is not possible to assign a conservation category because the available distribution data is inadequate.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A strikingly beautiful rattan, C. wanggaii is distinguished from other members of the group by the possession of oblanceolate leaflets with very long bristles on the adaxial surface (Fig. 2). The leaflets are arranged in three groups and although they are inserted equidistantly within each group, they are divaricate so that leaflets of the middle group overlap with leaflets in the upper and lower groups. A similar rattan bearing regularly arranged rather than grouped leaflets was observed at the type locality. No material is available, but it is possible that it is conspecific with C. wanggaii. Thus leaflet arrangement may be rather more variable than the description suggests.
+The ocrea of C. wanggaii is quite similar to that of C. longipinna, bearing a congenital split, but unlike most forms of C. longipinna, it is heavily armed throughout with short triangular spines similar to those which occur on the leaf sheath.
+The specimen that was used to draw up this description (the holotype at K) includes a single staminate, flagelliform inflorescence that bears just one primary branch near the apex. This inflorescence is branched to only two orders whereas the field notes indicate that the inflorescence is branched to three orders. It is probable that one of the isotypes contains an inflorescence that displays a greater number of branching orders and perhaps more primary branches than the holotype.
+This species is named for Jack Wanggai, Head of the Biodiversity Study Centre at Universitas Negeri Papua, Manokwari, Indonesia and co-collector of the type material, in honour of his dedication to plant exploration in New Guinea and in recognition of his collaboration on the Palms of New Guinea project.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INIDONESIA, Papua. Manokwari Regency: Wasior Distr., Sikama R., 3 km SE of Wosimi R. at Senderawoi, 26 km SSE of Wasior (S 2˚ 57’ 2.7”, E 134˚ 34’ 22.5”), Feb. 2000, Barrow et al. 129 (AAU, BO, BRI, K!, L, MAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Large dioecious tree fan palms of tropical rain forest in South Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo, distinctive in the leaves with razor-sharp petiole margins and large fruit with the endocarp with internal flanges that penetrate the homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Borassodendron</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Webbia 4: 359 (1914).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Borassodendron machadonis; (Ridl.) Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combines the palm generic name Borassus with dendron – tree.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious, tree palms. Stem erect, ringed with close leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, very briefly costapalmate, marcescent in immature individuals, neatly abscising under their own weight in mature trunked individuals; sheath becoming fibrous marginally, narrow, glabrous but tomentose abaxially along the margins, with a conspicuous triangular cleft below the petiole; petiole robust, covered with caducous indumentum, adaxially deeply channelled, abaxially rounded, the margins smooth, very hard and very sharp; adaxial hastula well developed, abaxial hastula absent; blade divided nearly to the insertion into compound segments, these further divided rather irregularly to 1/4–2/3 the radius into single-fold segments, in turn shallowly divided along the abaxial folds, interfold filaments persisting, the segment surfaces similar in colour or with white indumentum beneath, blade with bands of brown caducous scales, longitudinal veins and transverse veinlets prominent. Inflorescences interfoliar, strongly dimorphic, ± pendulous. Staminate inflorescence branched to 2 orders, with a short to long peduncle; prophyll large, 2-keeled, tubular near the base, inflated distally, splitting along much of its length, densely covered in caducous indumentum, tending to disintegrate at the tip and margins into fibres; peduncular bracts 1–few, like the prophyll but with a single keel; rachis shorter or longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts like the peduncular; first-order branches distant or crowded, bare, semicircular in cross-section, with sharp edges, short or long, bearing 1–5 robust catkin-like rachillae crowded at the tip, each subtended by a small triangular bract; rachillae close or diverging, bearing a tight spiral of large scaly or hairy, imbricate bracts, connate to each other laterally and adnate to the axis to form pits, each pit containing a cincinnus of 2–6 flowers, floral bracteoles spathulate. Staminate flowers exserted one at a time from the pit; calyx membranous, tubular, tipped with 3 short triangular lobes, most of the calyx remaining included within the pit; corolla with a long stalk-like base carrying the rest of the flower out of the pit, petals 3, ±imbricate, elongate; stamens 6–15 with very short filaments and elongate latrorse anthers; pistillode minute or absent. Pollen brevi-ellipsoidal to oblate-spheroidal, bi-symmetric; aperture a distal brevi-sulcus or a single large pore; ectexine tectate, coarsely foveolate or reticulate, aperture margin psilate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 60–85 µm [2/2]. Pistillate inflorescence unbranched or with up to 4 branches; prophyll, peduncular bracts and rachis bracts as in the staminate inflorescence, inflorescence axis, where unbranched, terminating in a rachilla, where branched, having rachillae borne singly at the tip of bare, flattened first-order branches as in the staminate inflorescence; rachillae short to long, bearing a spiral of large hairy, frequently notched, scaly, imbricate bracts, connate to each other and adnate to the axis to form shallow pits (Borassodendron machadonis) or almost free but closely overlapping (B. borneense), each subtending a solitary pistillate flower (or abortive flower), the rachilla tip frequently bearing sterile bracts, sometimes with an apparently terminal flower, the bract margins frequently erose. Pistillate flowers sessile, ± superficial or partially sunken in pits, each surrounded by 2 large ovate, irregularly margined bracteoles; sepals 3, distinct, ovate, imbricate, the margins ± notched; petals 3, distinct, ovate, similar to the sepals; staminodal ring short, with 6–9 teeth bearing minute empty anthers; gynoecium globose, trilocular, triovulate, tipped with 3 fleshy approximate stigmas, ovule form unknown. Fruit large (1–2)–3-seeded, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fibrous, the interfibre parenchyma becoming sweet, fragrant, and fleshy at maturity, endocarp comprising 3 separate pyrenes with thick stony walls, walls with 8–12 shallow internal, longitudinal ridges penetrating the seed. Seed grooved longitudinally by the pyrene ridges, endosperm homogeneous, with a slight central hollow; embryo apical. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll palmate with ca. 5 segments. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species, Borassodendron machadonis in southern Thailand and northern Peninsular Malaysia, B. borneense in Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Borassodendron is strongly supported as a monophyletic group (Bayton 2005). The genus is sister to Borassus with moderate to high support (Uhl et al. 1995, Bayton 2005, Asmussen et al. 2006). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The ‘cabbage’ of Borassodendron borneense is edible and is sometimes sold in Bornean village markets. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1972a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Jacobipollenites Ramanujam (1966) is described from the Miocene of India (Madras). According to the revised description (Ramanujam et al. 1998) based on additional material, the longest axis is 40–100 µm, the pore is circular to slightly elongate (10–25 µm) and it has a ‘rugged’ tectate margo. The authors make convincing comparison with Borassodendron; the only alternative in the palms would be Ammandra with closely similar pollen. Borassodendron machadonis pollen has been reported from the Pliocene–early Quaternary of the Mahakam Delta, Kalimantan by Caratini and Tissot (1985). Maloney (2000) reviews this record and other records from the SE Asian Holocene. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Easily recognised by the large palmate but deeply split leaf blade, smooth sharp petiole, and well-developed adaxial hastula. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Bindang.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Borassodendron machadonis is a rare palm, sometimes found in areas of deep soil on limestone hills, sometimes on ridges in hill Dipterocarp forest. In Borneo, B. borneense can be locally abundant on hills in the lowlands but is absent from wide areas of apparently suitable forest. The young leaves of B. borneense are eaten by orangutan, which can cause considerable damage; the same animals may be responsible for dispersal. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Large dioecious tree fan palms of Africa, Madagascar, the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, and the drier parts of Malesia; distinctive in the leaves with spiny petiole margins, the spines often very irregularly shaped, and large fruit with the endocarp usually lacking internal flanges that penetrate the homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Borassus</name>\r
+<author>L.</author> \r
+<citation>Sp. pl. 1187 (1753).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Borassus flabellifer; L.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Lontarus</name>\r
+<author>Adans.</author>\r
+<bibref>Adans., Fam. pl. 2: 25, 572 (1763)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Said to be derived from borassos, an immature inflorescence of the date palm, but why Linnaeus should have used this name is not clear.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Tall, robust, solitary, armed, pleonanthic, dioecious, tree palms. Stem massive, covered in a lattice of leaf bases abscising cleanly in older specimens, then rough, ringed with wide leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, strongly costapalmate; sheath open early in development, later with a wide triangular cleft at the base of the petiole; petiole deeply channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, surfaces smooth to minutely rough, margins of sheath and petiole armed with coarse irregular teeth; adaxial hastula conspicuous, triangular or scalloped, abaxial hastula a low ridge (?always); blade suborbicular to flabellate, divided along adaxial folds to ca. 1/2 its length into regular, stiff single-fold segments, these shortly bifid, interfold filaments present or absent, surfaces smooth, ramenta or tomentum along abaxial costa and ridges of folds, midribs prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets conspicuous, short, numerous. Inflorescences interfoliar, shorter than the leaves, the staminate and pistillate dissimilar. Staminate inflorescence branched to 2 orders; peduncle very short; prophyll 2-keeled, with long tubular base, limb short, pointed, variously split apically; (?)peduncular bracts lacking; rachis also short, rachis bracts similar to the prophyll; first-order branches long, flattened, each bearing a prophyll and branched digitately into several (1–3) rachillae; rachillae large, catkin-like, elongate, bearing spirally arranged, imbricate bracts, connate laterally and distally to form large pits, each containing a reflexed cincinnus of ca. 30 staminate flowers, exserted singly in succession from the pit mouth. Staminate flowers each subtended by a long membranous bracteole; sepals 3, asymmetrical, connate only basally or to 2/3 their length, distinct lobes keeled, elongate, membranous, stiff; corolla with a long stalk-like base and 3 short, rounded lobes, ridged adaxially; stamens 6, filaments short, triangular, anthers medifixed, elongate, latrorse; pistillode small, conical. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, reticulate or finely perforate-rugulate, rarely foveolate-reticulate, with psilate supratectal gemmae, aperture margin similar but often without supratectal gemmae; infratectum columellate; longest axis 42–85 µm [2/6]. Pistillate inflorescence unbranched or with a single first-order branch; peduncle short; prophyll tubular, pointed, 2-keeled, split ventrally about 1/2 its length; peduncular bracts few (2 or more), if present as long as or longer than the peduncle; rachilla massive, bearing large cupular bracts, the first few empty, the subsequent each subtending a single pistillate flower, several empty bracts above the flowers. Pistillate flowers large, each bearing 2 lateral cup-like, rounded, leathery, bracteoles; sepals 3 distinct, imbricate, thick, rounded; petals 3, similar to sepals; staminodes triangular, connate basally in a low cupule, sterile anthers present or not; gynoecium rounded, tricarpellate, with a central, basal septal nectary, stylar region hemispherical, stigma a low knob, carpels each with a basal, orthotropous ovule, and 2 lateral bodies, perhaps vestigial ovules. Fruit large, rounded, sometimes wider than long, bearing 1–3 seeds, stigmatic remains apical, perianth enlarged, persistent; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thick, fibrous, often fragrant, endocarp comprising 3 hard bony pyrenes. Seed shallowly to deeply bilobed, pointed, basally attached, endosperm homogeneous with a central hollow; embryo apical. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll undivided, elliptical. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Six species have been recognised. They occur in Africa, Madagascar, north-eastern Arabia, through India and Southeast Asia to New Guinea and Australia. Borassus is one of the most widespread palm genera. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Borassus is a strongly supported monophyletic group (Bayton 2005) that is resolved as sister to Borassodendron with moderate to high support (Uhl et al. 1995, Bayton 2005, Asmussen et al. 2006). For interspecific relationships, see Bayton (2005).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Borassus flabellifer is one of the most intensively used palms. Leaves have been used for writing; wood is valuable for building; inflorescences are tapped and the syrup, sugar, or alcohol may be a staple (Fox 1977).</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1924) and Bayton (2007). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>A well-preserved leaf impression, Amesoneuron borassoides, from the Indian Deccan Intertrappean of Madhya Pradesh (although the age span of these volcanic deposits is controversial, see Chapter 5) is described by Bonde (1986a) and compared, particularly, with Borassus. An Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) seed was compared with Borassus (Monteillet and Lappartient 1981), but this comparison has proved to be incorrect (Uhl and Dransfield 1987; Bayton 2005). Fossil stem, Palmoxylon aschersonii, from Paleogene and Neogene of Algeria and Lower Miocene of Libya is compared with Borassus aethiopum (Louvet and Magnier 1971; Boureau 1947; Boureau et al. 1983), but this is considered a doubtful comparison (Bayton 2005). From the Indian Miocene, petrified stems, Palmoxylon coronatum, are also compared with Borassus (Mahabalé 1959, Sahni 1964, Roy and Ghosh 1980). Fossil palm roots from the Deccan Intertrappean of Nahwargaon, Maharashtra (Ambwani 1981) is compared with B. flabellifer. (Comparisons of palm stem wood or root to generic level should always be viewed with caution). A seed, Upper Senonian (Monteillet and Lapartient 1981), seems very questionable. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Can be recognised by the large stiff costapalmate leaves with both adaxial and abaxial hastulae, and by the large irregular teeth on the petiole. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Toddy or wine palm, lontar, palmyra, or siwalan (Borassus flabellifer).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Borassus flabellifer can occur in some mountain districts of India at elevations of 500–800 m, and is also found on banks of rivers. It is most abundant, however, on low sandy plains near sea level where exposed to sun and winds. In Africa, B. aethiopum occurs in open secondary forest and savannah. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A revision of Borassus L. (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Bayton</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.P.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 62: 561-586</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Borassus aethiopum</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 221 (1838)</citation>
+<type>Ghana, Thonning 258 (holotype lost, see Hepper, 1976: 154). Ghana, Weija, 24 April 1957 (♀ & ♂); Tomlinson; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Neotype BH!</type_loc>
+<bibref>Beccari, O. (1914). Studio sui Borassus e descrizione di un genere nuovo asiatico di Borasseae. Webbia 4: 293–385.</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, O. (1924). Palme della Tribù Borasseae. (ed. U. Martelli). G. Passeri, Florence, Italy.</bibref>
+<bibref>Hutchinson, J. & Dalziel, J. M. (1936). Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 2. The Crown Agents for the Colonies, London, U.K.</bibref>
+<bibref>Kunth, C. S. (1841). Enumeratio Plantarum, Vol. 3. J.G. Collae, Stuttgart & Tübingen, Germany.</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, J. (1986). Palmae. In: R. M. Polhill (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</bibref>
+<bibref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., Birnie, A. & Tengnäs, B. (1993). Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia. Regional Soil Conservation Unit & Swedish International Development Authority, Nairobi, Kenya.</bibref>
+<bibref>Aké Assi, L. & Guinko, S. (1996). Confusion de deux taxons spécifiques ou subspécifiques au sein du genre Borassus en Afrique de l’Ouest. In: L. J. G. van der Maesen, X. M. van der Burgt & J. M. van Medenbach de Rooy (eds), The biodiversity of African plants: proceedings XIVth AETFAT congress, pp. 773 – 779. Kluwer Academic, Wageningen, The Netherlands.</bibref>
+<bibref>Arbonnier, M. (2002). Arbres, arbustes et lianes des zones sèches d’Afrique de l’Ouest, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.</bibref>
+<bibref>Coates Palgrave, K. (2002). Trees of southern Africa, Ed. 3 (revised by M. Coates Palgrave). Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.</bibref>
+<bibref>Bayton, R. P., Obunyali, C. & Ranaivojaona, R. (2003). A reexamination of Borassus in Madagascar. Palms 47: 206–219.</bibref>
+<bibref>Aké Assi, L., Maesen, L. J. G. van der & Dransfield, J. (2006). Arecaceae. In: V. Adjakidjè, W. J. van der Burg & L. J. G. van der Maesen (eds), Flore Analytique du Benin, pp. 50 – 62. Backhuys Publishers, Cotonou, Benin and Wageningen, The Netherlands.</bibref>
+<bibref>Tuley, P. (1995). The Palms of Africa, Trendine Press, St. Ives, U.K.</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Borassus flabellifer var. aethiopum</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Warb. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.)</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) Warb. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, B: 20 (1895)</bibref>
+<bibref>Drude, C. G. O. (1896). Die Palmenflora des tropischen Afrika. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 108 – 136.</bibref>
+<bibref>Wright, C. H. (1902). Flora of Tropical Africa, Vol. 8 (ed. W. T. Thiselton-Dyer). L. Reeve & Co., London, U.K.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Borassus sambiranensis</name>
+<author>Jum. & H.Perrier</author>
+<bibref>Jum. & H.Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille, III, 1(1): 67 (1913)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, Antsiranana Prov., Ambanja, 28 March 2003 (♂); Bayton & Ranaivojaona; 55</type>
+<type_loc>Neotype K!, P!, TAN!</type_loc>
+<bibref>Bayton, R. P., Obunyali, C. & Ranaivojaona, R. (2003). A reexamination of Borassus in Madagascar. Palms 47: 206–219.</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, O. (1914). Studio sui Borassus e descrizione di un genere nuovo asiatico di Borasseae. Webbia 4: 293–385.</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, O. (1924). Palme della Tribù Borasseae. (ed. U. Martelli). G. Passeri, Florence, Italy.</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, J. & Beentje, H. (1995a). The Palms of Madagascar, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K. & International Palm Society, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, H. L. (1938). Catalogue des Plantes de Madagascar, Palmae. G. Pitot, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, H. L. & Perrier de la Bâthie, (1945). Palmiers. In: H. Humbert (ed.), Flore de Madagascar et des Comores, Vol. 30. Imprimerie officelle, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Borassus deleb</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 4: 339 (1914)</bibref>
+<type>Sudan, unknown locality and date (♀); Salvago Raggi; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>‘Aethiopia’ was a general term used by the ancient Greeks and Romans for Africa south of Libya and Egypt. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Dimaka (Sakalava, Madagascar), Kuhe (Ashanti, Ghana), Muhama (Kibuyu, Congo-Kinshasa), Mvumo (Kiswahili, Kenya & Tanzania). A list of West African vernacular names for B. aethiopum is provided by Burkill (1997). European names include African fan-palm, borassus-palm, rhun-palm, rônier (French) and palma-do-vinha (Portuguese).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem to 25m tall, almost always ventricose, to 80cm diameter. Leaves 18 – 27 in the crown; petiole and sheath 130 – 220 cm long; petiole 3.2 – 9 cm wide, robust, with large (0.4 – 2.8 cm long), recurved black teeth on the margins, yellow-orange in the distal portion, darkening to brown-black towards the trunk, though in immature plants, the petiole may be completely black; petiole spines extending along the margin of the first leaflet; costa 80 – 170 cm long; adaxial hastula conspicuous, to 2.9 cm high, abaxial hastula rudimentary; lamina radius to 190 cm maximum, dense indumentum on the ribs of some immature leaves; leaflets 86 – 120, 4.7 – 11 cm wide, apices acute and entire or splitting longitudinally with age, shortest leaflet 45 – 92 cm long, leaf divided to 58 – 95 cm; commissural veins 8 – 15 per cm, leaf anatomy isolateral. Staminate inflorescences branched to two orders, upper subtending branches terminating in 1 – 3 rachillae; rachillae green-brown and catkin-like, 37 – 50 cm long, 2.3 – 3.8 cm diameter, sometimes with a mamilliform apex; rachilla bracts form pits that contain a cincinnus of 8 – 14 staminate flowers. Pistillate inflorescences spicate; flower-bearing portion 36 – 160 cm long with 10 – 28 flowers arranged spirally. Staminate flowers 0.2 – 0.7 cm long, exserted individually from the pits; bracteoles 0.8 × 0.5 cm; calyx 0.4 × 0.2 cm and shallowly divided into three sepals, petal lobes 0.15 × 0.1 cm; stamens 6 with very short filaments, 0.02 × 0.04 cm, anthers 0.02 × 0.05 cm; pistillode minute. Pollen monosulcate, elliptical, 49 – 71 μm long, aperture 37 – 71 μm long, polar axis 32 – 61 μm long; tectum perforate, sparsely covered with supratectal gemmae. Pistillate flowers 3 × 3 cm, bracteoles 2 cm diam., sepals 1.5 × 2 cm and petals 1 × 1.5 cm. Fruits massive, 7 – 17 × 7 – 11 cm, ovoid, flattened at the apex, or with a depressed apex; fragrant, yellow to orange or red at maturity; produced inside persistent perianth segments; pyrenes 1 – 3, 6.4 – 10.9 cm × 5.4 – 8.0 cm × 4.2 – 5.7 cm, somewhat bilobed; some pyrenes have one or two external longitudinal furrows; internal flanges absent. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Found across sub-Saharan Africa as far south as northern South Africa. Absent from parts of southwest and central Africa, and the Horn of Africa. Present on a number of offshore islands including São Tomé and Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea, three of the Cape Verde Islands, and Pemba, Zanzibar and Mayotte in the Mozambique Channel. Present in the Sambirano region of northwest Madagascar, including the islands of Nosy Bé and Nosy Mitsiou, though it may be introduced there (Bayton et al. 2003).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Riverine forest and savanna in low-lying areas, particularly on sandy or alluvial soils. Borassus aethiopum can form dense almost monospecific forest stands or is a component of more diverse riverine forest. However, it is as the main component of palm savannas for which it is best known. Borassus aethiopum is well adapted to fire and herbivory and prospers in areas with frequent burning and browsing. After the pyrenes are dispersed, the embryo is buried underground by the extending cotyledonary petiole (Barot & Gignoux 1999). The meristem is thus protected in the early years of life during a period known as the establishment phase. After several years surviving as a small cluster of leaves, the palm finally generates a stem and this grows rapidly. At this stage, the meristem is vulnerable to fire and herbivory, but is protected to some extent by the skirt of dead leaves that clothes the stem. The dead leaf blades are highly-flammable, but the woody petioles are more persistent and this may allow brush fires to pass quickly; the leaf blade is quickly consumed, but the petiole burns slowly, keeping the fire away from the meristem. As a result, the stem is covered with petioles, which may also serve as a deterrent to large herbivores as the petioles are armed with spines. The accumulated leaf sheathes and petioles are shed cleanly at maturity (Barot & Gignoux 1999). At this point, the meristem is protected from fire and herbivory by virtue of its height above the ground. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least concern. Borassus aethiopum is widespread and common in a number of African countries. While several populations are in decline (Sambou et al. 1992; 2002), the palm remains common. Borassus sambiranensis is listed by the IUCN as endangered (EN A1c) due to habitat loss/degradation and suppression of regeneration by fire. It is perhaps unfortunate that by placing this taxon in synonymy with the widespread B. aethiopum, the conservation status of the Madagascar populations will be masked. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>In some parts of Africa, Borassus populations are ‘managed’ by local people, while in other areas the palm is of minimal significance. In many areas, Borassus aethiopum is restricted to game reserves and national parks where it is outside the reach of local people. The leaves are used for thatch and weaving, though species of Hyphaene are generally preferred. The palm is tapped for wine, though the process is different from that used in Asia as the apical bud is tapped rather than the inflorescences. The fruits, undeveloped endosperm and cotyledonary stalks are consumed. Burkill (1997) has reviewed the uses of Borassus aethiopum in West Africa. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Historically, the key question in Borassus taxonomy has been whether to recognise both the African B. aethiopum and the Asian B. flabellifer. Most recent accounts do recognise B. aethiopum (Beccari 1924; Dransfield 1986a; 1988; Tuley 1995). The molecular study of Kovoor & Hussein (1983) also noted differences between the two species, though the population sampling was extremely limited. Qualitative characters that separate the two include the stem (ventricose in B. aethiopum and not in B. flabellifer), petiole spines (large in B. aethiopum, small in B. flabellifer), and fruit colour (black for B. flabellifer and yellow-orange for B. aethiopum). Beccari (1924) separated the African and Asian Borassus species based on the degree of division of the calyx lobes of the staminate flowers. The calyx of Asian species was divided to the base, while the calyx of African species was only divided to the middle. This character appears to be nothing more than an artefact of preparation. The calyx of most staminate flowers (of either Asian or African species) is divided to the middle. However, the transparent, membranous partitions between the calyx lobes tear easily. The resultant tear is perfectly straight, giving the impression that the calyx is divided to the base. Dransfield (1986a) noted that B. aethiopum was generally “more massive” than B. flabellifer and for several characters, this does appear to be the case. The leaves have wider petioles with longer spines and more leaflets, and the staminate and pistillate rachillae are longer with more flowers. However, while B. aethiopum and B. flabellifer are at opposite ends of the size range for some characters, other Borassus species are intermediate and no truly determinate quantitative characters were identified. The Madagascar endemic B. sambiranensis is placed here in synonymy with B. aethiopum as the two are almost indistinguishable, both in the field and the herbarium. Jumelle and Perrier de la Bâthie (1913) describe in detail the differences between the two Madagascar taxa and state that B. sambiranensis is most similar to B. aethiopum. Beccari (1912 – 14, 1914, 1924) recognised B. sambiranensis, though only the pyrenes were available for him to examine. He wrote that they resemble B. aethiopum var. bagamojensis Becc. and differ only in that there is a deep hollow at the apex. The morphology of Borassus pyrenes is extremely variable and this character alone is insufficient to warrant continued recognition of B. sambiranensis. No type specimen was cited by Jumelle and Perrier de la Bâthie, though it could be Perrier 12069 (lower Sambirano valley) (Dransfield & Beentje 1995a). However, this specimen could not be located and a modern neotype, collected in the Sambirano valley, has been designated. Borassus deleb was placed in synonymy with B. aethiopum by Dransfield (1986a), as the diagnostic fruit characters of the former fit within the range of variation exhibited by the latter. Due to their large size and fleshy consistency, few whole Borassus fruits are preserved in European herbaria. New taxa were erected on the basis of differences between these fruits without taking into account the full range of natural variation. In an attempt to counter this problem, every fruit from three Kenyan specimens of B. aethiopum (159 fruits total) was measured in the field. The variation exhibited by those fruits already encompassed almost all the variation in fruit size for the whole genus. The fruit and leaf that are illustrated as part of the type of B. deleb are not significantly different from those of B. aethiopum. Based on my own field observations and examination of the type specimen, I agree with the conclusions of Dransfield (1986a) to place B. deleb in synonymy under B. aethiopum. A neotype has been designated for B. aethiopum as the holotype is missing (Hepper 1976). The holotype was collected in Ghana near Accra (Thonning & Schumacher 1829). The neotype was also collected near Accra and includes both staminate and pistillate elements. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BURKINA FASO. Ganzourgou Prov.: Zam Dept., Rapadama, 17 Nov. 1997 (♂), Barfod 525 (AAU!); Kompienga Prov.: Pama Dept., Kabonga village, 11 Jan. 2004 (♀), Bayton & Ouédraogo 58 (K!, OUA!); Waongo village, 12 Jan. 2004 (♀ & ♂), Bayton & Ouédraogo 59, 60 (K!, OUA!); Tapoa Prov.: Arli National Park, 13 Jan. 2004 (♂), Bayton & Ouédraogo 61 (K!, OUA!); 14 Jan. 2004 (♀ & ♂), Bayton & Ouédraogo 62, 63 (K!, OUA!). CONGO-KINSHASA. Kasai-Oriental Prov.: Gandajika, no date, Liben 2817 (K!); Sud-Kivu Prov.: Impakivu- Bukavu, Kabambare, no date (♂), Christiaensen 711 (K!). CÔTE D’IVOIRE. Bas-Sassandra Region: Nero-Mer, 8 km NE of Grand-Bérébi, 12 Nov. 1963 (♂), Oldeman 625 (K!); Lagunes Region: between Bingerville and Potou Lagoon, 1907, Chevalier 20073 (P!); Savanna of Cosrou, 1962 (♀ & ♂), Leeuwenberg 4242, 4243 (K!); Sud-Comoé Region: Assinie, Danui, 1907, Chevalier 16312 (P!). ETHIOPIA. Benishangul-Gumaz Region: W of Gubla village, 13 Oct. 1996, Friis 7767 (K!); Gambela Region: 5 km S of Abobo, 22 Nov. 1995 (♀), Friis 7270 (K!). GHANA. Ashanti Region: Ejura, 1921, Chipp 773 (K!); Greater Accra Region: Accra, 1899, Sanders s.n. (K!). KENYA. Coast Prov.: Lamu Distr., Garsen (Tana River), 26 Dec. 1975 (♀ & ♂), Dransfield 4810 – 4813 (EA!, K!); Kilifi Distr., Rabai, 10 Oct. 2002 (♀ & ♂), Bayton & Obunyali 1, 2 (AAU!, EA!, K!); Kwale Distr., Pongwe, 15 Oct. 2002 (♀ & ♂), Bayton & Obunyali 14 – 16 (AAU!, EA!, K!); Mivumoni, 21 Oct. 2002 (♀ & ♂), Bayton & Obunyali 32, 33 (EA!, K!, NY!). MADAGASCAR. Antsiranana Prov.: 4 km S of Ambanja, 24 Oct. 1988 (♂), Schatz 2415 (K!, TAN!); Ananalava, 5 km SW of Maromandia, 4 July 1992 (♀ & ♂), Beentje 4708, 4709 (K!, TAN!); 16 km N of Ambanja, 26 March 2003, Bayton & Ranaivojaona 53 (K!, TAN!); 4 km S of Ambanja, 28 March 2003 (♂), Bayton & Ranaivojaona 55 (K!, P!, TAN!); Nosy Bé, Hell-Ville, 29 March 2003 (♀), Bayton & Ranaivojaona 57 (K!, TAN!). MALI. Unknown locality, 1937, Dubois 255 (P!). NIGER. Dosso Dept.: Dallol Foga, 1936, Aubreville s.n. (P!). NIGERIA. Delta State: Asaba, 1906 (♀), Unwin s.n. (FI!); Niger State: Nupe, 1859 (♂), Barter 35109 (K!); SENEGAL. Thiès Region: Sébikotane, 1935, de Wailly 4484 (P!). SOUTH AFRICA. Limpopo Prov.: Leydsdorp Distr., no date (♀), Wicht s.n. (BM!). SUDAN. Junqali State: Central Nuer District, 6 Oct. 1957 (♂), Basinski 12 (K!); Upper Nile State: Taufikia, April 1904 (♂), Brown & Brown s.n. (K!). TANZANIA. Mara Region: Ndaka Plain, 20 April 1961, Greenway 12420 (K!); Pemba South Region: Makongwe Island, 1929, Greenway 1414, 1417 (K!); Pemba Island, 19 Oct. 1931, Burtt Davy 22551 (K!); Tanga Region: Pangani, Mkwaja Ranch, 12 Sept. 1955 (♂), Tanner 2187 (BH!, K!); Mweni, 3 km S of Tanga, 5 Jan. 1976, Dransfield 4818 (K!). ZAMBIA. Southern Prov.: Mazabuka, Nampa Estates, 7 July 1963, Rensburg 1624 (K!). ZIMBABWE. Masvingo Prov.: Ndanga Distr., Mtilikwe River, 12 Dec. 1953 (♂), Wild 44830, 44909 (K!). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A revision of Borassus L. (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Bayton</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.P.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 62: 561-586</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Borassus flabellifer</name>
+<author>L.</author>
+<citation>Sp. Pl.: 1187 (1753)</citation>
+<type>Ampana Rheede (1678: 13-14, pl. 10) and Carimpana Rheede, (1678: 11-12, pl. 9), (Lectotype chosen by Moore & Dransfield, 1979: 60 [Ampana designated lectotype if only one element is selected]).</type>
+<bibref>Bailey, F. M. 1902. The Queensland Flora, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</bibref>
+<bibref>Blatter, E. (1912). The palms of British India and Ceylon, indigenous and introduced.</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, O. (1914). Studio sui Borassus e descrizione di un genere nuovo asiatico di Borasseae. Webbia 4: 293–385.</bibref>
+<bibref>Gamble, J. S. (1922). A manual of Indian timbers, Ed. 2a, S. Low, Marston & Co., London, U.K.</bibref>
+<bibref>Gagnepain, F. & Conrard, L. P. H. (1937). Palmiers. In: Lecomte, H. Gagnepain, F. & Humbert, H. (eds), Flore générale de l’Indo-Chine, Vol. 6: 946–1056. Masson, Paris, France.</bibref>
+<bibref>Malik, K. A. (1984). Palmae. In: E. Nasir & S. I. Ali (eds), Flora of Pakistan, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan.</bibref>
+<bibref>Pei, S. J. (1991). Palmae. In: S. J. Pei & S. Chen (eds), Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, Science Press, Beijing, China.</bibref>
+<bibref>Hodel, D. (1998). Palms and Cycads of Thailand, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.</bibref>
+<bibref>Zoysa, N. de (2000). Arecaceae. In: M. D. Dassanayake & W. D. Clayton (eds), A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, Vol. 14: 33–93. Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi, India.</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Lontarus domestica</name>
+<author>Gaertn.</author>
+<bibref>Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 21 (1788)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Borassus flabelliformis</name>
+<author>L.</author>
+<bibref>L. in J.A.Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 13: 827 (1774)</bibref>
+<bibref>Roxburgh, W. (1795 – 1798). Plants of the Coast of Coromandel, Vol. 1. W. Bulmer & Co., London, U.K.</bibref>
+<bibref>Martius, C. F. P. von (1838). Historia Naturalis Palmarum, Vol. 3. T.O. Weigel, Leipzig, Germany</bibref>
+<bibref>Miquel, F. A. W. (1855). Flora van Nederlansch Indië, Vol. 3. C. G. van der Post, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</bibref>
+<bibref>Kunth, C. S. (1841). Enumeratio Plantarum, Vol. 3. J.G. Collae, Stuttgart & Tübingen, Germany</bibref>
+<bibref>Kurz, W. S. (1877). Forest flora of British Burma, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, India.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Borassus tunicatus</name>
+<author>Lour.</author>
+<bibref>Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 618 (1790)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pholidocarpus tunicatus</name>
+<author>(Lour.) H.Wendl.</author>
+<bibref>(Lour.) H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 235 (1878)</bibref>
+<type></type>
+<type_loc></type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Borassus sundaicus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 4: 321 (1914)</bibref>
+<bibref>Backer, C. A. & Bakhuizen van den Brink, R. C. (1968). Flora of Java (Spermatophytes only), Vol. 3. Noordhof, Groningen, The Netherlands.</bibref>
+<type>Indonesia, cultivated, Bogor Botanic Gardens;;</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The epithet ‘flabellifer’ translates as ‘producing fans’ and refers to the palmate leaves.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kerigi (Soqotra), Mak tan kok (Lao), Panna-maram (Tamil, Sri Lanka), Taan, Than or T¯an (Thai). There are many other names applied to this widespread species (see Kovoor 1983), but the name palmyrah (or palmyra), derived from the Portuguese palmeira, has become the internationally familiar vernacular name. </p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem to 20 m tall, grey with well-defined leaf scars, not ventricose, but often enlarged at the base, branching occasionally when damaged. Leaves petiole and sheath 150 – 180 cm long; petiole 4 – 6(– 7) cm wide at midpoint, robust, bright yellow, margins black with short (0.3 – 1.3 cm) black erose teeth; costa 60 – 110 cm long; adaxial hastula conspicuous, abaxial hastula rudimentary; lamina radius to 150 cm maximum, dense adaxial and abaxial indumentum on the ribs of some juvenile leaves, leaflets ~62, 4.2 – 9.5 cm wide, apices acute and entire or splitting longitudinally with age, shortest leaflet 13 – 39 cm long, leaf divided to 30 – 100 cm; commissural veins 11 – 18 per cm, leaf anatomy isolateral. Staminate inflorescences branched to two orders, upper subtending branches terminating in 1 – 3(– 4) rachillae; rachillae green to brown and catkin-like, 23 – 50 cm long and 1.8 – 2.5 cm diameter, sometimes with a mamilliform apex, rachilla bracts forming pits containing a cincinnus of 4 – 7 flowers. Pistillate inflorescences usually spicate (branched inflorescence pictured in the lectotype), flower-bearing portion 12 – 85 cm long with 5 – 20 flowers arranged spirally. Staminate flowers exserted from pits individually, 0.24 – 0.6 cm long, bracteoles 0.4 – 0.7 × 0.1 – 0.3 cm, calyx 0.3 × 0.15 cm and shallowly divided into three sepals, petal lobes 0.1 × 0.1 cm; stamens 6 with very short filaments, 0.2 × 0.03 cm, anthers, 0.05 × 0.03 cm; pistillode minute. Pollen monosulcate, elliptical, 48 – 95 μm long, aperture 40 – 95 μm long, polar axis 30 – 89 μm long; tectum perforate, sparsely covered with supratectal gemmae. Pistillate flowers 3 × 3 cm; bracteoles large, 2 cm diam., sepals 1.5 × 2 cm, petals 1 × 1.5 cm. Fruits massive, 8.5 – 13 × 7.5 – 16.5 cm, yellowish black, ovoid and rounded or flattened at the apex; produced inside persistent perianth segments; epicarp coriaceous, mesocarp pulp yellow, pyrenes 1 – 3, 6.1 – 10.8 cm × 4.4 – 8.5 cm × 3.1 – 4.6 cm, somewhat bilobed; most pyrenes with one or two external, longitudinal furrows; internal flanges absent. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>South and Southeast Asia. Determining the ‘natural’ distribution of Borassus flabellifer is essentially impossible as it is a widely planted crop plant. It is largely restricted to areas with seasonal rainfall and ranges from western India through Indochina to the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. Populations in China, Malaysia and Pakistan may be introduced (Whitmore 1973; Malik 1984; Pei 1991). Borassus flabellifer was noted to occur in Queensland, Australia by Bailey (1902). A seedling was collected from a small population of mature palms and cultivated in the garden of Frank L. Jardine in Somerset on the Cape York Peninsula of northern Queensland. Jones (1984) noted that the palm was still present in the garden of Jardine’s abandoned house, but the original population was never located and the natural occurrence of Borassus in Australia is doubtful. The Borassus palms on the island of Soqotra have tentatively been assigned to B. flabellifer. Soqotra is geographically closer to Africa and the palms were identified as the African B. aethiopum by Miller & Morris (2004). The available herbarium material does not allow for a conclusive identification (the diagnostic fruits and petiole spines are missing), but a photograph presented by Miller & Morris (2004) shows a mature plant without a ventricose stem. This suggests that the palms, which were introduced to the island, are B. flabellifer. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>It is difficult to determine the original habitat of B. flabellifer as its distribution is so heavily influenced by man. It occurs between sea level and 800 metres, though is more abundant at low altitude and is particularly common in coastal areas with sandy or alluvial soils and in areas with permanent soil moisture such as flood plains and river valleys. It is commonly grown along the margins of rice paddies forming one of the most distinctive landscapes of Southeast Asia. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least concern. Borassus flabellifer is widely distributed and is common in cultivation. The abundance of products extracted from it will effectively ensure its continued survival.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Almost every part of the palmyrah palm can be used. The wood is thought to be termite resistant and is used for construction (houses, canoes, fence posts etc.). The leaves are used for thatch, weaving and for making containers for some foodstuffs. The leaflets of B. flabellifer (together with those of Corypha umbraculifera L.) are traditionally used as a writing surface. They are marked using a hot metal stylus with the parallel veins providing a convenient line upon which to write (Sankaralingham & Hameed Khan 2001). Palmyrah provides a variety of foods; the fruits, undeveloped endosperm and apical bud (palm cabbage) are consumed and the inflorescences are tapped for the sweet sap. This can be fermented into palm wine or the sugar can be crystallised. On some Indonesian islands, this sugar is the primary source of carbohydrates (Fox 1977). For a review of the uses of B. flabellifer, see Kovoor (1983) and Morton (1988). </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A number of nomenclatural problems were uncovered while investigating the synonymy of B. flabellifer. The account of Borassus flabelliformis L. in Systema Vegetabilium (Linnaeus 1774) matches exactly that of B. flabellifer in Species Plantarum (Linnaeus 1753), and the epithets are similar, suggesting that the former is an orthographic variant of the latter. It could be argued that the change in epithet was intentional, but this would render B. flabelliformis illegitimate, as both names are based on the same type material (Challis, pers. comm.). When describing Lontarus domestica, Gaertner (1788) cited the same material as Linnaeus (1753) plus an un-named Banks specimen, which could not be located after a thorough search of the Banks collection at BM (Vickery pers. comm.). Pholidocarpus tunicatus is attributed to Wendland (1878: 235) in a number of publications including Govaerts and Dransfield (2005). However, Wendland did not make the combination, but rather, states under Borassus tunicata Lour., “vide Pholidocarpus” (Merrill 1935: 92). The name does not appear in the account of Pholidocarpus, nor in the index; the combination is therefore attributed to Jackson in Index Kewensis (1894: 502). No original material could be found in the Loureiro collection at BM to typify Borassus tunicata (Vickery pers. comm.). Borassus sundaicus was placed in synonymy with B. flabellifer by Govaerts and Dransfield (2005), though not noted as a new synonym. The diagnostic characters cited by Beccari (shape of perianth segments, endocarp crest size, seed shape) are largely continuous when examined across the Asian material. The only qualitative characters cited are leaf scales (present in B. flabellifer and absent from B. sundaicus), and the arrangement of perianth segments in the fruit (imbricate in B. sundaicus, but not in B. flabellifer). In most Borassus species, leaf scales and indumentum are present on immature leaves, but they erode as the leaves mature. In addition, a degree of overlap can be observed in the perianth segments of most Borassus species. Therefore these characters are not taxonomically informative. Pollen from an Indonesian specimen of B. flabellifer (Fox s.n.) was significantly larger than that from either the Thai or Sri Lankan specimens. A sample of ten pollen grains was measured from each specimen; the Indonesian pollen was 70 – 95 μm long (mean 84.8 μm) while pollen from Sri Lanka was 45 – 65 μm long (mean 53.6 μm) and pollen from Thailand was 51 – 72 μm long (mean 60 μm). There were no noticeable structural differences between the pollen samples. Given the rather limited sampling of Indonesian Borassus, it is difficult to determine whether this aberration is distinctive or whether it fits within the range of variation exhibited by B. flabellifer across Asia. However, after examination of images of the type specimen of B. sundaicus, I can find no additional morphological characters to distinguish this taxon from B. flabellifer. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BANGLADESH. Chittagong, 1867 (♂), JSHVJJ s.n. (K!); Chittagong Hill Tracts, March 1880, Gamble 7781 (K!); Dhaka, 25 March 1868, Clarke 6673 (FI!). INDIA. Orissa State: Anugul, 19 March 1903 (♂), Haines 4034 (K!); Tamil Nadu State: Tiruchchirappalli, 4 April 1974 (♀), Mathew 7145 (K!); Madras [Chennai], Kristna Distr., 1 Jan. 1883 (♂), Gamble 18581 (K!); Uttar Pradesh State: Banda, 9 May 1901 (♂), Bell 320 (K!); West Bengal State: cultivated, Calcutta [Kolkata] Botanic Gardens, 1869 (♀ & ♂), Wallich 8622 (K!, K-W!); same locality, 1906 (♀ & ♂), Gage s.n. (FI!); Calcutta [Kolkata], 1881 (♀), King 69 (K!). INDONESIA. East Nusa Tenggara Prov.: West Timor, Kupang, 1973 (♀ & ♂), Fox s.n. (BH!); South East Sulawesi Prov.: Pulau Buton, 2004 (♀), Rustiami 222 (BO, K!). MALAYSIA. Kelantan State: Tumpat, 5 May 1937 (♀), Corner 32784 (BH!, K!). SINGAPORE. Cultivated, Singapore Botanic Garden (♀), Furtado s.n. (BH!); same locality (♂), Furtado 32447 (BH!, K!). SRI LANKA. Central Prov.: cultivated, Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, 22 July 1986 (♀ & ♂), Rutherford 115 (K!); North Central Prov.: 5 km from Anuradhapura, 19 Sept. 1989 (♀ & ♂), Zoysa 49 (K!). THAILAND. Unknown locality, 1859 (♂), Schomburgk s.n. (BH!, K!); Bangkok Prov.: Bangkok, 30 May 1906 (♂), Kerr 10708 (AAU!, BM!, K!); Bangkok, 20 May 1926 (♂), Marcan 2097, 2098 (BM!); 39 km S of Bangkok, 31 July 1963 (♀ & ♂), King 5565 (BH!); Nonthaburi Prov.: no locality, 24 May 1997 (♂), Niyomdham 5038 (AAU!, K!); Phichit Prov.: 81.5 km from Nakhon Sawan on Route 117, 26 April 2002 (♂), Wilkin et al. 1160 (K!); Rayong Prov.: Salut, Klaeng, 14 March 1928 (♀), Kerr 14581 (BM!); Songkhla Prov.: Road from Songkhla – Sathing Phra, 11 Nov. 1990 (♀ & ♂), Barfod 41256 (AAU!); Ban si Chai Noi, 7 March 1994 (♀ & ♂), Barfod 45286, 45287 (AAU!). YEMEN. Soqotra, unknown locality, 1880 (♂), Balfour s.n. (K!); Hadiboh Plains, 1967 (♀), Smith s.n. (K!). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A revision of Borassus L. (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Bayton</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.P.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 62: 561-586</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Borassus heineanus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Webbia 4: 354 (1914)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Sepik River; Heine; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>After Georg Heine, administrator with the German New Guinea Company, who collected the type specimen.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Beiwof (Apau), Lipmemon (Kamangauwi dialect).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem to 25 m tall, stem diameter unknown. Leaves 20 – 28 in the crown; petiole and sheath 150 – 300 cm long; petiole 3.1 – 5.2 cm wide at midpoint, green with very sharp black margins, but no spines; costa 130 – 150 cm long; adaxial hastula conspicuous, to 1.2 cm, abaxial hastula absent; lamina radius to 180 cm maximum; leaflets 50 – 90, 3.9 – 7.1 cm wide, apices bifid and cuspidate, shortest leaflet 110 – 130 cm long, leaf divided to 76 – 92 cm; commissural veins 3 – 6 per cm, leaf anatomy dorsiventral. Staminate inflorescences branched to one order, upper subtending branches terminating in 1 rachilla; rachillae brown and catkin-like, ± 70 cm long, 2.7 – 4.3 cm diameter; rachilla bracts forming pits containing a cincinnus of 6 – 12 flowers. Pistillate inflorescences spicate; flowerbearing portion 37 – 49 cm long with 7 – 22 flowers arranged spirally. Staminate flowers exserted from pits individually, 0.4 – 1 cm long, bracteoles 1 × 1 cm; calyx 0.3 × 0.8 cm, shallowly to deeply divided into three sepals, petal lobes 0.2 × 0.1 cm; stamens 6 with very short filaments, 0.11 × 0.15 cm, anthers 0.18 × 0.06 cm; pistillode distinct, 0.2 – 0.5 × 0.02 cm. Pollen monosulcate, elliptical, 51 – 70 μm long, aperture 41 – 63 μm long, polar axis 37 – 57 μm long; tectum perforate, sparsely covered with supratectal gemmae. Pistillate flowers 2.5 × 2 cm; bracteoles large, 1.5 cm diam., sepals 1.5 × 2 cm, petals 1.0 × 1.5 cm. Fruits large, 12 – 15 × 8 – 10 cm, ovoid with a slightly pointed apex, greenish black; pyrenes 1 – 3, 9.2 – 10.5 cm × 4.8 – 7.0 cm × 4.0 – 4.5 cm; endocarp sometimes with flanges that penetrate the seed. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to New Guinea. Occurring in both Papua New Guinea and Indonesian Papua, but restricted to the northern side of the island.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Tropical rain forest on alluvial sands (Barfod et al. 2001). The palm may also be cultivated (Kjær 2003).</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Data deficient. Borassus heineanus has been collected in only seven locations in New Guinea. Kjær (2003) reported a stand of approximately 300 × 300 metres in an area by the Sepik River in Papua New Guinea. Additional localities may exist, and further collections are needed. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Very little is known about the uses of B. heineanus, though Kjær (2003) reports that the leaves are used for thatch.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Borassus heineanus is by far the most distinctive species in the genus and this led Beccari (1924) to speculate that it should be transferred into Borassodendron. Both B. heineanus and Borassodendron occur in humid rain forest, generally an atypical habitat for Borassus. Unlike all other Borassus species, the petiole is always unarmed, the leaves have a dorsiventral leaf anatomy and cuspidate leaflet apices, the staminate inflorescence branches to one order only and the staminate flowers have a large pistillode. However, the pollen is very similar to that found in the other Borassus species; it has a sulcate aperture that is almost the length of the grain and a perforate tectum with sparse supratectal gemmae. In contrast, the pollen of Borassodendron has a porate aperture and no gemmae (Ferguson et al. 1986). Preliminary results from the molecular study confirm the monophyly of Borassus in its current circumscription (including B. heineanus) and suggest that Borassodendron is sister to Borassus (Bayton 2005). The pyrenes of Borassus heineanus are rather unusual for the genus. In most Borassus species, pyrene length and breadth are similar or equal, but in B. heineanus, the pyrenes are much longer than wide. In some specimens, the endocarp has a number of internal flanges that penetrate the seed. The flanges are perpendicular to the main endocarp wall and are only visible when the pyrene is viewed in transverse section. A sectioned pyrene in the type specimen does not have internal flanges. This character distinguishes Borassodendron (with internal flanges) from all other Borassus species and could indicate that a second unidentified Borassus species occurs in New Guinea. However, no additional morphological characters could be found to distinguish between specimens with or without internal flanges. The adaptive significance of these flanges is uncertain. While living material of B. heineanus has never been collected outside New Guinea, two endocarps (Degener & Degener 24625, BH) found on a beach on the Pacific island of Canton (Phoenix Is., Kiribati) were identified as belonging to Borassus (Degener & Degener 1974) and are probably attributable to this species. The endocarps are rather long and narrow and have perpendicular internal flanges (see Gunn & Dennis 1976: 177). These characters set them apart from all other Borassus species. However, typical endocarps of B. heineanus have a small hole in the apex to allow the cotyledonary stalk to exit. The Canton endocarps have deep V-shaped clefts at the apex, usually filled with black fibres (fibres eroded in one pyrene). There is a great deal of natural variation in the endocarps of better-known Borassus species. Perhaps when more material is collected in New Guinea, the presence of internal flanges or apical V-shaped clefts in the endocarp will fit into the natural range of variation exhibited by B. heineanus. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA. Papua Prov.: Jayapura Regency, Bernhard Camp, Idenburg River, April 1939, Brass 13775 (A, BRI, L); same date and locality, Brass 13945 (A, L) [Brass specimens verified by W. J. Baker]; Sarmi, 1 – 3 km N of Sewan on Waske River, 1 June 1993 (♀), McDonald & Ismail 3763 (CANB!, K!). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. East Sepik Prov.: Angoram sub-district, ca. 5 miles N of Timbunke on track to Kwoiwut, 12 Sept. 1959 (♀), Pullen 1719 (CANB!); 15 km N of Sepik River, between Timbunke & Angoram, 19 April 2000 (♀), Kjær 525 (AAU!); Morobe Prov.: cultivated, Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute, Lae, Oct. 2001 (♂), Banka s.n. (K!, LAE); West Sepik Prov.: Beisom Non by Bitro Creek, ca. 12 km from Bitro village, 30 Nov. 1996 (♀), Ferrero 420 (AAU!); Green River, ca. 5 km downstream from Beimap, 30 Nov. 1996 (seedling), Ferrero 422 (AAU!); Green River District, Bitro village, 30 Nov. 1996 (♀ & ♂), Ferrero 423, 424 (AAU!) </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A revision of Borassus L. (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Bayton</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.P.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 62: 561-586</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Borassus madagascariensis</name>
+<author>(Jum. & H.Perrier) Bojer ex Jum. & H.Perrier</author>
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille, III, 1(1): 61, t. 33-35 (1913)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Mahajanga Prov.: Marovoay, 14 March 2003 (♀); Bayton & Ranaivojaona; 44</type>
+<type_loc>Neotype K!, P!, TAN!</type_loc>
+<bibref>Beccari, O. (1914). Studio sui Borassus e descrizione di un genere nuovo asiatico di Borasseae. Webbia 4: 293–385.</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, O. (1924). Palme della Tribù Borasseae. (ed. U. Martelli). G. Passeri, Florence, Italy.</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, H. L. (1938). Catalogue des Plantes de Madagascar, Palmae. G. Pitot, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, H. L. & Perrier de la Bâthie, (1945). Palmiers. In: H. Humbert (ed.), Flore de Madagascar et des Comores, Vol. 30. Imprimerie officelle, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, J. & Beentje, H. (1995a). The Palms of Madagascar, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K. & International Palm Society, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.</bibref>
+<bibref>Bayton, R. P., Obunyali, C. & Ranaivojaona, R. (2003). A reexamination of Borassus in Madagascar. Palms 47: 206–219.</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Borassus flabellifer var. madagascariensis</name>
+<author>Jum. & H.Perrier</author>
+<bibref>Jum. & H.Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille, II, 5: 389, f. 2-4 (1907)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The epithet ‘madagascariensis’ translates as ‘of Madagascar’.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Dimaka (Sakalava). This name is also used for B. aethiopum in Madagascar.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem to 25 m tall, almost always ventricose, to 80 cm diameter. Leaves 16 – 23 in the crown; petiole and sheath 170 – 237 cm long; petiole 7.8 – 9.2 cm wide at midpoint, robust, yellow-green along the whole length, margins with small serrate black teeth, 0.1 – 0.85 cm long; petiole spines extending along the margin of the first leaflet; costa 77 – 82 cm long; adaxial hastula conspicuous, to 1.5 cm, abaxial hastula rudimentary; lamina radius to 100 cm maximum, dense indumentum on the ribs of some immature leaves; leaflets 102 – 132, 4.2 – 7.9 cm wide, apices acute and entire or splitting longitudinally with age, shortest leaflet 68 – 83 cm long, leaf divided to 61 – 83 cm; commissural veins 10 – 14 per cm, leaf anatomy isolateral. Staminate inflorescences branched to two orders, upper subtending branches terminating in 1 – 3 rachillae; rachillae green-brown and catkin-like, 30 – 44 cm long, 2.3 – 3.3 cm diameter, usually with a mamilliform apex; rachilla bracts form pits that contain a cincinnus of 8 – 12 staminate flowers. Pistillate inflorescences spicate; flower-bearing portion 76 – 90 cm long with 7 – 15 flowers arranged spirally. Staminate flowers 0.4 – 0.7 cm long, exserted individually from the pits, bracteoles 0.8 × 0.5 cm; calyx 0.5 × 0.2 cm, shallowly divided into three sepals, petals 0.2 × 0.1 cm; stamens 6 with very short filaments, 0.02 × 0.04 cm, anthers, 0.14 × 0.1 cm; pistillode minute. Pollen monosulcate, elliptical, 46 – 65 μm long, aperture 38 – 52 μm long, polar axis 42 – 54 μm long; tectum perforate, sparsely covered with supratectal gemmae. Pistillate flowers 3.5 × 3 cm, bracteoles 2 cm diam., sepals 2 × 2 cm and petals 1.5 × 1.5 cm. Fruits massive, 25 – 35 × 7 – 18.5 cm, ovoid with a somewhat pointed apex; fragrant and yellowish green at maturity; produced inside persistent perianth segments; pyrenes 1 – 2(– 3), 8.7 – 12.1 cm × 8.3 – 12.3 cm × 6.3 – 7.5 cm, unlobed or somewhat bilobed; some pyrenes with one or two external longitudinal furrows; internal flanges absent; an external, longitudinal crest is common. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to Madagascar, where it is found in the dry western part of the island. Populations in Mahajanga Province are all in close proximity to human settlements. There appears to be no overlap with the range of B. aethiopum in the Sambirano region of northwest Madagascar. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Riverine forest in low-lying areas, particularly on sandy or alluvial soils. Borassus madagascariensis does not form monospecific forest. It is common in several towns in the northwest of Madagascar, where it grows in gardens, streets and on waste ground. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Dransfield & Beentje (1995a) assessed B. madagascariensis as vulnerable (VU A1c) due to habitat loss and the encroachment of human settlements. Subsequent investigation by the author can only confirm this assessment. Of all the species of Borassus, this one has the smallest range. While the species does not appear to be threatened by over-exploitation, as are some populations of B. aethiopum in mainland Africa, all of the populations visited by the author were in close proximity to expanding human settlements. Some populations are actually confined to urban areas (Bayton et al. 2003) and the decline in habitat quality qualifies this species as vulnerable. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>While several uses have been recorded for B. madagascariensis (Jumelle & Perrier de la Bâthie 1913), Bayton et al. (2003) could find little evidence for exploitation in the northwest of the island.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The case for continued recognition of this species has been difficult to assess. Most of the taxonomic accounts dealing with Borassus madagascariensis focus on differentiating it from the other Madagascar species, B. sambiranensis. Borassus madagascariensis has close affinities with B. aethiopum. This is not entirely unexpected as East Africa is the likely origin of the seeds that colonised Madagascar. Both species are generally large in all aspects, and both have a ventricose stem. The differences between the species are rather subtle and can be difficult to interpret in the herbarium. Borassus madagascariensis has small petiole spines that are like saw-teeth, while the spines of B. aethiopum are large and recurved. In B. madagascariensis, the petiole remains green along its entire length, in both high and low light environments. In B. aethiopum, the petiole is yellow and turns brown towards the stem. In juvenile specimens of B. aethiopum, the petioles are completely black (in full sun) or yellow-brown (shade). Juvenile specimens of B. madagascariensis have greenish-yellow petioles. The fruit apex of B. madagascariensis is pointed and in this respect, it is similar to that of Borassus akeassii. The fruit apex of B. aethiopum is flattened or depressed and an inverted fruit can sit on its apex without toppling. The fruits and seeds of B. madagascariensis are the largest in the genus. While the colour characters can be difficult to employ in the herbarium, the petiole spines are easily identifiable. In combination with the large fruits and seeds, and a known origin in Madagascar, this taxon should be easily identified. Jumelle and Perrier de la Bâthie (1907, 1913) did not cite a type specimen when describing B. madagascariensis, so a neotype has been selected. The neotype was collected in the town of Marovoay, at the head of the Bay of Bombetok, which corresponds to the locality cited by Bojer (1837: 308): “sur les bords de la rivière Marou-voai dans la baie de Bombetok”. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>MADAGASCAR. Mahajanga Prov.: Lower valley of Tsiribihina River, 1933, Humbert s.n. (P!); Berevo sur Ranoba, Sept. 1940, Decary 15892 (P!); Manombolo River gorges, 10 km E of Bekopaka, 26 March 1995 (♀), Du Puy & Du Puy 791 (K!, TAN!); Antamanakana, 44 km SW of Katsepy, 24 July 1995 (♀ & ♂), Noblick 5055 (FTG!, K!, TAN!); Marovoay, Colonial Experimental Garden, Oct. 1908, Prudhomme s.n. (FI!); environs of Marovoay, 16 March 2003 (♂), Bayton & Ranaivojaona 46, 47 (K!, P!, TAN!); Lake Amboromalandy, 18 March 2003 (♀), Bayton & Ranaivojaona 48 (K!); Ankarafantsika National Park, Ampijeroa Forestry Station, 19 March 2003, Bayton & Ranaivojaona 49 (K!, TAN!); Ankijabe village, near Ambato-Boeny, 19 March 2003 (♂), Bayton & Ranaivojaona 50 (FTG!, K!, TAN!); Maevatanana, 21 March 2003 (♀ & ♂), Bayton & Ranaivojaona 51, 52 (K!, MO!, TAN!); Toliara Prov.: Sakeny River plain, July 1989, B. Du Puy et al. 256 (K!, TAN!); unknown date and locality, Darian s.n. (BH!, K!); </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Monograph of Colpothrinax</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 45(4): 177-195</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2001</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Colpothrinax aphanopetala</name>
+<author>R.Evans</author>
+<citation>Palms 45: 189 (2001)</citation>
+<type>PANAMA, Panamá, Alrededores de Cerro Jefe, ca. 900 m, 24 January 1996; Galdames et al.; 2419</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus PMA!; isotypi SCl!, US</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet refers to the small, membranous, and not readily apparent corolla lobes of this species.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Udirbi ("Kuna"), guágara. [These names are cited on a single collection of C. aphanopetala from Panama (de Nevers and Herrera 4260). The name guágara was probably mistakenly attributed to C. aphanopetala, as it is commonly used in Panama and Costa Rica for the sympatric palmate-leaved palm Cryosophila warscewiczii (H. Wendl.) Bartlett.]</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a C. wrightii trunco columnari differt; a C. cookii calyce rubello, curto; corolla plerumque curta, marginibus loborum adjacentium nunquam contiguis, lobis membranaceis; tubo staminum lato; gynoecio lato, carpellis rubellis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trunk (12-)15-ca. 20 m tall, erect [2.5-10(-15) m tall, sometimes decumbent basally, on Cerro Jefe, Panama], 15-25(-40?) em dbh, columnar, usually naked, sometimes, particularly in closed forest, upper portion partially or completely enclosed in a mat of persistent leaf-sheath fibers; trunks of juveniles less than ca. 6-8 m tall usually completely enclosed in this mat; mat, when present, usually 20-30 em thick. Leaves 12-ca. 30; petiole (0.5-)1-1.5(-2) m long, 2.1-3.9 em wide at attachment to blade; sheath tomentose, the trichomes of two intermixed types: 1) soft, stellate trichomes, ca. 0.5 mm long, basally ferruginous, with free, white distal ends and 2) coarser, longer, wavy, twisted, compressed trichomes, these longer trichomes sparsest, shortest (ca. 1.5 mm long), and lightest in color (± tannish) on the basal portion of the sheath, becoming progressively denser, longer (to 9 mm long), and darker (rufous) distally; sheath disintegrating and fraying into fine, loosely woven, pendulous, filiform, typically ± terete fibers, 0.3-0.5 mm diam.; hastula appressed to or slightly elevated above the blade, 1.6-3.0 x 1.9-4.3 em, 1.1-1.6 times as wide as long, very broadly to depressed-triangular, usually cuspidate apically; costa (12.0-)17.5-28.0 em long; blade 95-152 em long centrally, 36-74 em long laterally, divided into single-fold segments, except for lateral-most 1(-5) segments of each blade half composed of 1-2(3) folds; central division extending to within 33-70 em of (1/2-2/3 to) base, the lateral-most division extending to within 6.5-10.5(-23.5) em of [ca. (2/3-)7/8 to] base; folds per blade half 26-35; widest single-fold segment 4.1-6.0 em wide. Inflorescences with flowers or fruit to ca. 5, plus ca. 5 marcescent per individual; primary-axis 1.5-1.9 m long; inflorescence bracts lanate, with trichomes 2-8 mm long; peduncle 0.4-0.7 m long; prophyll18.0-28.0 x 7.0-10.0 em; peduncular bracts 4-6, 21.0-43.5 em long; rachis 1.1-1.3 m long; rachis bracts 9.5-49.0 em long; first-order branches (5-?)8-12; axes creamy pink, their primary-axes 11.5-77.0 em long, with unbranched proXimal portion 6.5-48.0 em long, the branched distal portion 2.5-38.0 em long; prophyll 9.5-46.0 em long; rachillae typically 30-50 per basal first-order branch, < 10 per apical first-order branch, 2.0-15.0 em long, tomentose, the trichomes (tannish to) ferruginous, 0.2-0.3 mm long; flower-bearing spurs 0.2- 0.4 mm long, the subtending bracteole 0.5-1.2(-1.6) mm long, 0.3-0.9 mm wide basally. Floral receptacle 0.9-1.7 mm long; calyx 2.7-3.4 mm long, free distally from corolla for 1/4-1/2 its length, reddish with some yellow distally, the lobes 0.3-0.9 mm long; corolla 2.9-4.2 mm long, connate basally for 1/3-1/2 its length, mostly pinkish, creamy yellow marginally below apex, adjacent lobes never touching, the lobes attenuate with acute apices, membranous, adaxially plane with slight apical thickening, persistent, filaments 2.0-3.8 mm long, connate basally for 0.6-2.0 mm (1/3-3/5 their length), cream-colored, stamen-cup shorter than or ± same length as calyx-cup, 2.4-3.0 mm diam., anthers 2.7-4.4 x 0.8-1.1 mm; pollen 25-30 x 20-30 pm, tectum on non-apertural face coarsely perforate to reticulate; gynoecium 2.5-3.5 x 1.6-2.1 mm, carpels 1.1-1.8 x 0.9-1.4 mm, reddish, styles 1.4-2.0 mm long, cream-colored. Fruit 1.6-2.1 cm diam. Seed 1.0-1.3 x 1.2-1.5 cm. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Extreme SE Nicaragua and on both the Caribbean and Pacific slopes in Costa Rica and Panama, 350-1,000(-1,400) m, typically in premontane, sometimes lowland, wet forests.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Colpothrinax aphanopetala is most frequently encountered on the upper slopes and crests of ridges of premontane wet forests above 700 m elevation, in association with Euterpe precatoria Mart. However, C. aphanopetala has been found to as low as 350 m elevation and sometimes occurs in areas with little or no topographic relief. For example, at Laguna Cote in Costa Rica C. aphanopetala is restricted to the lowlying, partially inundated margins of the lake, where it grows in saturated soil and emerges above a low-forest dominated by Astrocaryum alatum H. F. Loomis and Heliconia. Another noteworthy population of C. aphanopetala is that on Cerro Jefe in Panama. Adult C. aphanopetala in the windswept low-forest on Cerro Jefe are approximately half the size of typical adults elsewhere. The same phenomenon also appears to have produced the smaller-than-average C. aphanopetala found on the low, but isolated, often storm-swept Cerro El Gigante, which is only about 30 km inland from the Caribbean coast in extreme southeast Nicaragua.
+The reddish flowers of C. aphanopetala are visited by large numbers of a variety of bees [e.g., Trigona (Apidae: Meliponinae)] and flies (e.g., Syrphidae) during anthesis, suggesting one or both of these groups of insects as potential pollinators. One species of syrphid fly has been observed visiting flowers at various stages of floral maturation making them particularly likely pollinators since the stigmas do not appear to be receptive until after the anthers have fallen. Due to the small size of the corolla lobes in C. aphanopetala, the reproductive parts are never enclosed within the corolla as is the case with the probably beetle-pollinated C. cookii. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The only reported use for C. aphanopetala has been the leaves for thatching (de Nevers & Herrera 4260).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Colpothrinax aphanopetala is easily and unambiguously identifiable when in flower, even if only in bud, or in fruit. The red calyx, small, pinktinted, membranous corolla lobes (unique among all palms in the subtribe Livistoninae), which are persistent in fruit, and three distinct, red carpels are diagnostic. The pinkish higher-order inflorescence branches also distinguish C. aphanopetala from both C. wrightii and C. cookii. The trunk of C. aphanopetala is not swollen as in C. wrightii. Based on the available data (Le., the relatively few, mostly incomplete herbarium specimens), C. aphanopetala, however, cannot be distinguished reliably from C. cookii when sterile. Although C. aphanopetala appears to have smaller leaf blades that are more deeply divided, at least laterally, and shorter petioles with smaller hastulas, the overlap between the two taxa for these characters is too great for them to be of any practical utility for identification purposes. This does not necessarily indicate, however, that C. aphanopetala and C. cookii have not diverged vegetatively. Extensive fieldwork involving detailed observations and measurements of individuals from multiple populations throughout the ranges of both species would probably yield subtle morphological differences in vegetative (and other reproductive) characters that cannot be represented adequately on herbarium sheets. This has proven to be the case with other genera of coryphoid palms (e.g., Cryosophila, see Evans 1995; Thrinax, see Read 1975). Fortunately, the floral morphologies of C. aphanopetala and C. cookii are so strikingly different that as long as flowers or fruit (with their persistent calyx and corolla lobes) are present, herbarium specimens are sufficient for easy and unambiguous identification to species. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>NICARAGUA. Rio San Juan. Reserva Indio Maiz, Municipio de San Juan del Norte, Cerro El Gigante, lOo46'N, 83°53'W, Rueda et al. 4537 (MO), 9042 (MO). COSTA RICA. Alajuela. Cordillera de Tilaran, northern margins of Laguna Cote, 100 34'30"N, 84°54'30"W, Evans et al. 2751 (BH, MO); Guatuso Canton, Cordillera de Tilaran, Laguna Cote,S km norte de Finca Cote Hotel Ecolodge, lOo35'20"N, 84°55'50"W, Rivera & Petruzzi 2897 (INB, MO, US). Limon. Parque Internacional La Amistad, Fila Tsiurabeta, entre Rios Uren y Lari, 9°27'30"N, 83°00'OO"W, Chacon 290 (CR, INB); Reserva Indigena Talamanca, 9°2TOO"N, 82°59'30"W, Hammel et al. 17623 (CR). Puntarenas: Canton de Parrita, Fila Chonta, camino de San Marcos de Tarrazu a Cerro Cura, La Virgen, y Fila Chonta, 9°35'N, 84°10'W, Hammel et al. 21192 (INB); Canton de Parrita, Cuenca del Pirris-Damas, Fila Chonta, Sector SE, 9°35'05"N, 84°1O'25"W, Morales & Abarca 6298 (INB, MO). PANAMA. ChiriquI. Fortuna Dam area, along Quebrada Los Chorros, to N of reservoir, 08°45'N, 82°14'W, Churchill & Churchill 6035 (MO, US). Code. continental divide N of Penonome on road to Codesito, small patch of forest at roadside, Hammel 4033 (MO). Panama. On road near slopes of Cerro Jefe, Antonio et al. 3384 (MO); Cerro Jefe, Carrasquilla 2134 (PMA), Dressler 2898 (BH, US), 3607 (PMA, US), Henderson & Bemal2054 (NY, PMA), Henderson & Ferreira 3046 (NY, PMA), Moore et al. 10519 (BH); Cerro Jefe, summit near radio towers, 09°14'N, 79°23'W, Churchill 3930i 2.4 mi beyond Cerro Jefe on road to Altos de Pacora, along flat area before reaching summit, Croat 22669 (K, MO, NY)i Cerro Jefe, along road W of hilltop, Hammel 4401 (BH, MO)i road to Cerro Jefe, at turnoff to Alto Pacora, Henderson & Herrera 702 (BH, K, NY); E slope of Cerro Jefe, 10.5 km by road NE of Cerro Azul, Nee 11451 (BH, MO)i summit of Cerro Jefe, Read et al. 79200 (US). San Bias. El Llano-Carti, 5 km beyond Nusagandi, Henderson 083 (PMA); Road El Llano-Carti Road, 24.5-25 km from Interamerican Hwy., near continental divide, Mori & Kallunki 5560 (MO); El Llano-Carti Road, 22-24.5 km from Interamerican Hwy., 9°19'N, 78°5S'W, de Nevers & Herrera 4260 (MO); Cerro Brewster, 9°18'N, 79°16'W, de Nevers et al. 4023 (MO), 5567 (MO, PMA), 6305 (NY). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A new species of Daemonorops section Piptospatha (Arecaceae) from Siberut Island, West Sumatra</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Rustiami</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 729-733</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops siberutensis</name>
+<author>Rustiami</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 57: 729 (2002)</citation>
+<type>Sumatra, West Sumatra, Mentawai Archipelago, Siberut Island, Rokdok Village; J. J. Afriastini; JJA 2560</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus BO; isotypus K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>According to Uhl and Dransfield (1987) Daemonorops, with almost 115 species, is the second largest genus of climbing palms (rattans) after Calamus. It belongs to the subtribe Calaminae, tribe Calameae of the subfamily Calamoideae (Baker et al. 2000). Daemonorops is divided into two sections based on the structure of the inflorescence, section Cymbospatha (correctly Daemonorops) and section Piptospatha (Beccari 1911). The former have concave boat-shaped bracts completely enclosed at anthesis by the prophyll (the first bract), and splitting longitudinally to expose the flowers. In contrast, the bracts of the species in the latter section split to the base and only the lower part is enclosed by the prophyll. Furthermore, according to Furtado (1953), bracts of species in section Piptospatha usually fall at anthesis and occasionally only the prophyll remains. The genus Daemonorops has not been revised since Beccari's treatment (1911). Since that time, many new collections have been made and the differences between some of Beccari's species are less clear than at the time they were described. The whole group is in need of revision. In a preliminary survey of section Piptospatha in Malesia, a study was conducted on 'dragon's blood' species, defined by the presence of red resin on the fruit scales. Among herbarium collections in BO, L and K, more than six species of 'dragon's blood' rattan were found. Most of them have already been described and named, including one species from Siberut Island, D. dracuncula Ridl. (Rustiami 1999). Among the collections deposited in K and BO were representatives of another taxon from Siberut that appears to be undescribed. It is here named and described as new.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rotan Taset (Mentawai).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>ad sectionem Piptospatham pertinens; a D. dracuncula Ridl. statura maiore ad 5 m non 2 m adscendenti, petiolis brevioribus c. 2 cm non 12 cm longis, ore vaginae foliae dense spinoso non inermi, foliis spinosis spinis in rachidibus cirrisque singulariter dispositis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering small rattan up to 5 m tall. Stem without sheaths up to 9 mm diam., with sheaths up to 17 mm diam.; internodes up to 70 mm long; knee conspicuous, armed as the rest of sheath. Leaves to 100 cm long; leaf sheaths covered with blackish-red, detachable, very dense but patchy indumentum, spines greyish green, pointing upward, triangular in shape, up to 4.1 cm long and 2 mm wide at the base; spines around the leaf sheath mouth greenish, very dense, up to 2.7 cm long; petiole about 2 cm long, slightly concave above near the base, armed with groups of spines like those on the rachis; rachis yellowish, c. 5 mm diam., armed with groups of 2 - 4 spines abaxially, the longest spines about 8 mm, the shortest about 5 mm, adaxial surface sparsely spiny, spines in two series; leaflets subregularly arranged, 18 - 22 on each side, lanceolate, c. 21.5 x 3 cm, rarely bearing whitish hairs in pairs, mid nerve armed with blackish bristles, transverse veinlets inconspicuous; cirrus to 100 cm, armed with hooked claw-like spines, rachis and cirrus proximally also bearing single spines along the margins. Staminate inflorescence before flowering very narrowly cylindrical and elongate, up to 47 cm long, c. 7 partial inflorescences; prophyll coriaceous, obliquely truncate at the mouth; armed with very dense spines, united at the base horizontally; male flowers very small, oblong, up to 5 mm long; calyx widely ovate, 1 x 1.5 mm, with three small acute points; corolla about three times longer than calyx; stamens 6, anthers up to 0.5 mm long, filaments up to 1.5 mm long. Pistillate flower not seen. Infructescence up to 16 cm long covered by brown indumentum; prophyll persisting after anthesis; up to 3 partial infructescences, the longest to 10 cm, axis of partial infructescence brown. Fruit elongate about 2 x 1.2 cm, borne on a pedicel 3 mm long and covered in 13 vertical rows of reddish brown dragon's blood-encrusted scales; seed angular up to 10 x 8 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate, embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to Siberut Island, Mentawai Archipelago, West Sumatra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found in disturbed forest, 150 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species differs from D. dracuncula Ridl. in reaching 5 m rather than 2 m in height, in the very short petiole up to 2 cm (not 12 cm) long, and in the very dense spines on the leaf sheath mouth (unarmed in D. dracuncula).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>WEST SUMATRA, Mentawai Archipelago, Siberut Island, Rokdok Village, J. J. Afriastini 2560 (holotype BO; isotype K); West Sumatra, Mentawai Archipelago, Siberut Island, Rokdok Village, Sikatakep Mt, yg. stam. fls, J. J. Afriastini 2561 (BO).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Mostly solitary hermaphroditic fan palms of Mexico and Guatemala, occurring usually on limestone in dry areas, the leaves often glaucous.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Brahea</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author> \r
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 243 (1838)</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Brahea dulcis; (Kunth) Mart.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Erythea</name>\r
+<author>S. Watson</author>\r
+<bibref>S. Watson, Bot. California 2: 211 (1880).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Erythea edulis; (H.Wendl. ex S.Watson) S.Watson</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Glaucothea</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 237 (1915).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Glaucothea armata; (S.Watson) O.F.Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe (1546–1601).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, mostly solitary, rarely clustered, armed or unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palms. Stem clothed with persistent leaf sheaths, in age becoming bare. Leaves induplicate, shortly costapalmate, marcescent; sheath becoming fibrous, persistent, eventually splitting basally; petiole short or long, concave, flattened, or channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, margins unarmed or armed with sparse to dense, small or large teeth, sometimes floccose; adaxial hastula triangular to irregular, thin, membranous, at length fibrous, sometimes large, abaxial hastula a very low ridge or scarcely developed; blade nearly orbicular, regularly divided nearly to the middle or beyond into single-fold, stiff or flexible segments, deeply bifid at the apex, interfold filaments often present, surfaces glabrous, waxy or covered in caducous, floccose indumentum, midribs prominent, other veins fine, ± equal and close together giving a striate appearance, transverse veinlets inconspicuous, sometimes evident abaxially. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, nearly equalling or exceeding the leaves, erect or curving, branched to 4 orders; peduncle slender, short to medium; prophyll 2-keeled, closely sheathing, tubular, glabrous (?always), splitting irregularly abaxially; peduncular bracts 0–several, like the prophyll but single-keeled, glabrous or floccose; rachis much longer than peduncle; first-order branches distant, apparently lacking prophylls; subsequent bracts triangular, membranous, very inconspicuous; rachillae crowded, numerous, all branches and rachillae covered in a pale dense felt or deep pile of hairs. Flowers spirally arranged, solitary or in cincinni of 2–3, each subtended by a small bract, buds sometimes obscured by hairs until anthesis; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, margins minutely toothed (?always); petals 3, united basally in a tube as long as the sepals, briefly imbricate, valvate apically, shallowly to deeply furrowed adaxially; stamens 6, borne at the mouth of the corolla tube, filaments connate into a 6-lobed ring, lobes triangular, abruptly narrowed at tips, anthers broadly elliptic to nearly oblong, dorsifixed, ± versatile, latrorse; carpels 3, follicular, united by the styles, ovule basal, erect, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, slightly to extremely asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 29–51 µm [4/10]. Fruit usually developing from 1 carpel, globose or ovoid, dark blue to black at maturity, abortive carpels basal, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp crustaceous. Seed basally or subbasally attached, globose or ellipsoidal, endosperm homogeneous, very shallowly to deeply penetrated by a smooth intrusion of seed coat; embryo subbasal to lateral. Germination remote-ligular; eophyll entire. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 10 species in Baja California, Guadalupe Island, Mexico and Guatemala. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Asmussen et al. (2006) found a poorly supported sister relationship between Brahea and subtribe Rhapidinae.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The leaves are used for thatch and as a source of fibre. Fruits of some species are edible. Attractive ornamentals for drier areas. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1937a, 1937b) and Henderson et al. (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>A study of the Middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia, Canada shows palm vegetative organs to be the most common elements: five stems up to 9 cm wide with attached petiole bases and roots, plus numerous additional isolated petioles, midribs and laminae. According to Erwin and Stockey (1991) comparison with extant palms suggests that fossil stem and leaf anatomy is most similar to two coryphoid genera, Rhapidophyllum and Brahea. A hermaphroditic flower, Palaeoraphe dominica (Poinar 2002b) described from the Eocene Dominican amber is compared with flowers of Brahea, Acoelorrhaphe and Colpothrinax, although the flower is considered to resemble Brahea most closely, Poinar (2002b) describes differences in the style, stigma, ovary and stamens that separate the fossil flower from those of Brahea. The age of the amber is estimated to be somewhere between mid Eocene and mid Miocene. Brahea-like pollen (Graham 1976) is described from the Upper Miocene of Mexico (Paraje Solo flora, Veracruz). Small monosulcate grains, Palmaemargosulcites fossperforatus, from palm flower compression fossils, recovered from the Middle Eocene oil shales of Messel, Germany are compared with pollen of a number of coryphoid genera, including Brahea (Harley 1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>A new taxonomic treatment is much needed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Hesper palms, Guadalupe palms, rock palm, sweet brahea palm (Brahea edulis).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>On limestone slopes and outcrops in dry areas.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The white powder Dypsis: a new species from cultivation</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Marcus</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms, 48(2):90-93</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis albofarinosa</name>
+<author>Hodel & J. Marcus</author>
+<citation>Palms, 48(2):90-93. 2004</citation>
+<type>Hawaii, in horto Jeff Marcus; Hodel (ex J. Marcus); 1944</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Growers and collectors have long recognized that several undescribed and unnamed species of cultivated palms originating from Madagascar, mostly Dypsis, were not included in John Dransfield and Henk Beentje's monumental work, The Palms of Madagascar, when it was published in 1995. Hawaii palm grower Jeff Marcus was aware of one of these unnamed species growing in a private garden in Hilo, Hawaii and he had dubbed it Dypsis 'stumpy'. Marcus and others had distributed seeds and seedlings of Dypsis 'stumpy' and, because it had become fairly well known to palm collectors, Dransfield and Marcus described and named it D. carlsmithii in 2002 in honor of the late Donn Carlsmith in whose garden it was growing. Now Marcus has brought to the attention of palm collectors another new Dypsis, this one growing in his own nursery near Hilo, Hawaii. It is an especially attractive and highly ornamental Dypsis with clustering stems and powdery chalky white crownshafts. Because Marcus has widely distributed seeds and seedlings, it is appropriate to describe and name this handsome new species. </p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang=""><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. baronii, D. lutescenti et D. onilahensi affinis sed vaginis foliorum pulveraceis cretaceo-albis petiolis longis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustered, shrubby palm forming clumps to 5 x 2-3 m (Fig. 1). Stems 4-5 cm diam., ringed, internodes 6-15 cm, greenish but initially covered with chalky powdery white indument, occasionally dichotomously branching as in Dypsis fibrosa and D. lutescens. Leaves 4-6 per stem, ascending, spreading, arching, tips slightly pendulous and sometimes twisted; sheath ca. 58 cm long, lime green, densely covered with chalky powdery white indumentum (Fig. 2), tubular, with blackish scales distally briefly extending on to petiole, a slight auricle or ligule at either side of petiole at mouth; petiole ca. 75 cm long, ascending, ca. 1.3 cm diam. at base, ca. 1 cm diam. at apex, initially covered with chalky powdery white indument, concave or channeled adaxially, convex abaxially, margins sharp; rachis ascending to spreading, ca. 1.35 m long, channeled adaxially near base soon becoming flat with a sharp vertical costa extending to tip, convex abaxially and initially covered with chalky powdery white indument, arching, sometimes twisting in distal half to ca. 200°; pinnae ca. 44 per side, ca. 50 x 1.1 cm proximally, ca. 50 x 1.5 cm in midleaf, ca. 17 x 0.4 mm distally, green, arising from rachis at angle to form v-shape blade, forward-pointing, lanceolate, long acuminate, ± with long drip tip, tips drooping, 2 marginal nerves and one prominent midrib raised adaxially, 1-2 secondaries between midrib and marginals, tertiaries numerous, faint, a few dark brown medifixed ramenta on abaxial midrib. Inflorescences infrafoliar (Fig. 3), spreading in flower, drooping in fruit, branched to three orders; peduncle ca. 35-45 cm long, ca. 3.5 cm wide at base, ca. 2.5 cm wide at apex, ca. 1.5 cm thick, flattened adaxially, convex abaxially, glabrous; prophyll attached ca. 9 cm above base of peduncle, ca. 16 cm long, bicarinate, the two keels extending proximally below the point of attachment on to the peduncle as faint wings, tubular, apex bifid, lobes ca. 3.5 cm long, longitudinally striate-nerved, thick, ± coriaceous; 1st peduncular bract attached ca. 16 cm above base of peduncle, probably fallen away and not seen, only a truncated base 0.5 high remaining, this exceeded and concealed by prophyll, 2nd peduncular bract attached ca. 25 cm above base of peduncle and about 1 cm proximally of tip of prophyll, triangular, 1.5 cm long, just exceeding prophyll, 3rd peduncular bract attached ca. 27.5 cm above base of peduncle, rudimentary, 2-3 mm high; rachis 35-45 cm long, glabrous, with 14 branched and 7 unbranched 1st order branches, the proximal branches the largest and most complex with subpeduncle or base to 7 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide, flattened adaxially, convex abaxially, subrachis to 15 cm long, 2nd order branches with base to 3.5 cm long, 5 mm diam., flattened; rachillae over 100 per inflorescence, 5-20 cm long, 3-5 mm diam., glabrous; rachis and rachilla bracts 1-3 mm high, acute. Flowers in triads of a center later-opening pistillate flanked on either side by earlier-opening staminate or in dyads of 2 staminate or a staminate and a pistillate, triads or dyads 5-7 mm distant proximally, 1-2 mm distant distally, sunken in cleft-like pits 4 mm wide, 2.5-3 mm high, 2 mm deep, subtended proximally by a thin, raised, knife-like lip, 2-3 bracteoles subtending triads or dyads in proximal side of pit, these imbricate, thin, membranous, 0.5-0.8 mm high. Staminate flowers in bud 5 x 3 mm, bullet-shaped, at anthesis 5 x 5 mm (Fig. 4); calyx cupular-triangular, 1.5 x 3 mm, sepals broadly rounded, imbricate nearly to apex, keeled, hooded, 2.25 x 2.75 mm; petals connate for 2 mm to receptacle, free for 3 x 2.75 mm, valvatexwate, acute, faintly nerved (strongly nerved when dry); stamens 6, equaling or slightly exceeding petals, filaments 3.5 mm long, slightly enlarged at base, anthers 1.5-2 x 0.5 mm, dorsifixed; pistillode 2.5-3 x 1 mm, columnar, longitudinally angled or fluted. Pistillate flowers in bud 4 x 3 mm, broadly ovoid or dome-shaped; calyx 3 x 3 mm, sepals broadly rounded, imbricate in proximal 2 mm, keeled, hooded, 2.5-3 x 2.5 mm, margins thin, ± transparent; petals 3-3.5 x 2.5 mm, imbricate in proximal 2.5 mm, broadly ovate with short apicula, acute; staminodes 6, 0.4 mm high, tooth-like; ovary 3 x 2 mm, bullet- to dome-shaped, stigmas not distinct at this time. Fruits 2 x 1.5 cm, ± ovoid. Seeds 17 x 14 mm, endosperm homogeneous; embryo sub-basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Measurements for the description were taken from non-dried, fresh or pickled material Marcus had collected and sent to Hodel. Dypsis albofarinosa is similar to D. baronii, D. lutescens and D. onilahensis, but these last three lack the powdery chalky white crownshaft and have shorter petioles and smaller fruits and seeds. Dypsis baronii and D. onilahensis also differ in their inflorescences branched only to two orders. The specific epithet is from the Latin albus, meaning white, and farina, meaning powder, and refers to the powdery white crownshafts. The white indument covering the leaf bases is of a waxy nature and is not readily apparent on dried material. Dypsis albofarinosa is in Group 3 (page 127, species 25-46) of Dypsis species in The Palms of Madagascar. This group, consisting of solitary or clustered subcanopy palms with six equal stamens, includes such well known and popular species as D. baronii, D. cabadae, D. lutescens, and D. onilahensis. Indeed, D. albofarinosa keys out to D. lutescens in couplet f23 of Key 6 (page 143) in The Palms of Madagascar. Because its wild origin in Madagascar is obscure, ecological and habitat information about Dypsis albofarinosa is unavailable.Dypsis albofarinosa originated in a commercial lot of seeds of D. baronii exported from Madagascar to Australia in the late 1980s or early 1990s. Several growers and collectors, among them Curt Butterfield of Queensland, Australia and Marcus, recognized that some of the resulting plants differed substantially from D. baronii. They selected out these different plants and grew them on, eventually distributing seeds and seedlings. The species has been erroneously grown under the name D. onilahensis in Australia and D. baronii and D. baronii var. compacta in Hawaii. Marcus has widely distributed this species as Dypsis 'white petiole.' A striking ornamental, the white powder Dypsis grows vigorously to form handsome, rather open clumps of a dozen or more slender stems to five meters tall topped by elegant, gracefully arching, long-pinnate leaves. Long petioles enhance the gracefully arching effect. Most conspicuous and exceptional are the chalky powdery white crownshafts. The powdery white material also initially covers the petiole, rachis, and stems but, unlike the crownshafts, weathers away from these organs. Relatively easy to grow, Dypsis albofarinosa fruits abundantly in cultivation and is easily propagated from seeds. It tolerates shade to nearly full sun in Hawaii.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Dypsis 'stumpy'</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Marcus</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 46(1): 47-51</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis carlsmithiii</name>
+<author>J.Dransf. & J.Marcus</author>
+<citation>Palms 46(1): 47-51. 2002</citation>
+<type>Hawaii, Hilo, in horto Don Carlsmith; J. Marcus; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Over the past three decades there has been an almost insatiable demand for seeds of Madagascar palms. Seeds of even common, widespread species such as Dypsis lutescens and D. madagascariensis continue to be harvested in the wild and exported in large quantity, and seeds of many other species are widely available. Of course, there are often problems in identifying palms from their seeds alone, particularly in the case of large genera in which palms of markedly different vegetative appearance may have seeds that are virtually indistinguishable. Some of the seeds leaving Madagascar are undoubtedly correctly named. They have flowered and fruited and seem to belong to the designated species. Others, however, are either incorrectly named (not surprising given the problems mentioned above) or carry just nicknames. Sobriquets such as 'slick willy', 'mealy bug' and others are widely used by growers needing reference points when the scientific name is uncertain. In many instances there is absolutely no way of telling where in Madagascar the seeds were collected, information that might help in narrowing down the identity. When asked to try to identify such mystery plants, it has always been easy to say "Wait until it flowers and fruits and then let us know - we should then have little difficulty in naming it." When Palms of Madagascar was published (Dransfield & Beentje 1995), we hoped that the identification of these mystery palms would immediately become possible, but, of course, this was not the case. In the Carlsmith Estate near Hilo on the island of Hawaii grows one such palm (Figs. 1-5), clearly a Dypsis and thus almost certainly from Madagascar. One of us (JM) knew the palm well and had dubbed it (in the days before Palms of Madagascar was published) Chrysalidocarpus 'stumpy' - or Dypsis 'stumpy' as we should really call it. However, it proved impossible to key out with certainty in Palms of Madagascar. The palm fruits regularly and has been used as a source of seeds, so Dypsis 'stumpy' is beginning to be known among palm enthusiasts, and it seems important that its botanical identity should be established. JM sent material to JD at Kew in the hope that a name would be easily provided but, despite JD trying hard to squeeze it into the variability of known species, it has become obvious that it represents an undescribed taxon. There is something rather unsatisfactory about describing a palm from cultivated material without knowing precisely whence the palm came. Given the circumstances of rather uncontrolled palm seed collection from all over the island, we feel sure that this will not be the only undescribed taxon to be introduced into cultivation. There is, of course, already a precedent in the genus Dypsis for naming species from cultivation. Chrysalidocarpus cabadae (= Dypsis cabadae) was described from palms cultivated in the Caribbean and now well known in cultivation but still not known in the wild. Neodypsis leptocheilos (= Dypsis leptocheilos) was described from material cultivated in Tahiti and only very recently has a herbarium collection been made in the wild (Dan Turk, pers. comm.), and Chrysalidocarpus glaucescens was described from plants cultivated in Trinidad. This last name is currently regarded as a synonym of D. lutescens. </p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang=""><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>palma robusta compacta inter species arborescentias solitarias, foliolis numerosis regulariter dispositis, inflorescentia interfoliacea ramosissima, rachillis gracilibus brevibusque, endospermio homogeneo differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Single-stemmed palm. Stems to 6 m tall, ca. 51 cm diam. at breast height, decreasing distally to ca. 40 cm diam. below the crownshaft; internodes ca. 10 cm long. Mature leaf curved and with a slight twist; sheath 140 cm long, ca. 80 cm wide when opened out, adaxially reddish brown, abaxially green to mid-brown with some wax and sparse scattered scales, with triangular lobes at the sheath mouth; petiole 45 cm long, proximally ca. 12 cm wide, distally 9 cm, abaxially waxy, abaxially convex, adaxially deeply grooved and with sharp margins; rachis ca. 3 m long, in mid-leaf 6 cm wide, abaxially with scattered scales, adaxially with a few scales, adaxially keeled, abaxially rounded; leaflets ca. 90 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, at intervals of ca. 4 cm, proximal ca. 90 x 3 cm, median ca. 92 x 4 cm, distal ca. 25 x 2 cm, adaxially glabrous or nearly so, abaxially with conspicuous crowded dark brown ramenta, main vein 1, apices attenuate. Inflorescence interfoliar, branched to 3 or 4 orders; peduncle ca. 3.5 m long, proximally 7 cm wide, distally 6 cm wide; prophyll at least 40 cm long, borne at ca. 60 cm above the base of the peduncle, glabrous or nearly so; peduncular bract inserted at 90 cm from the base of the peduncle, not preserved; rachis ca. 1 m long, with ca. 19 first order branches, the proximal of these with a secondary rachis of up to 70 cm long and 25 mm diam. at base, with very numerous rachillae; rachillae 6-8 cm long, 1.5-2 mm diam., glabrous, bearing short triangular bracts to 1 x 1.5 mm. Staminate flower buds 3.2 x 2.2 mm; sepals rounded-triangular, keeled and irregularly gibbous, 1.5 x 1.5 mm; petals 2.8 x 1.8 mm, minutely connate basally; stamens 6 with filaments 1.5 x 0.2 mm, inflexed at tip, anthers elongate, 1.9 x 0.9 mm, the connective ca. 0.2 mm wide, brown; pistillode columnar, 3-grooved, 1.5 x 0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers with sepals 1.5 x 1.5 mm; petals ca. 1 x 1 mm; staminodes at least three, toothlike, ca. 0.1 mm long; ovary ca. 1.2 mm diam. Fruit irregularly ovoid-ellipsoid, 16x9 mm, with stigmatic remains eccentrically apical; epicarp smooth, black; mesocarp thin fleshy; endocarp covered with a loose layer of broad anastomosing fibres. Seed 13x8 mm, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In Palms of Madagascar (Dransfield & Beentje 1995) this species keys out to the two couplets that include Dypsis saintelucei , D. tsaravoasira and D. nauseosa . It differs from the first two in having ruminate endosperm while from the last it differs in having much shorter, more slender rachillae. Dypsis tanalensis , an incompletely known taxon, is mentioned also at this point in the key, but this also has a ruminate endosperm. In general appearance D. carlsmithii does not resemble any of these. In some ways the inflorescence resembles that of D. prestoniana and D. tokoravina , but these two are even more robust and have fascicled leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>HAWAII. Cultivated in the Carlsmith Estate, Hilo, December 1996, J. Marcus s.n. (Holotype K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Dypsis turkii</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 47(1): 26-30</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis turkii</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms 47(1): 26-30. (2003)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Toamasina, Soanierana-Ivongo, Ambatovaky Reserve; Baker et al.; 1013</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi TAN, MO, P, NY</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Palm novelties continue to be discovered in Madagascar. Some, like the one described here, are local endemics that have come to light when botanists have explored areas previously not thoroughly surveyed. There are also several really interesting undescribed palms that are currently known only from seeds or seedlings in the horticultural trade, ad not yet represented by complete herbarium material collected in the wild.
+The subject of this paper is an atonishing new species of Dypsis with unusual inflorescences unlike those of any other palm in Madagascar. The species is named for Dan Turk, environmental officer of the Fiangonana Jesosy Madagasikara, who recognised it to be undescribed when he collected it on an isolated hill still covered in forest to the northeast of Betampona reserve in Eastern Madagascar. I examoned this specimen in Antananarivo but it has yet to arive in Kew. The species was also colelcted by Anja Byg in Zahamena, during field work funded by the International Palm Society. She too was uanble to key it out in Palms of Madagascar (Dransfield and Beentje 1995) and suspected it to be undescribed. Finally in 1999 Bill Baker and I discovered it to be locally common in the southern margin of the Ambatovaky reserve and in forest fragments between Ambatovaky and Soanierana Ivongo. It thus has a distribution in upland forest on the eastern escarpment of Madagascar, northwest of Toamasina.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang=""><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sinkiaramboalavo.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>inter species floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antesepalis inflorescentiis longissimis filiformibus floribus remotis distinctissima.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, solitary, short-stemmed litter-trapping palm. Stem up to 1m tall, usually less, often partially buried in leaf-litter and hence the palm appearing acaulescent, c. 8-15 mm diam., internodes 4-20 mm long. Leaves 7-9 in crown, 1 < apparently marcescent; sheaths yellow-green, with reddish margins when young, drying rich red-brown, 8-9 cm long, open for ± their entire length, tubular in basal 2-3 cm, striate, abaxially bearing numerous reddish brown fimbriate-margined scales distally, scales very sparse proximally, two rounded auricles present, one on each side of the petiole, to 1.5 x 1.5 mm; petiole absent, very short or to 4 cm long, 3.5x2 mm in cross section; leaf blade entire-bifid, 29-65 cm long, with 10-14 adaxial ribs diverging at an angle of about 25° from the rachis, the blade divided to one half to two thirds, ca. 9-12 cm wide just below the sinus, the two apical segments somewhat cucullate at the tips and shallowly toothed, the teeth corresponding to the main folds of the blade, rachis 10-26 cm long bearing scattered reddish brown scales, lamina bearing very sparse, scattered minute grey or reddish scales adaxially, abaxially with scattered punctiform reddish scales along the main ribs. Inflorescences interfoliar, very slender, exceeding the leaves, often greatly so, 72-150 cm long, branching to two orders, all branches diverging at an acute angle of about 20-25°; peduncle 28-ca. 70 cm long, ca. 1.5-2 mm diam.; prophyll tightly sheathing the base of the peduncle, inserted ca. 4 cm above the base, to ca. 8-10 cm long, 4 mm wide, striate and bearing scattered reddish brown scales; peduncular bract similar to the prophyll, ca. 24-26 cm long; rachis 40-80 cm long; rachis bracts triangular, ca. 3 x 1.5 mm; first order branches ca. 6-8, distant, the proximal 2-3 branches branched to the second order, the distal unbranched, each with a conspicuous basal pulvinus and a long basal section devoid of branches or flowers; rachillae very slender, 4-8 cm long, ca. 0.75 mm diam, drying striate, bearing scattered brown scales; triads ca. 5 mm distant near the base of the floriferous portion of the rachilla, ca. 2 mm distant distally; rachilla bracts minute. Staminate flowers globose, ca. 1.5 mm diam.; sepals ca. 0.6 x 0.8 mm, imbricate, broadly triangular with rounded bases, irregularly keeled and apiculate, faintly striate; petals triangular valvate, c. 1.2 x 0.8 mm, striate, glabrous; stamens 3, antesepalous, staminal tube 0.6 mm high, ca. 0.6 mm wide, free portion of filaments ca. 0.2 mm high, ca. 0.4 mm wide, staminodes absent, anthers didymous mostly held within the staminal tube, ca. 0.5 mm high, 0.4 mm wide at base; pistillode minute, 3-lobed. Pistillate flowers globose 2.5 x 2.5 mm; sepals 1 x 1.5 mm, striate, irregularly emarginate and keeled; petals broad triangular 2 x 1.8 mm, imbricate with triangular valvate tips, very thick and fleshy, glabrous; staminodes 6, irregular, tooth-like, sometimes connate laterally, c. 0.4 x 0.2 mm; ovary eccentrically spherical, 1.5 x 2 mm, stigmas 3, eccentrically subapical, 0.6 x 0.1 mm; ovule laterally attached. Fruit ripening glistening bright red, broadly ellipsoid 14 x 8 mm, stigmatic remains subbasal; epicarp smooth; mesocarp 4 mm thick; endocarp striate. Seed ellipsoid, 11x4 mm, homogeneous, embryo lateral towards the base.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring in rain forest on slopes and near valley bottoms on quartzite, at elevations of 400-800 m above sea level, locally common in the undergrowth.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The inflorescences of this species are unlike those of any other taxon in the genus (Figs. 4, 5). The palm is generally short-stemmed, occasionally almost acaulescent. The leaves, usually lacking a long, well-defined petiole tend to trap leaf litter, so that the leaf bases are sometimes entirely obscured. The inflorescences emerge from the crown and arch out between the leaf bases and on to the forest floor; the extremely slender rachillae may be presented over the ground or lie on the surface among the leaf litter. The flowers as in so many taxa of Dypsis with three staminate flowers where the anthers are rounded, are extremely small but, unusually, are held on slender, or almost thread-like rachillae. Only in D. remotiflora are the rachillae so slender, but here the inflorescence is short, little if any longer than the leaves and quite different from the very long inflorescences of this new species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Madagascar, Toamasina, Soanierana-Ivongo, Ambatovaky Reserve, ca. 2.2 km southwest of Amberomanitra, near Imangna River, 16°.51'.45S, 49°.16'.01E, 10 Nov 99, Baker et al 1013 (Holotype K; isotypes TAN, MO, P, NY); Fenoarivo Atsinanana, Vavatenina, ca. 10 km northwest of Manakambahiny, buffer zone of Zahamena Reserve, 17° 32'S, 48° 55'E, 20 Oct 98, Byg 19 (AAU, K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small to moderate, solitary pinnate-leaved palm, endemic to New Guinea, with crownshaft and praemorse leaflets, the leaflets conspicuously 3-pronged; the fruit has a deeply grooved endocarp; the seed has homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Brassiophoenix</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 345 (1935).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Brassiophoenix drymophloeoides; Burret</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates botanist, Leonard J. Brass (1900–1971), prolific collector in New Guinea, by combining his name with phoenix — a general name for a palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem slender, erect, ringed with leaf scars, light grey to brown. Leaves pinnate, spreading to erect; sheath forming a crownshaft, sometimes bearing a triangular appendage opposite the petiole, glaucous or densely white tomentose and minutely dotted; petiole very short, slender, deeply channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, densely white tomentose, minutely brown-dotted, and bearing dark curly ramenta; rachis slender, adaxially ridged in the centre, rounded abaxially, densely covered in dark or red-brown tattered scales; leaflets single-fold, wedge-shaped, apically trilobed, the centre lobe much prolonged, all lobes toothed, basally bearing dark chaffy scales as the rachis, glaucous abaxially, midrib and marginal ribs large, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 2(–3) orders basally, densely dark or white-woolly tomentose throughout; peduncle short, dorsiventrally flattened; prophyll tubular, short, 2-keeled laterally, splitting apically; peduncular bract twice as long as the prophyll, tubular, exserted at maturity, 1 or 2 additional incomplete, ribbon-like or triangular to elongate peduncular bracts present; rachis longer than the peduncle bearing very short, spirally arranged bracts subtending branches and rachillae; rachillae rather short, thick in the middle, bearing very short, spirally arranged bracts subtending triads of flowers nearly throughout the rachillae, triads distant, staminate flowers projecting laterally, much wider than the rachillae; floral bracteoles 3, the first small, pointed, the second 2 large, rounded. Staminate flowers bullet-shaped in bud; sepals 3, distinct, short, rounded, imbricate, gibbous basally, edges toothed; petals 3, distinct, ovate, valvate, thick, tapering to a blunt point; stamens numerous (ca. 100–230), inserted on a conical receptacle, filaments long, slender, anthers elongate, basifixed, latrorse, connective tanniniferous, prolonged basally between the anthers; pistillode small, conical, sometimes with a short terete neck. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 31–56 µm [2/2]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, thickened dorsally, broadly imbricate, bearing large scales, margins split irregularly; petals 3, distinct, about twice as long as the sepals at anthesis, otherwise like the sepals, tips thick, shortly valvate; staminodes joined basally into a shallow ring bearing short 3-lobed projections; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, style not differentiated, stigma 3-lobed, fleshy, papillose, reflexed at anthesis, ovule laterally attached, pendulous, form unknown. Fruit ellipsoidal, tapered at both ends, wrinkled and ridged when dry, pale yellow-orange or red at maturity, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp with short, single, oblique fibrous bundles and interspersed brachysclereids, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp hard, thick, ridged. Seed laterally attached, irregular with 5 ridges, pointed distally, hilum elongate, raphe branches curved, somewhat anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid, tips toothed. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species in New Guinea.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig 1977).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Brassiophoenix is a moderately supportedmonophyletic group (Lewis et al. in prep.) that is resolved,again with moderate support, as sister to Ptychococcus(Asmussen et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. inreview, in prep., Lewis et al. in prep.).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Handsome ornamentals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Zona and Essig (1999).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinguished from other genera of Ptychospermatinaeby the three-pronged leaflets and by the basifixed antherswith the connective basally enlarged. The endocarp is hard, as in Ptychococcus, but lacks unsheathed vascular bundles and is thus distinct anatomically (Essig 1977). In leaf form, Brassiophoenix seems closest to Drymophloeus, but it resembles Ptychosperma in inflorescence structure and Ptychococcus in fruit, and therefore represents a different combination of characters within the subtribe. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Both species are inhabitants of mixed lowland rain forest.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Two new species of rattan (Palmae: Calamoideae) from the forests of West and Central Africa</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sunderland</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.C.H</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 987-990</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Eremospatha dransfieldii</name>
+<author>Sunderl.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 58: 988 (2003 publ. 2004)</citation>
+<type>Ghana, Draw River Forest Reserve; Sunderland; 2261 </type>
+<type_loc>holotypus K!; isotypi KUM!, NY!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>This species is named for Dr John Dransfield, the palm specialist of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew who was instrumental in initiating the recent taxonomic and ethnobotanical studies of the rattans of Africa.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>E. laurentii De Wild. affinis sed foliolis in utroque latere rachidis usque ad 20 - 40, forma variabilissima obovatis-late ellipticis ad oblanceolatis-rhomboideis, basi obtusatis cuneatis, ad apicem late ad perlate praemorsis (12 - 30 cm longis x 3.5 - 5.5 cm latis) differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering robust climbing rattan palm to 40 m long. Stems circular in cross- section, without sheaths, 18 - 24 mm in diameter, with sheaths, 25 - 30 mm; internodes 10 - 16 cm. Leaf sheath lightly striate, indumentum absent, but sheath often profusely covered with orange-brown scale insects; ocrea entire, obliquely truncate, extending for 1 - 2 cm above the leaf junction; knee conspicuous, narrowly linear, 2 - 4 cm long, rather abrupt at base. Leaves sessile, up to 3.5 m long; rachis 1.2 - 1.5 m long, abaxially rounded, adaxially convex to concave, becoming trapezoid then triangular in cross-section distally, armed along the margins with robust, reflexed, bulbous-based, yellow-orange spines, becoming more sparsely armed distally; cirrus 1.2 - 1.5 m long, unarmed; leaflets up to 40 on each side of the rachis, inequidistant, opposite to sub-opposite, highly variable in shape, obovate-elliptic to oblanceolate to rhomboid, obtusely cuneate at base, more or less praemorse at apex, 12 - 30 x 3.5 - 5.5 cm; lowermost leaflets smaller than the rest, linear, strap-like or broadly-lanceolate, armed along the margins with robust bulbous-based yellow to orange spines, laxly swept back across, or tightly clasping stem; acanthophylls 3 - 4 cm long. Flowers and fruits unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>From Sierra Leone to Ghana in moist evergreen forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>E. dransfieldii is a light-demanding species found particularly along forest margins, in tree-fall gaps and along roadsides. The species is restricted to areas of high rainfall (>2000mm) and is locally abundant where it occurs.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Notwithstanding the long history of botanical fieldwork in the Upper Guinea forests of West Africa and despite their economic importance (Falconer 1994; Oteng-Amoako and Obiri-Darko 2001), the rattan palms of the region were, until recently, particularly under-represented in herbaria. Three species of Eremospatha were previously recorded from the region; E. macrocarpa, E. laurentii and a third taxon, comprising a few incomplete voucher specimens which were frequently assigned to E. hookeri. Due to the significant morphological and ecological differences between this latter taxon and E. hookeri, doubts concerning the identification of "E. hookeri" from Upper Guinea were expressed by Sunderland (2001a). It was suggested that more complete voucher material of this taxon was required to determine its taxonomic position; these have recently been collected providing the morphological evidence that this species is indeed a distinct taxon.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>SIERRA LEONE: Lake Soufon, st. 14 Feb. 1966, Gledhill 309 (K!, GC!); Mofani, st. 12Jan. 1892, Scott-Elliot 4442 (K!); Kambui Hills (07°05'N:11°20'W), st. 4 Nov. 1952 Small 832 (K!). GHANA: Draw River Forest Reserve (05?12'N:02?20'W)
+2 NEW RATTAN SPP. FROM W and CENTRAL AFRICA 989 st. 10 Nov. 2001, Balinga 71 (K!, SCA! KUM!); Subiri F.R. (05°17'N:01°43'W) st. 2 Jan. 1975, Hall and Abbiw 45124, (GC!); Ankasa River F.R. (05°15'N:02°36'W) st. 3 March 1971, Moore and Enti 9888 (GC!); Draw River Forest Reserve, (05'12'N:02?20'W), st. 26 May 1999, Sunderland 2261 (K!; KUM!); Bobiri F.R.(06°38'N:01°17'W), juvenile, 20 Dec. 1957 Tomlinson s.n. (K!).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Two new species of rattan (Palmae: Calamoideae) from the forests of West and Central Africa</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sunderland</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.C.H</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 987-990</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Laccosperma korupensis</name>
+<author>Sunderl.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 58: 989 (2003 publ. 2004)</citation>
+<type>Cameroon, Korup National Park; Sunderland; 2303</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K!; isotypi SCA! YA! NY! WAG!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>This species is named after the Korup region, which includes the National Park. The word Korup is derived from the ethnic group, the Korop, who have inhabited the cross-border area of Cameroon and Nigeria for the past 200 years (Grimes 1996).</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>L. opacum (G. Mann and H. Wendl.) Drude affinis sed vagina parce armata; foliolis lanceolatis basi cuneatis apice apiculatis ad mucronatis, cirrho aculeis recurvatis armato, acanthophyllis carentibus differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender palm climbing to 10 m. Stem, not circular in cross section, but somewhat oval, without sheaths up to 12 mm in diameter, with sheaths c. 15 mm; internodes 12 - 15 cm long. Leaf sheath very sparsely to moderately armed with very fine, black tipped, downward-pointing spines; sheaths near leaf junction occasionally unarmed; black caducous indumentum present on mature sheaths; ocrea 7- 10 cm long, gradually tapering at the apex, papyraceous and tattering, pale straw-coloured without, dark shiny brown within, armed with very fine black-tipped spines. Leaves up to 1.0 m long; petiole to 12 x 0.8 cm, abaxially rounded, adaxially flattened, armed along the edges with up to 1 cm long, inequidistant, black spines with pale bulbous bases, spreading or reflexed; rachis to 50 cm long, rounded or somewhat angular in cross section, armed as the petiole, the spines decreasing in size distally; cirrus to 70 cm long armed as the rachis, although spines becoming sparse distally; leaflets 10 - 18 on each side of the rachis, inequidistant, usually sub-equidistant proximally and borne in pairs distally, lanceolate, finely acuminate at apex, bluntly cuneate at base, 12 - 20 cm long x 1.5 - 1.5 cm broad at widest point, ? concolorous, with prominent transverse veinlets and numerous, rather distant, small reflexed spines on the margins; acanthophylls absent. Flowers and fruits unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Restricted to the coastal forests of Cameroon, L. korupensis is particularly abundant in the Korup National Park. Future scheduled fieldwork in Nigeria will undoubtedly confirm the presence of this species in the Cross River National Park. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Like Laccosperma opacum, L. korupensis is a species of the forest understorey.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Despite the availability of vegetative material only, there is little doubt that this species is a member of the genus Laccosperma, with its significant morphological similarities to both L. opacum and L. laeve. However, this taxon is unique within the genus in the fact that the reduced leaflets forming grapnel hooks on the cirrus (known as acanthophylls), which are a common character in the rattan genera endemic to Africa, are absent.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A spectacular new species of Licuala (Arecaceae, Coryphoideae) from New Guinea</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Banka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Barfod</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.S</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 73-75</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Licuala longispadix</name>
+<author>Banka and Barfod</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 73 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Sandaun Province, Vanimo subdistr., Pual River; Barfod, Banka and Kjcer; AB508</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus AAU!; isotypi LAE!, BRI!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Introduction Licuala Wurmb. is the most speciose genus of the coryphoid palms in New Guinea. The genus is under revision as part of the Palms of New Guinea (PONG) project and so far 27 species have been recorded within the political borders of the Indonesian Province of West Papua and Papua New Guinea. In 1999, J. Wiakabu of the PNG Forest Research Institute and J. Worimbangu of the PNG Forest Authority in Lae collected an aberrant species of Licuala in the Green River District, Amanab subdistrict, Sandaun Province. The specimen was presented to us at the LAE herbarium and the collectors mentioned that it had a very long, pendent inflorescence that reached the forest floor. From the height of the palm indicated on the label we deduced that the inflorescence was at least 4 m long, the longest ever recorded in the genus. During one of the field campaigns organised within the framework of the PONG project we recollected the species at Pual River near Vanimo in the Sandaun Province.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Marim (Amanab dialect)</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>arbor statura mediocris, 3 - 4 m alta; lamina folii plus quam 2 m diametro, in 36 segmentiis divisa; a congeneris inflorescentiis plus quam 4 m longis, unusquique 12 -13 ramis lateralibus ferentibus, endocarpiis conspicue longitudinaliter tricristatus distinguitur.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm up to 3 - 4 m tall. Stem about 14 cm in diam., with short internodes, covered by grey crustaceous lichens. Leaves about 15 in crown; leaf sheaths tubular and intact in the centre of the crown, about 20 cm long, transition into petiole gradual, extended on the opposite side of the petiole into an up to 76 cm long, brown chartaceous ligule, eventually disintegrating into a fibrous mesh; petiole variable in length, up to 3 m long in fully developed leaves, 1.5 - 1.8 cm wide at the base, 1 - 1.3 cm wide below insertion of lamina, greenish with deciduous ferrugineous ramenta, the basal 60 cm armed with up to 5 mm long spines, mixed long and short to evenly sized, greenish-brown to greyish, flattened distally and rounded at the base, recurved to straight; lamina rounded in outline, somewhat darker green above, divided in 36 segments, position of hastula slightly eccentric; mid segment wedge shaped, with 18 - 20 adaxial ribs, 1.2 m long and 45 cm wide at the apex, basal segments with 3 adaxial ribs, about 1 m long and 5 - 7 cm wide at the apex; indentations leading to adaxial ribs 2 - 3 cm long, those leading to abaxial about 0.5 cm long. Inflorescences about 3 on one palm, 4 - 4.5 m long, pendent and reaching the ground, with 12 - 13 partial inflorescences, branched to third order basally, peduncle 82 cm long as measured to the base of the first primary branch, about 3.5 x 1 cm in cross section; prophyll 35 - 40 cm long, 6.5 cm wide at the base; one peduncular bract present 60 - 80 cm long, thick and chartaceous, splitting irregularly at the apex only; rachis 3.4 - 3.7 m long; rachis bracts about 80 cm long, like peduncular bract in texture and colour; the basal partial inflorescence branched distally for about 40 cm, with approx. 42 pendent rachillae. Flowers solitary, hermaphrodite; calyx cylindrical, 2.5 - 3 mm long, glabrous or with few minute trichomes, breaking up regularly in three lobes, about 1 mm long and apically acute to obtuse; corolla about 5 mm long, lobes 2 - 2.5 mm long; androecium fused to corolla for 1.8 - 2 mm, staminal ring about 0.5 mm long; anthers inserted in one level, 0.3 - 0.4 mm long; receptacle and calyx fused for about 0.3 - 0.4 mm; ovary glabrous 2 - 2.5 mm long, truncate apically; style about 0.5 mm long; locules in upper half, about 0.3 mm long. Fruit pedicel widened basally. Fruit globose, 2 - 2.5 x 1 - 1.5 cm, red at maturity; endocarp 2 - 2.2 x 1 - 1.2 cm, reinforced with three, up to 5 mm wide, longitudinal ridges; seed narrow fusiform to elliptic, about 5 x 2 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from two localities in the Sandaun Province where it is quite rare locally.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rare in lowland forest on alluvial plains dominated by species of Vatica, Intsia and Pometia.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Licuala longispadix is recorded from just two localities that are both under threat due to logging. At the type locality near Pual River, a careful search within a radius of 100 m revealed only one additional individual and no regeneration.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The collections available to us only comprise old inflorescences and fruiting material. We were able to retrieve two flowers stuck to a spiders' web. The gynoecium in both is rather stunted, maybe an effect of the aborted embryos. The question of whether the flowers are hermaphroditic or dioecious awaits further study. The fruits of New Guinea licualas are often presented near the forest floor either by bending of the infructescence due to the weight of the fruits, as in L. beccariana, or due to long pendent inflorescences, as in L. longispadix. This phenomenon is probably an adaptation to dispersal by ground- dwelling animals such as the cassowaries that roamed the forests of New Guinea prior to the advent of man and domesticated pigs.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Sandaun Province, Amanab Subdistr., Near Guriaso village, Oct. 1999, Wiakubu and Worimbangu 75798 (AAU!; LAE!); Vanimo Distr., Pual R., March 2000, Barfod, Banka and Barfod AB 508 (AAU!, LAE!, BRI!)</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Visciously spiny solitary acaulescent or erect palms, native to South and Central America and the Caribbean.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Acrocomia</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author> \r
+<citation>Hist. nat. palm. 2: 66 (1824).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Acrocomia sclerocarpa; Mart.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Acanthococos</name>\r
+<author>Barb. Rodr.</author>\r
+<bibref>Barb. Rodr., Palm. hassler. 1 (1900).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Acanthococos hassleri; Barb. Rodr.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Gastrococos</name>\r
+<author>Morales</author>\r
+<bibref>Morales, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Isla Cuba 1: 57 (1865).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Gastrococos armentalis; Morales</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Akros — highest, kome — hair or tuft, perhaps referring to the crown of leaves at the tip of the tall stem.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Dwarf to large, solitary, spiny, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem very short, subterranean and geotropic, or erect, columnar or sometimes swollen and spindle-shaped, covered in persistent leaf bases and eventually becoming bare, or armed heavily with spines at first, soon becoming bare, eventually smooth, ringed with leaf scars. Leaves few to numerous, pinnate, marcescent or abscising neatly; sheath disintegrating into a mass of fibres, usually both spiny and finely bristly; petiole short or ± absent, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, usually spiny and finely bristly, often with tomentum; rachis usually curved, armed with robust spines, especially along the margins, adaxially channelled near the base, angled distally, abaxially angled or rounded; leaflets numerous, single-fold, linear, acute or shallowly bifid, sometimes plicate, subregularly arranged (rarely) or grouped, usually held in different planes giving the leaf a plumose appearance, usually coriaceous, acute or briefly bifid, adaxially usually glabrous, abaxially glabrous, glaucous or pubescent, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences axillary, interfoliar, shorter than the leaves, arching or becoming pendulous, apparently protandrous, branching to 1 order; peduncle ± oval in cross-section, often elongate, spiny and/or tomentose, rarely unarmed; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, closely sheathing, usually remaining ± hidden within the leaf sheaths, soon tattering and splitting irregularly, glabrous or densely shaggy hairy, sometimes also spiny; peduncular bract inserted near the prophyll, much larger than the prophyll, persistent, tubular, enclosing the rachillae in bud, strongly beaked, woody, splitting along the abaxial face, then expanded or ± cowl-like, abaxial surface densely shaggy tomentose, and often sparsely to densely spiny, spines sometimes restricted to near the beak, adaxial surface glabrous, often conspicuously pale yellow; rachis longer or shorter than the peduncle, variously spiny, tomentose, or glabrous, bearing few to numerous, spirally arranged rachillae, each subtended by a short triangular bract; rachillae short to elongate, straight or somewhat flexuous, often with a pulvinus (?nectariferous) at the base, usually cream-coloured or yellowish, with a very short to long basal, bare portion, then bearing 1–several, rather distant spirally arranged triads, distal to these a few pairs of staminate flowers, in the distal portion bearing dense spirals of solitary staminate flowers, each flower group subtended by a short-triangular bract, those subtending the staminate flowers forming shallow pits; floral bracteoles small, mostly obscured within the pits. Staminate flowers creamy yellow, usually rather strongly earthy smelling, symmetrical or somewhat asymmetrical, those of the triads briefly stalked, those of distal portion of rachillae sessile; sepals 3, distinct or connate, small, narrow to broadly triangular, sometimes irregularly ciliate; petals 3, distinct except at the very base, much longer than the sepals, ± boat-shaped, ± fleshy, valvate; stamens 6, filaments distinct or briefly adnate to the base of the petals, elongate, inflexed at the tip, anthers ± rectangular, dorsifixed or medifixed, latrorse; pistillode small, trifid. Pollen oblate triangular, occasionally oblate square, usually symmetric; aperture a distal trichotomosulcus or occasionally a tetrachotomosulcus; ectexine semi-tectate or tectate, coarsely perforate, perforations widely separated and indented, or finely reticulate, aperture margin may be slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 37–62 µm [3/3]. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate, conic-ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, ± imbricate, broadly triangular or connate in a 3-lobed cupule; petals much longer than the sepals, 3, ± distinct except sometimes near the base, or connate, always with broad, imbricate, distinct margins, except for valvate tips; staminodes 6, united to form a staminodal ring, free, or briefly adnate to the petals, 6-toothed, usually bearing well-developed but empty rounded anthers; gynoecium irregularly ovoid, trilocular, triovulate, variously scaly or tomentose, stigmas 3, fleshy, conspicuous, sometimes violet in colour, reflexed beyond the petals at maturity, ovule laterally attached, orthotropous. Fruit usually 1-seeded, globose, or rarely somewhat pyriform, olive-green to yellow-brown, the stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, or tomentose-bristly, mesocarp fleshy, with abundant short fibres adnate to the endocarp; endocarp very thick, stony, sometimes pitted, dark brown, with 3 pores ± at the equator. Seed basally attached, endosperm homogeneous, sometimes with a central hollow; embryo lateral opposite one of the pores. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll not recorded. Cytology: 2n = 30.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 34 species have been described, but there are probably far fewer, distributed throughout the West Indies and from Mexico southwards to Argentina. Henderson et al. (1995) accept just two species, Acrocomia aculeata and A. hassleri and Gastrococos crispa (now Acrocomia crispa) however, this may be too sweeping a synonymy.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), fruit (Vaughan 1960). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Acrocomia is resolved as monophyletic, mostly with high support (Hahn 2002b, Gunn 2004, Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review). Although several studies have explored the relationships between the five genera of Bactridinae (Hahn 2002b, Gunn 2004, Asmussen et al. 2006, Couvreur et al. 2007, Baker et al. in review), much conflict and ambiguity remains. Only one relationship, placing Acrocomia as sister to the remaining Bactridinae, is highly supported (Hahn 2002b, Baker et al. in review). Two studies provide moderate support for a sister relationship between Astrocaryum and Bactris (Gunn 2004, Baker et al. in review), but this is contradicted by Hahn (2002b) who resolves Bactris as sister to Desmoncus. Hahn (2002b) also places Aiphanes as sister to the Bactris–Desmoncus clade with moderate support. A number of other relationships among genera of Bactridinae have been recovered, but these are not supported by bootstrap analysis. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Acrocomia is considered to be a genus of great potential (Lleras 1985). Starch can be extracted from the stem of A. aculeata; leaves are used as a source of fibre for weaving hammocks and other articles, and in Cuba, leaflets of A. crispa are used for making brooms and for rope fibre. Fruit of many species are used as a source of oil (from the endosperm) and animal food, and they are sometimes sold for human consumption. The cabbage is edible. For medicinal uses, see Plotkin and Balick (1984). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>A massive reduction in the number of recognised species was made by Henderson et al. (1995); however, the genus is in need of a critical revision. </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>A fruit (Palmocarpon acrocomioides) recorded from the Middle Oligocene of Puerto Rico is compared with Acrocomia crispa (Hollick 1928). Two monosulcate palm pollen types are recovered from the Pliocene, Gatun Lake Formation, Panama (Graham 1991). The first of these types, asymmetrical and scabrate tectate, is a very common arecoid pollen type and difficult to place. It has been compared with pollen of Aiphanes, Manicaria, Reinhardtia or, possibly, a “monocolpate form” of Acrocomia. However, pollen of Acrocomia is always trichotomosulcate; Reinhardtia is the most probable comparison. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Acanthococos, described to include three acaulescent species, is distinctive only in its habit and is thus included in synonymy. Gastrococos differs only in having connate petals in the pistillate flower; in Gunn’s phylogenetic study (Gunn 2004), it resolved in a clade embedded within Acrocomia and for this reason is placed in synonymy. The reproductive biology of A. aculeata was studied by Scariot and Lleras (1991).</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Macauba, gru gru (Acrocomia aculeata), belly palm (A. crispa) Mbocaya totai and mucaja.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Acrocomia aculeata usually avoids ever-wet regions and may be a conspicuous component of savannah and man-made grasslands, the seed sometimes distributed by cattle. Acrocomia hassleri is a palm of ‘cerrado’ in southern Brazil and Paraguay. Acrocomia crispa is endemic to Cuba, where it is confined to calcareous soils throughout the island.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Pinanga in Java and Bali</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Witono</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.R.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Mogea</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.P.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Somadikarta</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 46(4) 193-202</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pinanga arinasae</name>
+<author>Witono</author>
+<citation>Palms 46: 194 (2002)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia. Bali, Bedugul, Bukit Tapak, 1973; Dransfield et al.; JD3512</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus BO; isotypi BH, K, L</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>This handsome "pinang" is named for Mr. I.B.K. Arinasa who assisted us in the field.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Nyabah, jabah or pinang jawa.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>P. javanae affinis sed caudice solitario, vaginis foliorum sublepidotis, frondibus pinnatisectis, segmentis utroque latere 35-45 linearo-lanceolatis acuminatis, inflorescentiis lepidotis et verruculosis, ramis (20-30) spiralibus, fructibus obovoideis</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary palm. Stem erect, 12-15 cm diam., 10-12 m tall, medium brown to gray brownish; internodes 10-25 cm, scars to 3 cm. Crownshaft slightly swollen, 130-180 cm long, 14.0-17.5 cm diam., yellow when young and purplish green when adult, covered with silvery indumentum. Leaves 7-10 in the crown, pinnate, whole leaf 250-330 x 240 cm; leaf-sheath to 110 cm, inside white and smooth, petiole 16-40 cm, deeply oblique, convex abaxially, silvery indumentose below; rachis to 215 cm, silvery indumentose below, concave then flattened adaxially, convex abaxially, terete near the apex; leaflets 35-45 on each side of rachis, entire, regularly arranged, linear to lanceolate, basal leaflets 50-58 x 1.0-1.8 cm, ribs 2, middle leaflets 90-120 x 4-5 cm, ribs 2, apical leaflets 30-48 x 0.6-3 cm, ribs 2-4, indumentose on lower ribs, the surfaces discolorous, upper dark green, lower pale green when fresh, on drying becoming pale brown on lower surface and dark brown on upper surface. Inflorescence infrafoliar, arcuate, eventually pendulous, branched to one order only, silvery indumentose at the base and verruculose, 50-55 cm long, base very stiff; prophyll pale yellow distally and greenish yellow near base when fresh, brownish yellow when dry, papery, smooth, 37 x 8 cm; peduncle erect, flattened, 11-18 x 1.6-2.5 cm, rachis 18-27 x 1 cm, rachillae 20-30, spirally arranged on the rachis; rachillae bearing 16-28 triads on each side, basal rachillae longer than apical rachillae. Staminate flowers sessile, calyx with 3 subulate sepals, 7 x 3.5 mm; corolla with 3 petals, longer than sepals, ovate, 10 x 6 mm; stamens 45-68, pale yellow, 2-4 x 0.3-0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers sessile; calyx cup-shaped, pale yellow, 4 mm diam. with 3 triangular imbricate orbicular sepals, lobes 5.5-6 x 4 mm, ciliate at margins, striate, apex mucronate; corolla with 3 cucullate free rounded, orbicular, ciliate pale yellow petals, similar to sepals in size, striate, apex mucronate-obtuse; ovary rounded, 3x2 mm. Fruit obovoid, 12-17 x 8-12 mm. Young fruit green, mature fruit red blackish. Seed obovoid, deeply ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to Bali at Bukit Tapak near Eka Karya Botanic Garden. We did not find this species in nearby Bukit Lesung and Bukit Pohen. A long time ago, P. arinasae was probably present there, but the habitat is now highly degraded.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring on a very steep hill slope on rocky outcrops in Casuarina and Engelhardtia forest at altitudes of 1100-1400 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>A highly ornamental palm, popular with local people near the botanic garden. Young fruits are used as a substitute for betel nut (Areca catechu), young leaves (cabbage or umbut) can be eaten. Stems are used for traditional cremation ceremonies ("ngaben"), and leaf-sheaths are used for making a "cukup" (a Balinese umbrella).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pinanga arinasae is closely related to the single-stemmed P. javana from Java, P. insignis from the Philippines and to P. punicea from Papua and Maluku. The major differences between P. arinasae and the above mentioned species are presented.The major differences between Pinanga arinasae and closely related species. Data from Scheffer (1876), Beccari (1907) and Moore and Fosberg (1956). Outer surface of crownshaft. P. arinasae covered with silvery indumentum. P. insignis covered in appressed radiate scales of a chestnut brown color. P. punicea covered in brown scaly indumentum. Width of leaves. P. arinasae to 240 cm. P. insignis to 150 cm. P. punicea 160-200 cm. Length of petiole. P. arinasae16-40 cm. P. insignis very short or obsolete. P. punicea 80cm. Apical leaflets. P. arinasae 2-4 ribs. P. insignis 10 ribs. P. punicea 6-7 ribs. Inflorescence. P. arinasae 50-55 cm. P. insignis 100cm. P. punicea 50-60 cm. Length of rachillae. P. arinasae 22-32 cm. P. insignis 40-50 cm . P. punicea 16-27 cm. Arrangement of fruit on rachillae. P. arinasae distichous. P. insignis distichous. P. punicea spiral. Fruit. P. arinasae obovoid (1.2-1.7 cm long by 0.8-1.2 cm diam.). P. insignis ovoid (2.4-2.5 cm long by 1.3-1.4 cm diam.).P. punicea ellipsoid (1.7 cm long by 0.9 cm diam.).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BALI. Bukit Tapak, Apr 1973, Dransfield JD3S12 (Holotype BO); sterile, Mar 1992 Afriastini 163 (BO); seedling, May 1998 Witono 74 (BO); flower, May 1998 Witono 75 (BO).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A review of the genus Pritchardia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(4) Special Supplement S-1-53</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Pritchardia flynnii</name>
+<author>Lorence & Gemmill</author>
+<citation>Novon 14: 185. 2004</citation>
+<type>Kahili Ridge, Kauai, Hawaii; Lorence; 8451</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype PTBG!; isotypes MO, US</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>To 5 m tall: proximal margins of petiole with few fibers; leaf blade undulate, divided 1/4-1/2, abaxial surface completely covered with lepidia or nearly so, appearing silvery grayish white, segment tips stiff; inflorescences composed of 1 panicle, shorter than or equaling petioles in flower, equaling petioles or equaling leaf blades in fruit, panicles branched to 2 or 3 orders, rachillae clothed with dense, felt-like indumentum in flower, glabrous or with feltlike hairs in fruit; fruits 25-35 x 18-23 mm, ellipsoid to ovoid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet forest on the eastern and southeastern slope of the Waialeale massif and Kahili ridge, Kauai, 500-1000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Pritchardia flynnii is distinguished by its undulate leaf blades completely covered abaxially with lepidia, rachillae clothed with dense, felt-like indumentuffi, and small fruits. I interpret P. flynnii more narrowly than did Lorence and Gemmill in their original 2004 description. I refer collections from the Power Line Trail (formerly known as the Pole Line Trail) and the Makaleha Mountains to P. perlmanii, which differs in its flat leaf blade and glabrous rachillae, while they included these in P. flynnii.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>U.S.A. Hawaii. Kauai: ridge S. from Mt. Kahili, Cilapin 57 (PTBG), Flynn 9496 (PTBG), Lorence 8451 (PTBG); Wahiawa Stream and Mountains, Flynn 2932 (PTBG), Lorence 6655, 8385 (PTBG), Wood 237, 238, 239, 7466 (PTBG); between Waialeale and Kawaikini, "lBlue Hole" Lorence 5400, Wood 345 (PTBG).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Monograph of the Genus Rhopaloblaste (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Banka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 47-60</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhopaloblaste gideonii</name>
+<author>Banka</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 56 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, New Ireland Province, Namatanai Distr., Hans Meyer Range, 70 km SE of Namatanai, Nov. 1984; Gideon et al.; NGF 57194</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus L!; isotypus LAE</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Rhopaloblaste gideonii is named for the collector of the type specimen, Osia Gideon, formerly Principal Botanist at the LAE Herbarium (Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute), now lecturer in the Biology Department at the University of Papua New Guinea, in recognition of his contributions to botany in Papua New Guinea.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>palma elata rachillis fructiferis moderate validis. R. ceramicae affinis, a qua imprimis fructibus symmetricis, inflorescentiis in duos (non tres) ordines ramificantibus, floribus bracteis cingentibus non- involutis differt.
+</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust solitary palm. Stem to 25 m tall, c. 20 cm diam.; leaf scars prominent; surface greyish brown. Leaf sheath 55 - 65 cm long, greyish brown, densely lepidote-tomentose with whitish brown interlocking scales; crownshaft 60 - 70 cm long, 27 - 30 cm wide; petiole short, 8 - 10 cm long, concave on adaxial surface, greyish brown; rachis 3 - 4 m long, with white to greyish brown membranous scales, denser on the adaxial surface; leaflets 100 - 103 each side of rachis, borne 2.5 - 3 cm apart, in one plane, semi-pendulous, middle leaflet 72 - 80 cm long, 1.5 - 2.5 cm wide, elliptic-linear, tapering acutely and bifid at the apex, adaxial surface green, abaxial surface light green with ramenta present sparsely along the mid veins on the abaxial surface, greyish brown to black membranous scales present on adaxial surface of mid-veins especially near the base of pinnae. Inflorescence 58 - 65 cm long, branched to 2 orders; primary branches 12 - 13, 50 - 60 cm long, basal pair of primary branches strongly recurved; prophyll 29 - 38 x 7 - 8.5 cm, silky-tomentose; peduncle 1 - 2 cm long, 1.5 - 2.3 cm diam.; rachillae moderately robust, 42 - 54 cm long, 6 - 6.5 mm diam. Staminate flower symmetric, 7 - 7.5 mm long, 3.8 - 4.1 mm diam. at anthesis; sepals 2.4 - 2.5 x 2 -2.4 mm, rounded and imbricate; petals 6 - 6.1 x 4 - 4.1 mm, broadly elliptic; stamens 6.6 - 6.8 mm long, filaments 2.5 - 3 mm long, connate at the base, anthers 3.7 - 3.8 mm long, 1 - 1.1 mm diam., elliptic; pistillode conical, 3.5 - 3.6 mm long, 1 - 1.2 mm diam. at the base. Pistillate flower 5 - 5.5 mm long, 5.2 - 5.4 mm diam., borne abundantly on the proximal portion of the rachillae, then fewer distally; sepals 4 - 4.1 x 5.8 - 6 mm, rounded and asymmetrical; petals 4.3 - 4.4 x 3.5 - 3.6 mm, broadly elliptic, apex with 1 mm acute tip, sparse brownish hairs on the middle part of the margin; staminodes 4, lobes 1 - 1.1 x 0.2 - 0.3 mm at the base, acute at the apex; gynoecium 3.8 - 4 mm long, 3.3 - 3.5 mm wide, ovoid. Fruit only immature fruit seen, 16 - 18 mm long, 6 - 8 mm diam., ellipsoid-ovoid; cupule of persistent perianth 8.5 - 9 mm long. Seed not seen.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from the type locality in the Hans Meyer Range, New Ireland.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p> Lower montane forest at 800 m above sea level, dominated by Serianthes and Elmerillia species.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This new species is known only from the type locality and cannot be readily equated with other species. It is easily distinguished from two of the Papuasian species, R. ledermanniana and R. elegans, on account of its robust fruit-bearing rachillae. It resembles R. ceramica in its moderately robust fruit- bearing rachillae, but differs in bearing inflorescences branched to two orders only and a smaller cupule of persistent perianth on the fruit. In R. ceramica, the inflorescences are branched to three orders and the fruit bears a large, robust cupule of persistent perianth. While the fruit on the type of R. gideonii are immature, the persistent perianth is significantly less robust than that of immature R. ceramica fruit. In addition, the type locality is disjunct from the known distribution of R. ceramica in Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. New Ireland Province: Namatanai Distr., Hans Meyer Range, 70 km SE of Namatanai, Nov. 1984, Gideon et al. NGF 57194 (L!, LAE!, type).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Syagrus cearensis, a Twin-Stemmed New Palm from Brazil</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Noblick</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 48(2) 70-76</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Syagrus cearensis</name>
+<author>Noblick</author>
+<citation>Palms 48: 73 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Brazil, Ceará, Municipio de Pacatuba; Noblick et al.; 4951</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus EAC; isotypi FTG, IPA, NY</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet honors one of the states to which the palm is native, Ceará, Brazil.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>catolé or coco babão (babão translates as mucus or slobber and refers to the slimy juices of the mesocarp).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma caespitosa vel solitaria trunco conspicue articulato, foliis 2.3–3.5 m irregulariter pinnatis, foliolis centralibus ad 1 m longis 3.5–4 cm latis concoloribus. Inflorescentia ad ca. 1.2 m longa, rachillis ca. 35–45, floribus masculis ca. 12–21 × 5–7 mm, femineis 17–25 × 8–10 mm. Fructus lepidotus longior quam latus ca. 4 cm longus, endocarpio ad 5 mm crasso. Semen cavitatem ferens.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Unarmed, solitary or clustering palm in clusters of usually 2–4 stems growing in one plane, to multistemmed clusters. Trunk to 4–10 m tall and 10–18 cm diam., internodes 9–16 cm long at the base and shortening to 2–7 cm long towards the apex, producing a rough trunk with slightly stepped nodes. Leaves 10–15 in crown, leaf sheath together with petiole ca. 90–100 cm long, sheathing leaf base 18 cm long or more, ca. 18 cm wide at the base, fibrous with papery membrane disintegrating between the fine principal warp fibers, persisting along the margins of the pseudopetiole (apparent petiole); true petiole absent or to 2 cm long and 4 cm wide by 2 cm thick, but often smaller, channeled adaxially, often with a raised central ridge, rounded abaxially, pseudopetiole (true petiole plus part of the sheath) ca. 40–50 cm long; rachis 2.3–3.2 m long, a fine light brown to grayish indument covering the abaxial side of the sheath, continuing up the abaxial side of the petiole and sometimes onto the lower portion of the leaf rachis, the upper parts of the leaf rachis becoming glabrous with age; leaflets medium green color becoming lighter when dried, concolorous, adaxial surface with prominently raised transverse veins when dried, leaflets ca. 100–130 along one side, irregularly distributed in loose clusters of 2–5 along rachis and inserted in divergent planes, ramenta absent, tomentum absent at leaflet insertion and along the abaxial midvein; basal leaflets 80–95 cm long by 2–2.5 cm wide, middle leaflets 68–100 cm long and 3–4 cm wide, apical leaflets 31 cm long and 0.4 cm wide, usually one lobe of the asymmetric tip attenuate, the other rounded, occasionally both rounded. Androgynous inflorescences interfoliar, 45–85 cm from the first basal primary branch to the apex; prophyll ca. 30–45 cm long; peduncular bract woody, sulcate, exterior covered with a thin indumentum, ca. 102–115 cm or more long including a beak 4–11 cm long, expanded or inflated portion 50–74 cm long, 13–16 cm diam. and a 14–26 cm perimeter and 1–3 mm thickness; peduncle ca. 40–80 cm long, somewhat flattened in cross-section, 2.5–3 × 1.5–2.5 cm diam., sparsely lepidote; rachis 33–60 cm long, primary branches 35–45, glabrous, 9–17 cm long at the apex, 30–50 (–106) cm at the base, 11–13 mm diam. at the base and 2–3 mm diameter at the tip, each primary branch, especially the lower ones, subtended by a deltoid rachis bract ca. 5 mm long, pistillate portion 12–16 cm long with 10–22 pistillate flowers or fruits per primary branch, staminate portion 16–20 cm long. Staminate flowers yellow, arranged in triads with pistillate flowers on the lower portion or in dyads or singly on the upper portion of the primary branch, 12–21 × 5–7 mm, sepals and petals 3; sepals (3–)5–6 × 0.5–1 mm, strongly keeled and slightly connate at the base; petals valvate, 12–20 × 4–5 mm with acute tips, nerves indistinct; stamens 6, 6–8 mm long, anthers 4–6 mm long, filaments 2 mm long; pistillode trifid and less than 0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers oblong and pyramidal, usually slightly lepidote on the basal portion, 17–25 × 8–10 mm; sepals 3, imbricate, 14–25 × 7–10 mm wide; petals 3, unnerved to slightly nerved, imbricate at the base but (upper 5–7 mm) valvate at the tips, 11–14 × 6–8 mm; staminodal ring about 3 mm high, 6-dentate; pistil lepidote on upper portion, glabrous on lower behind the staminodal ring, 10 × 6 mm, stigmas 3, 2 mm long. Fruit light orange when mature, color often obscured by a thin dark brown indument, about as long as wide, 3.5–4.0(–5) cm long and 3–4 cm diam. with a 7–10 mm thick mesocarp and 3–5 mm thick endocarp, endocarp ca. 4 × 2.3 cm. Seed ellipsoid, ca. 1.8 × 1.2 cm, and with a substantial central cavity ca. 6 mm diam. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Brazil, locally common in mountainous areas and seasonal forests in the states of Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba, and Alagoas.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Growing at the base of the mountains or in pastures at an altitude of about 100–750 m above sea level. Flowering and fruiting probably throughout the year, but collected in flower and fruit during the months of July to September.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>This palm has great ornamental potential. The especially attractive character is its tendency to grow in pairs or as twins.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In summary, Syagrus cearensis merits recognition. Some of the distinct attributes of this species are the common clustering habit with the strong tendency towards twins, fruit nearly as long as wide, evenly covered with a fine dark brown lepidote indument, presence of deltoid rachis bracts, sepals of staminate flowers usually narrowly linear and strongly keeled and a rather large distinct interior seed cavity. I am unaware of any other species of Syagrus with such a large seed cavity. Because of its predisposition to form twins, this species is a great ornamental.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>SPECIMENS EXAMINED: BRAZIL. Alagoas. União dos Palmares, 19 Nov 1985, R. P. Lyra-Lemos & A. I. L. Pinhero 1049 (PEUFR); 19 Nov 1985, R. P. Lyra- Lemos & A. I. L. Pinhero 1050 (PEUFR); São José da Lage, near AL-110, 17 Oct 1986, R. P. Lyra-Lemos & G.L. Esteves 1240 (PEUFR). Ceará. 1929, Dahlgren s.n. (F-613592); Forteleza region, near Mejecana, 1935, Dahlgren s.n. (F-620753a); Maranguape, 1940 Dahlgren s.n. (F-619724); Maraguape, Serra da Pacatuba (close to Forteleza), top and bottom of the Serra, Luiz Antonio F. Matthes s.n. 1993 (FTG); Pacatuba, Serra de Aratanha, 29 km S. of Forteleza, 3º58’S, 38º32’W, 600–700 m, 12 Aug 1994, Noblick et al. 4951 (Holotype, EAC; isotypes IPA, FTG, NY); Araçoiaba, Olho d’Agua, 8 km N of Araçoiaba, 4º15’S, 39º00’W, 13 Aug 1994, Noblick et al. 4953 (FTG, IPA). Paraíba. Santa Rita, 20 Aug 1962, Sérgio Tavares 960 (UFP); Conde, 22 km N of Goiana, Pernambuco on BR-101, 14 km N of the Paraíba/Pernambuco state border, 7º22’40.5”S, 34º57’26.6”W, 1 Jul 1997 L. R. Noblick & J. T. de Medeiros-Costa 5132 (IPA). Pernambuco. Tapera, 1929, B. Pickel 1208 (IPA); Pombos, 1966, Medeiros- Costa 66-0003 (IPA); Goiana, 1966, Medeiros-Costa 66-0009 (IPA); Triunfo, 27 Mar 1970, Medeiros- Costa 133 (IPA); Pombos, 1969, Glassman & Costa 8701 (F); 2 km W of Neves, associated with S. coronata and S. x costae, 1969, Glassman & Costa 8706 (F). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Syagrus vermicularis, a Fascinating New Palm from Northern Brazil</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Noblick</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 48(3) 109-116</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Syagrus vermicularis</name>
+<author>Noblick</author>
+<citation>Palms 48: 111 (2004)</citation>
+<type>BRAZIL, Maranhão, Açailandia; L. R. Noblick & J. A. Feitosa; 4971</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus IPA; isotypi FTG, Herbarium of Fazenda Itaibaiana, K, MO, NY, US</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>pati. It is interesting to note that this same common name is also applied to S. botryophora from the Atlantic coastal rain forest</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm tree. Stem erect, 10 m tall, ca. 12–20 cm diam., basally with a large root boss to ca. 45 cm diam., distally stem very conspicuously ringed with oblique leaf scars, new internodes densely covered with white caducous wooly indument; internode ca. 9–17 cm long. Leaves ca. 12–15 in crown, spirally arranged and spreading; leaf sheath plus petiole ca. 90–100 cm long × ca. 18–20 cm wide at the base, composed of finely-netted matting of fibers breaking away easily and leaving a finely fibrous margin on the apparent petiole, apparent petiole adaxially channeled and abaxially rounded and covered adaxially with wooly caducous indument; true petiole 6–8 cm long, ca. 3.1–4.4 cm wide and 1.5–2.2 cm thick at the base of the leaf blade; rachis 2.2–2.5 m long with ca. 100–140 pairs of leaflets distributed in clusters of 2–3 along the rachis in various divergent planes; middle leaflets ca. 80–90 cm long × 3–4 cm wide. Infloresence interfoliar, androgynous, erect in bud, later horizontal; peduncle 60–61 cm long × 4 cm wide × 2 cm thick; peduncular bract ca. 90–103 cm long including a beak 4–5 cm and the expanded or inflated part of the bract measuring ca. 55–65 × 27–29 cm and with a perimeter 33–37 cm, 5–9 mm thick, often separating from the peduncle before the fruits reach full maturity; rachis 49–52 cm long; rachillae ca. 70–100, apical ones ca. 54 cm long and basal ones ca. 118 cm, a major part of the distal portion of the rachillae devoid of any flowers, sterile and folded back and forth on themselves like dried noodles or worms. Flowers bright yellow drying white or cream-colored. Staminate flowers near the base ca. 9–10 mm long, sessile; sepals 3, distinct, triangular, imbricate but briefly connate at base, acute, membranaceous, glabrous; petals 3 distinct, unequal, obovate, valvate, fleshy, glabrous, with inconspicuous venation, ca. 8–9 × 4 mm, obtuse to broadly acute; stamens 6, distinct, 4–5 mm long, with filaments 1.5 mm long; pistillode trifid, less than 0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers, conical, sessile; sepals glabrous, without visible venation, sclerenchymous or fleshy, imbricate, ca. 9–10 × 8–9 mm, acute, faintly keeled at tip; petals 3, distinct, imbricate at base, valvate at apex with valvate tip ca. 2–3 mm long, triangular, indistinctly nerved, glabrous, 11 × 8–9 mm, acute; gynoecium of receptive flower ovoid, 9 × 7 mm, covered in wooly tomentum, persisting on the apex of the fruit; stigmas 3, ca. 2 mm long; staminodal ring ca. 3 mm long, undulate with ca. 6 undulations and three small residual teeth, one on every other undulation. Fruits orange when mature, 5–6 × 4 cm, ovoid; cupule (persistent perianth) dark brown, ca. 2 cm in diam. × ca. 1 cm high; petals slightly longer than sepals; staminodial ring truncate, ca. 3 mm high × 10 mm diam.; epicarp smooth for most part but tomentose at apex; mesocarp fleshy, fibrous or pulpy remaining as a fibrous mat over endocarp; endocarp ovoid, 4.5–5 × ca. 3.5–4 cm, ca. 6 mm thick, hard, bony, brown to red-brown, apex with a distinctive, trilobed protuberance or beak, interior smooth, trivittate, slightly triangular in cross-section, outer surface nearly smooth, with small fibers, only slightly pitted, pores 3(–4) nearly even with surface, sutures visible especially at apex. Seed 1, elliptical, 3 × 2.5–3.2 cm; endosperm homogeneous. Germination remote tubular with cotyledonary tube penetrating deeply before sending up a plumule; eophyll simple, lanceolate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Brazil, state of Maranhão (midwestern portion) near Açailandia and Imperatriz, Maranhão, state of Para (at least in the mid-eastern part) near Serra Carajás and the Rio Paraupebas and probably the northern part of the state of Tocantins.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In pre-Amazonian seasonally wet, marginal or secondary forests on terra firme with deep lateritic clay soils on rolling or steep hilly slopes at ca. 100–200 m. elevation. Often growing in open pastures. Also seen on lower slopes adjacent to river floodplains. Other palms present were Oenocarpus bataua, Oenocarpus disticus, Attalea maripa (Maxmiliana maripa) with Euterpe oleracea in the low lying areas. PHENOLOGY: Many of the trees in September had immature developing fruits. A small number had mature fruits and fewer still had flowers. Fortunately, I found a few sporadic inflorescences, but all contained only male flowers. I found this initially perplexing, but after growing them at MBC, it has been observed that the first few inflorescences of young palms do frequently produce only male flowers and often these flower outside their normal season. However, it must be noted that female flower bearing inflorescences were observed opening at MBC in September.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Syagrus vermicularis is threatened by the heavy lumbering practices that are reducing the regional forests to pasture. However, this palm species seems to thrive in secondary growth and farmers often maintain the trees in their pastures.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A study of the leaf anatomy reveals that just below the upper leaf epidermis, there is a continuous one-cell thick layer of sclerenchyma fibers that is present in more or less all Amazonian species and in a few Atlantic coastal species of Syagrus. The Amazonian Syagrus are S. sancona, S. inajai, S. orinocensis, S. stenopetala, S. cocoides, S. smithii and S. stratincola. The closely related Syagrus from the Atlantic Forest are S. botryophora and S. pseudococos. Seeds collected in September 1994 and sown before the end of the month started germinating shortly after mid-October and continued until February of 1995. No plants resulted from the holotype collection, MBC accession number 94694, due to its immature fruit. However, another more mature MBC seed accession, 94690, collected from the same Açailandia population is represented at MBC by 25 plants. Additional seed was collected and donated by Bernard Fischer in 1996 and is represented in the garden by two plants, accession 96364. Bernard’s collection came from a specimen that had four instead of the usual three basal pores on the endocarp. In summary, Syagrus vermicularis is easily distinguished from other Syagrus by long, sterile, strongly folded inflorescence tips, by a peduncular bract that frequently is shed before the inflorescence reaches full maturity (not yet observed in any other species of Syagrus); prominent trilobed endocarp beak (seen only occasionally in S. botryophora); and the young attractive trunk covered (at least initially) with a dense white cauducous tomentum.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>SPECIMENS EXAMINED. BRAZIL: Maranhão, Açailandia, Fazenda Itaibaiana (Companhia Vale do Rio Doce), ca. 17 km S. on BR 10 km 1, Lat. 05º 02’ S, Long. 47º 01’ W, 6 Sep 1994, L. R. Noblick & J. A. Feitosa 4971 (Holotype IPA; Herbarium of Fazenda Itaibaiana, FTG, K, MO, NY, US); Açailandia, 5–6 km S. of the city on BR-010 (Açailandia/Imperatriz road), Lat. 05º 02’ S, Long. 47º 01’ W, 8 Sep 1994 L. R. Noblick et al. 4974 (FTG, IPA, K, NY); Par, Marab: Carajás – Marab Highway, 8 km from the entrance to Serra Carajás, 20 Apr 1985. A. B. Anderson & M. Rosa 2202 (MG); Parauapebas, Serra dos Carajás, fazenda em Parauapebas [ranch in Parauapebas]; J. B. P. Rocha & J. P. Silva 666 12 Jan 1990 (Herbarium of Carajás – HCJS); J. P. Silva 695 12 Jan 1990; Proximo Sitio de Chagas [Near Chagas farm, margin of the Parauapeba River, Raimundo Mascarenha road]; J. P. Silva 650 19 Oct 1990 (Herbarium of Carajás – HCJS). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Trachycarpus geminisectus, the Eight Peaks Fan Palm, a New Species from Vietnam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Gibbons</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Spanner</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.W.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Nguyen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">V.D.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Anh</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">P.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 47(3) 143-148</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Trachycarpus geminisectus</name>
+<author>Spanner & al.</author>
+<citation>Palms 47: 146 (2003)</citation>
+<type>VIETNAM. Ha Giang, Quan Ba, Bat Dai Son; Gibbons, Spanner, T.P. Anh & V. D. Nguyen; GSAD 01</type>
+<type_loc>holotypus HN; isotypi K, MO</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet (Latin – geminisectus, with twin segments) relates to the fact that the leaf segments of this palm are usually joined in pairs along their entire length.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>T. principi Gibbons, Spanner & S. Y. Chen similis sed trunco brevi, vaginis foliorum fibris grossissimis compositis lamina grande in ca. 20 segmentis geminatis profunde incisa, floribus fragrantis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, unarmed, dioecious fan palm; trunk erect, 1–2 m tall, densely clothed in persistent, fibrous leaf-sheaths, ca. 25 cm diameter. Leaves 10–12, forming a spreading, very open crown, marcescent leaves forming a loose skirt around the trunk; leafsheath fibrous, very coarse, dark brown, persistent, dotted with a few pale brown scales, exposed part of sheath divided into stiff, wiry threads; petiole ca. 85 cm, slender, c 1.4 cm wide and 0.9 cm high near middle, very robust, stiff, flat above, triangular in cross section, with a broad yellow stripe below, orange towards the base, glabrescent, margins minutely toothed; hastula small, ca. 1.5 cm long, triangular, petiole slightly extending into the blade below to form a weak costa; leaf-blade palmate, 3/4 to 4/4 orbicular, ca. 85 cm long from hastula, ca. 130 cm wide, very leathery, dark, glossy green above, thick whitish waxy below, transverse veinlets barely visible, deeply and regularly divided for more than 3/4 its length into ca. 40 rigid, stiff, linear segments, joined for their entire length in groups of 2 or rarely 3, slightly tapering from 2/3 their length from the hastula towards the apex, arranged in one plane, producing a nearly flat leaf profile; central segments ca. 85 cm long, 4 cm wide at middle (i.e. ca. 8 cm for a typical double segment), with a very thick and prominent midrib beneath, lateral segments gradually more narrow and shorter, to c 50 x1.5 cm, apex of segments acute-notched, shortly bifid. Inflorescences few, interfoliar, branched to 3 orders. Male inflorescence short, ca. 50 cm long; peduncle short, oval in cross section; peduncular and inflorescence bracts keeled, base tubular, inflated distally, slightly tomentose, apex acuminate; rachis bracts similar to peduncular bracts; rachillae short, 3–6 cm long, thin; flowers densely arranged, subtended by minute bracteoles, globose, ca. 3 mm in diameter, yellow, fragrant; sepals ovate-triangular, 2 mm long, briefly connate at base; petals oblongorbicular, twice as long as sepals; stamens 6, exceeding the petals; filaments slightly ventricose; anthers saggitate, blunt; pistillodes about half the length of stamens. Female inflorescence long, robust, stiff, spreading; peduncle oval in crosssection, prophyll 2-keeled, long, tubular; peduncular and rachis bracts, keeled, long, tubular, apex acuminate; rachillae 7–13 cm long, fleshy, yellowish in fruit; flowers globose, 2–3 mm diameter, yellow, fragrant, usually solitary, subtended by minute bracteoles, sepals 2 mm long, orbicular; petals oblong-orbicular, 2.5–3 mm long; staminodes very small; carpels ventricose with a short, conical style. Fruit shortly stalked, reniform, wider than long; epicarp thin, black, with a white bloom; mesocarp thin; seed reniform, wider than long; endocarp very thin; endosperm homogeneous. Germination remote-tubular, eophyll simple, narrow, plicate </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Vietnam, Ha Giang province (Quan Ba district) and Cao Bang province (Bao Lac district)</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In primary closed or secondary, low, wet, mossy mixed cloud forest on steep slopes and along remnant karst limestone ridges, at 1100–1600 m a.s.l.; cooccurring with conifers such as Cupressus, Taxus, Nagea, Pseudotsuga, broadleaf trees like Rhododendron, several Lauraceae and Rosaceae spp. Palms such as Plectocomia(?) and large Caryota have been observed close-by. Even though it has not been observed there yet, it seems very likely that T. geminisectus also occurs in similar habitats just across the border in China’s Guangxi province.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>With the meager data available at this moment, no precise assessment is possible. Apparently it is very common on some ridges within its distribution area. Its habitat is steep and nearly inaccessible and because the plant has no uses, human interference is minimal. However, it seems that this species could be at risk because of a scattered distribution and through hybridization influence from T. fortunei, which is cultivated in nearby villages. It apparently does not occur in any protected area. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>CULTIVATION:For lack of propagating material, Trachycarpus geminisectus has not yet been introduced into cultivation. There are no plants of this species outside its native habitat. We believe however, that because of its very ornamental large leaves with wide segments and its supposed resistance to cold, it would be a highly desirable landscaping plant for temperate and subtropical areas alike. NOTES: T. geminisectus is easily distinguished from other members of the genus by its large leaves with paired, very wide segments and short trunk with persistent leaf bases that have very coarse, wiry fibers. The double leaf segments, 8 cm wide, or the occasional triple segment, about 12 cm wide, represent by far the widest in the genus. Vegetatively and in floral structure, T. geminisectus seems most closely related to T. princeps Gibbons, Spanner & S. Y. Chen. As there is no recent taxonomic treatment of the genus Trachycarpus (but see Beccari 1931, Kimnach 1977 and Gibbons & Spanner 1998), relationships of T. geminisectus will be dealt with more precisely in a conspectus of the whole genus, which will appear in a later publication. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>VIETNAM. Cao Bang prov., Bao Lac distr., municipality Dinh Phung, Nam Linh ridge (N 22°47’ E 105°49’), 15 April 1999, P.K.Loc, P.H.Hoang, Averyanov L. No CBL 1421, CBL 1422 (K, LE). Ha Giang prov., Quan Ba distr., Can Ti municipality, vicinities of Sing Xuoi Ho village (N 23°04’ E 104°59’), 1100-1150m a.s.l., 12 Oct. 1999, N.T. Hiep, N.Q. Binh, L. Averyanov, P. Cribb, No NTH 3605 (K, LE). Bat Dai Son municipality, on Chong To Tien (ridge), ca. 1300 m a.s.l., (N 23°09’, E 105°00’), 6 April 2000, D.K.Harder, N.T. Hiep, L.V. Averyanov & N.Q. Hieu DKH 5226 (K, MO); idem, Nov. 2001, Gibbons, Spanner, T.P. Anh, V. D. Nguyen, GSAD 01 (Holotype HN, isotypes K, MO). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small to moderate tree palms from New Caledonia with divaricate inflorescences.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Actinokentia</name>\r
+<author>Dammer</author> \r
+<citation>Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 20 (1906).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Actinokentia divaricata; (Brongn.) Dammer</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combining aktis — a ray or beam of light, with the generic name Kentia, named for William Kent (1779–1827), once curator of the botanic gardens at Buitenzorg, Java (now Kebun Raya Bogor).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, small to moderate, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem slender, erect, prominently ringed with somewhat sunken leaf scars, sometimes with prickly roots. Leaves pinnate; sheaths thick, forming a crownshaft; petiole short, rounded abaxially, channelled adaxially, or elongate and terete; leaflets regularly arranged, lanceolate, acute to tapering, single-fold, adaxially waxy or glabrous, abaxially waxy tomentose with large ramenta along the midribs, midribs conspicuous, second largest ribs those along margins, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, protandrous, divaricately branched to 3 orders basally, 1–2 orders distally; peduncle short; prophyll tubular, pointed, rather thin, indistinctly 2-keeled, completely encircling the peduncle at insertion and enclosing the peduncular bract, caducous; peduncular bract like the prophyll but lacking keels; rachis longer than the peduncle bearing spirally arranged, spreading, acute bracts subtending branches and rachillae; rachilla bracts prominent, rounded, lip-like and shorter than the flowers or acute and exceeding the flowers, subtending triads basally, paired or solitary staminate flowers distally, in broadened depressions in the rachillae; bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flower sepal-like, outermost bracteole prominent, ca. 1/2 as long or as long as the inner bracteoles. Staminate flowers symmetrical, larger at anthesis than the pistillate buds; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate and rounded, scarcely longer than broad, the outer often prominently keeled or pouch-like near the apex; petals 3, distinct, valvate, boat-shaped; stamens 19–50, filaments erect or nearly so at the apex in bud, anthers erect in bud, linear, dorsifixed, slightly emarginate apically, bifid basally, latrorse, the connective elongate; pistillode as long as the stamens in bud, tapered to a slender apex from a broad base. Pollen ellipsoidal or asymmetric to pyriform; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 48–60 µm [1/2]. Pistillate flowers, buds usually well developed at staminate anthesis, symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate and rounded; petals 3, distinct, imbricate except for briefly valvate apices; staminodes 3, small, tooth-like, borne at one side of the gynoecium; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, prominent, recurved, ovule pendulous, hemianatropous. Fruit ellipsoidal with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, mesocarp underlain by a shell of short, pale sclereids, elliptic in outline at surface, the sclereid shell over parenchyma with flat, anastomosing longitudinal fibres adherent to the endocarp, tannin cells lacking, or few and interspersed among the fibres, endocarp thin, fragile, not operculate. Seed attached by an elongate hilum, raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species in New Caledonia, occurring in wet forests on serpentine soils from 60–1000 m in the southern part of the island.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Uhl and Martens 1980) and fruit (Essig and Hernandez 2002). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Actinokentia is moderately to highly supported (Pintaud 1999a, Baker et al. in prep.). Pintaud (1999a) found weak evidence that the genus is nested within Chambeyronia, whereas other workers recover a moderately supported sister relationship with Kentiopsis (Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Actinokentia divaricata was reported to be introduced into cultivation in Europe more than a century ago; recent introductions have been made and both species are now cultivated as ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore and Uhl (1984) and Hodel and Pintaud 1998. \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Leaves of the two species are so different inmorphology that A. huerlimannii was thought at first to belongin another genus. Foliar anatomy is strikingly similar,however, as are flowers and fruits. Small size and few leaves inthe crown help to distinguish the genus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Individuals are small relative to those of other genera in the Archontophoenicinae and seldom reach the forest canopy. Where Actinokentia divaricata and A. huerlimannii are sympatric on the flanks of Mont Nekando, they appear to occupy different habitats and exposures. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Tall solitary tree palm of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands with slender crownshaft, strongly arching leaves and highly branched inflorescence bearing large fruit with deeply ruminate endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Actinorhytis</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude</author> \r
+<citation>Linnaea 39: 184 (1875).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Actinorhytis calapparia; (Blume) H. Wendl. and Drude ex Scheff.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Aktis — ray, rhytis — wrinkle or fold, referring to the radiating ruminations in the endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Tall, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious tree palms. Stem erect, bare, conspicuously marked with leaf scars, with a large mass of roots at the base. Leaves pinnate, arching, neatly abscising; sheaths tubular, forming a long, slender, well-defined crownshaft, bearing scattered caducous scales, the mouth with a short ligule; petiole very short in mature individuals (long in juveniles), adaxially channelled or flattened, abaxially rounded, densely caducously tomentose; rachis conspicuously down-curved toward the tip; leaflets very numerous, close, regularly arranged, single-fold, acute, acuminate or briefly bifid, the margins thickened, adaxially glabrous, abaxially with minute dot-like scales and conspicuous ramenta along the midrib, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences infrafoliar, erect in bud, becoming horizontal or pendulous, branching to 3 orders proximally, to 1 order distally, protandrous; peduncle short, winged at the very base, grossly swollen just above the base in the centre, caducously tomentose; prophyll inserted near the base of the peduncle, tubular, beaked, 2-keeled, entirely enclosing the inflorescence in bud, sparsely scaly, splitting abaxially, deciduous; peduncular bract, inserted just above the prophyll, similar to the prophyll but scarcely 2-winged, deciduous; subsequent bracts low, triangular, inconspicuous; rachis longer than the peduncle, ± elliptic in cross-section, bearing relatively few, large, spirally arranged first-order branches, with conspicuous, bare, proximal portions; rachillae rather stiff, elongate, bearing spirally arranged triads in the proximal 1/2 to 2/3, and paired or solitary staminate flowers distally, or rarely, bearing only staminate flowers; rachilla bracts low, rounded, quite conspicuous, tending to form very shallow pits; floral bracteoles sepal-like. Staminate flowers asymmetrical in bud; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, ± triangular-tipped, keeled; petals 3, distinct, ± ovate, valvate, ± 2–3 times as long as the sepals; stamens 24–33 or more, exserted at anthesis, filaments slender, elongate, inflexed at the tip, anthers medifixed, narrow oblong, ± versatile, latrorse; pistillode columnar, ± as long as the stamens in bud, shorter when stamens exserted. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally elongate; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 33–50 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers globular, at anthesis much larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded; petals 3, ±twice as long as the sepals, distinct, broadly imbricate with conspicuous, triangular, valvate tips; staminodes 3, narrow triangular, flattened; gynoecium ovoid to obovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, large, fleshy, recurved, ovule laterally attached near the apex of the locule, hemianatropous. Fruit very large, ovoid, ± beaked, green turning red at maturity, perianth whorls persistent, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp with thin flesh and abundant anastomosing fibres adhering to the endocarp, endocarp closely adhering to the seed, thin, ± bony. Seed globose, with lateral, longitudinal hilum, endosperm deeply ruminate, with a central, irregular hollow; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species, Actinorhytis calapparia, native to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, now widespread as an ornamental or ceremonial plant in Southeast Asia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig et al. 1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Moderate support for the placement of Actinorhytis as sister to all other Archontophoenicinae has been recovered in one study (Baker et al. in prep.), and other accounts yield compatible relationships (Lewis and Doyle 2002, Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Actinorhytis calapparia is widely planted in Southeast Asia and Malesia; it is very decorative, but the main reason for its cultivation by villagers is as a magic or medicinal plant. The seed may also be chewed as a betel substitute. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Two species have been described but have recently been shown to be conspecific (Wanggai, pers. comm.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>A fossil seed from the Upper Eocene of Hungary with a ruminate endosperm has been described as Actinorhytis eocaenica (Rásky 1956), but it lacks the central hollow and distinctive radiating ruminations of the modern genus. This fossil seems likely to be a palm, but its equation with the modern genus Actinorhytis is highly suspect. Asymmetric monosulcate pollen with a distinctive irregularly columellate infratectum, Palmaepollenites sp., from the Middle Eocene of Central Java (Nanggulan Formation) is compared with pollen of Actinorhytis and with pollen of Cyphosperma, Cyphophoenix and Moratia (= Cyphokentia) (Harley and Morley 1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a large palm with arching leaves, a very slender crownshaft, conical masses of roots at the base of the trunk and large, widely spreading inflorescences below the leaves. These characters and the large fruits, the largest in the subtribe, are distinctive. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Pinang penawar, pinang mawar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In the wild, it grows in lowland tropical rain forest at altitudes up to about 1000 m above sea level.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate to large solitary pinnate-leaved palms from rain forest in New Caledonia, with infrafoliar inflorescences with incomplete prophylls, and fruit with irregularly sculptured endocarp.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Burretiokentia</name>\r
+<author>Pic. Serm. in Becc. and Pic. Serm.</author> \r
+<citation>Webbia 11:122 (1955).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Burretiokentia vieillardii; (Brongn. and Gris) Pic. Serm.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Rhynchocarpa</name>\r
+<author>Beccari</author>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Palme Nuova Caledonia 37 (1920); and Webbia 5: 105 (1921) (non Schrad. ex Endl (1839).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Rhynchocarpa vieillardii; (Brongn. and Gris) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Honoring German palm botanist Karl Ewald Maximilian Burret (1883–1964) by combining his name with the generic name Kentia, named for William Kent (1779–1827), one-time curator of the botanic gardens at Buitenzorg, Java (now Kebun Raya Bogor).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to large, solitary, slender, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect with prominent nodal scars, green or brown, often slightly expanded basally, prickly adventitious roots sometimes present. Leaves regularly pinnate, spreading; sheaths tubular, usually forming a prominent crownshaft, more rarely split opposite the petiole, covered with scales or tomentum, obliquely lined; petiole short, shallowly channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, margins sharp, densely scaly or minutely dotted; rachis angled adaxially, rounded abaxially, scaly or minutely dotted on both surfaces; leaflets stiff, acute, single-fold, 1(–2) lateral veins on each side prominent adaxially, the midrib and numerous veins prominent abaxially, densely scaly when young, becoming dotted in age, ramenta usually abundant along ribs, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 1(–2) orders, protandrous; peduncle short; prophyll incompletely encircling the peduncle at insertion, open abaxially, caducous; peduncular bract thin, inserted close to and not much exceeding the prophyll, completely enclosing the inflorescence in bud, also caducous; rachis angled, longer than the peduncle, bearing low bracts subtending glabrous to densely tomentose branches and rachillae; rachillae appearing rather stout, arching and spreading, bearing spirally arranged, low, rounded, somewhat spreading bracts subtending triads in the lower 1/2–2/3 of each rachilla and paired or solitary staminate flowers distally; bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flower prominent, nearly equal, sepal-like, exceeding the subtending bract. Staminate flowers not at all or slightly to markedly asymmetrical, often developing well before the pistillate buds or these abortive and the inflorescence wholly staminate; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, and the outer usually keeled dorsally; petals 3, distinct, valvate, about twice as long as the sepals, drying lined; stamens 6, filaments flattened, of uniform width or tapered distally from a broad base, inflexed at the apex in bud, anthers dorsifixed, briefly bifid at the apex, bifid nearly 1/2 their length basally, the connective dark, each locule with a central sterile connective-like area marked with included raphides; pistillode ca. 1/2 as long as the stamens or a little more to equalling them in bud, trilobed, sometimes deeply so, not much expanded at apex. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, psilate and sparsely perforate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 43–65 µm [2/2]. Pistillate flowers shorter than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate; petals 3, distinct, not much longer than the sepals, imbricate except for the briefly valvate apices; staminodes 3, tooth-like, borne at one side of the gynoecium; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, ovoid, stigmas 3, recurved, ovule pendulous, hemianatropous. Fruit globose to ellipsoidal, green when immature, becoming red at maturity, smooth when fresh, pebbled and usually irregularly shouldered and angled when dry, the stigmatic remains apical or eccentrically apical; epicarp thin, mesocarp with a dense layer of elongate, oblique sclereids over a densely tanniniferous layer and a few flat, longitudinal fibres against the endocarp, endocarp irregularly sculptured, with an adaxial keel and an abaxial groove between lateral ridges, operculum basal, rounded. Seed irregular, sculptured like the endocarp, hilum linear, lateral, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Five species in New Caledonia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Uhl and Martens, 1980), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), and fruit (Essig et al. 1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Burretiokentia is moderately supported as monophyletic (Baker et al. in prep.). Intrageneric relationships have been explored by Pintaud (1999b). DNA sequence data provide weak evidence that the genus is nested within Cyphophoenix (Baker et al. in prep.), while morphological evidence places it as sister to Cyphophoenix (Pintaud 1999b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore and Uhl (1984) and Pintaud and Hodel (1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Thick-walled monosulcate pollen with a distinctive narrow infratectum, Palmaepollenites kutchensis, from the Middle Eocene of Central Java (Nanggulan Formation) is compared with pollen of Burretiokentia and Basselinia and with that of the coryphoid genus Pritchardia (Harley and Morley 1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinguished by an incomplete prophyll and strikingly sculptured endocarp. Burretiokentia vieillardii is one of the most common palms in New Caledonia; the prominently ringed glossy, green or brown stems are conspicuous. In leaf anatomy, Burretiokentia is like Cyphokentia and Basselinia in having single adaxial and abaxial hypodermal layers. In Burretiokentia, adaxial hypodermal cells are very large, twice as long and four to five times as wide as the epidermal cells (Uhl and Martens 1980). </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Burretiokentia vieillardii is widely distributed from south-east to north-east New Caledonia in moist forest on serpentine or schists, B. hapala occurs in wet forests or gallery forest on calcareous and schistose soils from 50–400 m in northern New Caledonia, B. dumasii occurs on ultramafic rock at 600 m in west central New Caledonia, B. grandiflora is restricted to ultramafic rock at 200–900 m in south-east New Caledonia and B. koghiensis is found only on the Mt Koghi massif on ultramafic rock at 500–600 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small to moderate, solitary or clustered pinnate-leaved palms, native to cooler parts of south America; the petioles are usually with toothed margins, the staminate flowers have 6 stamens and the endosperm is homogeneous.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Butia</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Agric. Colon. 10: 489 (1916).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Butia capitata; (Mart.) Becc.</type>>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Cocos subgenus Butia</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Malpighia 1: 352 (1887).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Syagrus section Butia</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Glassman</author>\r
+<bibref>(Becc.) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 32: 235 (1970) (excluding S. vagans and S. schizophylla).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derived from a Portuguese corruption of a vernacular name, mbotiá, said to be from mbo — to make, and tiá — those who have incurved teeth, presumably referring to the teeth on the petiole.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary or clustered, armed or unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem subterranean to erect, generally not tall, obscured by remains of leaf bases, eventually becoming bare, marked with close leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, small to large, arching; sheaths tubular at first, disintegrating into a fibrous network, often densely tomentose; petiole short to long, channelled or flat adaxially, rounded or angled abaxially, proximally unarmed and bearing scattered fibres or armed with coarse spines decreasing in size distally until represented by short teeth, variously caducously scaly or glabrous, often glaucous; rachis usually curved, adaxially angled or flattened, rounded or flattened abaxially; leaflets single-fold, usually numerous, regularly arranged, held stiffly in the same plane, linear, acuminate, acute, obtuse or asymmetrical at the tips, frequently glaucous, usually with crowded ramenta on the abaxial surface of the main vein near the rachis, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, shorter than the leaves, branching to 1 order, apparently protandrous; peduncle ± rounded in cross-section, short to long, ± glabrous or with scattered caducous scales; prophyll short, flattened, tubular, 2-keeled, usually hidden by the leaf sheaths, becoming fibrous with age, splitting at the tip, persistent; peduncular bract inserted near the prophyll, much longer, tubular, enclosing the inflorescence until shortly before anthesis, tightly sheathing proximally, beaked distally, splitting longitudinally along the abaxial face to expose the flowers, expanding distally and becoming cowl-like, smooth or becoming longitudinally striate with age, adaxially glabrous, abaxially glabrous, scaly, or very densely tomentose; rachis shorter or longer than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged, relatively few to very numerous rachillae, each subtended by an inconspicuous triangular bract; rachillae rather stiff, ± zigzag, glabrous or minutely dotted, with a short to long, basal, bare portion, above which bearing few to numerous, spirally arranged triads proximally, paired or solitary staminate flowers distally, the distal-most rachillae sometimes entirely staminate, the flower groups close or relatively distant, superficial; rachilla bracts and floral bracteoles inconspicuous. Staminate flowers sessile or briefly pedicellate, slightly asymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct or joined at the base, narrow, triangular, membranous, ±keeled, acute; petals 3, distinct, or very briefly connate at the base, valvate, at least 3 times as long as the sepals, ± fleshy, ovate to triangular; stamens 6, filaments distinct, awl-shaped, elongate, anthers elongate, medifixed, versatile, basally sagittate, introrse; pistillode shorter than the filaments, trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal, frequently elongate, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin may be slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 38–57 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral, occasionally tetragonal, or rarely, rhomboidal [4/9]. Pistillate flowers much larger than the staminate, globose to ovoid, ± symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, coriaceous, somewhat keeled, triangular, the tips conspicuously hooded; petals 3, ± the same length as and similar to the sepals, distinct, broadly imbricate, the tips briefly valvate; staminodal ring well developed as a free, fleshy collar surrounding the base of the ovary, irregularly minutely lobed; gynoecium ± ovoid, trilocular, triovulate, stigmas 3, conspicuous, reflexed at anthesis, ovules hemianatropous, laterally attached to the ventral angles of the locules, septal canals present, opening at the bases of the stigmas. Fruit 1–3-seeded, spherical, oblate, or ovoid, yellow, brown, or purplish, with a short to long beak and apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thin to thick, pulpy or fleshy, sometimes sweet, fibrous, endocarp thick, bony, with 1–3 developed cavities, the pores lateral below the equator or subbasal. Seed basally attached, conforming to the shape of the endocarp cavities, endosperm homogeneous, solid; embryo opposite the endocarp pore. Germination and eophyll not recorded. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Nine species confined to cooler, drier areas of South America, in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Glassman 1979), root (Seubert 1998a,1998b), floral (Uhl and Moore 1971). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Butia is monophyletic with high support(Gunn 2004). The genus is highly supported as sister to Jubaea(Gunn 2004, Baker et al. in review).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Mesocarp of Butia capitata is edible and can be madeinto jams; several species are widespread as slow-growingcold-tolerant ornamentals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Glassman (1979) and Noblick (2006). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Two small palm endocarps included in Palmocarpon luisii, from the Maastrichtian of Brazil, State of Parahyba do Norte (Rio Gramame) are compared with members of the Cocoseae (Maury 1930). One is described as being about the size and form of the living Cocos eriospatha but more deformed. (Cocos eriospatha = Butia eriospatha; see Govaerts and Dransfield 2005.) However, the endocarps illustrated do not show three pores and could in fact belong to a quite different family of flowering plants (see also under Syagrus). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Butia differs from Jubaea in having only six rather than numerous stamens and in the usually conspicuously toothed petioles. Anodorhynchus macaws feed on the endosperm of Butia yatay (Yamashita and Valle 1993). </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Yatay palms, jelly palms, butiapalms.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Often gregarious in grasslands,‘campo rupestre’, ‘cerrado’ and woodlands in the lowlands.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Re-evaluation of the Genus Butia With a Description of a New Species</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Glassman</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 23: 65-79</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Butia archeri</name>
+<author>(Glassman) Glassman</author>
+<citation>Principes 23: 70 (1979)</citation>
+<type>Brazil, Minas Gerais, near Lavras; W. A. Archer; 4048</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype A</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Syagrus archeri</name>
+<author>Glassman</author>
+<bibref>Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 235 (1967).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Acaulescent or sometimes with a short trunk up to almost I m high; sheathing leaf base 13-15 cm long; petiole 8-9 cm long and I cm wide, margins not spiny, merely fibrous; rachis of leaf 66-72 cm long; pinnae 28-44 on each side, regularly arranged, middle ones 36-40 cm long, 0.8-1.3 cm wide, mostly with acuminate, asymmetrical tips; expanded part of spathe 30-39 cm long, 3 cm wide, smooth or striate, glaucous, peduncular part 30 cm long; branched part of spadix 20-30 cm long, rachillae 15-31, each 10-19 cm long, peduncular part of spadix 36 cm long; pistillate flowers rounded or ovoid, 4-7 mm long, 4-6 mm in diam., sepals and petals with obtuse tips; staminate flowers 5-7 mm long on lower part of rachilla, 3-5 mm long on upper part; mature fruit 1.82.0 cm long, 1.0-1.4 cm in diam., short. beaked, persistent perianth 8-10 mm high, endocarp woody, 1-1.5 mm thick, locules 1-2; seed (when single) irregularly globose, 7-9 mm long and 7-9 mm in diam., or when two are present flattened laterally, 10 mm long, 6 mm in diam. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Native to Brazil in the states of Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, and Goias, in grassland pastures and cerrados.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This taxon can be easily distinguished from other acaulescent species of Butia (e.g., B. arenicola and B. paraguayensis) by its smooth rather than dentate petiole margins; and from B. microspadix by the more or less glabrous rather than densely tomentose spathes. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS, near Lavras, Archer 4048 (A, holotype; BH, MO, NY, US, isotypes); 16 km N. of Lavras, campo natural, Glassman & Gomes 8018, 8019, 8020, 8021, 8022, 8023, 8024 (CHI); 10 km N. of Diamantina, associated with Allagoptera, in campo rupestre, common, about 50 plants seen, Glassman 13001 (CHI). SAO PAULO, Casa Branca, O. Handro 313 (SP). GOAlS, Serro do Caiapó, 35 km S. of Caiaponia, H. S. Irwin & T. R. Soderstrom 7750 (BH, NY, US); 9.5 km S.E. of center of Brasilia, D. F., in tree and scrub woodland cerrado, G. Eiten 13062 (CHI). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Re-evaluation of the Genus Butia With a Description of a New Species</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Glassman</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 23: 65-79</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Butia capitata</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Becc.</author>
+<citation>Agric. Colon. 10: 504 (1916)</citation>
+<type>Brazil, Minas Gerais, campis; Martius; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype M</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cocos capitata</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 114 (1826)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Syagrus capitata</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Glassman</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 32: 143 (1970)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cocos elegantissima</name>
+<author>Chabaud</author>
+<bibref>Chabaud, Rev. Hort. 78: 144 (1906)</bibref>
+<type>Cult. in garden of C. Lemarchand a l'Artaude, near Toulon, France; Chabaud; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Butia capitata var. elegantissima</name>
+<author>(Chabaud) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Chabaud) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 517 (1916)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cocos erythrospatha</name>
+<author>Chabaud</author>
+<bibref>Chabaud, Rev. Hort. 78: 144 (1906)</bibref>
+<type>Cult. on property of C. Lemarchand a l'Artaude, common in Pradet, near Toulon; Chabaud; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Butia capitata var. erythrospatha</name>
+<author>(Chabaud) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Chabaud) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 515 (1916)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cocos lilaceiflora</name>
+<author>Chabaud</author>
+<bibref>Chabaud, Rev. Hort. 78: 144 (1906)</bibref>
+<type>Cult. in public garden, Toulon; Chabaud; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FI</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Butia capitata var. lilaceiflora</name>
+<author>(Chabaud) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Chabaud) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 518 (1916)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cocos nehrlingiana</name>
+<author>Abbott ex Nehrl.</author>
+<bibref>Abbott ex Nehrl., Amer. Eagle, 17 Feb.: (1927)</bibref>
+<type>Cult. on residence of Mr. Henry Nehrling, Gotha, Florida; Bailey; 13122</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype BH</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Butia capitata var. nehrlingiana</name>
+<author>(Abbott ex Nehrl.) L.H.Bailey</author>
+<bibref>(Abbott ex Nehrl.) L.H.Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 33 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cocos odorata</name>
+<author>Barb.Rodr.</author>
+<bibref>Barb.Rodr., Pl. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 1: 11 (1891)</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype: Brazil, in campis ad Rio Grande do Sul, cult. in Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro no. 64 (Barb. Rodr. 1891, t. 4A). (Cf. Glassman 1972a, p. 92.)</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Butia capitata var. odorata</name>
+<author>(Barb.Rodr.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 513 (1916)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cocos pulposa</name>
+<author>Barb.Rodr.</author>
+<bibref>Barb.Rodr., Pl. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 1: 14 (1891)</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, in campis ab S. Sepe, Jaguarao et Ca~apava and cult. in Jard. Bot. Rio de Jan. no. 454 (Barb. Rodr. 1903, t. 68C). (Cf. Glassman 1972a, p. 93.)</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Butia capitata var. pulposa</name>
+<author>(Barb.Rodr.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 19: 516 (1916)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Butia capitata var. strictior</name>
+<author>L.H.Bailey</author>
+<bibref>L.H.Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 32 (1936)</bibref>
+<type>Cult. at home of Mrs. Danforth, Pasadena, Calif.; Bailey; 389</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Butia capitata var. subglobosa</name>
+<author>ecc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 513 (1916)</bibref>
+<type>Type: No locality or specimens listed. Based on a tree confused with Cocos coronata by Chabaud (1905, 1906).</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Butia capitata var. virescens</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 519 (1916)</bibref>
+<type>Type: Cult. in School of Pomology and Horticulture, Cascine de Firenze (no specimens cited).</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Cabeçudo, guariroba do campo.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trees 3-5 m tall, 40-50 cm in diam.; complete sheathing leaf base not seen, petiole 70-88 cm long; 4-7 cm wide at base, margins mostly armed with fairly short teeth on upper portion, coarsely spiny on lower part and adjacent sheathing base, spines 8-11 cm long; rachis of leaf 150-183 cm long; pinnae 63-80 on each side, regularly arranged, middle ones 60-75 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm, with oblique, asymmetrical tips; expanded part of spathe 80-100 cm long, 7.0-8.5 cm wide, smooth or striate, more or less glaucous, becoming eglaucous with age; bran~hed part of spadix 85-94 cm long, rachIllae 50-60, 62-69 cm long; pistil. late flowers rounded or ovoid, 4-8 mm long, 4-6 mm in diam.; lower staminate flowers 7-10 mm long, those above 4-7 mm long; mature fruit orange, with soft mesocarp when ripe, ovoid, 1.8-2.6 cm long, 1.5-2.2 cm in diam., with short beak, persistent perianth 0.4-0.6 cm high, locules 1-3, seed ovoid or triangu. lar, 1.8-2.4 cm long, 1.0-1.4, cm in diam. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Brazil, in the states of Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grando de Sul, in woodlands and campos; and Uruguay, in the department of Rocha in woodlands. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: campis, Martius s.n. (M, lectotype-two spadix parts); Minas Gerais, Martius s.n. (M, leaf and spathe parts); PARANA: Tamandare, in campo, G. Jonson 985a (F, G, K, NY, S); SANTA CATARINA: Sombrio, in campo, P. R. Reitz 2965 (G); RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Glaziou 8047 (C, K); Glaziou 9334 (FI). URUGUAY. ROCHA: Castillos, Herter 346B (F, G, GH). CULTIVATED. ARGENTINA: Tucuman, Venturi 5594 (US). URUGUAY: Montevideo, Herter 346a (F, G, GH, LE, NY, S) . BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Glaziou 9334 (C, LE), 16481 (C, G, K, LE), 20535 (C, K), Dahlgren & Millar s.n. (F-611648). UNITED STATES: Fairchild Tropical Garden, Coral Gables, Florida, Glassman 8766 (CHI); Gotha, Florida, Nehrling's place, Bailey 13122 (BR, lectotype of Butia nehrlingiana); Pasadena, California, Mrs. Danforth's home, Bailey 389 (BH, holotype of Butia capitata var. strictior). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Re-evaluation of the Genus Butia With a Description of a New Species</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Glassman</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 23: 65-79</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Butia eriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 496 (1916).</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+<type>Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul; Glaziou; 8059</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cocos eriospatha</name>
+<author>Mart. ex Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)</author>
+<bibref>Mart. ex Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 3(2): 424 (1881)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Syagrus eriospatha</name>
+<author>(Mart. ex Drude) Glassman</author>
+<bibref>(Mart. ex Drude) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 32: 145 (1970)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Butia, macuma.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trees 3-6 m tall, 45-50 cm in diam.; sheathing leaf base partially covered with a dense brownish tomentum, petiole 90-100 cm long, margins of petiole armed with short teeth or spines 1-3 cm long; rachis of leaf 2.0-2.5 m long; pinnae 50-55 on each side, regularly arranged, middle ones 70-80 cm long, 2.0-2.3 cm wide, with acute asymmet_ rical tips; expanded part of spathe 120135 cm long, 14-16 cm wide, smooth or striate, covered with a dense brownish tomentum; branched part of spadix 90100 cm long, rachillae numerous, each 35--42 cm long; pistillate flowers rounded, 3-5 mm long, 3.5-5 mm in diam.; staminate flowers 6-8 mm long below, those above 4-5 mm long; fruit mostly globose, 1.8-2.0 cm long, 1.42.2 cm in diam., with short beak, persistent perianth 0.2-0.4 cm high, locules 1-3, seed globose, 1.4-1.6 cm in diam. or oblong, 1.5 cm long, 1 cm in diam. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Brazil, in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, in woodlands and campos.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This taxon has a more restricted geographical range than Butia capitata, but can be readily differentiated from it by the densely tomentose rather than the more or less glabrous spathes.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BRAZIL. RiO GRANDE DO SUL: Glaziou 8059 (K, lectotype; C); SANTA CATARINA: Ponte Alta do Sul, Krapovickas et al. 23065 (F). CULTIVATED. BRAZIL: Luederwaldt s.n. (SP 6.191), A. S. Lima 6748 (SP), Glaziou 8050 (G) . UNITED STATES: Florida, A. Rehder s.n. (A). TANZANIA: Research Station, Amani, P. J. Greenway 1039 (K). CUBA: Jack 8296 (A, NY). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Re-evaluation of the Genus Butia With a Description of a New Species</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Glassman</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 23: 65-79</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Butia microspadix</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 1050 (1930)</citation>
+<type>Brazil, without locality, probably state of Sao Paulo; Sellow; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B (destroyed); Paratype B (destroyed); Lectotype SP</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Syagrus hatschbachii</name>
+<author>Glassman</author>
+<bibref>Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 240 (1967)</bibref>
+<type>Brazil, Parana, Castro, Carambei, campo seco; G. Batschbach; 11668</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype F</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Acaulescent; sheathing leaf base not seen, petiole 9-10 cm long, 0.5 cm wide, margins not spiny, merely fibrous, rachis of leaf 41-74, cm long, pinnae 19-20 On each side, regularly arranged at intervals of 1.5-3 cm, middle pinnae 20-26 cm long, 0.3-0.4 cm wide, mostly with acuminate, asymmetrical tips; expanded part of spathe 13-17 cm long, 2.5-3.5 cm wide, smooth or striate, covered with dense dark brown tomentum; branched part of spadix 11-13 cm long, rachiIlae 13-15, each 6-11 em long; pistillate flowers rounded or ovoid 4-5 mm long, 3.5 mm in diam., sepals and petals with obtuse and emarginate tips; staminate flowers 4-7 mm long, sepals unequal in size, 1-4 mm long; fruit 2 cm long, 1.1 cm in diam., beak 4 mm long, locule 1, endocarp woody, about 1 mm thick. cavity smooth within, trivittate, seed not seen. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Brazil, mostly confined to the state of Paraná where it seems to be fairly common in grasslands; also in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and perhaps Sao Paulo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>After describing S. hatschbachii I found a specimen labelled Butia microspadix that had been determined by M. Burret (see lectotype above for data). Even though immature, this specimen matches S. hatschbachii fairly closely, as well as Burret's description of B. microspadix. As mentioned above, the holotype and paratype cited by Burret were apparently destroyed in the Berlin herbarium. Burret also listed another specimen "very near to this species": Brazil, Sao Paulo, Raiz da Serra (leg. Luederwaldt-com. F. C. Hoehne n. 12267). Although the institutional herbarium sheet numbers are the same (12267) in both specimens, they may not be duplicates of each other because each one bears different collecting data. At any rate, I have not been able to locate the specimen cited by Burret (from Sao Paulo, Raiz da Serra) ; hence, I have designated the specimen which I have seen (from Rio Grande do SuI) as the lectotype. Previously, I had designated Butia microspadix as species incerta (Glassman, 1968, 1970a) because the Luederwaldt specimen is immature and Burret's description did not match the specimen to my satisfaction. After examination of other collections, I am now convinced that this specimen is Butia microspadix. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL (see lectotype above); PARANA (see holotype of S. hatschbachii above); Munic. Ponta Grossa, Vila Velha, Clarissa Rolfs s.n. (BH); L. B. Smith & R. M. Klein 14890 (US); Parque Vila Velha, Rio Arroio Guavirova, campo limpo. G. Hatschbach 8091 (RB, US). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Re-evaluation of the Genus Butia With a Description of a New Species</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Glassman</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 23: 65-79</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Butia paraguayensis</name>
+<author>(Barb.Rodr.) L.H.Bailey</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 4: 47 (1936)</citation>
+<type>Paraguay, in rupestribus Cordillera de Altos; Hassler; 896</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype G</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cocos paraguayensis</name>
+<author>Barb.Rodr.</author>
+<bibref>Barb.Rodr., Palm. Paraguay.: 9 (1899)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Butia yatay var. paraguayensis</name>
+<author>(Barb.Rodr.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 503 (1916)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Syagrus paraguayensis</name>
+<author>(Barb.Rodr.) Glassman</author>
+<bibref>(Barb.Rodr.) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 32: 151 (1970)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Yatay guazu (Paraguay), yatay poñi (Argentina), coco amargoso (Sao Paulo, Brazil).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Acaulescent, or with trunk 1-2 m tall, 10-20 cm in diam.; sheathing base about 20 cm long, petiole 45-48 cm long, margins mostly with short spines interspersed with fibers; rachis of leaf 57-93 cm long; pinnae 40-42 on each side, regularly arranged, middle ones 45-55 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm wide, mostly with acute, asymmetrical tips; expanded part of spathe 40-60 cm long, 4-8 cm wide, smooth or striate, brownish-pubescent at first, becoming glabrous with age; branched part of spadix 35-38 cm long, rachillae 38-43, each 20-23 em long; pistillate flowers ovoid, 10-16 mm long, 6-9 mm in diam.; lower staminate flowers 8-13 mm long, upper ones 4-7 mm long; mature fruit ovoid 3.0-3.7 cm long, 2.1-2.3 cm in diam., beak conspicuous, angled, persistent perianth 1.51.8 cm high, locules 1-3, mature seeds not seen. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Paraguay, Argentina (province of Corrientes) and Brazil (states of Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, and Mato Grosso) in campos, cerrados and pastures.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Butia paraguayensis is apparently closely related to B. yatay, and may only be a variety of this species. At present, it can be distinguished mainly by its generally smaller dimensions (except for the similarity in SIze of pistillate flowers) .</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PARAGUAY. Cordillera de Altos, Hassler 896 (G, lectotype; K, NY, isolectotypes); Fiebrig 62 (G); Centurion, dry grassy area, Fiebrig 4097 (G, GH, K, M) ; without locality, in campos, Jorgensen & Hassler 4185 (A, C, F, NY, S). ARGENTINA. CORRIENTES: Dept. Mburucuya, Lorna Alta, T. M. Pedersen 3030 (G, GH, K, NY, S): Dept. Ituzaingo, 3 km W. of Virasoro, campestre, Maruñak 168 (F); Isla Apipe Grande, Puerto San Antonio, in palma yatay poñi, Krapovickas et al. 24195 (F); 45 km E. of Ituzaingo, campos altos, A. Schinini et al. 11255 (F): Dept. Capital, Arroyo Riachuelo, in lomadas arenosas, A. Schinini et al, 9460 (F). BRAZIL. SANTA CATARINA, 35 km N. of Itajai, orillas del mar, Krapovickas et al, 23078 (F); SAO PAULO, Moji-Guaçu, Fazenda Campininha, cerrado, Kuhlmann 3924 (SP) ; 4 km S. of Emas, cerrado, Glassman 8746, 8747 (CHI): Pirassununga, Emas, cerrado desprotegido, J. T. Costa 0178 (IPA); MATO GROSSO, 28 km S. of Sidrolandia, vic. of Fazenda Santa Luzia, pasture, associated with Syagrus graminifolia, browsed by cattle, Glassman 13095, 13096 (CHI). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Re-evaluation of the Genus Butia With a Description of a New Species</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Glassman</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 23: 65-79</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Butia purpurascens</name>
+<author>Glassman</author>
+<citation>Principes 23: 67 (1979)</citation>
+<type>Brazil, Goias, near Jatai; Glassman; 13076</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype CHI</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma 1.2-4 m alta. Folia aequaliter pinnatisecta petiolo non dentato rachidi 84-122 em longa pinnis utrimque 52-58. Spatha spadix flo res fructus purpuraseens. Spathae pars inflata non plicata 71-80 em longa 8-9 em lata. Flores masculi inferiores 6-7 mm longi superiores 4-4.5 mm longi; flores feminei 5-6 mm longi 4.5-5.0 mm lati. Fructus 2.3-2.9 em longus 1.0-1.3 em in diam. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Small trees 1.2-4 m tall, about 15 em in diam.; sheathing leaf base and petiole not clearly separated, combined length of about 4.9 cm; margins of petiole densely fibrous on lower half, becoming less fibrous toward base of rachis, not armed with teeth or spines; rachis of leaf 84-122 cm long; pinnae 52-58 on each side, more or less evenly spaced, middle ones 44-60 em long, 1.6-1.8 cm wide, with long-acuminate, asymmetrical tips; expanded part of spathe frequently purplish, 71-80 em long, 8-9 em wide, smooth or striate, peduncular part 30-37 cm long; branched part of spadix frequently purplish, 60-64 em long, peduncular part 41-48 em long, rachillae about 50 or more, each 23-26 cm long; pistillate flowers more or less globose, frequently purplish, 5-6 mm long, 4.5-5 mm in diam sepals and petals about equal in size; staminate flowers frequently purplish, lower ones 6-7 mm long, with prominent pseudopedicel and calyx 2-4 mm long, upper ones 4-4.5 mm long with calyx 1.5-2.5 mm long; fruit ovoid, usually purplish. 2.3-2.9 em long, 1.0-1.3 em in diam., beak 4-5 mm long, persistent perianth 7-8 mm high, locules 1-2, mature seeds not seen. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>At present, only known from cerrados in the state of Goias.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Macedo 3321 also seems to belong to B. purpurascens. It is 2-4 m tall, has petiole margins free of spines or teeth, and has other morphological characteristics which match closely; but no information is given on the color of the flowers. Cross sections of the pinnae, however, reveal a tissue pattern very similar to Butia archeri. The new species resembles Butia capitata superficially, but differs from it mainly in the smooth or fibrous rather than toothed petiole margins, the longacuminate rather than acute or obtuse tips of pinnae, and the purplish rather than greenish spathes, spadices, flowers, and fruits. It is assumed that the purplish color is due to anthocyanin pigments. When specimens were dried, some lost all of their purple color whereas others retained some or most of their color. From a morphological standpoint, Butia purpurascens seems to be most closely aligned to B. archeri because both taxa have smooth (not toothed) petiole margins, long-acuminate tips to the pinnae, staminate and pistillate flowers similar in size, and fruits similar in size, shape and number of locules. Butia archeri, as described by me (1968) , differs primarily in being mostly acaulescent, in the smaller dimensions of leaves, spathes, and spadices, and in the lack of the purplish color in flower and fruit parts. As I had expected, an examination of cross sections of the pinnae of B. purpurascens (Glassman 13076) reveals that its anatomical pattern matches the other seven species of Butia very closely, thus confirming its placement within this group. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BRAZIL. GOlAS: 3 km N.E. of Jatai, in pasture and cerrado, common (about 400 trees seen) for about 25 km along both sides of road, spathes, spadices, flowers, and fruits mostly purplish, Glassman 13076 (CHI, holotype); Glassman 13075, 13077, 13079, 13080, 13081, 13082 (CHI, SP); 26 km N.£. of Rio Verde, along BR 060, dense cerrado, associated with Syagrus flexuosa, Attalea, and Allagoptera, rachillae and flowers purple, Glassman 13071 (CHI, SP) ; and probably Balsamo, palma campestre, Macedo 3321 (SP, US). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Re-evaluation of the Genus Butia With a Description of a New Species</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Glassman</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 23: 65-79</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Butia yatay</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Becc.</author>
+<citation>Agric. Colon. 10: 498 (1916).</citation>
+<type>Lectotype: Argentina, provo Corrientes (Martius, 1844, t. 30B). (Cf. Glassman 1970a, p. 157, fig. 18.);;</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cocos yatay</name>
+<author>Mart. in A.D.d'Orbigny</author>
+<bibref>Mart. in A.D.d'Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mér. 7(3): 93 (1844)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Syagrus yatay</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Glassman</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 32: 157 (1970)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Yatay.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trees (2-) 8-12 m tall, about 40 em in diam., old petiole bases persistent on trunk when young, eventually dehiscing completely; sheathing base 58-60 em long, petiole 50-70 cm long, margins armed with coarse spiny teeth about 3 cm long on lower part, teeth becoming gradually smaller on upper part; rachis of leaf 170-200 em long, pinnae 68-72 in each side, regularly arranged, middle ones 75-81 cm long, 2.0-2.4 cm wide, mostly with acute, asymmetrical tips; expanded part of spathe 115-125 cm long, 10-12 em wide, smooth or striate, more or less glaucous outside; branched part of spadix 78-82 cm long, rachillae numerous (100 or more), each 30-32 em long; pistillate flowers ovoid, 10-16 mm long, 6-10 mm in diam.; lower staminate flowers 8-13 mm long, those above 5-8 mm long; mature fruit ovoid 3.0-4.2 cm long, 2.5-2.8 cm in diam., with prominent, conical beak, persistent perianth 1.8-2.2 cm high, locules 1-3, seeds 2.5-3.0 cm long, 1.2-1.4 cm in diam. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Native to northeastern Argentina in the provinces of Misiones, Santa Fe, Corrientes, and Entre Rios, forming great forests in sandy areas; and to Uruguay in the departments of Paysandli and Rio Negro, in sandy soils. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Butia yatay is easily distinguished from other arborescent species of Butia by the relatively large pistillate flowers (10-16 mm vs. 3-8 mm long). Its geographic range apparently does not overlap with that of B. capitata, B. eriospatha, or B. purpurascens. However, B. yatay is sympatric with B. paraguayensis in at least part of its range (in Corrientes and probably Misiones) and may be confused with the latter species during its immature, acaulescent stage of growth. Crovetto and Piccinini (1951) did an ecological study of 13 different stands (palmares) of Butia yatay in northern Argentina (provinces of Entre Rios, Corrientes, and Santa Fe). At first, they believed that these palmares represented a stage in the psammosere succession because the plants grew in sandy soil. After intensive studies, however, they concluded that the Butia yatay community was not involved in the formation of the regular climax of the region, but was independent of the typical succession of that area. Hence, these palmares were interpreted as being a relict climax, or an ancient vegetation type left over from a previous geological period when climate conditions were perhaps different than they are today. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>ARGENTINA. CORRIENTES: Goya Curran s.n. (US); Dept. Santo Tome, 8 mi E. of Virasoro, Maruñak 173 (F); Dept. Capital, 2 km de R. 12, Maruñak 180 (F); Dept. Mburucuya, Estancia Santa Teresa, forming extensive groves, T. M. Pedersen 4456 (GR, NY, S); ENTRE RIOS: Concordia, Castellanos 31-974 (K); Dept. Loreto, Rio Yabebiry, L. Ekman s.n. (A). URUGUAY. PAYSANDU, N. of Quebracho, H. H. Bartlett 21175 (US). CULTIVATED, Herter 346 (F, G, NY, S, SP). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Immensely variable genus of mostly climbing palms, some acaulescent or erect, found in equatorial Africa, India, Himalayan foothills to south China, throughout Southeast Asia to the western Pacific Islands and Australia; sheaths, petioles and rachis usually densely armed, leaf often terminating in a cirrus armed with spines, or cirrus absent; flagellum sometimes present (sterile inflorescence modified as a climbing organ); pleonanthic and dioecious, the inflorescence is very varied but bracts are usually tubular, sometimes splitting, but if so, never to the base and never caducous.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus</name>\r
+<author>L.</author> \r
+<citation>Sp. Pl. 325 (1753).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Calamus rotang; L.</type> \r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Rotanga</name>\r
+<author>Boehm. in Ludw.</author>\r
+<bibref>Boehm. in Ludw., Defin. Gen. Pl. (3rd Edn): 395 (1760)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Rotang</name>\r
+<author>Adans.</author>\r
+<bibref>Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 24, 599 (1763).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Palmijuncus</name>\r
+<author>Kuntze</author>\r
+<bibref>Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 731 (1891).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calospatha</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(1): 232 (1911).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Calospatha scortechinii; Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Zalaccella</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(1): 496 (1908).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Zalaccella harmandii; (Pierre ex Becc.) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Schizospatha</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14: 525 (1955).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Schizospatha setigera; (Burret) Furtado</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Cornera</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14: 518 (1955).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Cornera pycnocarpa; Furtado</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>From the Latin, calamus — a reed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustered, spiny, acaulescent, erect, or high-climbing, pleonanthic, dioecious, rattan palms. Stem eventually becoming bare, with short to long internodes, sucker shoots strictly axillary. Leaves pinnate, rarely bifid, sometimes with a terminal cirrus; sheath splitting in acaulescent species, in the exposed area usually densely armed with scattered or whorled spines, in one species (Calamus polystachys) the spines interlocking to form galleries occupied by ants, indumentum often abundant on sheath surface; ocrea often present, sometimes greatly elaborated, papery and disintegrating, or coriaceous, rarely greatly swollen or diverging with inrolled margins and occupied by ants; knee present in most climbing species; flagellum (climbing whip derived from a sterile inflorescence) often present in species lacking cirri, very rarely a small vestigial flagellum present in cirrate species (e.g., C. pogonacanthus); petiole absent or well developed, flattened adaxially, rounded abaxially, variously armed; rachis often armed with distant groups of reflexed grapnel spines; cirrus when present armed with scattered (rarely) or grouped reflexed spines; leaflets few to very numerous, single-fold, entire or in 1 species praemorse (C. caryotoides), linear to lanceolate or rhomboid, sometimes the terminal pair partially joined along their inner margins forming a terminal compound leaflet or flabellum, regularly arranged or irregular, grouped, sometimes fanned within the groups, concolourous or discolourous, variously bearing hairs, bristles, spines, and scales, midribs conspicuous or not, transverse veinlets conspicuous or obscure. Inflorescences axillary but adnate to the internode and leaf sheath of the following leaf, staminate and pistillate superficially similar, but the staminate usually branching to 3 orders and the pistillate to 2 orders, the inflorescence frequently flagelliform, very rarely rooting at its tip and producing a new vegetative shoot; peduncle absent or present, sometimes very long, erect or pendulous, variously armed; prophyll usually inconspicuous, 2-keeled, tubular, tightly sheathing, variously armed or unarmed, rarely inflated, papery or coriaceous, splitting down one side, usually empty; rachis bracts persistent, like the prophyll, close or sometimes very distant, variously armed, usually strictly tubular, even where splitting remaining tubular at the base, rarely irregularly tattering in the distal part, each subtending a first-order branch or ‘partial inflorescence’, this frequently adnate to the rachis above the bract axil, very rarely bursting through the bract; first-order branch bearing a 2-keeled, tubular prophyll and ± subdistichous, tubular bracts, unarmed or variously armed, each subtending a second-order branch, usually adnate to the first-order branch above the bract node; rachillae very varied within the genus, spreading to very short and crowded, bearing a basal, 2-keeled prophyll and conspicuous, usually distichous, tubular bracts with triangular tips, variously armed or unarmed, very rarely the bracts highly condensed and spiral, in staminate rachilla, each bract subtending a solitary staminate flower bearing a prophyllar bracteole, in pistillate rachilla each bract subtending a dyad of a sterile staminate and a fertile pistillate flower and 2, usually quite conspicuous, prophyllar bracteoles, very rarely each bract subtending a triad of 2 lateral pistillate flowers and a central sterile staminate flower. Staminate flowers symmetrical; calyx tubular at the base, 3-lobed distally; corolla usually exceeding the calyx, divided into 3, valvate lobes except at the tubular base; stamens 6 (12 in Calamus ornatus), borne at the mouth of the corolla tube, filaments often fleshy, elongate, sometimes abruptly narrowed, anthers medifixed, short to elongate, latrorse or introrse; pistillode minute to quite conspicuous. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; apertures equatorially disulcate; ectexine tectate or semi-tectate, psilate, perforate, coarsely perforate, foveolate, finely to coarsely reticulate, reticulate-rugulate, verrucate, gemmate or, rarely, ectexine intectate with large, loosely attached, psilate gemmae,aperture margins usually similar to surrounding ectexine; infratectumcolumellate; longest axis 17–67 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetragonal[104/363]. Sterile staminate flowers like the fertile but with empty anthers.Pistillate flowers usually larger than the staminate; calyx tubular, shallowly3-lobed; corolla rarely exceeding the calyx, divided more deeply than thecalyx into 3 valvate lobes; staminodes 6, epipetalous, the filaments distinctor united into a short ring, anthers empty; gynoecium tricarpellate,triovulate, spherical to ellipsoidal, covered in reflexed scales, stigmas 3,apical, fleshy, reflexed, sometimes borne on a beak, locules incomplete,ovules basal, anatropous. Fruit usually 1-seeded, rarely consistently 2- or3-seeded, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp covered in neat vertical rowsof reflexed scales, mesocarp usually very thin at maturity, endocarp notdifferentiated. Seed with thick sweet, sour, or astringent sarcotesta, innerpart of the seed rounded, grooved, angled, or sharply winged, endospermhomogeneous or ruminate; embryo basal or lateral. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid or pinnate. Cytology: 2n = 26.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>With about 374 species, Calamus isthe largest palm genus. It has a very wide distribution, occurring in the humid tropics of Africa (one variable species), India, Burma, and south China through the Malay Archipelago to Queensland and Fiji, reaching greatest diversity and number of species in the Sunda Shelf area (especially Borneo), with a second centre of diversity in New Guinea.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, petiole, stem, root (Tomlinson 1961), root(Seubert 1996a). Similar in anatomy to Ceratalobus, Myrialepis,and Plectocomiopsis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>All pertinent studies provide strong evidencethat Calamus is not monophyletic and that the other four generaof Calaminae are nested within it (Baker et al. 2000a, 2000b,2000c). The most densely sampled study (Baker et al. 2000c)suggests that Calamus breaks into two major clades, withRetispatha embedded in one and a clade of Daemonorops,Ceratolobus and Pogonotium sister to the other. The disjunct African species C. deerratus may constitute a third distinctlineage in the genus. The inter-generic relationships resolvedwithin the clade of Daemonorops, Ceratolobus and Pogonotium arenot well supported by the data, but all studies suggest thatDaemonorops is also non-monophyletic (Baker et al. 2000a,2000b, 2000c). In the absence of more widely sampledphylogenies based on multiple data sets, however, an alternativeclassification of these genera cannot be proposed at this time. In practice, there is usually little difficulty in assigning fertile material to one of the five genera recognised here. For practical reasons, we therefore maintain the genera recognised in the first edition of Genera Palmarum, except for monotypic Calospatha, which is clearly nested within a small group of Calamus (including species formerly included in Cornera). When the results of further analyses are available, it will be necessary to review the group and further changes to generic delimitation can be expected.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The finest kinds of rattan are all species of Calamus. C. manan, C. caesius, and C. trachycoleus, in particular, dominate world trade in rattans. Other species are almost as important. For further details of rattans and their exploitation see Dransfield 1979a. Species of Calamus have a wide range of uses apart from entering the rattan trade. Leaves are used for thatch, spines in various ways, cirri have been used for constructing fish traps, fruits are eaten and may even be sold in local markets, and some species may be medicinally valuable. </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Fossils attributed to Calamus include pinnate leaf fragments, spines and spine bundles, spiny bark, fruits, male and female flowers and pollen, but the leaf, spines and fruit could equally be attributed to other members of Calaminae or indeed to spiny members of Arecoideae. The oldest records of macro ‘organs’ are probably those from the Lower Eocene of southern England (Chandler 1957, 1962); under the cautionary name C. daemonorops, Chandler (1957) assigns spines, fruiting axes, young and older fruits, male flowers, one with disulcate pollen, and female flowers from the Oligocene flora of the Bovey Tracey Lake Basin, UK, and a pair of spines/prickles from the Lower Eocene Bagshot Beds (Chandler 1962). From the Landes District of France, Huard (1967) describes spines from Neogene lignite (“probably Miocene”), concluding that the closest comparison is with Calamus or Daemonorops. Other macro records include re-duplicate pinnate leaf fragments in association with a small “tessellated” fruit, C. noszkyi (Jablonszky 1914) from the Lower Miocene of Tarnóc, Hungary. From the upper brown coal seam of the Miocene Turów Basin, Poland, Czeczott and Juchniewicz (1980) describe fragments of spiny bark, epidermis and loose spine bundles, Spinophyllum daemonorops, which they conclude are probably from Calamus or Daemonorops. From the Miocene of the Czech Republic (Zittau Basin), Teodoridis (2003) also reports Calamus/Daemonorops-type spines. From the German Middle Miocene, Mai (1964), Mai and Walther (1978) and Gregor (1982) describe palm-like spine fragments, which they include in C. daemonorops. At least some of these fossil spine fragments could represent spiny members of tribe Cocoseae. Fossil records of palm-like equatorial disulcate (dicolpate) pollen are numerous; most are included in the fossil genus Dicolpopollis (Pflanzl 1956), but less frequently the names Disulcites or Dicolpites are used. The earliest record is probably that of Schrank (1994) who records Dicolpopollis from the Upper Cretaceous Yesomma Formation, northern Somalia. Van der Hammen (1954) records two species of Dicolpites from the Maastrichtian of Colombia, but the drawings of these grains do not readily compare with calamoid disulcate pollen and no suggestions regarding their possible affinity were made by the author. Two types of reticulate equatorial disulcate Dicolpopollis are described from the Palaeocene of Borneo (Muller 1968), and a verrucate pollen type is recorded from the Miocene of Borneo (Muller 1979). Dicolpopollis is widespread in Europe, for example: UK — Lower Tertiary, Woolwich, London Clay and Bagshot Beds (Khin Sein 1961, Gruas-Cavagnetto 1976); Austria — Lower Eocene, Krappfeld area (Hofmann and Zetter 2001, Zetter and Hofmann 2001); Czech Republic — Miocene, North Bohemian brown coal basin (Konzalová 1971); France — Lower Eocene, Paris Basin (Ollivier Pierre et al. 1987); Belgium — Lower Eocene, Argile de Merelbeke (Roche 1982). The Miocene sediments of the west coast of southern India are rich in Dicolpopollis, notably in Kerala State (Ramanujam 1987, Ramanujam and Rao 1977, Ramanujam et al. 1986, 1991b, 1992, 2001, Rao and Ramanujam 1975, 1978, Varma et al. 1986, Srisailam and Ramanujam 1982, Singh and Rao 1990) but there are also records from Maharashtra State, for example, Saxena and Misra (1990). Dicolpopollis also occurs in southeast India — Tamil Nadu (Sarma et al. 1984, Ramanujam et al. 1986, 2001); eastern India — Andhra Pradesh (Ramanujam et al. 1986, 2001); and in north eastern India — Shillong Plateau, Meghalaya (Salujha et al. 1973a, 1973b); it is also known from the Eocene of Burma (Potonié 1960). Dicolpopollis is abundant in the Eocene Nanggulan Formation of Central Java (Takahashi 1982, Harley and Morley 1995 — cf. Calamus paspalanthus), whereas D. metroxylonoides in the Tertiary sediments of Papua New Guinea (Khan 1976) is considered to have an affinity with Metroxylon. Dicolpopollis bungonensis from the Eocene of New South Wales, Australia, is favourably compared with the pollen of C. moti F.M. Bailey (Truswell and Owen 1988). Dicolpopollis is well known in some Tertiary deposits of China (Song et al. 1999). The first American record of Dicolpopollis (Tschudy 1973) occurs in the Eocene Wilcox Group, Mississippi Basin, southern USA where it is present in appreciable numbers (ca. 10% of sample) and has an “... apparently very short stratigraphic range making it a potentially very useful fossil.” The images in Tschudy (1973) are typical Dicolpopollis and can confidently be assumed to have a close affinity with Calamus. A review of the palaeopalynology and palaeoecology of Dicolpopollis is provided in Ediger et al. (1990). (N.B. The fossil genus Calamuspollenites should not be confused with Calamus; it is monosulcate and was placed in synonomy with Arecipites [= Arecaceae-like monosulcate pollen] by Nichols et al. [1973].) </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1908, 1913b), Dransfield (1979a, 1984a, 1992c), Evans et al. (2002). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus, the largest genus in the family, has yet to be treated satisfactorily at the subgeneric level. Beccari’s informal groupings remain the most useful subgeneric categories.Draco Crantz, De Duabus Draconis Arboribus Botanicorum 13 (1768), is occasionally cited as a synonym of Calamus. We have been unable to locate a satisfactory lectotypification of the generic name; of the six specific names published by Crantz, two refer to Dracaena draco, two to Pterocarpus spp., one (Draco thaa Crantz) is without equivalent in Index Kewensis, and one refers to C. rotang in synonymy. We suggest it more appropriate to select D. clusii Crantz as the type of the genus, Draco thus becoming a synonym of Dracaena (Liliaceae). Calamus rotang does not produce dragon’s blood, nor does any other species of the genus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rattan, rotan; for local names see Dransfield 1979a.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>The ecology is very varied as might be expected in such a large genus, but, although some species are adapted to seasonally dry habitats such as monsoon forest, there are no species in semi-arid habitats. There are species adapted to sub-mangrove conditions (C.erinaceus). Other species have narrow ecological requirements, such as limestone or ultrabasic soils. In altitude, the genus ranges from sea-level to over 3000 m (C. gibbsianus on Mt Kinabalu).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+ <taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus acanthochlamys</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 85 (1990)</citation>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 138 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Spiny cloak, referring to the very spiny inflorescence bracts</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary stout rattan climbing to 7 m tall; stem without sheaths to 25 mm diam., with sheaths to 50 mm diam., internodes short, c. 50 mm long. Sheath bright green, armed with robust brown spines to 25 × 4 mm, scattered or arranged in partial whorls, pale brown hairs abundant between the spines, spines around the sheath mouth large, crowded, ± horizontal, 20-50 × 4 mm; knee absent; ocrea soon tattering. Flagellum absent. Leaf ecirrate, to 3 m including petiole; petiole to 1.5 m, armed laterally with regular horizontal spines, 20-50 × 4 mm; leaflets regularly arranged, 40-75 on each side of the rachis, stiff, narrow, linear, the longest in mid leaf, c. 50 × 2.5 cm, the apical divaricate, c. 12 × 1 cm, drying dull reddish or dirty brown, the lower surface with short regular bristles on 3 nerves. Inflorescences 1-1.5 m long or more, arching; prophyll very robust, armed with lateral groups of spines and abundant tomentum, expanded apically to form a tattered limb at least 15 × 4 cm, bearing abundant long brown spines 10-40 × 3 mm; primary bracts tubular at the base, splitting and expanded to form spiny limbs, the whole bract frequently longer than the inflorescence; male rachillae distichous, rather crowded, ± reflexed, to 12 ×2 mm; female rachillae distichous, stiff, ± reflexed, 20-50 × 4 mm; rachilla bracts very hairy. Mature fruit ± broad ellipsoid, 10 × 8 mm, beaked, covered in 18 vertical rows of chestnut brown scales.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. acanthochlamys is found on hill slopes and ridge tops in lowland dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to 100 m. From other types of wi tulang it is distinguished by the very spiny prophyll and primary bracts and by the robust rachillae.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>6542; Labi, Wong 538; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6607. TEM: Amo, Bt.Belalong, Wong 1364; Batu Apoi, Dransfield J. 6932; Batu Apoi, Selapon, Dransfield J. 7459. TUT: Rambai, Bt.Bahak, Coode 7056; Rambai, Bt.Bahak, Coode 7090.
+</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus acanthophyllus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Webbia 3: 229 (1910)</citation>\r
+<type>Thailand, Ubon; Thorel; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotype K (numbered s.n.E135)</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1) (Suppl.): 1 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo- Chine 6: 1020 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 18 (2001).</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic. Thailand (North-east and East), Laos (Central and South).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>See Evans & Sengdala (2001) and additional specimens cited in the Appendix below.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Open deciduous habitats below 200 m. Unusually for a rattan this species tolerates fires and thrives in frequently-burnt areas (Evans & Sengdala 2001).</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Several localities mentioned in the literature require clarification. Gagnepain & Conrard (1937) report occurrence 'de Savannakhet ta Quangtri', unintentionally implying presence across central Indochina in both Laos and Vietnam, but the correct locality for Poilane 11509 refers to a specific point well inside Laos. Similarly they place 'Ubon' in Cambodia and Beccari (1913) places it in Cochinchina (Vietnam) whereas it actually lies in East Thailand. Magalon (1930) reports the species from Cochinchina on the banks of the Mekong but this record should be disregarded as we can trace no specimen to support it and it was not repeated by Gagnepain & Conrard (1937). As a result of these changes there is now no evidence that the species occurs in either Vietnam or Cambodia, although suitable habitat appears to be present in both countries.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai tia, wai kok, wai foom, wai nang (Lao Loum), wai pum (Thailand), padao kui (Khmer language, Thailand).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The root can be used to treat malaria (Vidal 1963), "to increase the strength of the arrow poison from Strophanthus fruit" (Kerr, A. 8233) or as a medicine after childbirth (Hurlburt 21). No other Indochinese rattan has more than one recorded pharmacological use. The leaves are occasionally used to make brooms.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unlikely to be under threat given the large number of records within its relatively small range, the lack of harvesting and the tolerance of both deciduous habitats and fire.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus acanthospathus</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<citation>Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 39 (1844)</citation>
+<type>India, Khasia Hills; Griffith; 503</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 283 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 34 (2001)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus montanus</name>
+<author>T. Anderson</author>
+<bibref>T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 7 (1869)</bibref>
+<type>India, Sikkim; Anderson T; presumed, but no type nominated</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus feanus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Hook., Fl. Brit. India 6: 448 (1892)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 286 (1908) and (Suppl.): 45 (1913)</bibref>
+<type>Myanmar, Tenasserim; Fea; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI-B</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus feanus var. medogensis</name>
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 2): 137 (1989)</bibref>
+<type>China, Tibet, Medog; Exped. Qinghai-Xizang; 74- 4275</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype PE</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus yunnanensis</name>
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 134 (1989)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, and Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13 (1): 90 (1991)</bibref>
+<type>China, Yunnan; Chen, S. Y; 14325</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype HITBC</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus yunnanensis var. densiflorus</name>
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 135 (1989)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13 (1): 91 (1991)</bibref>
+<type>China, Yunnan; Tao, G. D. & J. K. Tan; 14291</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype HITBC</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus yunnanensis var. intermedius</name>
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 137 (1989)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13 (1): 91 (1991)</bibref>
+<type>China, Yunnan; Mao; 03650</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype HITBC</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="distribution"><p>India (North-east), Bhutan, Myanmar, China (Tibet, South-east and South Yunnan), Thailand (North) and Laos (North).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA (NORTH-EAST): Sikkim, undated, (fr.), Hooker s.n. E72 (K); Khasia, undated, (pist.), Griffith 503 (K). BHUTAN: Sarbhang Distr., 2.5 km below Getchu on Chirang Road, 12 March 1982, (ster.), Grierson & Long 3679 (K). MYANMAR: Tenasserim, Man Ngyan, undated, (fr.), Burkill 21007 (FI); Tenasserim, mountains W of Mooleyeh, Feb. 1887, (fr.), Fea s.n. (FI-B). CHINA (TIBET): Medog, Exped. Qinghai-Xizang 74 - 4275 (PE). (SOUTH-EAST YUNNAN): Pingbian, Maweichong, undated, (pist.), Mao 03650 (HITBC). (SOUTH YUNNAN): Mengla, Nagongshan, undated, Tao, G. D. & Tan, J. K. 14291 (HITBC); Jinghong, Damanglong, undated, (pist.), Chen, S. Y 14325 (HITBC). THAILAND (NORTH): Doi Intanon, 1 May 1921, (fr.), Kerr, A. 5293 (K, BM, BK). LAOS (NORTH): Huaphanh Province, Viengthong Distr., Ban Sakok, Phou Loeuy Noy, 21 June 1999, (fr.), Oulathong OL 231 (FRCL, K).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest. In Laos at 1800 m, in Thailand at 1500 - 1700 m, in South Yunnan at 1600 m.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari (1908) confidently synonymised C. montanus under C. acanthospathus on the basis of the protologue and some detached fruits at K. They match well but that specimen has no nomenclatural standing. Anderson (1869) referred to several localities but did not nominate a type. Since his description includes most parts of the plant it seems inappropriate to elect the K fruits as a type. A better lectotype may perhaps be found in CAL. When Beccari (1908) named C. feanus he had seen only a single specimen of it. He was perhaps influenced in splitting the two forms by his belief that C. acanthospathus was non-climbing, an idea based on a stout, erect, flowering stem sent to him by Prain. We propose that the Prain specimen should be interpreted as a potentially climbing stem which had begun flowering unusually early. This is because there is now strong evidence that the species is usually climbing. For example, there are now several flagellate specimens from Sikkim, Khasia and Bhutan, Basu (1992) knew it as a high climbing plant and Anderson (1869) also described the probably synonymous C. montanus as a high climber. Apart from habit, the differences noted by Beccari were general size, sheath armature (C. feanus showing longer spines mixed amongst the tubercular prickles) and channelling of the fruit scales. There is clearly great variation in robustness within the Indian material, yet this variation is no greater than the authors have observed in many other species (e.g. C. viminalis, C. poilanei, C. palustris, C. nambariensis and C. wailong). Based on our observations of living plants we consider such individual variation to be commonplace among rattans due to their plastic responses to environmental variation. The sheath armature of the type of C. feanus does not differ substantially from the range of variation shown by the Indochinese and Indian material; in fact all have a mix of longer and shorter spines, the former often snapped off but leaving their much thicker bases. The predominantly unchannelled scales of Fea s.n. cannot be a diagnostic character because they are a normal feature of the immature fruit of C. acanthospathus (sensu lato); for example, the fruits of Fea s.n. are only about 16 mm long, whereas the (fully ripe) 22 - 23 mm long fruits of Burkill 21007, also from Tenasserim, are strongly channelled. We have examined extensive herbarium material of C. yunnanensis and observed fruiting plants at the type locality in company with Professor Chen Sanyang. We suggest that the three varieties are not unambiguously recognisable from one another and instead represent arbitrary divisions in a continuum between more and less robust individuals. There is no doubt about their identity with C. acanthospathus, a conclusion also reached by Wei (1986).</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai hom (Lao Loum), blong eur (Khamu), wai hawm (Thailand)</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>This species is highly valued for its excellent quality small-diameter cane throughout its range. There are small trial plantations in South Yunnan.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Of moderate concern. In Indochina it apparently produces at most one or two additional stems and so probably regenerates poorly after harvesting, putting it at elevated risk even though it is widespread and occurs in high altitude forests, which are less threatened by agriculture and logging. It had declined severely due to harvesting in Sikkim over 100 years ago (Anderson 1869).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus acuminatus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 16 (1913)</citation>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>C. acuminatissimus</name> \r
+<author>Becc. ex Gibbs</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. ex Gibbs, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42: 170 (1914). (as an incorrect citation).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Pointed, referring to the leaflet shape</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>"rotan padas", "rotan peladas"</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan with stems climbing to 10 m or more; stem without sheaths to 4 mm, with sheaths to 8 mm; internodes to 20 cm. Sheaths mid-green, with scattered brown scales, unarmed, or rarely with a few scattered spines. Knee well-developed. Ocrea conspicuous, especially on young sheaths, to 15 mm. Flagellum to 1 m. Leaf ecirrate, to 35 cm, with no petiole; leaflets up to 12 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, narrow lanceolate to 16 x 2 cm, the lowermost somewhat smaller and swept back across the stem, bright green, shining; terminal leaflet pair joined for under 1/2 of their length; young leaves tinged pink. Male and female inflorescences similar, very similar to those of C. javensis but with more branches. Mature fruit small, spherical, c. 6 mm diam., with a short beak to 1 x 1 mm, and covered in 18 vertical rows of pale straw-coloured scales; seed rounded c 4 mm diam.; endosperm homogeneous. (Fig. 67)</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout the State, but particularly abundant in the Tenom and Keningau districts. Endemic to Sabah.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Widespread local use as twine, perhaps receiving a rudimentary cultivation near villages.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Very close to C. javensis but differing in the consistently ± regular narrow lanceolate leaflets and the very small spherical fruit. This is very much a feature of the secondary forests of the Tenom / Keningau valleys. It is abundant in roadside belukar, and one can often see its cane for sale in bundles at roadside stalls and in "tamu" (weekly markets).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>An Account of the Papuasian Species of Calamus (Arecaceae) with Paired Fruit</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 371-387</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus altiscandens</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 196 (1939).</citation>
+<type>New Guinea, Papua New Guinea, Palmer R.; Brass; 7327</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype A; isotypes ?B†, L</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust rattan climbing to the forest canopy (not known whether solitary or clustering). Stem with sheaths 28 - 35 mm diam., without sheaths to 16 mm diam.; internodes c. 15 cm long. Leaf ecirrate to 1.4 - 1.6 m long including petiole; sheath drying pale greenish brown, with caducous dark brown indument; spines very dense, mostly evenly distributed, occasionally joined basally into short horizontal groups, golden, 5 - 18 x 1 -4 mm, distally very slender, soft and laminar, the base much swollen and rigid, persistent, the rest of the spine frequently breaking off just above the swollen base; knee not very conspicuous, armed as the sheath; ocrea 18 x 4.5 cm, coriaceous, tubular, somewhat bilobed and split opposite the petiole, persistent, very densely armed with smaller and more slender spines than the sheaths, the spines frequently in short horizontal groups; flagellum present, at least 3 m long; petiole to 23 cm long, 12 mm wide, 6 mm thick at the base, adaxially flattened or slightly convex, abaxially rounded, with sparse caducous pale brown indument, and on all surfaces with abundant rigid persistent spines 2 - 6 mm long, with swollen bases; rachis to 140 cm long, armed with solitary or grouped recurved hooks abaxially, glabrous or with sparse pale brown caducous indument; leaflets 17 - 19 on each side of rachis, lanceolate, concolorous, arranged in distant groups of twos or threes or singly, basal leaflets to 44 x 4 cm, longest leaflet in mid-leaf 50 x 3.5 cm, apical leaflets 16 - 18 x 1.2 - 1.5 cm, united for about 1/4 their length, leaflets unarmed apart from very small spines along the margins, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Staminate inflorescence not seen. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescence of unknown length, but probably at least 1 m long, probably lacking a flagelliform tip; peduncle, prophyll and peduncular bracts not seen; rachis bracts to at least 30 x 1.5 cm, the longest near the base, with c. 12 cm exposed, proximally tubular, distally split to form an expanded limb to 10 x 4 cm with a triangular tip, the surface with thin caducous indument; primary branches at least 4, strongly recurved, to 21 cm long, 10 - 15 cm apart, with 13 - 18 rather crowded + erect rachillae, subtending bracts unarmed, striate, with triangular tips and somewhat expanded mouths; rachillae in young fruit 5.5 - 12 x 0.35 cm, drying dark brown; rachilla bracts unarmed, striate, 3 mm long with mouth c. 6 mm wide, with scattered dark scales; proximal floral bracteole cup-shaped, c. 2.5 x 2.5 mm, distal floral bracteole cup-shaped, c. 2 x 2 mm, scar from sterile staminate c. 0.3 mm diam. scar of pistillate flower c. 2 mm diam. Pistillate flowers borne in triads of two pistillate and one sterile staminate flowers, or three pistillate flowers, or quadrads of two pistillate and two sterile staminate flowers, not known in bud or anthesis; calyx in young fruit stage 3 x 2 mm with 3 triangular lobes 1.5 x 1.5 mm; petals c. 2.5 x 1 mm; staminodal ring to 0.7 mm high with 6 triangular lobes. Sterile staminate flowers not seen. Fruit (immature) ovoid, 5 x 4 mm with a beak to 0.5 mm, and covered in 17 vertical rows of pale yellowish channelled scales. Seed not yet developed.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from the Palmer R., in the basin of the Fly R. A sterile collection from the Kikori basin may also belong to this species.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In lowland forest, particularly abundant in gullies between ridges, at c. 100 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Data deficient.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Local uses not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is clearly related to C. macrochlamys but differs in the distinctive ocrea armature and the crowded erect rachillae. As yet, it is known only from pistillate material. It is easily distinguished by its ecirrate leaves with strongly grouped leaflets, densely armed sheaths and coriaceous persistent ocrea; the pistillate rachillae are crowded on each partial inflorescence and are held distinctively erect. Pistillate flowers are borne in triads of two pistillates and a sterile staminate and quadrads of two pistillates and two sterile staminates and, very rarely, three pistillates. The species is known from one collection only. Baker 1105, collected near Morere Village, 40 km NE of Kikori (AAU, BRI, K, L, LAE, NY), has an ocrea of a similar form to that of C. altiscandens and has similar armature and the leaflets are similarly grouped. However, the armature of the sheaths differs in the presence of large laminar reflexed spines to 4- 5 x 0.5 cm as well as spines similar to those on the sheaths of C. altiscandens. Unfortunately the collection is sterile.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Western: Palmer R., Brass 7327 (holotype A, isotypes ?B†, L).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus amplijugus</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 787 (1982)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 140 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 156 (1992).</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Broad leaflets</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender to moderate clustering rattan climbing to 20 m; stem without sheaths to 10 mm diam., with sheaths to 13 mm or more diam., internodes to 25 cm long. Sheaths dull green with scattered deciduous brown scales, unarmed or, more usually, rather densely armed with horizontal pale green spines 5-18 mm long with hairy margins when young; knee conspicuous; ocrea to 10 mm. Flagellum to 2 m. Leaf ecirrate, to 65 cm; petiole absent; leaflets sub-regular to regular, to 10 on each side of the rachis, broad, spathulate, undulate and often bullate, very conspicuously 3-nerved, the lowermost 2 leaflets on each side swept back across the stem; mid leaf leaflets to 24 × 7 cm, apical pair joined for c. 2/3 their length; young leaves tinged pink. Inflorescences to 2 m long with 6 or more partial inflorescences in the male, c. 3 in the female; rachillae 12-22 cm long, rather distant, bright crimson, bearing rather distant flowers. Mature fruit rounded, c. 9 mm diam., with a beak to 1 × 1 mm and covered in 21 vertical rows of narrowly pointed ivorycoloured scales with dark brown tips and margins. Seed c. 6 × 5 × 4 mm, with shallow depressions; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf with 4 broad leaflets. (Fig. 58).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a few collections. Elsewhere in Sarawak and Sabah, possibly also in Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>As for C. javensis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. amplijugus can be found in lowland dipterocarp forest in valley bottoms and hill slopes up to 700 m altitude. It may be distinguished by its usually moderate size, the ± regularly arranged usually bullate leaflets which are conspicuously 3-nerved and by the relatively very long rachillae. It is a most beautiful species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Labi, Dransfield J. 6544; Labi, Dransfield J. 6548. TEM: Amo, Stockdale 47; Amo, Stockdale 49; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 38. Without prov.: BRUN 15124.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus andamanicus</name>\r
+<author>Kurz</author>\r
+<citation>Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 43: 211. 1877</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 453. 1893</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11: 385, PI. 163, 164. 1908</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Basu, Rattans in India Monogr. Rev.: 53. 1992</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Motto, beth</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, large diameter rattan. Stem 24 m long or more, with sheaths to 8 cm in diameter, without sheaths to 4.5 cm, straw - yellow when exposed. Leaf 4 m long, cirrate; sheath slightly pale yellow, turning reddish brown, thick woody, with minute bristle like spines: spines upto 0.3 cm long, arranged in comb- like narrow crests, deciduous, mouth of the sheath with spines to 1.2 cm long; knee present; ocrea indistinct; petiole very robust, upto 5 cm broad at the base, with small spines on the margins; spines upto 0.4 cm long, often interspersed with a few smaller ones; rachis spiny along the margins and along the adaxial side at the distal end; leaflets 32-51 x 2.5-4 cm, regular, midvein prominent, lateral veins bristly on the upper surface; bristles 0.7 cm long; midvein and two lateral veins bristly on the lower surface, bristles of the midvein longer; margins with small spines; cirrus with whorls of 4-7 black tipped claws. Inflorescence erect; male inflorescence 1.25 m long, panicled: primary sheath tubular, 8-10 cm long, slightly enlarged above, the upper ones longitudinally split, sparingly armed with prickles; partial inflorescence to 80 cm long, twice branched; secondary sheaths unarmed, rachillae 2-2.5 cm long, often arched, with 15-20 bifarious flowers on each side; female inflorescence flaglliferous or not, primary sheath not tightly sheathing, armed with spines to 0.6 cm long; partial inflorescence 30 cm long: secondary sheath upper part splits open: rachillae 4-6 cm long, involucre cup-shaped. Fruit elliptic ovoid, ca. 1.4 x 0.9 cm; scales in 17 vertical rows, brown with dark brown border, slightly channelled, having an appendage of 0.3 cm long at the apex; endosperm not ruminate.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>In evergreen forests upto 260 m; Andaman and Nicobar Islands. (Maps 2-4).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering November - December. Fruiting April-May.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Extensively used in furniture industry. Leaves are used for thatching.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Much local variation is ohscrucd In the length of Infructuscence. Some of the specimens especially from Nicobar and North Andaman Islands have longjlogellate Infructuscence, while others have short non-flagellate Infructuscence. (P1.6.A).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Kalatang, South Andamans, 5.4.88, fr., Renuka 4Q56 (KFRI); Tharmugali, Wondoor, 8.4.88, fr., Renuka 4064 (KFRI); Wumberley-gung. South Andamans, 2.4.92, fr., Vijayakumaran 6624 (KFRI) Smith island, North Andamans, 28.04.1992, fr., Vijayakumaran 6639 (KFRI); Man-narghat. South Andamans, 1.4.1993, fr., Renuka and Vijayakumaran 7032 (KFRI); Baratang Island, 1.5.1964, Thothatri 10846 (CAL); Sipighat, 25.11.1978, Basu 7067 (CAL & ANC); Kamorta, Nicobar Islands, 1875 Kurz s.n. (CAL).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Two unusual Calamus species from New Guinea</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bull. 57: 719-724</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus anomalus</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 320 (1935)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Mafulu; Brass; 5298</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype NY!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus setiger</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 320 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Schizospatha setigera</name>
+<author>(Burret) Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14: 526 (1955)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Boridi; Carr; 13123 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotypes BM!, K!, L!, SING</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from four localities along a 110 km stretch of the western slopes of the Owen Stanley Range, north-east of Port Moresby.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lower montane oak forest between 1250-1830 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least concern. Although C. anomalus is known from a relatively small part of the Owen Stanley Range, forest clearance in this area is limited.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This remarkable rattan was considered so unusual by Furtado (1955) that he erected a new genus, Schizospatha, to account for it. Although Schizospatha has since been placed in synonymy with Calamus (Moore 1973), the morphology of C. anomalus is still regarded as bizarre for the genus. In vegetative form, C. anomalus is rather similar to other slender montane rattans in New Guinea, but its unusual inflorescence morphology is shared only by its close relative C. essigii. Curiously, Burret did not acknowledge this peculiar method of inflorescence emergence in the protologue of C. anomalus or its synonym C. setiger.
+Burret (1936) distinguished Calamus setiger from C. anomalus on the grounds that the former possesses bristle-like spines and apical pairs of leaflets that are united only briefly compared with C. anomalus with its few, very small, short spines and its apical leaflets united to between a quarter and a half of their length. On re-examining the same collections, Burret’s conclusions are shown to be flawed. Specimens cited by Burret in the protologue of C. setiger display some variation in the degree of fusion of the apical leaflet pair, including one specimen at Kew (Carr 14422) which has apical leaflets fused to almost one quarter of their length. The spines of C. anomalus sensu Burret are slightly different from those of C. setiger in being distinctly ascending, rather sparse and readily detached, but these distinctions cannot be regarded as sufficient to maintain two species. Furtado (1955) disputed Burret’s assertion that C. anomalus is closely related to C. setiger, mistakenly believing that it does not possess the distinctive inflorescence morphology of the latter and consequently he did not include it in his new genus Schizospatha.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central Province: Mafulu, Brass 5298 (holotype B†; isotype NY!); Boridi, Sept. 1935, Carr 13123 (B†, BM!, K!, L!, SING), Oct. 1935, Carr 14421 (B†, BM!, K!, L!, SING), Carr 14422 (B†, BM!, K!, L!, SING), Sept. 1973, Foreman LAE 60184 (L, LAE!); Ridge SW of Efogi village, Sept. 1973 Foreman LAE 52494 (LAE!); Koiari Mountains, Sept. 1972, Zieck NGF 36506 (LAE!), Zieck NGF 36507 (LAE!), Zieck NGF 36508 (LAE!), Zieck NGF 36509 (LAE!)</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus arborescens</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author>\r
+<citation>Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 1845</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 : 439. 1892</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 : 70. 1908 & Appendix PI. 1. 1913</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>A non-climbing colony forming rattan; stem erect, strong, 3 - 5 m long, 4-6 cm in diameter, annulate, internodes about 20 cm long. Leaves arching, 2 - 2.5 m long; leafsheath, petiole and rachis covered with thick, black, subulate, seriate to pectinate, 1 - 4 cm long, black spines; leaflets 40 - 80 cm long, equidistant, deep green above, whitish beneath, spiny at margins, acuminate to thinly bristly at apices, prominently bristly on upper and lower midnerve. Inflorescences interfoliar, to 2 m long, pendulous, much attenuate towards apex; peduncle smooth, compressed, green; bracts 20 - 30 cm long, lacerate at upper part, thickly spiny below; male rachillae scorpioid; male flowers distichous, calyx cupular, 3-lobed, leathery, petals acute, valvate; filaments longer than corolla; anthers linear, exerted; pistillode angular, with 3 abortive carpels united up to the middle. Female flowers and fruits not seen in cultivated plants.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>BURMA, INDOCHINA, MALAY PENINSULA. Although this species has no natural distribution in India, it is grown as ornamental palms in pots or in the garden chiefly for its arborescent habit and glossy leaves. Introduced in the Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah in 1810 from Pegu, Burma. Now the Indian Botanic Garden has several large colonies of this species growing along the ponds and marshy areas.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>It is understood from the cultivated plants that this species prefers to grow on moist soil.</p></div>\r
+<div type="cultivation"><p>In India it is only cultivated as an ornamental palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Dried stem is not durable and cannot be bent easily and is therefore unsuitable for making furniture frames. The mature stem can be used as sticks, poles or as roof support in thatched huts. The dried stem can also be used as handles of hatchets etc.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A revision of the Calamus aruensis (Arecaceae) complex in New Guinea and the Pacific</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Bayton</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.P</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Maturbongs</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.A</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 58: 351-370</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus aruensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 3: 61 (1886)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Aru Islands, Wokam Island, Giabu-Lengan; Beccari; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus hollrungii</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Schumann & Hollrung, Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land 17 (1889)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, East Sepik Province, Augusta Station; Hollrung; 667</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype FI!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus latisectus</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 319 (1936)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Malahang; Clemens; 62</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype FI!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>NEW GUINEA: akalane (Namasalang), apo gui (Wamesa), bu (Madang), busep (Jal), dou (Waigeo), kanda (Pidgin), kaunor (Waigeo), kerowa (Karimui), kou (Senderawoi), kuminang (Kote), meya senga (Nuni), minge (Bembi), mumuni (Orokaiva), proway (Berap), sate (Rawa), sauwe (Mata), sehp (Usino), sough (Taka), tek niali (Mianmin), to mur (Ayawasi), to puot (Ayawasi), tub (Yei), wap (Wampar), wampwang (Kaigorin), war (Fas), wil dow (Batanta, Salawati), yapl (Bewani). SOLOMON ISLANDS: haikeletau (Kwara�ae), kalitau (Kwara�ae), karakara, obai, pata, potonai, tikulu (Bougainville).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary or rarely clustering rattan climbing to 50 m. Stem with sheaths 20 – 50 mm diam., without sheaths 10 – 30 mm diam.; internodes 16 – 39 cm, longer in juveniles. Leaf cirrate, to 5 m long including cirrus and petiole; sheath greyish green to dark green, with sparse to abundant, thin, caducous indumentum of matted grey to brown fibrous scales, with scattered purple-brown scales, spines absent to numerous, 4 – 26 × 1 – 7 mm, dark green to black, planar, triangular, stiff, in some forms each spine divided near the apex into several (most commonly 3) points, spine bases slightly swollen adaxially, most spines of uniform large size, interspersed with few smaller spines, solitary or in irregular partial whorls of up to 5, conspicuous spine impressions on sheath, sheath mouth often unarmed, but sometimes densely armed with numerous small spines; knee 44 – 125 mm long, 21 – 37 mm wide, elongate, rarely armed, colour and indumentum as on sheath; ocrea 3 – 9 mm, forming a low, woody, brown, rarely armed, persistent collar, base of ocrea extending along petiole to an acute angle; flagellum absent; petiole 7 – 90 mm, 11 – 27 mm wide and 6 – 15 mm thick at base, channelled or flat adaxially, rounded abaxially, indumentum as on sheath, with few to many short triangular spines; rachis 1.5 – 3 m, with few to many spines as petiole, with irregularly-arranged grapnel spines abaxially; leaflets 13 – 23 each side of rachis, regular or subregular, broadly lanceolate, cucullate, longest leaflets near middle of leaf, 26 – 66 × 6 – 12.5 cm, apical leaflets 10 – 22 × 0.3 – 0.4 cm, distal leaflets widely spaced, basal leaflets small and often reflexing, leaflet surfaces unarmed or with few bristles 1 – 4 mm on adaxial surface of mid-rib and rarely on other major veins, leaflet margins unarmed or with bristles 1 – 6 mm absent at base and increasing in density towards leaflet apex, transverse veinlets inconspicuous; cirrus 1 – 2.5 m, cirrus grapnel spines arranged irregularly. Staminate inflorescence up to 2.7 m long including 15 – 37 cm sterile tip, branched to 3 orders, inflorescence sometimes emerging from sheath mouth, otherwise inserted near to sheath apex; prophyll c. 30 × 2.2 cm, strictly tubular, with 2 conspicuous keels, prophyll mouth entire, with narrow, acute, triangular limb to one side, sometimes subtending primary branch, indumentum as on sheath, unarmed or with very few, short spines; peduncular bracts absent, rachis bracts 10 – 33 × 0.5 – 1.9 cm, similar to prophyll; primary branches 6 – 9, to 55 cm long, 10 – 30 cm apart, strongly recurving, with up to c. 550 rachillae, bracts on primary and secondary branches funnel-shaped; rachillae 5 – 33 × 0.6 – 1.2 mm, sublinear, glabrous; rachilla bracts 0.5 – 0.6 × 0.6 – 0.9 mm, distichous, glabrous; floral bracteole 0.6 – 0.7 × 0.8 – 1 mm. Staminate flowers 3 – 3.2 × 1.5 mm in bud near anthesis; calyx 1.5 mm diam., tubular in basal 0.8 – 1 mm, with 3 lobes 0.5 × 0.8 – 1 mm, glabrous; corolla 2.5 – 3 × 1.5 mm in bud, tubular in basal 0.7 – 1 mm, glabrous; stamens 6, filaments 1.2 – 1.8 × 0.2 – 0.3 mm, anthers 1.3 – 1.5 × 0.5 – 0.7 mm; pistillode c. 0.2 mm, minutely trifid. Pistillate inflorescence similar to staminate inflorescence, but branched to 2 orders, up to 3 m long including 18 – 47 cm peduncle and 14 – 120 cm sterile tip, usually inserted near to sheath apex, but sometimes emerging from sheath mouth; prophyll 18 – 46 × 1.3 – 2.5 cm, similar to staminate prophyll; peduncular bracts absent, rachis bracts 9 – 32 × 0.4 – 2 cm, similar to prophyll; primary branches 6 – 10, to 55 cm long, 21 – 40 cm apart, strongly recurving, with up to 43 rachillae, distal primary branches often consisting of a single rachilla, bracts on primary branch funnel-shaped; rachillae 2.3 – 14 × 0.1 – 0.2 cm, sublinear or irregular; rachilla bracts 0.5 – 1 × 1.6 – 2.5 mm, subdistichous, sometimes with indumentum as on sheath; proximal floral bracteole obscured by distal bracteole, distal floral bracteole 0.8 – 2 × 1.2 – 2 mm, glabrous, scar from sterile staminate flower c. 0.2 mm diam. Pistillate flowers c. 2.7 × 2.2 mm at anthesis; calyx c. 2.2 mm diam., tubular in basal c. 1.9 mm, with 3 lobes to c. 0.6 × 1.3 mm, glabrous; corolla c. 2.3 × 1.6 mm, tubular in basal c. 1.1 mm, with 3 lobes to c. 1.2 × 1.3 mm, glabrous; staminodes 6, c. 1.2 mm long, staminodal ring c. 0.8 mm high; ovary c. 1.3 × 1.3 mm, globose, style c. 0.5 mm long, stigmas c. 0.6 mm long. Sterile staminate flowers similar to staminate flower, but with empty anthers. Fruit globose, 10.5 – 14 × 10 – 11.5 mm including beak 0.5 – 1 mm, with 12 – 18 longitudinal rows of cream-white, shallowly channelled scales with entire, but uneven margins, sarcotesta c. 0.5 mm thick. Seed (sarcotesta removed) 7.5 – 9.5 × 7 – 9 × 6 – 7 mm, globose, with a deep, narrow pit on one side, the surface covered with numerous deep pits and irregular channels; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in New Guinea from the Raja Ampat Islands to the Bismarck Archipelago. Also recorded from Aru Islands, the Solomon Islands and from the tip of the Cape York Peninsula, Australia</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Various types of primary and secondary forest vegetations from sea level to 1200 m, most frequently recorded in lowland forest below 500 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least concern.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>General cordage for pulling heavy objects and building bridges, split cane for tying house timbers, cane for furniture, cirrus for catching eels, leaves as wrapping for sago and in walls of houses, young shoot edible.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Undoubtedly the most common and widespread of all rattans in New Guinea, this robust species occurs throughout the lowlands of the island. In its most distinctive form, the palm is solitary, bears regularly arranged leaflets and is armed with numerous stiff, dark, triangular spines throughout the sheath. However, unarmed forms are well known and have been found growing together with the heavily armed form. Intermediates are also frequent and vary widely in the density of spines on the sheath. Inflorescence and leaf morphology is largely uniform, although subregular leaflet arrangements have been recorded. The armature of the cirrus distinguishes C. aruensis from all other members of the complex. Typically, a cirrus is armed with regularly arranged whorls of recurved, grapnel-like spines. However, the grapnel-like spines of C. aruensis are not arranged regularly, but are scattered irregularly throughout the cirrus. This feature is known in a few other rattan species, such as C. pogonacanthus Becc. ex H.Winkl. from Borneo, but is not known in other members of the C. aruensis complex or, indeed, in any other Papuasian or Pacific rattan.
+Calamus aruensis is recorded from the Aru Islands, the Solomon Islands and Australia, as well as from New Guinea. Some regional morphological variants are known. For example, Australian collections indicate that the species can be caespitose and Solomon Islands collections display unusual sheath spines which are divided at their apices into multiple, acute points. Although these observations are noteworthy, the specimens are otherwise unequivocally attributable to C. aruensis. In addition, the sympodial flower cluster of the pistillate inflorescence, which normally consists of a terminal, sterile, staminate flower and a lateral, fertile, pistillate flower, very infrequently includes an additional pistillate flower.
+Although the type specimen of C. hollrungii lacks a leaf sheath, the available material leaves no doubt that it is synonymous with C. aruensis. For example, the type collection includes the basal part of a cirrus which bears irregularly arranged grapnel spines. Calamus latisectus, too, is here placed in synonymy with C. aruensis; to be fair to Burret he synonymised it with C. hollrungii (1939) only three years after he had described it.
+Calamus aruensis yields a high quality, moderately large diameter cane that has already been used on a small scale for furniture production. The cane is also widely used as cordage for various general purposes, though this may be a reflection of its ready availability rather than its suitability for specific uses. Nevertheless, in view of the nature of the cane and the relative abundance of the resource, C. aruensis is the most promising target species in New Guinea for commercial exploitation.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>AUSTRALIA. Queensland: Cape York Peninsula, Lockerbie-Somerset, Laradenya Creek, Sept. 1996, Dowe 374 (BRI!), Sept. 1979, Gray 1517 (BRI!). INDONESIA, Aru Islands. Wokam Island: Giabu-Lengan [Jabulenga], May 1873, Beccari s.n. (FI!, type). INDONESIA, Papua. Biak Numfor Regency: North Supiori Subdistrict, Fanjur, 2001, Jitmau et al. 308 (AAU, K!, MAN). Fak Fak Regency: Kaimana district, Kroy, May 2001, Mehen 23 (AAU, CANB, K!, MAN). Jayapura Regency: Jayapura, July 1956, Sijde BW 4003 (L!, LAE!). Manokwari Regency: Arfak Plains, Settlement Unit Seven, April 1994, Mogea 6246 (BO, K!, L, MAN, NY). Merauke Regency: Kwell, Sept. 2000, Maturbongs et al. 653 (BO, K!, MAN). Mimika Regency: Mile 39 on road from Timika to Tembagapura, March 1998, Heatubun et al. 260 (AAU!, BH!, BO!, K!, L!, MAN!). Nabire Regency: Samabusa, Feb. 2001, Maturbongs et al. 676 (BO, K!, MAN). Sorong Regency: Sorong, Klasaman, km 14, Sept. 1995, Maturbongs 278 (K!, MAN); Raja Ampat Islands, Batanta Island, Waylebed, July 1996, Maturbongs 307 (K!, MAN); Raja Ampat Islands, N Misool Island, 10 km SW of Limalas, Jan. 2002, Maturbongs et al. 695 (AAU!, BO, K!, LAE!, MAN); Raja Ampat Islands, Waigeo Island, Waifoi, June 1997, Maturbongs 510 (K!, MAN); Raja Ampat Islands, Salawati Island, Wayom, July 1996, Maturbongs 303 (K!, MAN); Yapen Waropen Regency: Yapen Island, trans-Yapen highway, Oct. 1998, Maturbongs & Sagisolo 616 (BO, K!, L, MAN, NY). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central Province: Port Moresby, Mariboi Plantation, April 1973, Zieck & Gore NGF 36550 (BH, K!, L, LAE); Abau Subdistrict, Cape Rodney, near Bomguina River, March 1969, Zieck NGF 36199 (BH, CANB, L, LAE!). East Sepik Province: Augusta Station, 1886, Hollrung 667 (B�, FI!); 4 miles W of Wewak, Sept. 1968, Zieck NGF 36177 (L, LAE!). Eastern Highlands Province: Kundiawa, NW of Karimui airstrip, Dec. 1972, Zieck NGF 36512 (BH, CANB, K!, L, LAE). Gulf Province: Baimuru subdistrict, Vailala, 50 km from Kerema, April 1974, Croft.et al LAE 61287 (BRI!, BH, L, LAE). Madang Province: Mawan, road along the Gogol River leading to Japanese chip mill, Oct. 1999, Barfod 429 (AAU, BRI, CANB, K!, LAE). Manus Province: Wili River above Pelikawa, June 1971, Stone & Streimann LAE 53775 (BH, L, LAE!). Milne Bay Province: Raba Raba subdistrict, Kwagira River, Peria Creek, Aug. 1953, Brass 24165 (A, L, LAE!). Morobe Province: Wafok, Near Nadzab, Jan. 1996, Baker &.Utteridge 606 (K!, LAE!). East New Britain Province: Yalom, May 1962, Dissing et al. 2489 (LAE!). New Ireland Province: Kavieng; Namasalang, May 1969, Zieck NGF 36213 (BH, K!, L, LAE!). North Solomons Province: Bougainville Island, along road to Boku, c. 12 miles W of Buin, Sept. 1964, Craven & Schodde 508 (A, CANB!, L, LAE). Northern Province: Cape Killerton, Popondetta Road c. 7 km S of Cape Killerton along Popondetta Road, July 1953, Hoogland 3268 (CANB, BM, K!, L). Sandaun Province: Bewani, March 2000, Barfod 503 (AAU, BRI, CANB, K!, LAE). Southern Highlands Province: Lake Kutubu, Feb. 1996, Baker et al. 664 (K!, LAE!). Western Province: Morehead, Karpurnango, N of Mata Village, Aug. 1968, Zieck NGF 36168 (K!, L, LAE). SOLOMON ISLANDS. Florida Islands: Florida, near Taroniara, March 1970, Whitmore et al. BSIP 18111 (K!). New Georgia Islands: New Georgia, Munda-Noro Road, Sept. 1991, Qusa 126 (BRI!, K!).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus ashtonii</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 9 (1980)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 146 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>P. S. Ashton, forest botanist</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary slender rattan, &ldquo;stemless&rdquo; or with a short erect stem to 50 cm, but rarely to 3 m or more; stem without sheaths to 10 mm diam., with sheaths to 30 mm diam., internodes very short, usually c. 10 mm. Sheath greenish-brown, ± unarmed or with sparse brown spines to 4 mm, except around the sheath mouth where densely armed with 2 rows of horizontal or erect brown spines to 5 cm long, the inner row generally longer and upward pointing; knee absent; ocrea absent. Flagellum absent. Leaf ecirrate, c. 85 cm long including the petiole to 20 cm; petiole armed with 2 rows of spines on each side as the leaf sheath, the spines decreasing in size towards the tip of the petiole; rachis with few reflexed spines; leaflets very regularly arranged, ± curved, the longest near the base c. 35 × 1.7 cm, both surfaces mid green, the lower surface also with 3 rows of short black bristles. Inflorescences elongate, very slender, tending to arch out of the crown, to 2 m long, whip-like; bracts closely sheathing, tubular, not very conspicuous, armed with reflexed grapnel spines; partial inflorescences c. 3, distant, very slender, bearing sparse slender rachillae to 80 × 1 mm; flowers small. Mature fruit rounded, small, c. 5 mm diam., strongly beaked and covered in 13 vertical rows of pale bright brown reflexed scales. Seed rounded; endosperm homogenous. Seedling not known. (Fig. 53).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a few collections from ridge tops in Temburong and Belait; elsewhere in Sarawak. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. ashtonii appears to be confined to podsolized ridge tops and kerangas forest in the lowlands. It is an attractive short rattan, easily identified by the habit, spines on the sheaths and petiole bases, the neat regular leaflets and the long whip-like inflorescences.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6578; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6580; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6603. TEM: Amo, Bukit Belalong, Stockdale 55.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus axillaris</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 456 (1893)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 135 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus hendersonii</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull., Singapore 15: 100 (1956)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus riparius</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull., Singapore 15 :103 (1956)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus sp aff. C. axillaris</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 191 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Axillary, perhaps referring to the rather low insertion of the inflorescence</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Taut (Dus.), Wi Gemaing (Dus.,Ib.), Wi Lemaing (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate high-climbing rattan to 40 m or more; stem without to 13 mm diam., with sheaths to 25 mm, internodes to 15 cm long at maturity, longer in juvenile stems. Sheaths dull green, armed with scattered green, pale-based black-tipped spines to 25 × 5 mm, with much smaller spines scattered in between; knee conspicuous; ocrea dark brown, tattering, to 6 mm high. Leaf cirrate to 2 m long including the cirrus to 75 cm; petiole either absent or rather short, sparsely armed, channelled on the upper surface; leaflets about 20 on each side of the rachis, subregularly arranged near the base, in pairs distally or in pairs throughout, the longest to c. 45 × 4 cm, sometimes much shorter and broader, very slightly bristly at the tip, concolorous. Male and female inflorescences superficially similar, 80-120 cm long, with about 6 partial inflorescences to 15 cm long; rachillae reflexed, c. 6 cm long. Mature fruit ovoid, c. 11 × 9 mm, shortly beaked, covered in up to 26 rows of dull straw-coloured overlapping scales. seed to 8 × 5 × 4 mm; endosperm homogeneous. seedling leaf unknown. (Fig. 34, Pls. 8B, 9A, 9B, 10B).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only in Belait District where it is a very common and conspicuous rattan in empran (seasonally-flooded alluvial forest) along the Belait River. Elsewhere in Sarawak, West Kalimantan and Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Although the cane appears to be of good quality it seems only to be used for coarse basketware in Brunei.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species most closely resembles Calamus caesius (not recorded for Brunei) and C. optimus. It is easily distinguished, in Brunei in its habitat, by the moderate size, dense clumping habit, grouped leaflets and concolorous leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Bukit Sawat, Sg.Mau-Sg. Belait confluence, Wong 1620; Labi, Jln.Labi, Wong 519; Sungai Liang, Labi Road, Dransfield J. 6726. Without prov.: BRUN 15141.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus bacularis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Nelle Foreste di Borneo 609 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11:288(1908).</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>From baculum, a walking stick</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>witulang (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary short-stemmed erect or stemless rattan, rarely more than 2 m tall; stem without sheaths 15 - 30 mm diam., with sheaths 30 - 50 mm diam., internodes very short. Sheaths pale green, sparsely to densely armed with short to long brown spines 1-5 cm long, those bordering the sheath mouth much larger and more crowded and tending to point upwards, the longest to 10 cm long, gradually intergrading with the petiole spines; knee absent', ocrea absent. Flagellum absent. Leaf ecirrate, to 3 m long including the petiole to 1 m; petiole armed with regularly spaced, rather distant large spines 4-10 cm long, in 3 rows, 2 lateral, 1 along mid line on the lower surface, spines decreasing in size towards the tip; leaflets up to c. 50 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, linear to linear-lanceolate, the longest to 35 x 3 cm, armed with spinules on both surfaces, apical leaflets rather small, rather strongly divergent, transverse veinlets not very conspicuous. Inflorescences usually shorter than the leaves, erect at first, becoming pendulous, to c. 1 m long, with up to 7 partial inflorescences, usually fewer especially in the female, prophyll tubular, somewhat inflated, armed with papery spines especially along the margins and at the tip, other primary bracts tending to split and somewhat expanding, ± unarmed except for groups of papery spines near the tip', partial inflorescences rather lax, to 20 cm long; male rachillae usually very short, c. 3 - 4 mm long, borne on branches to 80 mm long; female rachillae c. 70 mm long. Mature fruit rounded, c. 6 mm diam., strongly beaked, covered in c. 15 vertical rows of reddish-brown scales. Seed rounded; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 65).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>A local palm of the 1st Division. Not known elsewhere. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The stem makes a good walking-stick.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. bacularis is a plant of hill slopes and ridge tops in dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to about 600 m. It may be distinguished from other wi tulang by "the numerous narrow leaflets, the lax inflorescence and the rather sparsely armed sheaths. The leaflets usually dry a distinctive reddish-brown. In kerangas at Semariang grows a rattan intermediate between C. bacularis and C. myriacanthus combining the leaflet form of the former with the sheath armature of the latter. It could be a hybrid.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus balingensis Furtado</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<citation>Gdns. Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 240</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Baling - Gunung Baling in Kedah</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan tanah (c.f.Furtado 1956)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary rattan with stem to 12 m tall, without sheaths about 1 cm in diameter, with sheaths to about 2 cm, with internodes about 10 cm in length. Sheaths rather densely armed with dark brown spines of varying length, reflexed or horizontal the longest to 5 cm long by 5 mm wide; spines around leaf sheath mouth erect, very large, to 10 cm long. Knee prominent. Ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to about ? 2 m long. Leaf ecirrate to 2 m long with petiole to 25 cm long, petiole and rachis densely furfuraceous and armed with scattered lateral spines. Leaflets about 50 on each side of the rachis, regular and close the largest to 28 cm by 1.6 wide; the upper surface with scattered bristles on 3 nerves, the lower surface very densely armed with minute bristles. Inflorescence, only male known; to about 2 m long with about 6 partial inflorescences, the longest to 20 cm with all bracts rather densely armed except for those subtending rachillae. Fruit unknown. Seedling unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kedah: endemic. Only known from the type.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Nothing is known of the uses of this species.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Nothing is known of the ecology of this imperfectly known species. It seems very distinctive in its leaf sheath armature, the ecirrate leaves and the leaflets densely spinulose below. It might be confused with C. setulosus but the latter is very much smaller in size and has different armature on the sheaths.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus baratangensis</name>
+<author>Renuka and Vijayakumaran</author>
+<citation>Rheedea 4: 141. 1994</citation>
+<synonymy>
+<name>C. pseiidorivalis</name>
+<author>auct. non. Becc., 1908</author>
+<bibref>Parkinson, For. Fl. Andm. Isl. 265,1921</bibref>
+<bibref>Basu, Rattans in India Monogr. Rev.: 90. 1992</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Malay beth, Razi beth</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, medium diameter rattan. Stem 25 m long or more, with sheaths 2 cm in diameter, without sheaths 1.2 cm. Leaf 1 m long, ecirrate; sheath green, spiny or glabrous, spines when present brown or black.flat, short on the younger sheaths, to 2cm long on mature sheath; knee prominent: ocrea slightly developed, petiole 14 cm long, margins armed with small spines; spines 0.3 cm long: rachis with a raw of small spines underneath, spines 0.5 cm long; leaflets 30-56 x 2.5 - 4 cm gradually becoming smaller towards the tip, basal part of the terminal pair united, dark green, linear lanceolate, regular, midvein prominent. Male inflorescence long flagellate, primary sheath tightly sheathing; partial inflorescence to 55 cm long; secondary sheath funnel-shaped; rachilla 7 cm long. Female inflorescence long flagellate, primary sheath tightly sheathing, spiny along the sides; partial inflorescence 55 cm long; secondary sheath tightly sheathing; rachilla 7 cm long, decrease in length distally; involucre cup shaped; fruiting perianth 0.4 cm long. Fruits ovoid, ca. 1.25 x 0.9 cm, scales in 21 vertical rows, green when young, turns gray white on maturation, light violet on ripening, channelled at the middle: endosperm not ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>In evergreen forests of Andamans (Map. 5) Very common in Baratang island.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering November-December. Fruiting April - May.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used in furniture industry and for tying rafts.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The species display morphological variations in the diameter of the stem and in the armature of the sheath. Rogers himself has made a note of such variations on his sheets. We have found that the diameter of the cane uarlesfrom 0.5-1.2 cm In the same clump. The younger sheaths are more spiny than the older ones.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Baratang island, Andamans, 12.4.88, fr., Renu/ca4066 (KFRI); Adajig Range, Baratang island, Andamans, 4.4.1992, fr. Vijayakumaran 6628, (KFRI); Pudumadurai, North Andamans, 30.4.92, fr., Vijayakumaran 6640 (KFRI); Mannarghat, South Andamans, 1.4.1993, male inn., Renuka and Vijayakumaran 7029 (KFRI). Rogers 48, 49 (K. cibachrome).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus basui</name>
+<author>Renuka and Vijayakumaran</author>
+<citation>Rheedea 4:120. 1994</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Safed beth</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, medium diameter rattan. Stem 20 m long, with sheaths 3 cm in diameter, without sheaths 1.5 cm. Leaf 1 m long with vestigial cirrus: sheath dark green, flagellate, spiny, spines to 1 cm long, interspersed with smaller ones: knee prominent; ocrea slightly developed, petiole absent; rachis triangular towards the distal end, spiny towards the base, spines straight, recurved on the adaxial side, leaflets regular, ca. 56 x 4 cm, apical leaflet ca. 19.5 x 2.2 cm, linear lanceolate, tip, margins and midrib ciliate. Inflorescence long flagellate; primary sheaths tightly sheathing, armed with downwardly directed spines to 0.5 cm long; partial inflorescence 27 cm long; secondary sheaths 2 cm long, funnel shaped; rachillae upto 5 cm long, decreasing in length distally; involucre cup-shaped. Fruit ovoid, ca. 1.5 x 1 cm; scales in 15 vertical rows, brown with a dark brown border, deeply channelled in the middle; endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Common in the evergreen forests of Little Andamans (Map. 6).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering not known. Fruiting April - May.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Extensively used in furniture industry.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>4th Km Little Andaman, 13.4.1992, fr., Vijayakumaran 6634 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus bimaniferus</name>\r
+<author>T Evans et al.</author> \r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 55: 936 (2000);</citation>\r
+<type>Laos, Khammouan Province; Khamphone; 368</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotype FRCL</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 48 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus javensis</name>\r
+<author>auct., non Blume</author>\r
+<bibref>auct., non Blume, Sounthone & Sengkhamyong in Rao & Rao (1997: 81)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic. Laos (Central and South).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>See Evans et al. (2000).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai hangnou, wai hangnounoi, wai keekai (Lao Loum), re itch (Alak).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Suitable for handicrafts.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Probably of limited concern because the species is not heavily harvested, is not solitary-stemmed and is already fertile when only 2 - 3 m long, and thus before harvesting is likely to occur.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus blumei</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 209 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 340 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 192 (1979)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 134 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 149 (1992)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus penibukanensis</name><author>Furtado</author><bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 15: 79 (1956)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus slootenii</name><author>Furtado</author><bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 15: 79 (1956)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>C. L. Blume, the early Dutch botanist</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate rattan climbing to 20 m; stem without sheaths 8-12 mm diam., with sheaths to 20 mm diam., internodes to 25 cm. Sheaths dull green but densely covered in greyish-yellow scales, drying grey, and scurfy caducous chocolate-coloured scales, and sparsely armed with short ± upward pointing spines to 3 mm, frequently borne on bulbous swellings; knee conspicuous; ocrea to 2 cm, dark brown. Flagellum to 1.5 m. Leaf ecirrate, to 60 cm long including the petiole to 15 cm; leaflets to 6 on each side of the rachis, broad diamond-shaped, with short stalks and bristly wavy margins, to 20 × 7.5 cm, with 5-7 main nerves. Inflorescences to 1.25 m with 3-4 partial inflorescences to 35 cm; male rachillae c. 1.5 cm long, female to 13 cm. Mature fruit rounded to obovoid or ellipsoid, to 22 × 17 cm, covered in 18-20 vertical rows of yellowish to brownish scales. Seed to 13 × 10 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with 2 diamond-shaped leaflets. (Fig. 55).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Scattered throughout Brunei but nowhere very abundant. Elsewhere throughout Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and S Thailand.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>A good quality cane.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. blumei is very easily identified with its diamond-shaped leaflets and ecirrate leaf; it is often confused with some species of Korthalsia andCeratolobus but there is no justification for this mistake - leaflets are diamond-shaped but they are not praemorse (with jagged edges) as in the last two genera. Furthermore the presence of a flagellum will immediately indicate a species of Calamus. C. blumei occurs in a variety of forest types from sea level up to about 800 m elevation. It is shy to flower.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Bukit Sawat, Jln.Labi, Wong 542; Sungei Liang, Andulau F.R., Dransfield J. 7253. TEM: Amo, Bt.Belalong, Dransfield J. 7131; Amo, Sg.Temburong Machang, Wong 1987.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus bousigonii subsp. bousigonii</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 209 (1902)</citation>
+<type>Vietnam; Pierre; 4836</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<bibref>Evans et al. Rattans Lao PDR: 35 (2001)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Thailand (South-east), Vietnam (Cochinchina and South Annam) and Cambodia. This subspecies is an Indochinese endemic but the species also occurs in Peninsular Thailand and possibly northern Peninsular Malaysia (Saw L. G., pers. comm. 2000).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>See Dransfield (2000).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest. Up to 700 m in Vietnam and 1000 m in Cambodia.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Dransfield (2000) described populations from Peninsular Thailand as subsp. smitinandiiJ. Dransf. and also gave detailed information about the nominate form.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai huadio (Thailand), phdav arech (Cambodia).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown. The population in Peninsular Thailand is probably not threatened.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Calamus bousigonii</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 711-716</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2000</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus bousigonii subsp. smitinandii</name>
+<author>J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 55: 713 (2000)</citation>
+<type>Thailand, Peninsular, Khao Chong; Dransfield and Bhoonab; JD5427</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus BKF</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus nov. sp. ined.</name>
+<author>Bogh</author>
+<bibref>Bogh, Principes 40 (1): 5 (1996).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus blumei sensu Hodel, non Becc.</name>
+<author>Hodel, non Becc.</author>
+<bibref>The Palms and Cycads of Thailand: 28 (1998).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>A varietate typica bracteis primariis inflorescentiae longis fissis laminam conspicuam facientibus vice valde tubulosis integris, ramis primariis inflorescentiae aliquantum infra orem bracteae insertis vice ad orem insertis, fructibus ellipsoideis vice ovoideis distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan climbing to 10 m (rarely to 20 m), often flowering and fruiting at 2 - 3 m tall. Stem without sheaths 4- 8 mm diam., with sheaths 5 - 16 mm diam.; internodes 6 - 10 cm long. Leaves ecirrate; leaf sheath rather densely covered in solitary narrow triangular spines 1 - 13 mm long, with slightly to strongly swollen bases, the spines generally drying the same colour or slightly paler than the sheath surface, thin scattered caducous pale brown tomentum present between the spines; knee well developed to c. 4 mm high, tending to be unarmed or more sparsely armed than the rest of the sheath; flagellum to 1.5 mm long; petiole 10 - 45 cm long, sparsely to densely armed with short black-tipped triangular spines with swollen bases adaxially, abaxially and along margins; rachis to 95 cm long, usually shorter, armed with scattered reflexed spines; leaflets rhomboid, 6- 8 on each side of the rachis, arranged regularly but rather distant, the apical pair divergent, shiny, dark green except at the insertion on rachis where pale, basal leaflets 10 - 20 x 3 - 7.5 cm, mid-leaf leaflets 14 - 23 x 4.5 x 8.5 cm, apical leaflets 11 - 14.5 x 2.5 - 6.5 cm, all leaflets with numerous veins radiating from the base, transverse veinlets conspicuous, margins slightly undulate bearing rather regularly arranged black spines. Inflorescences to 100 cm long including the terminal flagellum to 40 cm long, the staminate branching to 3 orders, the pistillate to 2 orders, with 2- 7 partial inflorescences; prophyll tubular at the base, splitting for about one half its length, becoming expanded and blade-like, tattering, sometimes empty, sometimes subtending a partial inflorescence, with scattered triangular spines and abundant mid brown tomentum; rachis bracts very conspicuous, similar to the prophyll but generally shorter, sometimes splitting almost to the base, unarmed, to c. 11 x 1 - 1.5 cm, often shorter; partial inflorescences inserted on the rachis about one third to one half way along the length of the subtending bract, with relatively few (2 - 7 in pistillate, up to 20 in staminate) distichous rachillae, the whole ? triangular in outline; rachillae ? straight or slightly curved, appearing zig-zag from the flower insertions, the staminate c. 10- 15 mm long, 1 mm diam., the pistillate to 30 mm long, c. 2 mm diam.; rachilla bracts c. 1 mm long, with a triangular limb to 1.5 mm long, with sparse tomentum and scales; involucre and involucrophore forming a flattened cup c. 2 mm diam.; involucropohore striate, ± rounded with two low triangular lobes. Staminate flower c. 5 x 1.75 mm; calyx striate, tubular in basal 2 mm, with triangular lobes to 1 x 1 mm; petals 4.5 x 1.5 mm, connate in basal 1 mm, smooth, as if almost polished, tipped and edged with dark brown; anthers 2.3 x 0.5 mm. Sterile staminate flower as the fertile but with empty anthers. Pistillate flower with calyx striate, tubular in basal 2 mm, c. 2 mm wide, lobes triangular acute, to I mm long; corolla exceeding the calyx, petals 3 x 1.8 mm, very thick, smooth and appearing almost polished; staminodal ring to 1 mm high, sterile anthers elongate 1.2 x 0.2 mm; ovary 3 x 1.8 mm, stigmas 1.1 x 0.3 mm, recurved. Fruit ellipsoid, 15 - 18 x 10- 11 mm, including beak 2 - 3 x 1 - 1.5 mm; scales arranged in 20 vertical rows, c. 1.5 x 1.5 mm, channelled, dull yellow-brown and sometimes with the distal half dark brown, narrowly bordered with dark brown, the tips obtuse. Seed 13 x 5 mm, ellipsoid, surface sparsely pitted; endosperm sparsely ruminate; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus bousigoniii subsp. smitinandii differs from typical C. bousigonii in the inflorescence rachis bracts and fruit shape. In C. bousigonii subsp. bousigonii the rachis bracts are strictly tubular and for the most part intact, not splitting, and the first order branches are inserted at the mouth of the bracts. In C. bousigonii subsp. smitinandii, the rachis bracts are elongate and they split for at least half their length, opening out and becoming flattened and tattering, and the first order branches are inserted about half way along the length of the bracts. These differences give the inflorescence a distinctive appearance, somewhat reminiscent of inflorescences of species in Furtado's section Platyspathus, rather than section Rhombocalamus. The fruit of subsp. smitinandii is uniformly rather narrow ellipsoid rather than broadly ovoid as in subsp. bousigonii. Fruit scales in the former are arranged in 20 vertical rows and are approximately 1.5 x 1.5 mm whereas those of the only fruiting specimen of subsp. bousigonii are arranged in 18 vertical rows and are approximately 2 x 1.5 mm. However, these last fruit scale differences may not be significant. Calamus bousigonii subsp. smitinandii is one of the most attractive of all Thai rattans. Its glossy undulate diamond-shaped leaflets and its neat low habit give it considerable horticultural potential. Among Thai species it is very distinctive. The only other taxon with diamond-shaped leaflets in Peninsular Thailand is C. blumei. This is altogether different, being a high-climbing taxon that is rarely found fertile, distinctive in its leaf sheaths densely covered in a thick indument of silvery or golden hairs and chocolate brown scales, with generally scattered very short black spines that are often upward pointing and often borne on rounded bulbous swellings. The inflorescences of the precociously flowering C. bousigonii subsp. smitinandii, almost always found flowering at a mere 2 - 3 m tall, is immediately distinguishable based on the elongate expanded and tattering peduncular and rachis bracts. This new subspecies was figured erroneously as C. blumei in Hodel et al. (1998) while his figures of C. tomentosus almost certainly refer to C. blumei. The subspecies is named for Tem Smitinand, 1920 - 1995, Thai botanist extraordinary, who often gave me much encouragement in my studies of Thai palms.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>THAILAND. Peninsular. Surat Thani, Khao Luang, c. 1100 m, 10 Aug. 1927, Kerr 13266 (K); Nakhon Si Thammarat: Khao Luang, alt. c. 900 m, 29 April 1928, Kerr 15465 (K); alt. 750 - 950 m, 22 May 1968, van Beusekom and Phengkhlai 930 (BKF, K, L); alt. 800 m, 25 Feb. 1991, Chawalit Niyomdham 2346 (BKF, K). Phatthalung, Kao Soi Dao, c. 700 m, 18 April 1930, Kerr 19444 (K). Trang: Khao Chong National Park, alt. 100 m, 18 April 1979, Dransfield and Bhoonab, JD5427 (BKF, K); 1970, Charoenphol et al. 3721 (AAU, BKF, K); alt. 50 - 400 m, 1982 - 85, Vongkaluang 120 (BK, K); rattan study plot above Peninsular Botanic Garden, 99048' E 07033', mixed evergreen forest, alt. 200 m, 3 Dec. 1993, Bogh 45177 (AAU, BKF, K, PSU). Satun: Talae Ban, Nature Trail leading away from the border with Malaysia, 100010' E 06042', alt. 100 - 150 m, 29 Sept. 1996, Barfod et al. 43817 (AAU, BKF, K); Talae Ban, 20 km NE of Satun, 100007' E 06045', alt. 100 - 150 m, 4 Nov. 1990, Barfod and Ueacharakan 41103 (AAU, BKF, K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus brandisii</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 : 276. 1908, & Appendix PI. 101. 1913.</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A slender climber; stem cluster-forming, with leafsheath 10 -15 mm in diameter, without leafsheath 9 mm in diameter. Leaves ecirrate; leafsheath armed with numerous, thin, 9 mm - 2 cm long needle-like spines; leafsheath with distinct knee and long, delicate flagellum; ocrea furnished with straight subulate spines; rachis armed with needle-like straight spines and deflexed spines on margins and on lower side; petiole about 20 - 25 cm long with 3 - 5 cm long needles on both sides; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, to 40 cm long, 3 - 5 cm broad at middle, arranged in groups of 3 - 4 leaflets on each side; inequidistant on rachis; uppermost leaflets digitate at summit, almost with the same size as the other, 5-nerved. Male and female inflorescences flagelliform; prophyll flattened at base, aculeate on flat edges with distinct tongue-like appendage at the opening; partial inflorescences twice branched, adnate at base with the inflorescence axis and separate high above the mouth of the respective basal bracts; bracts spiny outside; male rachillae alternate, 2 - 3 cm long; male flowers distichous; female partial inflorescences with 15-20 cm long, 8-9 alternate female rachillae. Fruit oblong, brownish, 10mm x 7 mm, with abrupt stigmatic beak; fruiting perianth flattened to slightly bulged outside; fruit scales sligthly swollen, yellow with light brown margins, faintly channelled at middle, arranged in 12 longitudinal series. Seed not examined.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Tamil Nadu, Kerala). Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Infrequent in moist forests of the lower Western Ghats. Now restricted to the southern most part of Western Ghats. This species was collected from Tamil Nadu after 50 years, but could not be traced in Kerala (Renuka et. al., 1987).</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Not cultivated.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Kerala: Courtallum, 1500 m, Feb. 1882, Brandis s.n. (CAL); Tamil Nadu : Tirunelveli Dist., Netrikal, 13.2.1913. Hooper & Ramaswami 38574 (CAL); Netrikal, 3.3.1917, Beddome 1877 (CAL); Netrical, Elumbi Odai, 23.12.1984, Vajravelu 76441 (CAL & MH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus burkillianus</name>
+<author>Becc. ex Ridley</author>
+<citation>in Fl. Malay. Penin. 5 (1925) 56</citation>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Str. Sett. 8 (1935) 245</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 247</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus chibehensis</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado, Gdns. Bull. Singapore-75 (1956) 244</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>I.H. Burkill 1870 - 1965 - sometime Director, Botanic Gardens, Singapore</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan kerailaut</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate sized rattan forming dense thickets. Stems climbing to 20 m, without sheaths 1.5.cm in diameter; with sheaths to 3.5 cm. Internodes to about 20 cm long. Sheaths dull green, armed with scattered triangular spines to 1.2 cm long by 4 mm wide, green tipped black with yellowish bases, the spines sometimes grouped in 2's to 3's into horizontal groups; pale brown indumentum abundant between spines. Knee conspicuous. Ocrea moderately conspicuous, to 5 mm high densely hispid. Leaf moderately robust, ecirrate to 1.5 m long with up to 40 leaflets on each side of the rachis. Petiole well-developed, to about 40 cm, armed with scattered short triangular spines. Leaflets regularly arranged decreasing in size towards the tip arcuate as is the rachis the longest about 35 cm long by 2 cm wide rather abruptedfy decreasing to 10 cm by 1.5 cm near the leaf tip drying pale green, armed with brown bristles to 5 mm long on 1.3 main veins above and sometimes on main vein beneath, and on the margins at the leaflet tip; rachis covered with pale brown indumentum when young; apical leaflet pair joined slightly. Flagellum to 4 m long. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar, to about 4 m long bearing 7 or more distant partial inflorescences, each bearing regularly arranged reflexed rachillae in two ranks; male rachillae bearing tight groups of male flowers; inflorescence bracts moderately armed with short yellowish, black tipped reflexed thorns. Mature fruit ellipsoid somewhat pointed at both ends, 10-12 mm long by 5-6 mm in diameter covered in 15-16 vertical rows of pale green or whitish scales with dark margins; sarcostesta green, extremely bitter. Seed oblong to pointed at both ends, very shallowly pitted, endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf with 4 very fine small divaricate leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Trengganu, Pahang, Jonore. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Apparently a good cane but too rare to be significant.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus burkillianus is a rare maritime rattan known from Trengganu (near Paka, and onPulau Kupas), Pahang (Pulau Tioman and Pulau Cibeh) and from Johore (G. Arong FR). Near Paka and in G. Arong FR it is found on sand bars just behind the beach, where small freshwater streams flow into the sea. In this rather precise habitat it forms dense tall thickets.
+
+ I have found that the characters used to distinguish C. burkillianus and C. chibehensis may be found on the same specimen and so am unable to retain these two as distinct. C. burkillianus may be distinguished by its habitat, pale grey green sheaths with sparse indumentum, the arcuate leaves with rather distant long arcuate leaflets, and the small ellipsoidal fruit.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus caesius</name>\r
+<author>Bl.</author>\r
+<citation>Rumphia 3: 57 (1849)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 426 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Gard. Bull. Singapore 30: 75 - 78 (1977)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 135 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kalikasan 9: 43 - 48 (1980)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 98 (1984)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Blue-green</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan sega (Mai.), wi letik (Ib.), wi buru (Bid.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate-sized rattan climbing high into the canopy with stems ultimately reaching 100 m or more, the clump tending to be close and eventually with many aerial stems; stem without sheaths variable, 7-18 mm diam., with sheaths to 25 mm diam., internodes up to 50 cm (even longer in juveniles); cane surface highly polished, the outer surface snapping off in flakes when the cane is bent. Sheaths dull green, armed with sparse pale triangular spines to 15 x 5 mm and sparse grey indumentum, smaller spines sometimes also present; knee prominent; ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf cirrate to 1.5 m including the cirrus to 75 cm; petiole present in juvenile shoots, absent in mature climbing stems; leaflets c. 15 on each side of the rachis, irregularly arranged, usually in alternate pairs, occasionally in 3's, dark green on the upper surface, white beneath, somewhat plicate, often cucullate, the longest to 30 x 5 cm. Inflorescences to 2 m with 7 or more partial inflorescences to 75 cm, the whole inflorescence sometimes ending in a divaricate axis to 20 cm; bracts tubular with sparse brown indumentum; female rachillae c. 10 cm long. Ripe fruit ovoid, c. 15 x 10 mm, with a beak to 2 mm, and covered in 15 - 21 vertical rows of greenish white scales drying pale straw-coloured. Seed ovoid, c. 12 x 7 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf forked, the two lobes parallel, 1/4 the length of the whole lamina, dark green on the upper surface, white beneath (Fig. 41).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout the State. Elsewhere throughout Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, S. Thailand (possibly introduced) and Palawan.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Without doubt the best quality cane of its size class, ideal for all types of binding and weaving in the furniture industry and widely used locally in traditional weaving.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. caesius is a very widespread species, occurring in a wide range of habitats from the lowlands up to c. 800 m altitude. In some localities it may well have been introduced. It seems to grow best on alluvial sites but seedlings can be killed by prolonged flooding. In Sarawak it will occur at relatively high elevations, such as on steep ridges in hill dipterocarp forest at 800 m. The combination of cirrate leaves with irregularly arranged leaflets dark green on the upper surface, pale grey- white beneath is diagnostic; for differences between C. caesius and C. optimus see the latter.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus castaneus</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author>\r
+<citation>Calc. J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1844) 28</citation>\r
+<bibref>Griffith in Palms Br. India (1850) 37</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Martius in Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1850) 331</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1892) 440</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gafd. Calcutta 11 (1908) 145</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 63. (including C. castaneus var. griffithianus (Mart.)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 50.)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Castaneus - chestnut-coloured, referring to the fruit colour cucor</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering undergrowth acaulescent palm showing no tendency to climb. Stem decumbent, or erect, or subterranean, rarely more than 1.5 m tall, by up to 8 cm in diameter without sheaths, with very crowded nodes. Noflagellum; no cirrus. Leaves up to about 4 m long with petiole up to 1.5 m or more. Sheath and petiole dull green armed with flattened grey, yellow-based spines, and grey-brown indumentum; spines arranged in groups, very variable in length from 2 mm to 60 mm; ligule present around leaf sheath mouth, armed with small spines. Leaflets about 30-40 on each side of the rachis, to 50 cm long by 3 cm wide, regular, rather distant dark shiny green above, dull dirty grey indumentose below, armed with scattered black bristles on lower 3 nerves, on margins and sometimes on upper surface. Inflorescences borne low on the leaf sheath the origin obscured by the leaf sheath, up to about 45 cm. Female inflorescence with up to about 15 rather stiff crowded rachillae covered with dense bracts, in fruit elongating. Flowers with pinkish to crimson bracts and petals in bud, becoming pale at flower opening. Male inflorescence more highly branched, laxer and sinuose. Ripe fruit to 25 mm long by to 18 mm wide, oblong, with pronounced beak, rich chestnut brown in colour covered in 18-27 vertical rows of scales. Endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf with 6 leaflets, dark green above, grey indumentose below.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kedah, Kelantan, Penang, Perak, Trengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore. South Thailand, North Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane too short to be used. Leaves used for atap, immature fruit used as cough medicine by "Orang Temuan".</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>"Cucor" is one of the commonest palms in Malaya growing throughout the Peninsula except for Perlis. It can be found from near sea-level up to about 800 m in the mountains. It is not found in peat swamp or mangrove forest, and it seems to prefer lower hillslopes and stream sides, though in many places it will grow far from running water on level ground; it does appear to avoid sharply-drained ridgetop soils. "Cucor" is very easily recognised by its non-climbing habit, by the grey spines with yellowish bases and by the leaflets dirty-grey indumentose below. It might be confused with C. lobbianus but the latter has much smaller leaves, strikingly chalky-white rather than dull grey below, and the inflorescences are quite different. I can see no satisfactory difference between var. griffithianus and var. castaneus and so have included the former in the latter. The only difference (the number of rows of scales) is unsatisfactory and the variation found in the field is without major disjunctions.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus ceratophorus</name>
+<author>Conrard</author>
+<citation>Notul. Syst. (Paris) 7: 24 (1938)</citation>
+<type>Vietnam, Nhatrang; Poilane; 5054</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 33 (2001)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic, known only from the type locality.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Vietnam (South Annam): Nhatrang Province, La Mere et l'Enfant, undated, (pist.), Poilane 5054 (P).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species perhaps belongs in Section VIII of Beccari (1908) and thus section Macropodus of Furtado (1956). The neuter flower sits on a slender projection about 2 mm tall arising on one side of the strongly pedicellate involucrophore, making the female rachillae very distinctive within Indochina. They closely resemble those of the Sulawesi species Calamus pedicellatus Becc. ex Heyne (see Kramadibrata & Dransfield 1992), but that species has a short, erect inflorescence and different leaf sheath armature. The sheath and leaves of C. ceratophorus look rather similar to some C. poilanei so great caution should be used in identifying sterile material lacking climbing organs. The leaflet surfaces lack bristles in the type of C. ceratophorus and further material may show that this is a reliable diagnostic feature. Vu Van Dung & Le Huy Guang (1996) give detailed notes on the habitat and uses for this species which otherwise remains known only from the type. Without published information on the voucher specimens this important information remains of limited value to other users.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, but the species should be considered at high risk until its distribution, ecology and abundance are better known.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus cockburnii</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Malay. Forester 41 (1978) 338</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>P.P. Cockburn - the collector of the type</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Very short-stemmed erect rattan. Stem without sheaths about 7.5 mm in diameter, with sheaths 1.5 cm. Sheaths rather densely armed with partial whorls of brown spines to 1.5 cm long and densely covered with buff indumentum. Knee absent. Ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf including the petiole about 90 cm long, ecirrate; petiole to 35 cm long armed with rather distant whorls of spines to 3.5 cm long. Leaflets about 30 on each side. ± regularly arranged, the lowermost 3 more crowded than the rest, the longest to 20 cm long by 1.4 cm wide, armed with bristles to 2 mm long on 3 main nerves above and along margins, unarmed on lower surface. Inflorescence, only female known, erect or arcuate, with peduncle to 25 cm long bearing 1-2 partial inflorescences. Partial inflorescences to 10 cm long with 3-4 distichous rachillae on each side; rachillae to 6 cm long by 3 mm in diameter; all bracts rusty tomentose. Almost ripe fruit rounded, to 10 mm in diameter tipped with a short beak to 1.5 mm long by 1 mm wide, covered in 12 vertical rows of red-brown scales. Endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Pahang: endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This miniature species is known from only two collections, both from G. Tapis in Pahang, one collection from 1,200 m alt., the other from 600 m alt. This species could only be confused with C. minutus; for differences between the two, see under C minutus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus comptus</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 98 (1990)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 183 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus nematospadix</name>\r
+<author>sensu Dransfield, not Beccari</author>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 159 (1984)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Neat</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Pios (Dus.), Wi Tunggal (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or very rarely clustered slender or moderate rattan with stems to 10 m or more; stems without sheaths 10-18 mm diam., with sheaths to 27 mm diam., usually less, internodes c. 7 cm long. Sheaths bright green armed with scattered short broad triangular ± reflexed black spines to 6 ×6 mm with swollen yellowish bases and black hairy fringes along the margins, usually with slight swellings in between the spines and abundant brown indumentum; knee conspicuous, armed as the sheath; ocrea membranous, to 5 mm, quickly disintegrating, reddish when young. Flagellum to 2 m. Leaf ecirrate, to 90 cm including petiole to 30 cm, the rachis very densely covered with rusty-brown hairs when young; leaflets 35-40 on each side of the rachis, very close and regular, rather limp, to 30 × 1.3 cm, conspicuously bristly on 3 nerves on the upper surface, along the margins and along the main vein on the undersurface, transverse veinlets inconspicuous. Inflorescence relatively very long, to c. 6 m, with a peduncle to 3 m, the bracts closely sheathing and bearing abundant short triangular spines; partial inflorescences c. 3-4, each to c. 1 m, and bearing lax rachillae; female rachillae to 15 × 0.2 cm with densely crowded flowers. Mature fruit rounded, to 7 mm diam., tipped with a short beak to 1 mm, and covered with 15 vertical rows of pale ivorycoloured scales with dark tips. Seed slightly flattened on one side, to 5 × 5 × 3 mm; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf pinnate with c. 4-5 leaflets on each side of the rusty-hairy rachis. (Fig. 67).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout the lowlands of Brunei. Elsewhere in Sabah and Sarawak. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of good appearance but tends to be rather short. Used for weaving carrying baskets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. comptus occurs in lowland dipterocarp forest. Previously we had confused this species withC. nematospadix. With greater field experience and more material to study we have realised that this species is distinct and that, perhaps, it is as close to C. rugosus of Peninsular Malaysia as toC. nematospadix. When sterile, it may be distinguished from C. nematospadix by the frequent presence of ridges between the spines on the sheaths and the very dense rusty hairs on the rachis; in fruit, the rachillae are very much longer, wider and straighter than those of C. nematospadix and the primary and secondary bracts are more densely armed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Stockdale 20; Amo, Stockdale 45; Amo, Stockdale 69; Amo, Wong 1693; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Wong 1389. TUT: Rambai, Tasek Merimbun, Bernstein 13.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus concinnus</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm 3 Ed. 1 (1838) 208</citation>\r
+<bibref>Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm 3 Ed. 2 (1850) 332</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Hot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 201</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Hot. Card. Calcutta Appendix (1913) 21</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley, Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 50 (in part)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gdns Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 211</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Plectocomiopsis ferox</name>\r
+<author>Ridley</author>\r
+<bibref>Ridley, Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 66.</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Concinnus - nicely formed, harmonious</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan ?</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Very short, perhaps rarely climbing, rattan. Stem diameter not known, but apparently forming a large rosette. Leaf sheaths apparently open throughout length, heavily armed with large straw-coloured flat, triangular spines to 2.5 cm long by 1 cm wide, occasionally longer and narrower. Knee absent. Ocrea tattering, somewhat fibrous. Flagellum absent. Petiole at least 50 cm long, armed with spines longer than those of the leaf sheath, reaching 5 cm in length. Leaflets numerous, total on each side of rachis not known, grouped in Ts to 5's, sometimes almost regular, drying pale dull green, armed with pale bristles on margins and upper side of main vein and lower surface of 3 veins, the longest to about 50 cm long by 4 cm wide. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar but the male more highly branched, apparently shorter than the leaves with perhaps 4-5 partial inflorescences. Bracts conspicuous, tattering, with reflexed triangular spines to 3 cm long by 1 cm wide. Partial inflorescence in female to 25 cm long with rachillae to 10 cm long; in male to 15 cm long with rachillae to 2.5 cm. Ripe fruit to about 8 mm in diameter rounded, conspicuously beaked, covered in 15-18 vertical rows of straw-coloured scales. Seed rugose; endosperm ± homogeneous only slightly penetrated by furrows.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perlis, Kedah(Langkawi), Perak. S. Thailand, Burma.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a rarely collected, little known palm of northern Malaya. Nothing is known of its ecological preferences except that it has been found growing on limestone in South Thailand (pers. obs.). It appears usually to be a stemless species, and if so, will be a very distinctive easily recognized species with the combination of stemless habit, irregularly grouped leaflets and short highly branched inflorescences.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus congestiflorus</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 785 (1982)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Crowded flowers</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan with stems climbing to 20 m; stem without sheaths to 6 mm diam., with to 9 mm; internodes to c 11 cm. Leaf sheath green, tinged crimson, with thin brown indumentum and armed with numerous scattered spines to 3 mm. Knee developed but not very conspicuous. Ocrea short, to 4 mm, tattering. Flagellum to 1 m. Leaf ecirrate to 30 cm, with no petiole; leaflets subregular, broad and beautifully bullate when fresh, about 7 on each side of the rachis, the lowermost pair swept back across the stem; terminal leaflet pair joined for up to l/2 their length; mid leaf leaflets the longest, to 12 x 4 cm, inconspicuously 3-nerved; young leaves tinged pink. Inflorescence only female known, not ending in a flagellum, to 60 cm, curved, with 6 partial inflorescences; partial inflorescences shorter than the conspicuous subtending oblong bract, split down one side, and short spiny; rachillae to 40 x 2.5 mm bearing very congested flowers. Fruit (immature) spherical to 6.5 mm diam., with a conspicuous beak to 2x1 mm, and covered in 21 vertical rows of scarcely grooved greenish scales. Seed c 5 mm diam.; endosperm homogeneous. (Fig. 68)</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>With certainty known only from Nabawan; a sterile specimen from Sapa Payau F.R. is probably this species. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>As for C. javensis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. congestiflorus was collected at the side of a swamp in forest transitional between lowland Dipterocarp forest and kerangas; at Sapa Payau, the sterile specimen was found in a similar habitat. Vegetatively like a neat form of C. javensis with broad bullate leaflets, or a small form of C. amplijugus; yet the congested inflorescence is like neither of these two species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus conirostris</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Beccari, Hooker f., Fl. Br. India 6: 461 (1893)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 480 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 186 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 123 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 126 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Cornera conirostris</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>(Becc.) Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14: 519 (1955)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus brachystachys</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 485 (1908)(in part - the other part = Calamus lobbianus)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Conical beak, referring to the fruit</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Pegit (Dus.), Wi Danum (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate clustering short-stemmed rattan with stems rarely exceeding 10 m, usually much less; stem without sheaths c. 10 mm diam., with sheaths to 35 mm diam., internodes to c. 35 cm long. usually much less. Sheaths dull green, armed with dull green, horizontal or reflexed sparse to abundant spines to 30 mm long and erect very large spines to 180 mm long around the leaf sheath mouth, pale brown indumentum abundant on young sheaths; knee conspicuous; ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to 75 cm. Leaf curved, subcirrate, to 2.5 m long including the petiole to 50 cm; petiole sparsely armed with short lateral spines; leaflets curved, regular, rather distant, c. 35 on each side of the rachis, the largest to c. 40 × 2 cm, decreasing in size towards the subcirrate tip, bristly on 3 nerves on the undersurface. Inflorescences erect or curving, c. 60 cm with 1-3 partial inflorescences only, the partial inflorescences appearing as continuations of the axis and the true axis appearing as a branch; rachillae congested; flowers relatively large, to 7 mm. Ripe fruit top-shaped, c. 30 × 20 mm, tapering to a pronounced conical beak, and covered in 15 vertical rows of jet-black unchannelled scales with toothed margins. Seed ovoid, c. 15 × 10 mm; endosperm ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 44).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread and locally abundant in Brunei. Elsewhere widespread throughout Borneo, local in Sumatra, rare in Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Local use only.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. conirostris is found from the lowlands up to c. 900 m in the mountains; it is usually most abundant in poor ridge top forest or in forest transitional between kerangas and lowland dipterocarp forest. It is usually easily identified by its subcirrate leaf, the large spines around the leaf sheath mouth and the curious zigzag inflorescence.C. leloi can appear very similar but has an ecirrate leaf, is usually densely spiny and has a spherical rather top-shaped fruit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Bukit Sawat, Merangking Buau, Coode 7679; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6575; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6587; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6590; Sungai Liang, Arboretum Reserve, Wong 945. TEM: Amo, Stockdale 17; Amo, Stockdale 46; Amo, Stockdale 67; Amo, Wong 479; Amo, Belalong, Stockdale 4; Amo, Belalong, Stockdale 8; Amo, Kerangan Meritam, BRUN 15632. Without prov.: BRUN 15093; BRUN 15341; BRUN 15399.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus convallium</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 800 (1982)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 128 (1984)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 129 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Of deep narrow valleys</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate clustering rattan tending to form rather low open thickets, occasionally high climbing to 20 m long; stem without sheaths 10-15 mm diam., with sheaths to 25 mm diam., internodes to 15 cm long. Sheaths dull green, armed with rather sparse brittle black flattened spines to 25 × 5 mm, spine margins conspicuously fringed with hairs, deciduous pale brown scales present between the spines; knee conspicuous, usually unarmed; ocrea scarcely developed. Flagellum absent in juveniles, reaching 1.3 m only in mature stems, sometimes reduced to a short vestige. Leaf curved, conspicuously subcirrate to 1.5 m including petiole to 30 cm, the petiole armed with distant reflexed black spines along the margins; leaflets lanceolate, somewhat acuminate, 12-20 on each side of the rachis, in the proximal part arranged in very distant pairs, strongly divergent within the pairs, less distinctly paired near the tip, the longest leaflets to 40 × 5 cm, those near the tip very much smaller, the smallest c. 4.5 × 0.4 cm; leaflets armed along the margins only, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Male inflorescence to 1.5 m, bearing 5 evenly spaced partial inflorescences to 16 cm, bracts tightly sheathing, armed with scattered spines, the margins fringed with hairs; rachillae conspicuouslyrecurved; male flowers globular. Female inflorescence much shorter than the male with 1-3 short partial inflorescences. Mature fruit ovoid c. 4 × 2.5 cm, with a conical beak and covered in c. 16 vertical rows of chestnut brown scales. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 46).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a single collection from Temburong. Otherwise known from scattered localities in Sabah and Sarawak. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known, though the cane appears to be of good quality.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. convallium is an infrequent rattan usually confined to the bottoms of small valleys, growing on small alluvial flats at altitudes up to 1400 m in Sabah, but usually in the lowlands. It is a very odd rattan; the paired concolorous leaflets suggest at first Daemonorops didymophylla but the leaf is subcirrate and there is a flagellum or flagellar vestige.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Wong 1917.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus corneri</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<citation>Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 219</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>(E.J.H. Corner, the eminent tropical botanist)</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan perut ayam</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan climbing to about 20 m. Stem without sheaths about 5 mm in diameter, with sheaths to about 12 mm, sometimes much less. Internodes to about 12 cm long. All parts turn dark on drying. Sheaths rich dark green densely covered in very short ascendent triangular spines about 2 mm high and close transverse rugae. Knee prominent. Ocrea tattering flagellum to 1 m in length. Leaf to 60 cm long usually less, ecirrate and with no petiole. Leaflets close, regularly arranged, dark green, to about 25 on each side somewhat arcuate, the longest near the base to 16 cm long by 1 cm wide; sparsely armed with bristles on the mid-nerve above and 3 nerves below. Male and female inflorescences superficially similar, to 1.25 m long with up to 6 partial inflorescences to 30 cm long, all bracts rather densely armed with very short spine and minute scabridity. Rachillae to about 6 cm long. Almost mature fruit rounded about 6 mm in diameter dark green, covered in 16 vertical rows of scales. Seed rounded, flattened on one side, wrinkled, the wrinkles representing shallow ruminations. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Very rare; Trengganu (Ulu Kemaman), Pahang (near Kuantan). Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Apparently a good cane but too rare to be of significance.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus corneri is a very rare rattan of gentle slopes in lowland Dipterocarp forest on the East Coast. It is immediately distinguisheable from the other "rotan perut ayam" (species with rugose leaf sheaths) by the sessile very finely pinnate leaf. I have collected a species of Calamus growing with typical C. corneri in Ulu Kemaman, but differing in being much more robust and in having long petioles. The material was sterile and it is still not certain where its affinities lie.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus corrugatus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2:201 (1902)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 187 (1908)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Corrugated</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan climbing to 15 m; stem without sheaths 2-4 mm diam., with sheaths to 5 mm diam., internodes to 12 cm long, usually less. Sheath dull brownish-green, reddish- tinged when young, unarmed but bearing rather regularly arranged low ridges, the sheath thus appearing corrugated', knee present; ocrea very short. Flagellum to c. 40 cm. Leaf ecirrate, to 35 cm long, but usually much shorter;petiole absent', rachis bearing rusty-red hairs; leaflets 4-8 on each side of the rachis, broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, usually strictly opposite, the basal 1 or 2 on each side smaller than the rest and swept back across the stem, the apical pair joined together for over half their length, the mid leaf leaflets to 13 x 2.5 cm, usually much less, transverse veinlets quite conspicuous; young leaf pinkish-tinged. Inflorescence without a terminal flagellum, to c. 90 cm, only the female known; partial inflorescences 2-3, borne towards the tip of the inflorescence; rachillae 3 - 5 cm long. Mature fruit ovoid, 10 x 7 mm, tipped with a conspicuous cylindrical beak to 2.5 mm; scales pale yellowish-brown, arranged in 14 vertical rows. Seed c. 8 x 4 mm, irregularly scalloped and faceted. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 77).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a few collections from the 1st Division (G Pueh, G Matang, Bako, Sabal Tapang, Semengoh) and one collection from the Hose Mountains. Not known elsewhere. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane appears to be of excellent quality.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. corrugatus is a very elegant species found in mixed dipterocarp forest and forest transitional to kerangas, from sea level to c. 900 m altitude. It is very easily identified by the neat, broad lanceolate leaflets and absence of petiole, together with the corrugated leaf sheath.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus crassifolius</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 94 (1990)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Thick leaves</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan climbing to 10 m; stem without sheaths c. 7 - 10 mm diam., with sheaths c. 10 - 18 mm diam., internodes 7-12 cm long. Sheath mid green, armed with short scattered or grouped triangular spines to 3 mm with conspicuous swollen bases and scattered brown scales between the spines; knee conspicuous; ocrea soon tattering, inconspicuous. Flagellum to 1.5 m. Leaf ecirrate, to c. 75 cm including the petiole and leaflets; petiole 4 - 11 cm, very sparsely armed; rachis very short; leaflets one on each side of the rachis, broad, to c. 60 x 12 cm, stiff, cucullate, very thick in texture, dark shiny green when fresh, transverse ve inlets very numerous, close, conspicuous. Inflorescence, only the young female known, with 3 partial inflorescences and lacking a terminal flagellum; bracts closely tubular, covered in pale brown indumentum; rachillae c. 20 x 2 mm bearing roughened bracts. Fruit not known (Fig. 71).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from Pasir Jangka and Sempadi Forest Reserves in the extreme west of 1st Division. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane appears to be of good quality.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. crassifolius is found at low altitudes in forest transitional between kerangas and mixed dipterocarp forest. It is easily distinguished by the single pair of leaflets of thick texture and the presence of a flagellum. It might be confused with C. flabellatus but the latter generally has very thin matt leaflets, joined for much of their length rather than only at the base, and the inflorescence with its long flagellum is quite different.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus delessertianus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11:276. 1908 & Appendix PL 101. 1913</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Probably a cluster-forming climber; stem unknown. Leaves ecirrate; petiole about 50 cm long; rachis subtrigonous on upper side, slightly concave below; leaflets equidistant, closely set on rachis, ensiform, 5-nerved; intermediate leaflets 32 - 35 cm long, 2 - 2.2 cm broad at middle, bristly at margins; midnerve and lateral nerves bristly. Female inflorescence slender; upper primary bract elongate, tubular at base; partial inflorescence 30 cm or more long with its base enclosed within the respective basal bract; rachillae distichous with their base attached to the axis on basal cushion just above the mouth of tubular, truncate respective basal bracts; basal rachillae about 6 cm long with about 90 flowers on each side; involucrophorum non-pedicelliform; female flowers 3 mm long; neuter flowers as long as female flowers. Fruits unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>South India.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Unknown</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>An understanding of this species is based on the original description. No old herbarium collections are available for study. A recent collection from the Silent Valley of Kerala appeared close to the description of Calamus dellessertianus. Beccari (1908) noted "it is curious that this species which was found in the time of Roxburgh has not been collected again by modern botanists. It seems to me that Calami in lower India are more scarce now than in the past time, perhaps on account of greater extension given to cultivation and owing to destruction of forest".</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Kerala: Palghat Dist. Silent Valley, 850 m. 12.10.1979. Nair 64536 (2 sheets in Madras).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus densiflorus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1892) 445.</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 376.</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Peninsular 5 (1925) 53.</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 250.</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus neglectus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1892) 458.</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 53.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Dense - densely, flos - flower, with densely clustered flowers</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan kerai</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering high climbing moderate rattan with stems reaching 30-40 m tall. Stem without sheaths to 2.2 cm in diameter usually less; with sheaths to 4 cm. Internodes to 18 cm, usually much less in mature flowering stems. Sheaths bright to yellowish green armed densely with reflexed blackish-brown spines of various lengths, sometimes with hairy margins, to 2.2 cm long by 1 cm wide, the spine bases often joined by swollen ridges, and dense black caducous scales between spines. Knee prominent. Ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to 3.0 m. Leaf ecirrate, in juvenile specimens with petiole to 20 cm, in mature specimens usually no petiole. Whole leaf to 1.1 m, distinctly arcuate; leaflets regular close narrow and arcuate, up to about 60 on each side, the longest about Vi way up about 30 cm long by 1.5 cm wide, decreasing in size to c. 7 cm by 7 mm near the tip, conspicuously bristly on 3 nerves above, and on mid-nerve below, and along margins. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar, to 3 m long longly flagellate, with up to 6 rather distant partial inflorescences and sparsely spiny bracts. Partial inflorescences rather short, to 30 cm long, very dense flowered, with straight or slightly curved rachillae to 10 cm long. Ripe fruit ovoid, about 2 cm long and 1.2 cm wide, shortly beaked, covered in 18 vertical rows of straw-coloured scales. Seed somewhat angular pitted, ruminate. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>All states except Perlis, Kelantan and Penang. Singapore. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Medium sized cane of moderate quality entering trade as "rotan kerai" but as this name is applied to many species it is not certain how much of the cane comes from C. densiflorus.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus densiflorus is a very widespread rattan of the lowlands and hills with an altitudinal range of from sea level to about 600 m. It appears to avoid fresh water and peat swamp forest but is quite common along river banks; it is absent from very steep well-drained ridgetops. At Batu Caves, it is found high up on the limestone.This is a very common but rather confusing rattan; when mature, the sessile leaves are distinctive, but sucker shoots from the same plant may have petioles. It is best distinguished by the characters italicized above. It may be confused with C. ridleyanus but the latter has narrow ± upward pointing very hairy spines, a subcirrate leaf, and reflexed curving rachillae with densely spiny bracts.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>\r
+</mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus diepenhorstii Miq. var. diepenhorstii</name>\r
+<author>Miq.</author>\r
+<citation>Prod. Fl. Sum. 594 (1860)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 322 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 246 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 191 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>H. Diepenhorst, 1811-1860, Assistant Resident in W Sumatra</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering rattan climbing to 20 m; stem without sheaths to c. 15 mm diam., with sheaths to 30 mm diam., internodes to c. 15 cm. Sheaths dull, often brownish-green, drying brown, armed with long black flattened spines to 40 mm, usually less, sometimes with conspicuous swollen bases, brown scales abundant between the spines; knee conspicuous; ocrea poorly developed. Flagellum to 2 m long. Leaf ecirrate, curved, to 1.2 m long including the petiole 20-40 cm long; leaflets c. 15-30 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, curved, linear, the longest (in one form) to 35 × 1.4 cm, or (in another form) to 50 × 2 cm, bristly on main vein on upper surface, armed with 3 rows of bristles or densely covered with bristles on the lower surface. Inflorescence to 4 m with c. 5 very distant, partial inflorescences, long pendulous; male rachillae c. 50 × 2 mm; female rachillae c. 70 × 3 mm. Mature fruit rounded, c. 22 mm diam., briefly beaked and covered in 16-21 vertical rows of brown scales. Seed rounded; endosperm ruminate. Seedling leaf bifid. (Fig. 71).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from two collections in Ulu Ingei. Elsewhere in Sabah (as var. major J. Dransf.), Sarawak, widespread in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra, in Philippines as a distinct variety.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane appears to be of good quality but it is not known whether it is used.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. diepenhorstii var. diepenhorstii occurs in kerangas on ridge tops in the Ulu Ingei. It is a common rattan in Peninsular Malaysia, where it is used extensively (as rotan kerai), but it appears to be too rare in Brunei and elsewhere in Borneo, to be of any significance in the rattan trade.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6583; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6604.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus dilaceratus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 2: 198. 1902</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11: 144, PI. 15. 1908.</bibref>
+<bibref>Basu, Rattans in India Mongr Rev: 7. 1992. (emend, descr.).</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, large diameter rattan. Stem 20 m long or more, with sheaths to 4 cm in diameter, without sheaths 2 cm. Leaf to 6 m long, cirrate; sheath green, distal sheaths covered with white powder, densely armed with spines, spines 2-4 cm long, yellow with a reddish brown tinge, grouped together, arranged horizontally in slightly raised rims; knee present, not seen clearly from a distance because of dense spines,, petiole spiny, spines brownish yellow, grouped together, arranged horizontally in slightly raised rims; rachis stout, armed with 3 rows of spines, spines to 0.3 cm long, black, grouped together in slightly raised rims; leaflets ca. 50 x 2.5 cm, basal and distal ones smaller, veins and margins sparsely ciliate. Inflorescence not flagellate; male inflorescence, primary sheath lacerate, spiny; spines black, 1 cm long; partial inflorescences to 18 cm long; secondary sheath splits open, not spiny; rachilla 4 cm long, flowers in distichous rows; female inflorescence, primary sheath to 2.5 cm long, spiny, splitting open, slightly prolonged at the distal end into a lanceolate point: partial inflorescence to 25 cm Ipng; secondary sheaths splits open, not spiny, 1 cm long, prolonged at the distal end into a lanceolate point; rachilla to 6 cm long, arched; female flower outer side of outer perianth with black spots, both whorls split longitudinally in fruit; involucrophorum sessile. Fruit ovoid, ca. 1 x 0.8 cm, scales in 21 vertical rows, yellowish white with thin brown margin, channelled in the middle; endosperm not ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Evergreen forest. Great Nicobar. (Map. 7).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering November - December. Fruiting April - May.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used in furniture industry and house construction. Leaves are used for thatching.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>16th Km, East West Road, Nicobar, 12.4.93, male fls., Renukaand Vijayakumaran 7043, (KFRI); 16 th km, East West Road, Nicobar, 15.4.1993, fr., Renuka and Vijayakumaran 7047(KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus dioicus</name>\r
+<author>Lour.</author>\r
+<citation>Fl. Cochinch (1" ed.): 211 (1790)</citation>\r
+<type>Vietnam, Cochinchina; Pierre; 4834</type>\r
+<type_loc>Neotype FI-B ; isotype P</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Lour., Fl. Cochinch (2"' or Willd. ed.): 262 (1793)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 195 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1042 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 47 (2001)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic. Vietnam (Central Annam and Cochinchina).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>VIETNAM (CENTRAL. ANNAM): Thua Thien Province, Bach Ma National Park, 19 Jan. 1990, (stam.), Newman, M. 158 (K). (COCHINCHINA): Chiao-Xhan Mts, March 1879, (fr.), Pierre 4834 (P, FI-B).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest at 200 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The species treated as C. dioicus by Beccari (1908) is certainly a distinct one with no other available name. In the absence of any type material this seems the most reasonable and practical interpretation to put on Loureiro's poor description. Since Beccari (1908) has long been the standard reference for the genus, and he presents a perfectly clear account including a photograph and named specimen, this forms the defacto type description and implicit neotype for field workers in the region. Loureiro did not indicate a type and no candidate has been found amongst his remaining specimens. Merrill (1935) presented several very weak arguments for upsetting this stability. Four criticisms of his account are: (1) he offers no morphological discrepancy between the species of Loureiro and Beccari; (2) local names are notoriously inconsistent and so unreliable guides to taxonomic identity in this context; (3) one of the two specimens he mentions, ClemensJ. & M. S. 3100, is in fact Calamus tetradactylus Hance (we have not seen the other); and (4) C. viminalis is recorded commonly in Indochina but never in the Moluccas, although he states the reverse. Unless previously overlooked specimens collected by Loureiro become available we would argue strongly against changing the present, perfectly workable situation. The male specimen cited by Conrard (Poilane 5042 from Nhatrang, now in P) cannot confidently be placed in C. dioicus because, although the leaves match reasonably well, the partial inflorescences are enormously long and more closely resemble C. solitarius. It is perhaps a mixed collection. We consider Newman, M. 158 to be a satisfactory match for the neotype and the first male plant known; we recommend that the description of the male inflorescence given by Gagnepain & Conrard (1937) and based on Poilane 5042 should be disregarded. See Key for differences from C. kingianus. Beccari's description of the type cannot be faulted but the following comments on Newman, M. 158 are added: Sheath and leaves are notable for drying much darker than C. tetradactylus and other close allies. Sheathed stem to 8 mm diameter, unsheathed stem to 4 mm. Knee indistinct, ocrea not tubular, thickly hispid, < 1 cm long. Leaves (excluding leaflets) up to 0.45 m. Petiole 10 cm, lightly armed adaxially and abaxially. Traces of dark scurf remain on the rachis. Leaflets are grouped from base to tip 4- 2 - 3 on one leaf and 4 - 4 on the other, the terminal two are joined at the base for less than 10% of their length and the basal two are not at all reflexed. Leaflets up to 35 x 2.5 cm, with a notably long, slender, bristly tip. Adaxially three costae prominent, all three bearing many short, appressed bristles, abaxially three costae prominent, all naked, margins with many delicate spinules. Male inflorescences (two preserved in K) both very slender, flagelliform, about 0.8 m long, branched to two orders only, bearing one and three partial inflorescences respectively. Primary bracts unremarkable: tightly sheathed, lightly clawed, ending in a short, pointed limb, falling short of or just reaching the base of the primary branch. Partial inflorescences to 9 cm long excluding terminal rachilla, bearing 5 - 8 rachillae which decline in length distally to give a pyramidal outline. Secondary bracts tightly sheathing, unarmed. Rachillae slender, arising just outside mouths of rachilla bracts, emerging at right angles to the branch and often slightly recurved, up to 5 cm long and bearing up to 13 flowers on each side. Rachilla bracts very short, funnel-shaped with a broad mouth and back-curled pointed limb. Involucres placed fully outside the rachilla bracts, cups about 1 mm deep, set so that the flowers sit exactly perpendicular to the axis, giving the rachillae a very neat, regular appearance. Flowers apparently close to anthesis, about 4 mm long, the calyx slightly less than half the corolla length, with three shallow, acute limbs. Magalon (1930) reports this species from several localities in north Vietnam but since his description specifies a cirrate species and his voucher specimen, Magalon 27 from Annam, is clearly in Calamus Section Phyllanthectus (probably C. palustris) this report can be disregarded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rani (Vietnam, Moi), may sap, may tre (Vietnam, Annamese).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, further research required.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus divaricatus Becc. var. contrarius J.Dransf.</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 89 (1990)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Contrary</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender montane rattan, similar in all respects to C. divaricatus var. divaricatus but differing in the much smaller leaf, not exceeding 25 cm long, bearing regular, lanceolate close leaflets, not at all divaricate, to 15 x 2 cm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from G Dulit. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. divaricatus var. contrarius was collected in a shady moss forest near the edge of a cliff ate. 1,200m altitude.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>\r
+</mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus divaricatus Becc. var. divaricatus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 10 (1913)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 152 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 168 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Widely divergent</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering rattan climbing to 15 m, very rarely ± "stemless"; stem without sheaths 5-7.5 mm diam., with sheaths to 20 mm, usually less, internodes to 12 cm. Sheaths bright green armed with short triangular horizontal spines to 5 mm, united by their bases to form low ridges, these interspersed with low ridges bearing minute tooth-like spines, all covered in deciduous grey indumentum; knee conspicuous, armed as the rest of the sheath; ocrea to 5 mm, ridged, irregularly tattering. Flagellum to 1 m. Leaf ecirrate, to c. 1.1 m including the petiole to 15 cm; petiole armed with short spines to 7 mm and minute scattered prickles; leaflets up to c. 17 on each side of the rachis, distant, usually ± reflexed and subopposite in proximal part, strictly opposite and divaricate near the tip, the apical pair often ± reflexed, the longest at the base, to 30 × 2.5 cm, decreasing to 8.5 × 1 cm, ± unarmed, young leaflets tinged pink. Inflorescences to c. 1 m including terminal flagellum, the female usually with only 1 partial inflorescence, the male with 2-3; bracts conspicuous, those subtending partial inflorescences usually splitting neatly to produce a limb, armed with ridges and scattered spines; axis of female partial inflorescence to c. 12 cm, rather robust, scabrid, bearing c. 12 short reflexed rachillae on each side; rachillae to 3 cm bearing densely crowded flowers; male partial inflorescence laxer, to 20 cm with proximal branches also branched further and with all axes scabrid, male flowers densely crowded. Mature fruit top-shaped, to 16 × 10 mm, including the beak to 1 mm, and covered in 16 vertical rows of chestnut brown scales. Seed pointed, c. 8 × 6 mm, irregularly pitted but endosperm homogeneous. (Fig. 61).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a single collection from Temburong. Widespread in Sarawak and Sabah, rare in Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. divaricatus var. divaricatus has been recorded from montane forest on Bt. Tudal. In Sabah it seems to be much more a plant of the lowlands. It is immediately distinguishable by the combination of ecirrate leaf, rugose sheaths and divaricate leaflets. On Bukit Batu Patam grows a rattan very similar in texture and leaf sheath armature to C. divaricatus var. divaricatus but the leaflets are not typically divaricate and the bracts in the inflorescence are not minutely spiny. Unfortunately, it is represented by a single collection with dead inflorescences - Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6586 - and its true identity will remain uncertain until it is recollected (see Fig. 62).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Bukit Tudal, Davis 461.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus dongnaiensis</name>\r
+<author>Pierre ex Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 198 (1902)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 133 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Magalon, Contr. Etud. Palmiers Indoch. 83 (1930)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1009 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 23 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<type>Vietnam, Cochinchina; Pierre; 4829 ().</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotype FI-B, photograph in K</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic, known only from the type locality.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>VIETNAM (COCHINCHINA): north region of Dongnai R., Chiao-Xhan, undated, (pist.), Pierre 4829 (P, K [photo], FI-B).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Gagnepain & Conrard (1937) cited a second locality, "Long Tcheou" in Tonkin, which is now believed to lie in Guangxi, China. It was not possible to re- examine this specimen during the study but its identification should be carefully re- assessed since several other erect species have been described from South-east China since 1937 (Wei 1986). Vu Van Dung & Le Huy Guang (1996) report the species at two new localities in South Annam but cite no specimens to support this.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, but likely to be poor. Habitat loss has probably been severe in this heavily populated part of Vietnam.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus dransfieldii</name>
+<author>Renuka</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 42(2): 433, 1987</citation>
+<bibref>Renuka, K.F.R.I. Res. Rep. 46: 23. PI. 8, Figs. 1-5, 1987.</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A moderately robust climber; stem solitary ? or cluster-forming, to 8 m long, with leafsheath 3.5 cm in diameter, without sheath 2.5 cm in diameter. Leaves ecirrate, to 2 m long; leafsheath pale green, with distinct knee, sparingly spiny; spines 1 cm long, with bulbous base; ocrea absent; leafsheath flagellum to 6 cm long; petiole to 55 cm long, armed with 5 mm long spines; leaflets pale green, regularly disposed on rachis, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 45 cm x 2 cm; nerves with 2 cm long ciliae on both surface. Inflorescence flagelliform. Male and female inflorescences superficially similar, 3.5 m long; each with 4-5, about 20 cm long, once branched, partial inflorescences; rachillae to 6 cm long; subtending bracts cylindrical at base and expanded upper to form a 1.5 cm long cup. Male flowers about 8 mm long. Female flowers 4 mm long; staminodes 6, ovary 3-locular; ovule solitary in each locule: stigma recurved. Fruit globose, 1.8 m in diameter, shortly beaked, falsely pedicellate; fruit scales green to yellowish green, shinning, deeply channelled at middle.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Kerala). Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Infrequent in the moist deciduous forests of Dhoni hills, Palghat at 275 m.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Not cultivated.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This newly described species is close to the less known rattan species Calamus delessertianus.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Kerala; Dhoni, Palghat 300 m, 31.1.1983, Nambiar & Renuka 2501 (KFRI); Trivendrum: Beyond Suryakan thi, 750 m, 22.5.1979, Mohanan 63205 (MH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus elopurensis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 787 (1982)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>From Elopura, the old district name for the Sandakan area</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender rattan climbing to c 5 m only; stem without sheaths to 6 mm, with sheaths to 10 mm; internodes to 22 cm. Sheaths dull green, longitudinally striate, covered In grey indumentum, unarmed or with very few spines to 8 mm. Knee conspicuous, round, ± glabrous. Ocrea conspicuous, developed as a triangular limb to 7 cm opposite the petiole. Flagellum to 1 m. Leaf ecirrate to 60 cm including petiole,- petiole to 20 cm, sometimes much less, but always conspicuous, densely covered in grey floccose indumentum; leaflets dark green, usually 2 pairs only or 2 pairs and a single leaflet, or 3 pairs; terminal leaflet pair joined for c 5/6 their length forming a terminal flabellum to 35 x 10 cm; lateral leaflets usually close to the terminal pair, to 35 x 5 cm; young leaves pinkish. Male inflorescence to 1.5, m with 8 partial inflorescences, the first borne about 80 cm above the base; bracts with expanded limb to 16 x 1 cm bearing scattered spines; axis of partial inflorescence to 9 cm and rachillae to 12 x 0.2 cm, crimson when fresh. Female inflorescence known only in dead state, superficially similar to the male, with rachillae much shorter to 5 x 0.3 cm. Fruit not known. (Fig. 70)</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Confined to the lowlands of the eastern part of Sabah; endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known: probably with qualities similar to those of C. javensis.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. elopurensis is a striking rattan of the alluvial flats of the lowlands of Sabah; it is nowhere very abundant. It may easily be distinguished by the distinctive leaf with conspicuous petiole and few large leaflets crowded at the rachis tip.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus endauensis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Malay. Forester 41 (1978) 330.</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Endau - from Ulu Endau, the type locality</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, slender rattan climbing to 25 m tall, forming close clumps. Stem without sheaths 7 mm in diameter, with sheaths 1.5 cm; internodes 10-20 cm long Sheaths dull mid-green, armed rather densely with horizontal flat hairy-margined black spines to 2 cm long by 5 mm wide; brown indumentum scattered between spines. Vestigial flagellum to 8 cm long present Knee prominent. Ocrea rather large, to 2 cm long, densely dark in-dumentose quickly tattering. Leaf cirrate to 1.75 m long including the cirrus to 80 cm; petiole absent; leaflets about 15 on each side of the rachis, grouped in 4 groups of 2-5 leaflets, regularly arranged within the groups; groups subopposite; largest leaflet to about 30 cm long by 2.7 cm wide; upper leaflet surface unarmed, lower surface armed with short brown bristles along midrib, margins armed with black bristles. Male inflorescence to 1 m in length with first bract to 25 cm long armed with scattered and grouped triangular spines to 4 x 3 mm; allbracts tubular at the base, but conspicuously tattering in the upper pan; lowermost partial inflorescence to about 30 cm long all with tattering bracts; rachillae very short, rarely more than 1 cm in length. Fruit not known. Seedling not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Johore; endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a cane of good appearance.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is known from one collection from the foot of G. Janing, Ulu Endau in Johore on hillslopes in hill Dipterocarp forest at 200 m altitude.
+ This is a very distinctive species easily recognized by the characters emphasized above. It and C. ulur are the only species of rattan in Malaya that bear vestigial flagella. C. endau-ensis, unlike C. ulur, does not have partial whorls of spines, and the leaflets are much narrower.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus erectus</name>
+<author>Roxb.</author>
+<citation>F. Ind. 3:774. 1832</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6:438. 1892</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 : 126. 1908 and Appendix PI. 2. 1913</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus erectus var schizopathus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 : 125. 1908</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A cluster forming non-scandent rattan. Stem with leafsheath 3.5-4 cm in diameter; exposed part of the stem green and smooth; intemodes 10-12 cm long. Leaves ecirrate, 3 - 5 m long; leafsheath without flagellum, armed with black, flattened spines; ocrea conspicuously auriculate; petiole 1.5 m long, subterete, covered with irregular, whorled spines; leaflets linear-ensiform, equidistant, green on both sides; rachis armed below with irregular to whorled straight spines. Inflorescence 1 m long, compact, non-flagelliform; primary bract elongate, tubular, lacerate in upper part; peduncle strongly armed with black, flattened comb-like spines; male rachillae slender, sterile basal part of rachillae enclosed within the basal bracts; male flowers bifarious, narrowly oblong, obscurely 3-angled at base; calyx campanulate, 3-lobed, lobes apiculate, corolla with 3 distinct petals. In female inflorescence rachillae without sterile basal part. Involucrophorumnon-pedicelliform. Fruit ellipsoid, 3 cm x 2 cm, with distinct conical beak; seed oblong to ovoid, terete in cross section; endosperm ruminate; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, West Bengal), BANGLADESH, BURMA.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Grows in the lower hill forests especially on the drier slopes. Frequent in the Tista and Rangit valley of Sikkim and West Bengal.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Experimental cultivation exists in the North Silviculture, Division, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal. It is also cultivated in the Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah where a few male clumps exists. Experimental cultivation also exists in the Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bangladesh.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Due to shorter internodes, the cane is not useful for making furniture. The Miri tribe of Assam plains made their thatched nuts on bamboo pillars raised about 1 - 1.5 m above the ground level to protect them from flood and wild animals. For making the huts they use split Dendrocalamus bamboo and strong canes of Calamus erectus, leaves are used as thatch. Stems and leaves of Calamus erectus are also used by them for making poultry houses. In Sylhet, Bangladesh, people chew the seeds of Calamus erectus in place of betal nuts (Areca catechu).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus erinaceus</name>
+<author>(Becc.) J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 32: 484 (1978)</citation>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 130 (1979)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 94 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 97 (1992)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops erinaceus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 225 (1902)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus aquatilis</name>
+<author>Ridl.</author>
+<bibref>Ridl., J. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 41: 43 (1904)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Like a hedgehog)</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust clustering rattan tending to form thickets on the landward side of mangrove or behind coastal sand bars; stem climbing to 15 m, without sheaths 2-3.5 cm diam., with sheaths to 5 cm diam., rarely more, internodes to c. 30 cm. Sheaths orange-yellow to yellowish-green when fresh, very densely armed with slender grey-brown spines, 2-35 mm, held horizontally and arranged in horizontal or oblique whorls, spines and sheath epidermis densely covered with grey deciduous indumentum; spines around the leaf sheath mouth upward-pointing, grouped in 5&rsquo;s to 9&rsquo;s, the longest to 60 mm; knee and base of petiole very conspicuous, unarmed, orange-yellow, when young densely covered with indumentum. Leaf cirrate to 4.5 m long including the petiole to 25 cm and cirrus to 2 m; petiole armed along the margins only with grouped spines to 3 cm; leaflets to 70 or more on each side of the rachis, grey-green, very regular, close, limply pendulous, the longest to 40 × 2 cm, armed with short bristles along the margins and on the veins on the lower surface, the lower surface also with white wax and minute brown scales. Inflorescences to 1.5 m with very short peduncle enclosed by the leaf sheath; primary bracts armed with groups of short spines; partial inflorescences about 7 on each side of the axis, gradually decreasing in size distally; male rachillae 1-2 cm long with close distichous flowers; female rachillae 10 cm long with laxer distichous flowers. Fruit rounded, relatively small, to 1 cm diam., covered in 12 vertical rows of straw-coloured scales. Seed rounded, c. 7 mm diam.; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf unknown. (Fig. 32, Pls 8A, 10A)</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Unaccountably rare in Brunei, known from a single collection. Elsewhere abundant in coastal formations throughout Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and S Thailand, very rare inland.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a medium to low quality coarse cane.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. erinaceus is an unmistakable and very beautiful species. It is one of the distinctive features of forest on the landward fringe of the mangrove; very rarely it can be found away from mangrove, but always near to the sea. Why it should be so rare in Brunei is not understood.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TUT: Telisai, Kpg. Danau, Wong 2094.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus erioacanthus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Nelle Foreste di Borneo 610 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11:424(1908)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Woolly spine</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wi buluh (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering rattan climbing to 10 m or more; stem without sheaths 7-10 mm diam., with sheaths to 18 mm diam., internodes c. 15 cm long. Sheaths dark green, armed with scattered triangular black spines to 10 mm long with decurrent bases and long hairy margins, or spines more crowded and of varying size, low ridges sometimes present between the spines; knee well developed; ocrea 5-8 cm, membranous at first, becoming fibrous and net-like, conspicuous in young sheaths. Vestigial flagellum to 10 cm, usually less. Leaf to 1.5 m including the cirrus to 75 cm; petiole very short in mature stems, 2-6 cm long; leaflets c. 12 on each side of the rachis, irregularly arranged in groups of 2 - 4, shiny dark green, broad lanceolate, the longest 25-35x4.5-5.5 cm, ± unarmed, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences inconspicuous, appearing dead even at anthesis, with up to 7 partial inflorescences; base of prophyll sparsely to very densely armed with hairy-margined spines; primary and secondary bracts covered in brown scales, irregularly tattering; partial inflorescences to 15 cm, often less, partly obscured by the tattering bracts; male and female rachillae very short, usually crowded. Mature fruit ± oblate, 15 x 17 mm, briefly beaked, covered in c. 21 vertical rows of pale straw-coloured scales, irregularly blotched and tinged with reddish-brown. Seed c. 10 mm diam.; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 49).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Locally common in the 1st and 2nd Divisions. Not known elsewhere. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane appears to be of good quality.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. erioacanthus has quite a wide altitudinal range from c. 50 - 800 m above sea level. It occurs in lowland dipterocarp forest and on ridge tops with submontane elements. It is quite variable, particularly in the density of the spines; however, it can be distinguished from other species in the group having cirri and vestigial flagella by the well developed ocrea and the broad lanceolate grouped leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus exilis</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<citation>Palms Br. India (1850) 51</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 454</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Rov. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (1908) 330</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 58</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 58</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus curtisii</name>
+<author>Ridley</author>
+<bibref>Ridley in Mat. Fl. Mai. Pen. 2 (1907) 203</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus ciliaris var. pvninsularis </name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 60</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus ciliaris</name>
+<author>Bl. sensu Ridley</author>
+<bibref>Bl. sensu Ridley, Trans Linn. Soc. 3 (1893) 392</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="Lat."><p>Exilis -slender</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan paku</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender solitary or clustering rattan climbing to 6 m, rarely to 15 m tall. Stem without sheaths A-6 mm in diameter with internodes to 15 cm long; stem with sheaths to 15 mm diamater, exceptionally to 25 mm. Sheaths very variable in armature, dull grey brown in colour, always with a dense covering of minute scabrid spines, giving rough feel to leaf sheath; large spines often completely absent; sometimes, especially in the mountains, sheaths rather densely covered with dark grey-brown shiny spines, hairy margined when young to 12 mm long. Knee conspicuous. Flagellum to 1.75 m long. Leaf ecirrate very variable, to 30 cm long in extreme slender forms, to 50 cm long in more robust forms, with well-defined petiole to 15 cm long; rachis rather densely rusty hairy along its length on the upper surface; leaflets about 20-25 on each side, thin and delicate, very regularly arranged, to 15 cm long by 8 mm wide usually rather densely covered with fine pale bristles or ciliate hairs on both sides, rarely these bristles almost absent. Inflorescences superficially similar, to 70 cm, sometimes to 20 cm only, with a terminal flagellum, and 2-6 partial inflorescences; partial inflorescences reflexed arcuate in all parts when mature. Fruit on a large disk, this conspicuously stalked ("pedicelliform involucre") mature fruit ovate to oblong, with 15-18 vertical rows of straw-coloured scales. Seed ovate to oblong, flattened on one side rather deeply sinuose grooved like a brain, covered with a thin green intensely bitter and foetid sarcotesta. Seedling leaf pinnate, with rusty coloured hairs along rachis and about 10 leaflets on each side of the rachis, the uppermost leaflets much larger and broader than the lowermost.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Penang, Trengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Malacca, Johore. Sumatra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>"Rotan paku" produces a good quality slender cane useful for binding purposes; mostly used locally, but it is also sold. The seedlings would make fine ornamentals.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>"Rotan paku" is found in a wide range of habitats from near sea-level to over 1,000 m altitude. It has been found in peat swamp forest (Sumatra) but is commonest on ridges in hill and lower montane forest.
+Although extremely variable, it is one of the easiest Malayan rattans to identify; the rough feel to the leaf sheaths and the delicate leaves with rusty hairy rachides are diagnostic. The very spiny form, sometimes found in hill forest, tends to be much more robust than other forms and the leaflets are less hairy - this was called C. curtisii by Ridley but there is a whole range of intermediates between this and other forms. The slender form with ovate rather than oblong fruit was long thought to be a form of Calamus ciliaris of Java and W. Sumatra; however this last is quite different in armature from the Malayan plant. Furthermore the main reason for referring the slender Malayan plant to C. ciliaris seems to have been the presence of a rounded rather than oblong fruit. If the type of C. ciliaris var. penin-sularis is examined carefully, the so-called rounded fruit is only rounded by virtue of being squashed and the fruit is in fact ovate.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>An Account of the Papuasian Species of Calamus (Arecaceae) with Paired Fruit</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 371-387</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus fertilis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11: 492 (1908)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Mt Dayman; Armit; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotypes Fl, BH fragment</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>pokou (Gulf), hurumau (Kerema), kema (Yamur)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Very robust, solitary or clustering rattan climbing to 30 m. Stem with sheaths 31 - 45 mm diam., without sheaths to 18 - 32 mm diam.; internodes 13 - 32 cm. Leafecirrate, to 1.8 - 2.54 m long including petiole; sheath pale green to yellowish green, drying mid brown, usually with very sparse indument, sometimes with abundant grey indument between and on spines; spines persistent, very dense and of various sizes, orientation and form, most abundant spines 2 - 8 x 1 - 3 mm, horizontal, narrow triangular, laminar or papery, interspersed with much longer usually downward pointing golden or orange spines 30 - 40 x 1.8 - 2.3 mm and very large strictly downward-pointing spines 62 - 110 x 3 - 8 mm inserted just below the knee; knee very conspicuous, grossly swollen, 53 - 78 x 28 - 45 mm, yellowish green, usually unarmed, or very sparsely armed (in Poudyal et al. 92 rather densely armed as the sheath); ocrea 2.5 - 13 x 4 - 6 cm, entire at first, with a shallow cleft next to the petiole, soon tattering and usually disintegrating into a mass of fine pale fibres, sometimes the margins remain unsplit, the abaxial surface of the whole ocrea rather densely armed with slender spines to 5 mm, or unarmed; flagellum present, to 6- 8 m long; petiole 20 - 40 cm long, 13 - 23 mm wide, 7 - 11 mm thick at the base, adaxially flattened or shallowly channelled, abaxially rounded, with sparse to dense grey indument, and with scattered, rigid, persistent spines to 7 mm long along the margins and adaxial face, usually absent from a broad mid-band abaxially but sometimes with a row of broader triangular spines along the mid line; rachis to 214 cm long, arcuate, armed with recurved hooks abaxially, glabrous or with sparse grey indument; leaflets 53 - 65 on each side of rachis, regularly arranged, lanceolate, longest leaflet near the middle of the leaf 28 - 56 x 1.3 - 3.2 cm, apical leaflets 9 - 15 x 0.5 - 1.0 cm, apical leaflet pair united to 1/10 - 1/2 of their length, leaflets armed with long pale, darker based bristles to 10 mm long along 3 veins adaxially and with slightly shorter bristles along mid-vein abaxially, leaflets lacking indument, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Staminate inflorescence to 4 m long including peduncle to 58 cm and flagelliform tip to 90 cm, branched to 3 orders; prophyll 60 x 2.1 cm, closely sheathing, remaining ± entire with a triangular tip, with sparse grey indument and armed along margins with sparse slender spines to 25 mm long; peduncular bracts absent; rachis bracts similar to prophyll but shorter, generally unarmed and with sparse indument; primary branches up to 6 in number, to at least 60 cm long, c. 30 - 50 cm apart, with numerous rachillae; rachillae 5 - 11 x 0.2 cm; rachilla bracts 2 x 0.8 mm, distichously arranged, with patchy brown indument, unarmed; floral bracteole 0.5 x 0.5 mm, triangular, unarmed, with patchy brown indument. Staminate flowers 3 x 1 mm, known only as dry, old flowers. Pistillate inflorescence, similar to staminate inflorescence, to 4.4 m long including peduncle to 45 cm and flagelliform tip to 75 cm, branched to 2 orders; prophyll 45 x 1.4 cm, closely sheathing, remaining entire, with a triangular tip, with sparse grey indument; peduncular bracts absent, rachis bracts similar to prophyll but smaller, closely sheathing, mostly unarmed; primary branches 6 - 9, to 75 cm long, 15 - 30 cm apart, with up to 22 rachillae, subtending bracts unarmed or with few scattered short triangular spines; young rachillae 3 - 13 x 0.2 cm, rachillae in fruit 15 - 26 x 0.3 - 0.5 cm; rachilla bracts 20 - 24, 5 x 4 mm, distichous, unarmed, with sparse grey indument and dark irregular-margined scales; proximal floral bracteole 1 x 1 mm, distal floral bracteole 1 x 1 mm, scar from sterile staminate c. 1 mm diam. Pistillate flowers borne in pairs together with a sterile staminate flower to form a triad of flowers; early pistillate buds c. 2 x 1.5 mm; calyx to 3.5 mm, tubular in basal 2 mm, with triangular lobes; petals c. 2 x 1.5 mm; perianths enlarging to c. 5 mm long, splitting and becoming explanate in fruit. Sterile staminate flowers 2 x 1.5 mm in bud, similar to staminate flower. Fruit ovoid, 11.5 - 18 x 7.5 - 10 mm including beak 1.5 - 2 x 1.5 - 2 mm, with 15 - 18 vertical rows of pale yellowish to dull mid brown, channelled scales with dark or pale margins and dark tips. Seed 8 - 10 x 5.5 - 8 x 4.5 - 7 mm, ellipsoid, rather deeply scalloped and pitted, with a shallow to deep chalazal pit; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Apparently widespread in lowland New Guinea but not often collected. Also recorded from Manus Island.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In lowland forest, usually on river banks or in swamp forest at altitudes up to 450 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least concern.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Local uses not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus fertilis is one of the largest of all rattans in New Guinea. It is easily distinguished by its robust ecirrate leaves with regularly arranged leaflets, long flagella and its fiercely armed sheaths with massive, grossly swollen knees that are usually unarmed and with particularly large, orange or bright yellow, downward- pointing spines just below the knee. Until recently, Calamus fertilis was known only from three pistillate rachillae in Beccari's palm herbarium in Florence, with a fragment also in the Bailey Hortorium. These rachillae were described and illustrated by Beccari (1908) as bearing quadrads of flowers, each comprising two pistillate flowers and two sterile staminate flowers. We re-examined the type in Florence in 2002 and were surprised to discover no trace of quadrads in the rachillae - within the flower groups, only a single central scar is visible, marking the position of the fallen sterile staminate flower. We cannot imagine how Beccari could have been misled into depicting quadrads rather than groups of three, unless he perhaps thought there should have been a sterile staminate flower for each pistillate flower. As far as we know, the only New Guinea rattan that has quadrads of flowers is C. altiscandens Burret, but in the one and only fertile specimen the occurrence of quadrads is rare. Furthermore, the form of the rachillae in C. altiscandens is quite different from that of C. fertilis. The rachillae of C. fertilis match perfectly those of the large rattan from lowland New Guinea described here and we have at last been able to name what proves to be a common, widespread species and simultaneously remove the name Calamus fertilis from the list of names of uncertain application.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA, PAPUA. Mimika: Timika, Mile 21 Freeport Concession, Feb. 1998, Dransfield et al. JD 7669 (BO, K, L, MAN); Fak Fak: Etna Subdistr., Jepre R., Yamus, Feb. 2000, Maturbongs 673. PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central: Port Moresby, Kuriva R., Jan. 1973, J. Gore & Bonikan NGF36540 (LAE); Kerema, near Murua School, May 1989, Poudyal et al. 83 (K); Kerema, Siraura, May 1989, Poudyal et al. 85 (K); 3 km from Brown R., May 1989, Poudyal et al. 92 (K). Gulf: Kikori Distr., Kikori R., Nov. 2000, Baker et al. 1125 (AAU, K, L, LAE NY); Malalua Subdistr., Omei R., Nov. 1972, Zieck & Kumul 36527 (BH, CANB, L). Manus Island: Manus, 1989, Mente 12, 21, 23, 27 (all K). Milne Bay: Mt Dayman, Armit s.n. (holotype Bt, isotypes FI, BH (fragment)). Northern: Kokoda, Kokoda Valley, Jan. 1973, Zieck 36543 (BH, CANB, L); Kokoda, March 1936, Carr 16298 (BH, BM, BO, BRI, K, L, LAE, SING). Southern Highlands: Kantobo, Mubi R., Feb. 1996, Baker et al. 648 (LAE, K). Western: N Fly Distr., Tabubil, Dec. 2000, Baker et al. 1126 (AAU, K, LAE); Balimo Subdistr., Arauia R., Dec. 1971, Zieck 36304 (BH, BRI, CANB, L).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus filipendulus Becc.</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Br. Ind. 6 (1892) 443</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 188</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 51</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 196</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus pauciflorus</name>
+<author>Ridley</author>
+<bibref>Ridley, Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925)57</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Filum - thread, pendulus - hanging, referring, perhaps, to the long narrow inflorescence</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan batu</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, clustering, low rattan rarely more than 5 m tall. Stem to 6 mm in diameter without sheaths, with internodes to 12 cm long; stem with sheaths to 1.3 cm. Sheaths dark green, with scattered triangular, brown-tipped spines to 5 mm long, these occasionally joined at their bases, and red-brown indumentum, this quickly falling; knee present. Flagellum to 2 m long. Leaf to 1 m long, usually less, ecirrate; petiole to 10 cm long very sparsely armed with reflexed spines. Leaflets 6-8 in number, disproportionately large; apical pair joined for a third of their length, others ± regularly arranged, ± equal in size, to ± 30 cm long by 8 cm wide, dark green cucullate, with inconspicuous marginal bristles. Inflorescences female and male superficially similar 2.3 m long, bearing 4-5 small, distant, slender partial inflorescences, branching 1-2 times in female, 1-3 times in male, with bracts covered with minute scabrid hairs. Open flowers greenish yellow. Mature fruit top-shaped, to 14 mm long by 9 mm in diameter near the base, gradually narrowing to the pronounced cylindrical beak; white to straw coloured, covered in 13 vertical rows of scales with conspicuous dark margins. Seed ovate to top shaped, flattened on one lateral face deeply and coarsely sinuouse-grooved. Endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Pahang, Selangor: Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Apparently a good cane, but lengths are likely to be short because of the low stature of the rattan. The name "rotan batu" is the same as that given to C. insignis.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a very distinctive rattan in its disproportionately large leaflets and pale top-shaped fruit. One specimen from Selangor (Phytochemical Survey of Malaya No. 1649) has rather finely divided inflorescences with long rachillae, which are atypical. This might represent a distinct variety but until more material is available, no decision on its status can be made.
+In Tapah Hills Forest Reserve, Calamus filipendulus grows on lower hillslopes near valley bottoms in humid hill Dipterocarp forest. This is apparently a very local rattan.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus flabellatus Becc. Becc.</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 3: 62 (1886)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 176 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 45:87 (1990)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield,Ratt. Sarawak 150 (1992)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus flabelloides</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Gard. Bull. Singapore 15: 173 (1956)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 195 (1979)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 145 (1984)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Flabellate, fan-shaped</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Takong (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan climbing to 20 m or more; stem without sheaths to 6 mm diam., with sheaths to 12 mm, internodes to 15 cm. All parts drying dark dirty-coloured. Sheaths dark green with scattered reflexed broad-based spines to 5 mm; knee prominent; ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to 2 m. Leaf ecirrate, to 60 cm; petiole short or absent; leaflets 3-4 on each side of the rachis or leaf bearing a single pair of leaflets, lowermost pair of leaflets, where more than 1 pair, to 10 × 1.5 cm, reflexed across the stem; mid leaf leaflets to 17 × 4 cm; apical pair joined for 1/3 to 2/3 their length; leaflets bristly only at the tips, surface bluish-grey tinged, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences to c. 1.2 m with c. 6 partial inflorescences, tending to be longer in the female. Ripe fruit spherical to ovoid, to 11 × 7 mm, with beak to 2 mm, covered in 10-12 vertical rows of greenish scales. Seed ovoid, shallowly pitted; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 56).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Scattered throughout Brunei. Elsewhere throughout Borneo, local in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>An excellent small-diameter cane, useful for binding or weaving.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. flabellatus is primarily a plant of lowland dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to c. 500 m above sea level. Some forms retain the juvenile leaves consisting of a single pair of broad leaflets, even in high-climbing stems. This form was described by Beccari asC. flabellatus. Furtado named those forms with several pairs of leaflets as C. flabelloides. We now have a wide range of specimens of both forms and intermediates have been collected. It is noteworthy that inflorescences have never been found on the form with a single pair of leaflets. This species could be confused with C. javensis and its allies; the inflorescence of C. flabelloides is much finer, young leaves are pale green rather than pinkish and the curious dull bluish-green cast to the leaves of C. flabelloides is absent in C. javensis. C. gonospermus is superficially similar but has well defined petioles.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6592. TEM: Johns 6520; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Wong 1383; Amo, Bukit Tudal, Davis 460. Without prov.: BRUN 15123; BRUN 15484.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus flagellum</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<citation>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3:333. 1853</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6:439. 1892</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11:127. 1908 and Appendix PI. 4., 5. 1913</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Putli bet, Rabi bet, Reem</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A strong climber; stem cluster forming, with leafsheath to 4.5 cm in diameter. Leaves ecirrate; leafsheath with 6 - 7 m long heavily armed flagellum; ocrea marcescent; petiole terete, about 1 cm in diameter, armed with whorls of 1 - 3 cm long subulate spines; leaflets equidistant, many, green on both sides, broadly ens iform, prominently 1-nerved on upper side; middle leaflets longer, to 60 cm long; uppermost leaflets connate up to the middle; midnerve and marginal nerves bristly; rachis heavily armed on lower side with strong claws at intervals. Male and female inflorescences flagelliform, to 5 m or more long, simply-decompound; axial part of the inflorescence armed with claws; partial inflorescences about 1 m long with 3-4 rachillae on each side; primary bract tubular, closely sheathing, lacerate and fibrous at upper part; secondary bracts unarmed, tubular, narrowly funnel shaped, obliquely truncate with triangular appendage on one side; rachillae 10-25 cm long slightly compressed; each bearing 10-30 distichous to remote flowers; involucre cupular; male flowers 8 - 10 mm x 3 mm, curved outside; female rachillae remote, 20-25 cm long; involucrophorum unilaterally cupular, truncate, projected from the basal bract; involucre cupular, truncate, entirely sunken in involucrophorum; female flowers 7 mm long; calyx ovate, 3-dentate; petals lanceolate. Fruit about 3 cm long, broadly ovoid; fruit scales deeply channelled at middle; seed terete in cross section; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya), BANGLA DESH, BHUTAN.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>A component of mixed forests on lower and middle hills of the Eastern Himalaya.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>A small number of cane bushes have been raised in North Bengal, under D.F.O. North Silviculture Division, West Bengal.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Unknown. The strength property of the cane is yet to be determined.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Infrequent in its natural habitats.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus flagellum var. flagellum</name>\r
+<author>Griff</author> \r
+<citation>Palms Brit. E. Ind.: 48 (1850)</citation> \r
+<type>India, Assam; Jenkins; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype location unknown, presumed CAL; isotype K labelled as s.n. E3</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 127 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 54 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus flagellum var. karinensis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 129 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<type>Myanmar, Yado valley; Fea; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype FI-B</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus karinensis</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>\r
+<bibref>(Becc.) S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen in Pei et al. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 133 (1989). </bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>India (North-east), Myanmar, China (South and South-east Yunnan), Thailand (North), Laos (North) and Vietnam (northern part). Also Bangladesh (Basu 1992). See also following variety.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Sikkim, Rhinn of Great Rangit, undated, (stam. & pist.), Thompson s.n. E12 (K); Assam? [illeg.], undated, (stam.), Jenkins s.n. E3 (K); Assam or East Bengal, undated, (fr.), Griffith 6386 (K). MYANMAR: Yado Valley, undated, (fr.), Fea s.n. (FI-B). CHINA (SOUTH YUNNAN): Mengla, Yaoquitan, foot of Nangong Mt, undated, (fr.), Chen, S. Y 795 (KUN). (SOUTH-EAST YUNNAN): Jiancheng, Qushuiqu, 7 March 1986, (fr.), Xu, Y 14327 (HITBC). THAILAND (NORTH) Doi Chiang Dao, 5 June 1921, (fr.), Kerr, A. 5615 (K, BK). LAOS (NORTH): Luang Namtha Province, Namtha Distr., near Ban Nam Kong, Nam Va, 2 May 1998, (stam.), Oulathong OL 200 (FRCL, K). VIETNAM (UNKNOWN): North Vietnam, 13Jan. 1961, (stam.), Unknown 1536 (LE).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest at 800 - 950 m in Laos, 1400 - 1500 m in Thailand.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari (1908) tentatively described the variety karinensis on the basis of a single specimen, stating that with further material it may prove to be either synonymous with the typical form or a full species. Pei et al. (1989) raised karinensis to species rank on the basis of five specimens from Yunnan, although unfortunately they had not had access to the types (Chen Sanyang, pers. comm. 1999). Although C. karinensis was considered a 'sp. nov.' by the authors it is probably better treated as a 'stat. nov.' since they clearly intended to refer to the same taxon as Beccari (1908). The correct type is thus that of the basionym. Table 1 outlines the published diagnostic features of the three taxa. Criterion 1 is clearly not diagnostic even as stated - both forms can show seriate spines. Criteria 3, 4, 5 and 6 are vague and appear impossible to apply in a consistent, objective way. Criteria 3 - 7 apply only to females and 5 - 7 require mature fruit. In the present study extensive material, old and recent, was examined to determine whether the criteria were applicable, whether they could be better phrased or quantified, and whether other criteria might be found. As Beccari suspected, the presence of flattened spines along the rachis of the Fea specimen (Criterion 2) merely indicates a juvenile leaf (cf. e.g Oulathong 200). All the Chinese material bears thick, deflexed spines or claws and in this respect there is no difference between material assigned to the differing forms. It appears that Pei et al. (1989) wished rather to place their emphasis on the fact of these claws being in pairs or threes and not solitary as in the typical form, but this seems to us to be a variable feature of no diagnostic value in the present example. The degree of primary bract laceration and scale channelling were scored by eye and measurements were made of rachilla length and spacing (the latter as an index of whether there were 'more' or 'fewer', since total numbers could not be determined from the fragmentary specimens). These data showed clearly that variation in Criteria 3 - 6 was not correlated between characters and no disjunctions could be found supporting the recognition of two taxa. All fruiting material had a dark intramarginal line of varying width and shade and a fine creamy marginal line (Criterion 7). This included those specimens cited by Pei et al. (1989) as representing C. karinensis and so supposedly 'without a dark [intra]marginal line'. In Fea s.n. the intramarginal line is broad at the scale corners but narrows or even disappears near the midline of the scale. Thus overall the re-assessment found no support for the separation of taxa, and this causes us to synonymise them here.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai lao, wai mon, wai namleuang, wai thoon (Lao Loum), blong poul (Khamu).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane suitable for handicrafts and reported to be traded in Laos (although Beccari (1908) and Sarkar (1999) note that the cane is very brittle). Shoot edible.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown. Probably of little concern since it occupies a wide range and is strongly clustering. However, Renuka (1999) stated that North- east Indian populations have declined considerably in recent years.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus flagellum var. furvifurfuraceus</name>\r
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y Chen</author> \r
+<citation>Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27(2): 133 (1989);</citation> \r
+<type>China, Yunnan; S. Y Chen & S. Q. Tong; 18990</type>\r
+<type_loc>holotype HITBC</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 55 (2001).</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>China (South Yunnan) and Vietnam (Central Annam). The variety is only reported from Indochina.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>China (South Yunnan): Mengla, Mengdan, 20 March 1984, (pist.), Chen, S. Y. & Tong, S. Q. 18990 (HITBC) and 20 May 1984, (ster.), Chen, S. Y. 18991 (HITBC). VIETNAM (CENTRAL ANNAM): Bach Ma town, 30 Jan. 1990, (stam.), Newman, M. 178 (K).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>At 1350 m in Vietnam</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>In the protologue this variety was diagnosed on the basis of the slightly grouped uppermost and lowermost leaflets, the petiole, rachis and sheath with dense brown indumentum and the smaller fruit. One specimen from the protologue, Xu, Y & Zhang, YE Z. 14327, does not fit the diagnosis and we place it in the nominate variety, whilst Chen, S. Y. & Yu, C. 6471 (also cited by Pei et al. 1989) was not seen. Grouped lower leaflets and extensive, dense, dark indumentum are not shown by specimens placed in the nominate variety, but the relevant part of the rachis is seldom preserved in any case. The type specimen of this variety has no fruit and the fruits of two others in the original description are not especially small, so we suggest that this character be disregarded. Although maintained here it seems likely that fuller field observations will show that the two varieties given here are synonymous, their apparent distinctness resulting from individual variation combined with collection of fragmentary material. For example, leaflet grouping is often seen in Calamus species on leaves from near the base of the stem even when the leaflets on upper leaves are regularly arranged (personal observations); it is particularly tempting to collect such unrepresentative leaves on a plant as huge as C. flagellum. Furthermore, indumentum tends to be thickest on young stems and freshly emerged organs, thinning out later.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus floribundus</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<citation>Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 1845</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 : 444. 1892</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 191. 1908 and Appendix Pl. 47. 1913.</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A strong climber; stem cluster-forming, with leafsheath to 3 cm in diameter. Leaves ecirrate; leafsheath armed with to 3 cm long, subulate, horizontal to deflexed spines, mostly scattered or seriate, intermingled with dark brown bulbous based bristles; petiole strongly armed at margins with to 4 cm long, straight rigid spines, horizontal or deflexed from petiole; flagellum armed with black tipped claws; leaflets not many, lanceolate, 3-5 nerved, to 50 cm long, 3 - 4 cm wide at middle; upper leaflets crowded; terminal leaflets conspicuously connate at base. Male inflorescence flagelliform, to 3 m long; partial inflorescences to 40 cm long, thrice branched; primary bracts tubular, 2-edged, armed with scattered straight spines; secondary bracts tubular, non spiny, with funnel-like opening; flower branches alternate, inserted at the mouth or just above the mnouth of the respective bracts, each holding alternate, to 2 cm long rachillae; male flowers distichous, ovoid, 3-4 mm long; calyx rounded, almost smooth at base with 3-acute lobes; corolla twice longer than calyx. Female partial inflorescences fewer in number, 15-30 cm long; base of the partial inflorescences inserted within the primary bracts; rachillae 4 - 8 in number on each side of the flower branch, 8 -12 cm long, slightly arched, zig-zag between the flowers; involucrophorum sub-cupular, acutely toothed on each side, almost exserted from own bract. Female flowers 4 mm long, ovoid, conic. Fruit almost globose, suddenly beaked to 10mm in diameter; fruit-scales in 15 series, obtuse, shining, superficially channelled at middle, straw yellow in colour; seed sub-orbicular.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh), BANGLADESH, BURMA.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Grows in moist forests of the plains and lower hill valleys.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Not cultivated.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Arunachal Pradesh : Abor Expedition (1911-12), Makum, 21.11.1919, Burkhil 35743 (CAL); Pobomukh, 15.12.1911, Burkhil 37041 (CAL).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A New Species of Calamus (Palmae) from Taiwan</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 50(3) 222-226</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2005</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus formosanus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 211 (1902)</citation>
+<type>Taiwan. Kelung, 1864; R. Oldham; 629</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus quinquesetinervius</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 810 (1943)</bibref>
+<type>Taiwan. Karenko, near Nanwo, 24 Nov 1918; E. Wilson; 11112</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B (destroyed); isotypes A, K</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus orientalis</name>
+<author>C.E.Chang</author>
+<bibref>C.E.Chang, Quart. J. Chin. Forest. 21: 108 (1988)</bibref>
+<type>Taiwan. Nantou, Lienhuachi; C. E. Chang; 18496 (h).</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype PPI, NY (image)</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Huang-teng.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, to 20 m long and 5 cm diameter (with leaf sheaths); leaf sheaths yellowish-brown, densely covered with flattened, yellowish, upward-pointing spines to 2 cm long; knees prominent, swollen, spiny; ocreas short or absent; flagella absent; petioles short or absent; pinnae 18-19 per side of rachis, broadly lanceolate, irrregularly arranged (regularly arranged on young plants), distantly spaced 5-8 cm apart; cirri present. Inflorescence bracts tightly sheathing; fruits pedicellate, ellipsoid, to 2 cm long and 1 cm diameter, yellowish-brown. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Taiwan, widely distributed in lowland to montane rainforest, to 1000 m elevation</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type of C. formosanus, and the illustration and description of Beccari (1908, 1913), show a palm with irregularly arranged, distantly spaced, broadly lanceolate pinnae, and the rachis ending in a cirrus. This is identical with the isotype of Calamus quinquesetinervius and an image of the type and illustration of C. orientalis. Calamus formosanus was placed by Beccari (1908) in Group XV, and appears to be a member of the C. palustris group of species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Taiwan. Ilan: Fu Shan, Fu Shan branch office of Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 26-27 Sep 1989, Boufford et al. 25112 (A, K, NY). Nantou: Sun Moon Lake, 20 Nov 1987, Chang 18552-3 (K); Round Lake, Candidius, 1918, Wilson 10004 (A). Pingtung: Bankinsing mountains, no date, Henry 522 (A, NY); South Cape, no date, Henry 587 (K); same locality, no date, Henry 687 (A); same locality, no date, Henry 1354 (K); Mutanshe, 2 Apr 1926, Saito 7901 (A) Taipei: Tamsui, no date, Morse s. n. (K). Unknown county: Dainamon, NE coast, no date, Price 1127 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus gamblei</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 : 453. 1893</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 : 316. 1908 and Appendix PI. 123. 1913.</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A moderately strong climber; stem cluster forming, without sheath bright yellow in colour, 1.5 cm in diameter. Leaves ecirrate; leafsheath with prominent knee and flagellum, light green to yellowish green in colour, densely armed with non-seriate, stiff, bulbous-based spines; leaflets ensiform, alternate, acuminate, to 50 cm long, 2 - 2.5 cm broad at middle, ciliate at apices, bristly on upper and lower nerves; petiole armed with straigth, subulate spines; rachis with conspicuous bulbous based curved spines. Inflorescence flagelliform, 3 m or more long; axial part of inflorescence digitately clawed at intervals; male partial inflorescences to 150 cm long; primary bract armed with 1 cm long straight spines; male rachillae 8 - 10 cm long, attached above the mouth of the respective basal bracts; female partial inflorescences attached high above the mouth of the respective basal bracts; each 25 - 30 cm long; involucrophorum in female rachilla outside its own bract, distinctly pedicelliform; involucre discoid, almost flat; female flowers in 2 series, 5 mm long, each pointed upward. Fruit ovoid, tapering at base, 20 - 25 mm x 18 mm; fruit scales swollen outside, shining, pale yellow, with deep channel at middle, arranged in 21 longitudinal series; endosperm ruminate; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka). Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In moist forests of the Western Ghats mostly at 600-2000 m. Common in the Nilgiri Hills.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Cultivated in trial plots of the Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The glossy yellow cane is largely used for making furniture.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tamil Nadu : Nilgiri, Makurti forest, 5000 ft. June 1884. Gamble 14405 (CAL); Kerala: Kottayam, Old Devicolam, 25.1.1964, Sebastine 18474 (MH); Upper Vegavurrai, 25.4.1966. Shetty 27375 (MH); Trivendrum, Benacord Estate forest, 9.10.1973. Joseph 44647 (MH). Karnataka : Chikmagalur, Kudremukh 1450 m, 25.2.1984. Vajravelu 77850 (MH); Coorg, Pallekunde, 18.2.1980. Vajravelu 77794 (MH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calmus gibbsianus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 58 (1913)</citation>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 791 (1982)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 121 (1984)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Lillian Suzette Gibbs, 1870 - 1925, plant collector who made an important expedition to Kinabalu</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering montane rattan climbing to 8 m, rarely more, very rarely ± stemless; stem without sheaths 4-8 mm diam., with sheaths 7-30 mm diam., internodes short, rarely exceeding 10 cm. Sheaths dull mid to dark green, sparsely to densely armed with pale green spines to 7 mm, occasionally also with minute spicules arranged in partial whorls, sheaths and spines all densely covered in brown indumentum; knee conspicuous; ocrea inconspicuous to well developed, armed with groups of spicules or bristles. Flagellum to 1 m, rarely absent. Leaf ecirrate, onclimbing stems to 70 cm, more in stemless forms; petiole 3-18 cm, sparsely to densely armed; rachis covered with rusty-brown hairs; leaflets regularly arranged, 6 - 20 on each side of the rachis, distant to crowded, lanceolate, mid-leaf leaflets 45 -200 x 7 - 25 mm, usually very densely covered with minute spine-like papillae or short bristles on the undersurface and occasionally also on the upper surface, always with a dense tuft of orange to red-brown hairs on the undersurface at the leaflet base. Inflorescence usually to c. 1m long, with 1-4 partial inflorescences to c. 10 cm, strongly recurved and bearing short recurved rachillae, large conspicuous bracteoles and relatively large flowers. Mature fruit spherical to ovoid, to 16 x 12 mm, tipped by a short beak to 1 x 1 mm and covered in 15 - 18 vertical rows of pale brown, black-edged scales; seed ovoid to ± oblong, to 14 x 7 mm, deeply pitted and grooved; endosperm subruminate. Seedling leaf pinnate with c. 6 leaflets (Fig. 56).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>In Sarawak known only from one collection from the Kelabit Highlands. Elsewhere in montane forest on Kinabalu and the Crocker Range at elevations of 1400-3000m.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>In Sabah used for general tying and weaving by successive expeditions to Kinabalu.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. gibbsianus is a very polymorphic species and reaches the highest altitude of any palm in Borneo. It has a characteristic inflorescence with strongly curved branches bearing conspicuous saucerlike bracteoles below the flowers or fruit, and the leaflets always have a conspicuous tuft of reddish-brown hair on the undersurface at the base.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus godefroyi</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 267 (1908) and (Suppl.): 40 (1913)</citation>\r
+<type>Cambodia, Siem Reap; Godefroy-Leboeuf; 685</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotype P</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1035 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 29 (2001)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic, Thailand (North-east), Laos (Central) and Cambodia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>THAILAND (NORTH-EAST): Nong Khai ('Nong Kay'), Mekong, undated, (pist.), Thorel s.n. E139 (P). LAos (CENTRAL): Vientiane Municipality, Pak Ngum Distr., Ban Maknao, 21 March 2000, (stam.), Khamphone 449 (FRCL, K) and (pist.), Khamphone 450 (FRCL, K). CAMBO()IA: banks of Tonle Sap, Siem Reap (P sheets erroneously labelled 'Siam'), Great Lake, 19 July 1879, (pist.), Godefroy-Leboeuf 685 (K, P); locality unknown, undated, (pist.), Unknown s.n. E140 (P).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Marshy, forested areas below 200 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species seems likely to be synonymous with C. rotang L., but the newly collected Lao material did not reach K in time for this to be confirmed by detailed direct comparisons. Most previously published locality records are inaccurate and so, since Magalon's (1930) report from Cochinchina appears to be unsupported by specimens (it may simply be a repeat of Beccari's [1908, 1913] error) there remains no evidence that the species occurs in Vietnam. A reported specimen from Siam (Gagnepain & Conrard 1937) is apparently in error (see above). The specimen from Phnom Penh cited by Gagnepain & Conrard (1937) could not be located; it may be Unknown s.n. E140. The one Lao record is from a marshy valley on the Mekong floodplain. This area is used for dry season rice but floods too deeply to be used in the rainy season, at which time the paddies are rapidly re-occupied by sedges. Much of the marsh was probably once wooded but only scattered trees now remain, as well as degraded forest and bamboo scrub on the surrounding higher ground. Calamus godefroyi was reportedly once very abundant at the site, the local name of which translates as 'rattan lake', but it is now reduced to scattered clumps along banks and ditches in the marsh, with more plants in the surrounding scrub. In 2000 seedlings were common but few adult plants were found. One local man was so concerned by this decline that he has transplanted several clumps to his small-holding; these are thriving and were the source of the recently collected material.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai nong (Lao Loum).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Stem used for handicrafts, shoot edible.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, but locally poor (see above) because the species occupies a habitat especially vulnerable to clearance. Similar habitats are widespread in the Mekong plain and it is likely that C. godefroyi will be found at other sites, but as agriculture intensifies many of those in Laos may be under threat. Likely to be secure if strong populations occur around the Great Lake in Cambodia; otherwise of moderate concern.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus gonospermus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 202 (1902</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 190 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 130 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 131 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Angled seed</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, very slender rattan climbing to 10 m; stem without sheaths to 8 mm diam. (usually less), with sheaths to 12 mm diam., internodes 5-12 cm long. Sheaths dark green, ± unarmed or armed with scattered short bulbous-based spines to 4 mm, sparse deciduous brown indumentum sometimes present; knee conspicuous; ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to 1.5 m. Leaf ecirrate to c. 60 cm including petiole to 25 cm; petiole sparsely armed with reflexed spines; leaflets 3-4 (rarely 5) on each side of the rachis, the apical two close together, the proximal 1 or 2 close together but distant from the apical, lanceolate to spathulate, usually ± cucullate and with a pronounced drip-tip, rarely linear and lacking a drip-tip, the longest to 30 × 3.5 cm, the apical pair fused for up to 1/2 their length, dull green, ± unarmed. Inflorescences shorter than the leaves, without terminal flagellum, rarely exceeding 40 cm; partial inflorescences up to 5, each subtended by a loosely tubular, rather conspicuously bulbous-spiny bract, the male branching to 3 orders, the female to 2, the rachillae very short, somewhat condensed, the bracteoles forming rather large cups. Mature fruit usually 2-3 only per infructescence, large, rounded, c. 20 mm diam., tipped with a conical beak and covered in 16 vertical rows of smooth unchannelled pale brown scales with darker tips. Seed irregularly globular, acutely angled, 10-12 mm diam.; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 47).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Found scattered throughout Brunei, but always rare. Elsewhere in Sabah and Sarawak. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known, though the fruit contains a thick sweet sarcotesta, good to eat.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. gonospermus has been collected in lowland and hill dipterocarp forest</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Labi, Dransfield J. 6528; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6613; Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Wong 490. TEM: Amo, Bukit Belalong, Stockdale 58.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus gracilis</name>
+<author>Roxb.</author>
+<citation>Fl. Ind. 3: 781 (1832);</citation>
+<type>India Orientalis; Roxburgh; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BM (labelled as s.n. E132); isotype BR, photograph at K</type_loc>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 318 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 13 (1): 88 (1991)</bibref>
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 36 (2001)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="distribution"><p>India (North-east), Bangladesh, China (South Yunnan) and Laos (Central). Also in South-east China (Pei et al. 1991)</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA (NORTH-EAST): Khasia, Ladder Valley, undated, (fr.), Hooker & Thompson s.n. E62 (K). BANGLADESH: 'India Orientalis', undated, (stam.), Roxburgh s.n. E132 (BM). CHINA (SOUTH YUNNAN): Mengla, Yaoqu, 21 May 1965, (fr.), Chen, S. Y. & Yu C. 05536 (K). LAOS (CENTRAL): Bolikhamxay Province, Khamkheut Distr., Ban Phonkheo (map name Ban Phongnot), 13 March 1999, (fr.), Khamphone KP 386 (FRCL, K).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest at 300 - 750 m in Laos, up to 850 m in South Yunnan.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai hom, wai soum, wai tairtair (Lao Loum).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of high quality and widely traded. The shoot is edible.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, but likely to be of low concern due to its wide range and clustering habit, which allows it to tolerate a moderate level of harvesting. However, Renuka (1999) notes that the Indian populations have declined considerably in recent years.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<role>\r
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>\r
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>\r
+</role>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<role>\r
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>\r
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>\r
+</role>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<role>\r
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>\r
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>\r
+</role>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<role>\r
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>\r
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>\r
+</role>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<role>\r
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>\r
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>\r
+</role>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus guruba</name>\r
+<author>Buch.-Ham. ex Mart.</author>\r
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1't ed.): 211 and 334 (1838)</citation>\r
+<type>India, Bengal, Cachar; Hooker & Thompson; s.n. E108</type>\r
+<type_loc>Neotype K</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 299 (1908) and (Suppl.): 49 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1021 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 30 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus nitidus</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1" ed.): 211 and 334 (1838)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 302 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<type>Myanmar, Tenasserim; Wallich; 8609</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus mastersianus</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author>\r
+<bibref>Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 76 (1844)</bibref>\r
+<type>India, Assam; Griffith; s.n. (protologue specifies #1201, but sheets not numbered)</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype BM</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops guruba (Buch.-Ham. ex Mart.) Mart. var. hamiltonianus [strictly =var. guruba] </name>\r
+<author>(Griff.) Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (2nd ed.): 206 and 330 (1845)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops guruba (Buch.-Ham. ex Mart.) Mart. var. mastersianus </name>\r
+<author>Griff.) Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (2nd ed.): 206 and 330 (1845).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus multirameus</name>\r
+<author>Ridl.</author>\r
+<bibref>Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 2: 202 (excl. descr. of the fruit) (1907)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 15: 147 (1956)</bibref>\r
+<type>Malaysia, Perak, Dinding; Ridley; 8405</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype SING</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>India (North-central and North-east), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand (East, South-east and Peninsular), Laos (South) and Peninsular Malaysia. Also probably Cambodia (Gagnepain & Conrard 1937).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA (NORTH-CENTRAL): Orissa, Ranpur, Nilpara, 6 Aug. 1940, (ster.), Mooney, H. F 1364 (K). (NORTH-EAST): Bengal, Cachar, Doud-puthi?, undated, (fr.), Hooker & Thompson s.n. E108 (K); Assam, undated, (pist.), Griffith s.n. (BM). BANGLIADE~SH: Chittagong Hill Tracts, Pharoka, 27 Feb. 1879, (stam.), Gamble 6759 A+B (K). MYANMAR: Central Provinces, Nimtha, Suracha? Range, 29 Oct. 1912, (fr.), Haines, H. H. 3686 (K), Tenasserim, undated, (pist.), Wallich 8609 (K). THAILAND (EAST): Saraburi Province, Khao Yai National Park, 26 March 1979, (stam.), Dransfield, J. & T Santisuk 5458 (K, BKF). (SOUTH-EAST): Chantabun, Klawng Chantabun, 4 Dec. 1924, (fr.), Kerr, A. 9414A (K, BK). (PENINSULAR): Krabi, Ban Kang, 9 Nov. 1930, (fr.), Kerr 19811 (K). LAOS (SOUTH): Attapeu Province, Sanamxay Distr., Ban Hin Lat, near Xe Pian R., 17 May 1999, Khamphone KP 411 (FRCL, K). MALAYSIA (PENINSULAR): Perak, Dinding Ridley 8405 (SING).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In Laos, scrub forest, often by rivers, at 100 m. In Thailand, evergreen forest up to 750 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Three species have usually been recognised in this group. They are diagnosed principally on the number of bristly or prominent costae on the upper and lower leaflet surfaces, although Furtado (1956) notes various other insignificant differences. C. nitidus has five bristly nerves adaxially, only the middle one prominent, and one sparsely bristly, not prominent costa abaxially; C. multirameus has one prominent bristly costa adaxially and 3 - 5 abaxially; and C. guruba has 1 - 3 prominent bristly costae adaxially and usually only one bristly, prominent costa abaxially, rarely three. These criteria were re-assessed by scoring all material available in K and P (data available from authors). Specimens were only included if it was possible to examine both sides of several leaflets from the middle or lower part of the rachis. There were many more character states than the three formerly reported, with almost every combination observed of prominent and/or bristly veins of different numbers. These states show no geographical pattern. More than one state can be found on a single plant or even a single leaf. We consider that the most appropriate explanation is that this represents a strongly variable character within a single, well-defined species for which the first name available is C. guruba. Beccari (1913) sank C. multirameus in C. guruba but Furtado (1956) revived it. The Thorel material was erroneously placed in Cochinchina (Vietnam) by Beccari (1913) and in Cambodia by Gagnepain & Conrard (1937). There appear to be no specimen records from Vietnam</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai deng (Lao Loum), wai kikai (Thailand).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane used in handicrafts, trade potential unknown in Indochina but reported to be a highly sought-after species in West Bengal (Sarkar 1999). Shoot edible.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Widespread and so probably of little concern, although Renuka (1999) notes that the Indian populations have declined considerably in recent years.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus harmandii</name>\r
+<author>Pierre ex Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 216 (1902)</citation>\r
+<type>Laos, Attapeu; Harmand; 1198 (3359 in Herb. Pierre) </type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype FI-B; isotype P, photograph in K.</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 39 (4): 797 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 20 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Zalacella harmandii</name>\r
+<author>(Pierre ex Becc.) Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Pierre ex Becc.) Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 496 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Magalon, Contr. Palm. Indoch. 155 (1930)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6:1005 (1937)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic, known only from the type locality.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>LAOS (SOUTH): Attapeu Province, Sanxay Distr., Ban Tatkoum, Phou Lekfay, 14 May 1999, (stam.), Khamphone KP 398 (FRCL, K) and (fr.),Khamphone KP 400 (FRCL, K); Attapeu Basin, Phou Lekfay (60 km ENE d'Attopeu), March 1877 (pist.), Harmand, J. 1198 (=Pierre 3359) (FI-B, P and K [photograph]).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest at 150 - 200 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari (1908) placed the locality in Cochinchina but this, and his spelling of it, were in error. The rediscovery of this species was described by Evans (2000). Unconfirmed reports of the species from North Thailand (Evans 2000) are now known to refer to Calamus erectus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>nya seui (Lao Loum), yeu mo (Alak).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Fruits edible.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>The species is currently of conservation concern because it is known from only one site. The locality adjoins a very extensive area of forests at similar altitudes, exploration of which may reveal that it is more abundant. The only threat known at present is forest clearance.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus helferianus</name>
+<author>Kurz</author>
+<citation>Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 43 : 1874</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6:446. 1892</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 247. 1908, and Appendix PI. 83. 1913.</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Possibly a slender climber; leaves ecirrate; rachis acutely bifaced on upper side, aculeate below; leaflets in alternate groups of 2 - 5 leaflets on each side of the rachis, linear-lanceolate, 20 - 30 cm long, 13-15 mm broad at middle, tapering, attenuate at apices, 5-nerved; midnerve bristly above, smooth below. Male and female inflorescences slender; primary bracts tubular, very closely sheathing; rachillae non-drooping; male flowers oblong, 4 mm long, 1-2 mm apart; female flowers conical, 4 mm long, borne on distinct basal cushion; calyx urceolate; fruit unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>NDIA (Andaman Island), BURMA.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Its habitat in Andaman Island is unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Note: According to Beccari (1908), this species occurs in Andaman Islands, but except for the specimens studied by Beccari and one old specimen collected by Heifer with the locality mentioned as Andamans preserved in CAL, no other specimens were available for study.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andamans : Heifer 6395 in 2 sheets (CAL Ace. nos. 493759, 493760).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus henryanus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 199 (1902)</citation>
+<type>China, Yunnan; Henry; 12239</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype CAL; isotype K</type_loc>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 486 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 38 (2001)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus balansaeanus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 3: 230 (1910)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(1) (Suppl.): 121 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Magalon, Contr. Etud. Palmiers Indoch. 111 (1930)</bibref>
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6:1041 (1937)</bibref>
+<type>Vietnam, Tonkin; Balansa; 517</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus henryanus var. castaneolepis</name>
+<author>C. F. Wei</author>
+<bibref>C. F. Wei, Guihaia 6 (1 - 2): 32 (1986)</bibref>
+<type>China, Guangxi, Guilin (cultivated); Wei, C. F.; 123196</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype IBSC</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus balansaeanus var. castaneolepis</name>
+<author>(C. F. Wei) S. J. Pei & S. Y Chen</author>
+<bibref>(C. F. Wei) S. J. Pei & S. Y Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27(2): 134 (1989)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13(1): 79 (1991)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="distribution"><p>China (North-west, South-east and South Yunnan, South-east China), Thailand (North and North-east), Laos (North and Central) and Vietnam (Tonkin and North Annam).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CHINA (NORTH-WEST YUNNAN): Yingjiang County, Nabanba, 28 Nov. 1981, (stam. & pist.), Chen, S. Y & Tao, G. D. 18945 (K). (SOUTH-EAST YUNNAN): Banpo Distr., Luchun County, 26 April 1984, (stam.), Chen, S. Y. et al. 18996 (K). (SOUTH YUNNAN):Jinghong, Hongsa, km 663 on the road to Simao, undated, Chen, S. Y 799 (KUN). (SOUTH-EAST CHINA): Guanxi Province, Longzhou ('Long Chow'), undated, (stam.), Henry, A. 193 (K). (UNKNOWN): Yunnan, undated, (fr.), Henry, A. 12239 (K). THAILAND (NORTH THAILAND): Chiangsen, Mi Cham, 24 March 1921, (stam.), Kerr, A. 5145 (K, BM, BK). (NORTH-EAST): Loei, Phu Kradung, ravines west of summit, 8 Nov. 1997, (stam.), Hodel & Vatcharakorn 1769 (BH). LAos (NORTH): Huaphanh Province, Viengthong Distr., Ban Sakok, Phou Houaykatoy, 19 June 1999, (stam.), Oulathong OL 229 (FRCL, K). (CENIRAL): Bolikhamxay Province, Khamkheut Distr., Ban Lak (20), Pha Hua, March 1999, (stam.), Evans, T. TDE 37 (FRCL, K) and (stam.), Evans, T. TDE 36 (FRCL, K). VIETNAM (TONKIN): Than-Moi, 5 March 1886, (stam.), Balansa 517 (P); Vinh Phu Province, 100 km NW of Hanoi, Tam Dao, below Tam Dao hillstation, 24 Aug. 1994, (fr.), Boyce, R C. 811 (K, HNU, HN). (NORTH ANNAM): Ha Tinh Province, Huong Son Distr., An-Ngam village, western slope, 17 April 1998, (fr.), Hiep, N. T. et al. 128 (K, MO). CULTIVATED: Guangxi, Guilin, 18 Feb. 1985, (fr.), Wei, C. F 123196 (IBSC).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Scrub and evergreen forest at 600 - 1100 m (Laos), 450 - 1300 m (Thailand) and 1350 m (China).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The differences used by Beccari to diagnose C. henryanus and C. balansaeanus (each based upon a single, incomplete specimen) can no longer be used. The much more extensive material now available (including topotypical material of C. henryanus from Yunnan) shows that variation in leaflet length, exact degree of branching in the female inflorescence and various other quantitative characters is much too great for two distinct taxa to be recognised. The support of the neuter flower is slightly enlarged (about 1 mm tall) in the type specimen of C. henryanus relative to all the other female material examined but this alone cannot be considered a suitable character for defining a species. Contrary to the key given by Pei et al. (1991) the two taxa cannot be recognised on the basis that one has regularly pinnate leaflets and the other interrupted pinnate ones. The variety castaneolepis of C. henryanus was diagnosed on the basis of fruit size and the proportion of chestnut on the fruit scales. The latter is about 50% in the type of variety castaneolepis, not 100% as implied by the protologue. Both differences are attributable to the fruit being immature and thus are not felt significant enough to merit recognition of a separate variety.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai namlee, wai hangnou, wai khairp, wai faatgay (Lao Loum), blong knair (Khamu), kateng blaou (Hmong), wai bun (Thailand).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Suitable for handicrafts but the short stems are not attractive to traders. Shoot edible, leaves (?) boiled for tea (Evans, T 36).</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Probably of little concern since it is quite common, is under low harvesting pressure and grows well in degraded forest.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus hepburnii</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 795 (1982)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>A.J. Hepburn - Chief Research Officer at Sepilok, 1979 - 1981</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan climbing to 20 m; stem without sheaths to 8 mm, with to 17 mm diam.; internodes 10 - 13 cm. Leaf sheaths dark green, covered in caducous scaly indumentum and armed with scattered large triangular spines to 10 x 10 m with black hairy margins and hollowed-out bases, interspersed with much smaller spines. Knee conspicuous. Ocrea membranous, inconspicuous to c 1 mm. Vestigial flagellum present to 20 cm armed with horizontal triangular spines. Leaf cirrate to 2.2 m, including petiole to 20 cm and cirrus to c 1 m; cirrus armed with scattered rather than grouped spines; leaflets linear to c 32 on each side of the rachis arranged in 4 - 6 rather distant groups, but regularly arranged within the groups, to 32 x 1.3 cm, somewhat plicate, very sparsely armed on the upper surface with 2 - 4 rows of scattered bristles, densely and conspicuously armed with short brown bristles all over the under-surface. Male inflorescence only known, to c 65 cm, curved; bracts on the axis dark brown, spiny and splitting longitudinally producing an untidy mass of strips; first order branches to 25 cm; 2nd order branches to 7 cm, strongly reflexed rachillae to 13 x 2 mm bearing close distichous flower pits. Other parts unknown. (Fig. 55)</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from two collections, one from the slopes of Bt. Masasau, near Pamol, and the other in Sapa Payau F.R. on the main road between Sandakan and Telupid. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. hepburml although incompletely known, is easily identified by the presence of a vestigial flagellum and a cirrus with scattered rather than grouped spines, together with the linear leaflets densely bristly on the undersurface. It is to be hoped that more material will be collected. This rather elegant rattan was found in lowland Dipterocarp forest at the foot of an ultrabasic hill at Bt. Masasau, and in lowland Dipterocarp forest on poor soils at the edge of an old river terrace at Sapa Payau.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus hispidulus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 209 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 332 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 118 (1992)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus sp. aff. C. ciliaris</name>
+<author>Bl.</author>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 170 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 191 (1992)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Covered in very small rigid hairs</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary (?always) slender rattan climbing to 10 m tall; stem without sheaths 7-8 mm diam, with sheaths to 14 mm diam., internodes c. 10 cm long. Sheaths dull green, very densely covered in minute, rigid brown hairs with swollen bases, the hairs eventually deciduous leaving a rough surface, or with slender greenish almost hair-like spinules, a few short triangular spines to 2 mm long sometimes present scattered among the hairs; knee conspicuous; ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to 1.25 m. Leaf ecirrate, to 55 cm long including petiole to c. 15 cm, rough near the base; leaflets 15-20 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, ± linear, the longest to 25 × 2 cm, both surfaces bearing minute spinules or, more rarely, pale green hair-like spinules; transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescence 60-125 cm long, curved, with 3-6 much curved partial inflorescences; male rachillae strongly curved, to 25 mm long, bearing distant large flowers; female rachillae much curved, to 45 mm, bearing distant large conspicuously stalked flowers. Mature fruit ellipsoid, 20 × 8 × 10 mm, covered in yellowish-brown scales. Other details not known. (Fig. 42).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Locally common in Brunei, tending to occur in forest on poor soils. Elsewhere in Sarawak. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane appears to be of good quality for binding purposes.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. hispidulus may be distinguished from other related Bornean species such as C. sarawakensis and C. pilosellus by the rough leaf sheaths. Its closest relative is probably C. exilis of Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. We have included here a rattan previously identified as Calamus sp. aff. C. ciliaris Bl. (Dransfield 1984, 1992). With more material, it seems to fit within the range of variation of C. hispidulus. So far, this very hairy form has not yet been found in Brunei.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6599. TEM: Amo, Wong 1737; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Dransfield J. 7124. TUT: Lamunin, Ladan Hills F.R., Wong 507; Rambai, Bt.Bahak, Coode 7028; Rambai, Bt.Bahak, Coode 7059; Rambai, Tasik Merimbun, Wong 341. Without prov.: BRUN 15744.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus holttumii</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<citation>Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 228.</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>R.E. Holttum - eminent tropical botanist, one-time director of Botanic Gardens Singapore</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rota n peru t ay a m</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary rattan climbing to 15 m tall, usually less. Stem without sheaths to 10 mm in diameter, with sheaths to 2 cm; internodes about 15 cm long. All parts dull becoming reddish tinged on drying. Sheaths dull green armed with abundant bulbous-based spines to 1 cm long by 5 mm wide and abundant sinuous rough ridges. Knee conspicuous armed as the leaf sheath. Ocrea to 1 cm high. Flagellum to 2 m long. Leaf ecirrate to 1 m including petiole to 30 cm long; leaflets very variable, from 4 to 15 on each side, very broad (30 cm long by 5 cm wide) or narrow (30 cm long by 1.5 cm wide), with many intermediates, ± unarmed. Inflorescences to 1.5 m long, the male more highly branched than the female, with bracts rather densely spiny and armed with rough ridges. Mature fruit to about 1 cm in diameter, rounded, very shortly beaked covered in 15 vertical rows of green, drying brown scales; seed about 6 mm in diameter. Endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Johore, Trengganu. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane of good quality (5-10 mm) but probably too rare to be of much significance.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus holttumii is a variable plant; the type specimen from G. Panti has relatively narrow leaflets, though most of the living population at the same locality has broad leaflets.
+Yet in every other respect the plants are similar. For differences from C. tanakadatei see under the latter species. C. holttumii is known from three localities - Ulu Endau and G. Panti in Johore, and Bt. Bauk in Trengganu. It grows in all three localities in hill forest on humus rich soil.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus hookerianus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 1:226 and Appendix PI. 70. 1913.</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A thicket forming slender climber, stem clustering, with leafsheath to 3 cm in diameter exposed part of the stem to 2 cm in diameter. Leaves ecirrate 1.5 - 2 m or more long; leafsheath with flagellum and conspicuous knee, armed with scattered long and short broad-based spines intermingled with brownish toinentum; leaflets linear; lower leaflets sub-opposite; middle leaflets opposite and upper leaflets alternate; longest leaflets to 80 cm long, 2 cm broad at middle, conspicuously 3-nerved; midnerve bristly on lower side; rachis armed with 1 - 1.5 cm long broad-based straight spines. Male inflorescence flagelliform; partial inflorescences once or twice branched; each attached above the mouth of the respective primary bracts; axial part of inflorescence armed with paired or 3-nate reflexed claws; secondary bracts tubular, smooth on outer surface, obliquely truncate with lip-like projection on one side; rachillae alternate, arching, 9 mm to 5 cm long, attached at or slightly below the mouth of the respective cup-like basal bracts; in proximal rachillae male flowers are borne on glomerules, in the distal rachillae flowers are distichous. Female inflorescence with alternate simply branched partial inflorescences; partial inflorescence upto 1 m long, attached high above the mouth of the respective primary basal bracts; rachillae alternate, drooping, to 25 cm long, attached on cushion at the mouth of the respective cup-like basal bracts. Fruits globose, sub-globose, conical at upper part, 9-10mm x 5mm with a distinct base; fruit scales yellowish brown, in 18 longitudinal series, with chestnut brown anterior part, not channelled at middle, erosely toothed at margins; seed subglobose; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Tamil Nadu, Kerala). Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Grows in the moist hill forests of Western Ghats of Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli Districts of Tamil Nadu and Trivendrum, Thenmala, Ranni, Kottayam, Munnar, Malayattur, Trichur, Nemara and Nilambar forests of Kerala.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Seedlings have been raised in the nursery of the Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, and experimental plots of Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tamil Nadu : Tirunelveli Dist. Courtellum Hill, Firefall forest, 17th April 1984, Vejravelu 80515 (CAL & MADRAS) ; Kerala : Feb. 1885, Wight s.n. (CAL).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus hypertrichosus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 17 (1913).</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Very hairy</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Very slender clustering rattan climbing to 3 m only; stem without sheaths 3 -4 mm diam., with sheaths to 6 mm diam., internodes c. 12 cm long. Sheaths dull greenish-brown, unarmed; knee present, rather small; ocrea short, tubular, ± truncate, membranous. Flagellum to 30 cm. Leaf ecirrate to 40 cm; petiole very short or absent; rachis covered in dark brown hairs; leaflets c. 7 on each side of the rachis, rather broad lanceolate with 3 conspicuous veins, the terminal leaflet pair joined for about 21 3 their length, the others ± regular, alternate, the mid leaflets c. 14 x 2.5 cm, the basalmost much shorter and swept back across the stem, all leaflet surfaces densely covered by soft pale hairs, the margins appearing ciliate. Other parts not known (Fig. 76).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>In Sarawak known only from Semengoh. Elsewhere known only from the type, collected last century by Teysmann in Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None known. This could be a very desirable ornamental.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. hypertrichosus was collected on a hill slope in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. It is separated from C. javensis by the abundance of soft pale hairs on all leaflet surfaces.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus hypoleucus</name>\r
+<author>(Kurz) Kurz</author> \r
+<citation>Forest Fl. Burma 2: 523 (1877)</citation> \r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 307 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 50 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops hypoleuca</name>\r
+<author>Kurz</author>\r
+<bibref>Kurz, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 43: 208 (1874)</bibref>\r
+<type>Myanmar, Thoungyen; Brandis; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K (labelled as s.n. E66; isotype CAL </type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Laos (Central) and Myanmar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>MYANMAR: Karen Country and Hills, Thoungye, undated, (pist.), Brandis. s.n. E66 (K). LAOS (CENTRAL): Bolikhamxay Province, Thaphabat Distr., near Ban Hatkhai, 10 April 1998, (ster.), Khamphone KP 138 (FRCL, K), 17 Dec. 1998, (stam.), Khamphone KP 319 (FRCL, K), 17 Dec. 1998, (pist.), Khamphone KP 321 (FRCL, K) and 17 Dec. 1998, (stam.), Khamphone KP 320 (FRCL, K).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Scrub and bamboo at 150 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The Lao material is easily matched with that from Myanmar, although the Lao plants have longer leaves, slightly narrower leaflets with bristly margins and slightly longer inflorescences.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai deng, wai kamlao (Lao Loum).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Suitable for handicrafts, but the stem is quite short. Shoot edible but small.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown. Further research is required, but no clear threats are known at present.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus insignis Griff. var. insignis</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author>\r
+<citation>Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1844) 59</citation>\r
+<bibref>Griffith in Palms Br. Ind. (1850) 69</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 459</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 364 (in part)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 189 (in part?)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus spathulatus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 459</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 360</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 192</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Insignis - striking</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan batu</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering high climbing slender to moderate-sized rattan. Stems without sheaths to 7 mm; with to 1.5 cm, with internodes to 20 cm. All parts dry pale. Sheaths dull green armed with scattered upward-pointing pale yellow bulbous-based black-tipped spines to 3 mm high and scattered brownish scales. Knee prominent. Ocrea sometimes conspicuous. Flagellum to 2 m. Leaf ecirrate or subcirrate, or in some forms in the juvenile stage with a short cirrus. Petiole very short or to 15 cm long. Leaflets to 6 on each side, the terminal pair sometimes united or often only one terminal leaflet present and this much reduced; leaflets dull green, cucullate, thick in texture with prominent close lateral veins about 1.0 mm distant, the longest leaflet to 25 cm long by 7 cm wide, with a prominently thickened margin. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar to about 1.5 m long with up to 8 partialinflorescences to 12 cm long. Rachillae about 8 cm long. Ripe fruit oblong to 10 mm by 7 mm with a prominent beak to 2 mm long covered in 15-18 vertical rows of pale yellowish straw coloured scales. Seed oblong to 9 mm long by 5 mm wide, shallowly pitted. Endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf forked, the two leaflets joined for about 1/5 their length below, shiny green with prominent lateral veins.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Trengganu, Negri Sembilan, Johore: Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Excellent small diameter cane entering the market as "rotan batu". Extensively used by "Orang Asli" as binding material and for fine basket ware.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This taxon is found in both lowland and hill Dipterocarp forest from sea-level to altitudes of nearly 800 m. It can be found at the edge of swamps and on ridgetops; it appears to be rather catholic in its ecological requirements.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus insignis Griff var. longispinosus J.Dransf.</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Malay. Forester 41 (1978) 342</citation>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>? = Calamus insignis sensu Furtado</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 189)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Almost always solitary high climbing slender to moderate rattan. Stems without sheaths to 1 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 2 cm in diameter with internodes to 18 cm or more. All parts dry pale. Sheaths dull to bright green densely armed with green horizontal to slightly reflexed black-tipped spines to 2.5 cm long and scattered brown scales. Knee prominent. Ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to 2 m. Leaf ecirrate to 2 m long either with no petiole or with petiole to 15 cm long; petiole and rachis rather densely armed with stocky pale yellowish green black tipped reflexed spines to 4 mm long. Leaflets to 9 on each side of the rachis the terminal pair usually joined along half their length; leaflets broad, cucullate, very stiff and leathery in texture, bright green, with very prominent pale transverse veins 7-2 mm apart, the longest leaflets to 25 cm long by 7.5 cm wide, the leaflet margins rather conspicuously thickened. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar, to 2 m long with up to 8 partial inflorescences to 35 cm long, with rachillae reflexed, the female to 10 cm long, the male to 2 cm. Mature fruit oblong to 12 mm long by 7 mm wide, conspicuously tipped with a cylindrical beak to 3 mm long, covered in 22 vertical rows of pale yellowish-straw-coloured scales. Seed slightly pitted. Seedling leaf broad, bifid, shiny green with very conspicuous lateral veins.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Trengganu, Negri Sembilan. N. Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Excellent small diameter cane entering the market as "rotan batu". Extensively used by "Orang Asli" as binding material and for fine basket ware.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species seems to be confined to very steep hillslopes and ridgetops at altitude of 100 -1000m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus insignis Griff. var.robustus (Becc.) Dransfield</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Dransfield</author>\r
+<citation>Malay. Forester 41 (1978) 342</citation>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus spathulatus var. robustus Becc.</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 459</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, in Ann. Roy Bot Card Calcutta 11 (1908) 362</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 194</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Differs from var. insignis in the larger size of all parts and the remarkable large upward pointing spines on the leaf sheath. Stem without sheaths to 8 mm with to 2 cm. Sheaths dull green rather densely armed with upward pointing spines to 1 cm in length, without bulbous bases. Leaf to 1.2 m long with 5 pairs of dark green leaflets, the terminal pair usually joined along Vi their length; longest leaflet to 45 cm long by 1 cm wide, cucullate, with rather fine lateral veins.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak: endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>As for C. insignis var. insignis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This variety which seems to be distinct, is only known from a few collections from Perak. The specimen collected by Ridley from Johore quoted by Furtado, is in my opinion a well-grown plant of C. insignis var. insignis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus javensis</name>
+<author>Bl.</author>
+<citation>Rumphia 3: 63 (1847)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 185 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 198 (1979)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 136 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 153 (1992)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus filiformis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo 609 (1902)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 201 (1902)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 186 (1908)</bibref>
+<name>Calamus javensis var. acicularis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 185 (1908)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Of Java</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Peladas (Dus., Br.), Uwai Podos (Dus.), Wi Anak (Ib.), Wi Peladas (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Extremely variable slender to very slender clustering rattan forming low thickets or climbing to 10 m or more; stem without sheaths 2-6 mm diam., with to 10 mm diam., internodes to 30 cm long, usually less. Sheaths bright green when fresh, frequently reddish tinged, somewhat striate, unarmed or sparsely to densely armed with horizontal spines to 5 mm; knee present; ocrea moderately conspicuous, to 10 mm, deep crimson when young, tattering with age. Flagellum to 1 m. Leaf ecirrate, very variable in form, in adult leaves always with the terminal pair of leaflets joined together for much of their length; petiole usually absent, rarely to 5 cm in some montane forms; leaflets 4-10 on each side of the rachis, grouped or more rarely subregular, lanceolate to spathulate, the lowermost 1-2 pairs often swept back across the stem, longest leaflets to 20 × 5 cm but usually much less, transverse veinlets conspicuous; young leaves tinged pink. Male and female inflorescences superficially similar with 2-5 partial inflorescences bearingcrimson rachillae ± at right angles. Ripe fruit ovoid, c. 12 × 8 mm, with a short beak and covered in 15-21 vertical rows of pale greenish white scales. Seed somewhat angular; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf with 4 broad shiny leaflets. (Fig. 57).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout the State. Elsewhere throughout Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, S. Thailand and Palawan.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces an excellent cane for binding, to make fish traps and carrying baskets.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. javensis occurs in all major forest types except for mangrove, at altitudes from sea level to the tops of mountains. It is extremely polymorphic. The two most distinctive taxa in Brunei related to C. javensis have already been separated at the specific level, viz: C. tenompokensis and C. amplijugus. The other taxa in this complex appear to intergrade.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6591. TEM: Johns 6509; Johns 6673A; Amo, Ashton A 289; Amo, Ashton A 487; Amo, Wong 1907; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Dransfield J. 7122; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Dransfield J. 7123; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Wong 1386; Amo, Bt.Retak, Wong 745; Amo, Bt.Retak, Wong 792; Amo, Bt.Retak, Wong 831; Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6716; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 37; Amo, Ulu Belalong, Dransfield J. 7388. TUT: Lamunin, Kpg.Lamunin, Wong 504; Rambai, Bt.Bahak, Coode 7022; Rambai, Tasek Merimbun, Bernstein 355.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans of the Western Ghats. A Taxonomic Manual.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus karnatakensis</name>
+<author>Renuka & Lakshmana</author>
+<citation>RIC Bull. 9:10. 1990</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, high climbing canes. Stems 8 to 20 m or more long, with sheaths to 3 cm in diameter, without sheaths to 1.5 cm. Sheath when mature yellow, lower part greenish brown or greenish yellow, young sheaths with brown tomentum, densely armed with spines, spines stout, ca 2.5 cm long,sometimes forming half spiral, mouth of the sheath provided with longer spines to 4 cm; knee prominent, wrinkled; ocrea to 6 cm long, with small spines. Leaf ecirrate, to 1.5 m long; petiole to 30 cm long, rachis to 1 cm wide; leaflets ca 50 x 2.5 cm, regular, 3-veined, veins and margins spinulose, terminal pair united basally. Inflorescence long, flagellate; partial inflorescences many; primary and secondary sheaths tightly sheathing at first, later split open, sometimes becoming laminar; basal part of secondary sheath narrow, upper part funnel-shaped, spinulose; rachillae to 15 cm long; involucrophorum sessile, arising from inside the sheath, involucre sessile, cup-shaped, shallow. Fruit ca 8 mm long, globose, scales in 19 rows, yellow with chestnut brown border, light violet when ripe. Endosperm not ruminate, seedling leaf fan-shaped.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Evergreen forests between 530-1200 m above. Kargal range, Agumbe state forests, Thalakaveri. (Fig. 4).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering December-January. Fruiting April-May.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>A good medium diameter cane, used in the furniture industry.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Kargal range 13.5.88, fl., fr, Renuka 4068, 4069 (KFRI); Agumbe, 16.5.88, fr, Renuka 4076 (KFRI); 18.3.89, fl., Renuka 4094, 4095 (KFRI); Thalakaveri, 15.3.89. fr, Renuka 4088 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus khasianus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 :41908 and Appendix PI. 192. 1913.</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A robust climber; stem cluster forming, with leafsheath 5 cm in diameter near lower part; leaves cirrate; leafsheath with distinct knee, more or less smooth on outer surface; tubular part of the sheath infrequently armed with flattened, subulate spines; rachis semiterete at lower part, armed below with paired or solitary hooks; leaflets numerous, lanceolate, in groups of 2 - 4 leaflets on each side of the rachis with long vacant space in between the groups; each to 50 cm long, to 4 cm broad at middle, 3-5 nerved; nerves mostly smooth on both sides or minutely spinous at margins and on upper nerves. Male inflorescence not seen. Female inflorescence 1.5 - 2 m long; partial inflorescences arching from the axis with distinct cushion at the point of attachment with the axis; rachillae sinuous, 20 cm long; 15-16 female flowers on each side of rachilla. Fruits globose, 3 cm in diameter; fruit-scales in 18 series, deeply channelled at middle; seed globose, centrally pitted; endosperm superficially ruminate; embryo basal; fruiting perianth cylindrical.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>: INDIA (Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal). Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Infrequent in the moist forest of Garo and Khasia hills up to 700 m. It is also reported from the Buxa forest range of Jalpaiguri in West Bengal.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Not cultivated.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is based on G. Man's collection from Khasia hills of Meghalaya. Beccari in his description also referred to the specimens of J.D. Hooker and Thomson from Churra and Nowgong of Assam and C.B. Clarke's specimens collected from Ladder Valley of Khasia hills and from Turra and Lakkat of Garo hills in Meghalaya. These specimens are not available in the Central National Herbarium (CAL) or any other herbaria in India.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>West Bengal : Buxa forest, 1959, D.F.O. s.n. (DD). No specimens seen from Assam and Meghalaya.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus kiahii</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<citation>Gard. Bull. Str. Settlements 8:251 (1935)</citation>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 107 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 106 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Kiah bin Haji Salleh, plant collector in the employ of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore who visited Kinabalu with Furtado in 1932</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender to moderate montane rattan climbing to 10 m, rarely more, frequently fertile when still short; stem without sheaths to 10 mm diam., with sheaths to 18 mm, internodes to 12 cm. Sheaths mid-green with sparse to dense scattered broad triangular flattened spines varying from 4-15 mm, fringed with hairs. Leaf cirrate to 2.0 m including the petiole 5-12 cm long and cirrus to 80 cm; leaflets up to c. 12 on each side of the rachis, irregularly arranged in distant groups of 2-4, lanceolate, suddenly mucronate, dark green, distinctly plicate, the largest to 30 × 3.5 cm, with very short marginal teeth. Inflorescence without terminal flagellum, curving, to c. 70 cm, usually less, with up to 8 evenly spaced partial inflorescences, the male more highly branched than the female; bracts tubular, with scabrid surfaces and all with conspicuous ciliate-hairy margins; female rachillae somewhat zigzag to 10 cm; male rachillae to 2 cm. Mature fruit ± globose, c. 20 mm diam., with short apical beak to 2 mm, and covered with 18 vertical rows of pale grey to brown scales with darker margins. Seed ± globular to laterally somewhat compressed, c. 14 × 10 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 37).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Montane forest in Ulu Temburong. Elsewhere in Sarawak (G. Mulu) and Sabah. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known; the cane appears to be of good quality but is rarely very long.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. kiahii is related to C. laevigatus var. laevigatus; from other montane rattans it is easily distinguished as the only moderate to slender montane species of Calamus with cirrate leaves with strongly grouped leaflets. In the sterile state, the rather even armature of the sheaths and the dark green plicate leaflets are distinctive.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Wong 1812.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus kingianus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 197 (1908)</citation>\r
+<type>India, Assam; Sir G. King's collectors s.n. February 1893; </type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype CAL</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 46 (2001).</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Laos (Central). Also North-east India (Beccari 1908, Basu 1992).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>EXAMINED. LAOS (CENTRAL): Khammuane Province, Nakay Distr., Ban Malua (map name Ban Maloy), Phon Nong Na, 8 March 1999, (pist.), Khamphone KP 366 (FRCL, K), 8 March 1999, (stam.), Khamphone KP 367 (FRCL, K) and 9 March 1999, (pist.), Khamphone KP 375 (FRCL, K).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest on flat ground, 500 - 550 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The Lao material represents a moderately good match to the type description and is a remarkable extension of the known range. Many details as well as the general 'gestalt' of Plate 53 of Beccari (1908) are similar, but we note the following apparent differences shown by the Lao material: almost unbristled leaflet margins; more acuminate and slightly longer leaflets (reaching 43 cm); flagelliform male inflorescence (stated by Beccari to be 'rather rigid' but he had not seen it entire); rather shorter lowest male partial inflorescence (15 cm in Khamphone 367) which branches to one more order; the shorter rachillae (only 2 -3 cm long with the terminal ones longer, to 4 cm) and smaller male flowers (4 mm as opposed to 5 mm) which are crowded on the rachillae (approximately five/cm along each side, compared to 2.5/cm calculated from Beccari's figures). Several of these are rather modest differences in notably variable characteristics, others may represent differences at the varietal level, and the apparently smaller rachillae and smaller, more crowded flowers may indicate that Lao plants are best placed in a separate species. The presence of a short, bristly hispid ocrea was not reported by Beccari (1908) but is shown in his plate 53 and mentioned by Basu (1992). Until further material is available from the wide intervening area between the two populations we prefer to treat them as a single, variable species, but further work is certainly needed. There are strong similarities with the more delicate C. dioicus as interpreted by Beccari (1908), especially when Newman 178 is included under that species. Both taxa are poorly known but they are certainly distinct (see Key). Basu (1992) lists three Indian specimens in CAL not available to Beccari (although curiously not including the type), and also briefly describes the female inflorescences. That description is expanded below, using the Lao material: Female inflorescence flagelliform, ending in a flagellum, up to 3 m long excluding flagellum, branched to 2 orders and bearing 3 - 10 pendulous partial inflorescences. Peduncle armed at the base on the margins with straight spines to 0.5 cm and throughout on both surfaces, especially the abaxial, densely armed with tiny, straight or clawed prickles. Other primary bracts also densely armed with similar prickles in the distal half and many larger, hooked claws in the proximal half. Primary bracts ending in a short acute limb, tightly sheathing, entire in one specimen, but in the other often exceeding the base of the primary branch and in those cases splitting along one side and partly opening up to form an untidy, unlacerated limb of 2 - 6 cm. Partial inflorescences up to 20 cm, the base forming a small acute angle with the axis, bearing up to nine rachillae on each side, secondary bracts wholly unarmed, about 1 - 1.5 cm long, slightly conical and with an abrupt acute limb bent back by the rachilla. Rachillae arising just above the bract mouth, the basal ones up to 8 cm long, reducing gradually to 2.5 cm for the most distal, strongly recurved and dark in all parts when dry, quite stout and untidy in general appearance. Flowers at intervals of about 2.2 mm along each side of the rachilla, not quite touching. Rachilla bracts, involucrophores and involucres appear crowded and all have many strong, raised veins and wavy margins. Rachilla bracts irregularly funnel-shaped with a long, acute limb, involucrophores shallowly cupular with two pronounced points, partly inserted in the rachilla bract, involucres more deeply cupular. Sites for neuter flowerrs more than half as large as the involucres. Fruit not seen (see Basu 1992 for brief notes) but calyx of recently fertilised flowers splitting almost to the base with a pronounced thickened ring at the base.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai leum (Lao Loum).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Suitable for handicrafts.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown. The only known site for this species in Laos is likely to be destroyed by flooding when the planned Nam Theun II hydro-electric dam is built. Since knowledge of the distribution of Lao rattans is so poor it seems likely that other populations will be found, given further research. The status of the Indian populations is also unknown.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans of the Western Ghats. A Taxonomic Manual.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus lacciferus</name>
+<author>Lakshmana & Renuka </author>
+<citation>J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 14: 719</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kannada: Neerubetha</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, high climbing canes. Stems to 15 m or more in length, very thin at the base, ca 0.5 to 0.8 cm in diameter, getting thicker upwards, distally with sheaths to 3.5 cm in diameter, without sheaths to 1.5 cm, basal nodes producing new shoots. Sheath green in the basal portions and greyish green distally, sparingly spiny, spines to 0.5 cm long, bulbous at base; knee very conspicuous, unarmed. Leaf to 2 m long, ecirrate; petiole ca 30-40 cm long, biconvex, armed with small spines; rachis with recurved spines on the under surface, when cut exudes milky latex; leaflets ca 65 x 2.8 cm, gradually becoming smaller towards the tip, the terminal pair ca 20 x 1.2 cm, slightly united at the base, regular.linear-lanceolate, ciliated at tip, 3-veined, midvein ciliated above on the upper half of leaflets, lateral veins ciliate below on the upper half. Inflorescence long, flagellate, flagella often getting modified into suckers; primary sheath tightly sheathing, spiny; partial inflorescence to 15 cm long;secondary sheaths tubular, inflated at the mouth; rachillae to 5 cm long, arched and recurved, the upper ones gradually diminishing to 1 cm long; involucrophorum stalked, conspicuously callous at its axilla next to the axis, involucre disc shaped; fruiting perianth pedicellate. Fruits 2x2 cm, globose, scales in 19 rows, deeply channeled in the middle, yellow with brown border, shiny. Endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Evergreen forests at about 950 m., usually seen near water course. Behaves like a runner. Agumbe state forests, Samse, Koppa. (Fig 4).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering November -December. Fruiting May-June.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not used.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Kenganahonda, 15.5.88, fr., Renuka 4078 (KFRI); Agumbe, 18.3.89, Renuka 4096 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>\r
+</mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus laevigatus Mart. var. laevigatus</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 339 (1853)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Mal. Forester 41: 334 (1978)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 138 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 102 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 103 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus retrophyllus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 123 (1913)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Smooth</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rotan Liah (Br.,Mal.), Wi Anak (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary (very rarely clustered) moderate high-climbing rattan to 30 m or more; stem without sheaths 8-10 mm diam., with to 20 mm, internodes to 25 cm. Sheaths dull to pale green, drying very pale brownish-green, armed with sparse horizontal ± triangular spines borne on swollen bases, sometimes also with very faint horizontal ridges, sometimes unarmed, and with brown scales abundant on young leaf surfaces; knee conspicuous; ocrea scarcely developed. Leaf cirrate to 1 m, including the cirrus to 65 cm; petiole absent; leaflets c. 20 on each side of the rachis, concolorous, arranged irregularly, the basal up to 8 pairs on each side very close and strongly reflexed across the leaf sheaths forming a chamber in which ants frequently nest; upper leaflets in groups of 2-4 and fanned within the groups, the largest leaflets to c. 20 × 0.5-2 cm, somewhat plicate, drying very pale green. Inflorescences usually about the same length as the leaves, without a terminal flagellum, and with up to 10 partial inflorescences; main bracts rather densely armed with black-tipped, pale, bulbous-based spines and brown indumentum, ultimate bracts and bracteoles with abundant minute spines producing a rough feel. Mature fruit rounded, c. 12 mm diam., with a short beak and covered with 15-19 vertical rows of pale straw- to whitish-coloured scales, sometimes flecked with red. Seed rounded, c. 10 mm diam., deeply pitted; endosperm slightly ruminate. Seedling leaf bifid. (Fig. 35, Pl. 10D).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Throughout Brunei. Elsewhere throughout Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia, rather rare in Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces an excellent cane of the same diameter as rotan sega but as the plant is usually solitary, harvests are not great.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. laevigatus var. laevigatus is a very widespread species occurring at altitudes up to 850 m above sea level and on a variety of soils. This is a very variable taxon. Some forms have very narrow leaflets. This species can easily be seen from the Labi Road in Andulau Forest Reserve.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Fuchs 21153. TEM: Amo, Belalong, Stockdale 11; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Dransfield J. 7111. TUT: Lamunin, Dransfield J. 6805.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>\r
+</mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus laevigatus var. mucronatus (Becc.) J.Dransf.</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 8 (1980)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 104 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 106 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus mucronatus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 213 (1902)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 420 (1908)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Bearing an abruptly narrowed tip</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rotan Peladas (Br.), Uwai Padas (Dus.), Wi Anak (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Very slender solitary rattan climbing to great heights, often over 60 m in length; stem without sheaths c. 4 mm diam., with sheaths to 8 mm diam.; internodes to 13 cm, frequently less in exposed stems. Sheaths dull dark green with very few triangular spines to 3 mm, often with wart-like bases; knee well developed; ocrea to 3 mm fringed with hairs. Leaf cirrate to 90 cm including the cirrus to 45 cm, often the whole leaf to only 30 cm in exposed stems; petiole absent or very short, c. 1 cm; leaflets c. 8 on each side of the rachis, lanceolate and abruptly narrowed at the tip, irregularly arranged in pairs or singly, the basal 1 or 2 reflexed across the stem, the longest to 13 × 2 cm, dark green (drying pale), ± cucullate, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences without terminal flagellum, to 45 cm with c. 8 partial inflorescences in all, in detail very similar to that of the type variety but much smaller. Mature fruit ovoid (? always), c. 15 × 10 mm, with a short beak and covered with 14 vertical rows of straw-coloured scales with darker margins. Seed ovoid c. 12 × 8 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf bifid. (Fig. 36).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in Temburong District. Elsewhere widespread in Borneo, but never very abundant. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Uses; an excellent very small diameter cane for binding purposes.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. laevigatus var. mucronatus is one of the most slender species of rattan in Brunei; it has a very dark colour when fresh, but dries pale green. It is usually found on ridge tops on rather poor soils at altitudes up to 900 m above sea level.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Bt.Belalong, Dransfield J. 7109; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Wong 1360; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Wong 1388; Amo, K.Belalong, Stockdale 13; Amo, K.Belalong, Stockdale 54; Bangar, Bt.Biang, Ashton A 169.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus laevigatus Mart. var. serpentinus J.Dransf.</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 806 (1982)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Growing on serpentine rock</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering rather slender rattan with stems rarely more than 10 m long; stem without sheaths c 6 mm diam., with sheaths to 13 mm diam.; internodes to 10 cm. Sheaths pale yellowish-green, armed with scattered or laterally grouped short bulbous-based triangular black-tipped spines to 3 mm, each usually with an apical tuft of brown hairs, and pale to dark brown scales between the spines; low collars bearing very short spines between larges spines sometimes also present. Knee rather poorly developed. Ocrea low, hairy. Leaf cirrate to 115 cm including the very short petiole to 3 cm and cirrus to 60 cm; leaflets pale yellowish-green 9-11 on each side grouped in pairs in distal part, ± solitary near the base, very narrow, linear, ± pendulous, not reflexed across the stem, the longest to 30 x 1 cm; often narrower, with ± thickened margins; transverse veinlets conspicuous. Male and female inflorescences dissimilar, the male branched to 3 orders with crowded rachillae to 7 x 1.5 mm; female very lax to 75 cm with 4 partial inflorescences and very distant rachillae to 70 x 2 mm. Mature fruit rounded c 12 mm diam., with short beak and covered in 15 vertical rows of reddish-brown scales. Seed rounded c 10 mm diam., deeply pitted; endosperm slightly ruminate. Seedling leaf unknown. (Fig. 47)</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Confined to ultrabasic rock in the lowlands. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This variety seems to be one of the consistent elements in the flora of forest on the slopes of ultrabasic hills up to c 500 m altitude. It is abundant on Bukit Silam. The short petiole and absence of reflexed leaflets most easily distinguish it from the type variety, though there are several other distinguishing features.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans of the Western Ghats. A Taxonomic Manual.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus lakshmanae</name>
+<author>Renuka</author>
+<citation>J. Econ. Tax. Bot., 14: 719</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kannada: Halubetha</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, high climbing canes. Stems to 20 m or more long, with sheaths to 1 -2.5 cm in diameter, without to 1 cm. Sheath yellowish green to green, densely armed with spines, spines to 1 cm long, yellowish, bulbous-based, pointing horizontally or upwards, distal younger sheaths with less spines and with brown markings] knee present; ocrea not seen. Leaf to 1.65 m long including petiole, ecirrate, petiole to 22 cm, armed with small sometimes curved spines; rachis biconvex towards the basal portion.triangular in the upper portion, with many small recurved spines; leaflets to 45 x 2 cm, regular, linear - lanceolate, tip not ciliate, terminal pair ca 17 x 0.8 cm, confluent to more than half of its length, 3-veined, lateral veins ciliate on the dorsal surface, midvein ciliate below, spinulose at margin. Inflorescence long, pendulous; primary sheath tightly sheathing, with small spines, partial inflorescence to 60 cm long, attached well above the mouth of sheath; secondary sheaths to 3.5 cm long, tubular-infundibuliform, lightly sheathing, narrow at base, inner side flat, distal region with 3 or 4 small prickles ; rachillae to 10 cm long, attached above the mouth of secondary sheath; involucrophorum not stalked; involucre cup-shaped; fruiting perianth slightly callous at base. Fruit 1x0.7 cm, ovate, stigma 3 mm long, scales in 26 rows, channeled along the middle, when young bright green. Endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Evergreen forests at about 85 m above MSL. Makkut and Honaver Ranges. (Fig. 5).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Fruiting April - May.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>A good cane used in furniture industry.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Makkut, 14.3.89, fr, Renuka 4086 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus lambirensis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 89 (1990)</citation>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 123 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>From Bt Lambir, Sarawak, the type locality</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Pagau (Dus., Br.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan climbing to 3 m; stem without sheaths 4-5 mm diam., with sheaths 8-10 mm diam., internodes c. 8-12 cm long. Sheaths dull dark green, drying brown, armed with scattered and partially whorled short triangular spines to 4 mm interspersed with very fine close, minutely spiny ridges encircling the sheath, grey indumentum abundant between the ridges; knee present but rather poorly developed; ocrea short, tattering, minutely ridged. Flagellum to 1 m or more. Leaf ecirrate, to c. 75 cm including the petiole to 13 cm; petiole armed with scattered reflexed and horizontal spines and a few ridges near the base; leaflets 9-13 on each side of the rachis, rather distant but ± regularly arranged, the longest to c. 25 × 1.5 cm, the shortest at the leaf tip c. 14 × 1.2 cm, rather narrow, gradually narrowed to a long slender tip, minutely bristly on the lower surface. Inflorescences flagellate, to c. 2 m, with about 3 very distant partial inflorescences; prophyll very tightly sheathing, elongate, armed with short prickles and ridges; partial inflorescences to c. 30 cm long, very lax and slender, bearing distant rachillae, the male to c. 3 cm, the female to c. 5 cm, each with distant large flowers borne on large flower cushions. Mature fruit ± top-shaped, c. 7 mm diam., conspicuously beaked, and covered in c. 15 vertical rows of chestnut brown scales. Seed c. 5 mm diam., rounded; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf bifid. (Fig. 65).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from Andulau and Bukit Biang and from the Lambir Hills National Park in Sarawak. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. lambirensis grows on podsolized ridge tops in the lowlands and uplands. The ridges on the leaf sheaths suggest affinity withC. muricatus and C. zonatus.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Wong 30; Sungei Liang, Andulau F.R., Dransfield J. 7236. TEM: Bangar, Bt.Biang, Ashton A 90.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus laoensis</name>\r
+<author>T Evans et al.</author> \r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 55: 929 (2000)</citation>\r
+<type>Laos, Vientiane Province; Khamphone; 206</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotype FRCL</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 52 (2001)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic. Laos (Central).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>See Evans et al. (2000)</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest at 200 - 350 m</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai leum, wai katok, wai wa, wai keyomee (Lao Loum).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is suitable for handicrafts but its trade value is not clear. Shoot edible, although some say it is too bitter to eat.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, probably of moderately high concern because it is a relatively scarce species known from only a few localities.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus latifolius</name>
+<author>Roxb.</author>
+<citation>F. Ind. 3 : 775. 1832</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 :445. 1892</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 : 406. 1908 and Appendix PI. 171. 1913.</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Korak bet, Horna bet.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A moderately robust climber; stem cluster forming; with leafsheath 3 cm in diameter. Leaves curate, 2 - 3 m long; leafsheath with prominent knee, armed with subulate, sub-regularly verticillate, dark brown, 3 cm long spines; ocrea liguliform; rachis terete in cross section, without claws on the ventral side, armed only with small spicules; leaflets not many, papery, inequidis-tant on rachis, broadly lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, slightly concavo-convex, to 50 cm long, 10 cm wide at broadest part, 5-7 nerved; nerves smooth on both sides. Male inflorescence simply decompound; partial inflorescences twice branched; rachillae 3 - 4 cm long with 8-12 male flowers on each side of the rachilla; the sterile basal part of rachilla enclosed within the respective basal bracts. Male flowers 5 mm long, ovoid in bud; calyx externally striated, divided up to the middle to form 3-acute lobes. Female inflorescence simply decompound, rigid, erect not very diffuse, 60- 100cm long, shorter than leaves; partial inflorescences 4 in number, 15 - 20 cm long, with 4 - 6 rachillae on each side, caudiform at their apices; rachillae inserted just at the mouth of the respective basal bracts; each 5 - 6 cm long, sinuous with 8-10 flowers on each side; involucrophorum enclosed in its bract, cupular; involucre concealed in the involucrophorum, visible only by the two projecting teeth on the side of neuter flower; female flowers 5 mm long; calyx finely striated, deeply divided into broad, semiovate, acute lobes; corolla lobes narrower than calyx lobes. Fruiting perianth not distinctly pedicelliform. Fruit globose, 1-seeded, dull brown to blackish, to 1.5 cm in diameter, fruit scales flattened, not distinctly channelled at middle; seed globosen blackish, roughly pitted.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland), BANGLADESH.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>A component of the moist lower hill forests upto 1000 m mostly near the fresh water swamps.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Experimental cultivation exists under D.F.O. North Silviculture, West Bengal.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane is moderately strong and used for making rough baskets, walking sticks, and furniture frames; split canes for weaving chair bottoms.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Sikkim: 200-400 ft. Hook.f. & Thomson (CAL Ace. no. 494083); Maghalaya: K.J. hills, Lisbah, River bank, 27.7.1957 Deka 10117 (CAL); Jorain, 24.7.1957, Deka 10150 (CAL); Assam : Deko valley, 30.3.1895, Herb. Wall. no. 11074 (CAL); Arunachal Pradesh: Nausa to Warmi 1441 m, 1.9.1958, Panigrahi 15027 (CAL).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus laxissimus</name>
+<author>Ridley</author>
+<citation>in Mat. Fl. Mai. Pen. 2 (1907) 210</citation>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 63</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (Appendix) (1913) 32</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 155</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Very lax</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary shortly climbing rattan with stems to 3 m only. Stem without sheaths c 7 mm in diameter, with sheaths to 1.1 cm. Internodes to about 10 cm long. Sheaths mid green armed with scattered blackish spines of length varying from 2-15 mm and caducous pale brown indumentum; area of sheath at base of petiole usually unarmed; spines around leaf sheath mouth erect, brown, much longer than the other spines, to 5 cm long. Knee absent; some non-developing inflorescences appear as flagellum, but true hooked flagellum absent. Leaf ecirrate, to 2 m long with petiole to 40 cm; petiole sparsely armed with short reflexed spines. Leaflets to 25 on each side, distant, rigid, opposite above and divaricate; the longest to 35 cm long by 1.5 cm wide, dark green, unarmed on upper and lower surfaces, shortly bristly along margins. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar, to 75 cm very slender with peduncle to 40 cm, armed with grouped horizontal spines below. Bracts closely tubular except for a short triangular limb armed with crowded erect papery flat brown spines to 3 cm long by 2 mm wide. Partial inflorescences lax up to 15 cm long with few rachillae, the female to 7 cm long, the male somewhat curved very short fruit and seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Johore, Pahang, Kelantan.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is distinguished from other members of the C. perakensis complex by the long and narrow divaricate leaflets, combined with armed inflorescence peduncle and lack of armature on the abaxial surface of the petiole base.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus leloi</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 11 (1980)</citation>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah. 125 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 129 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for a Penan field assistant from G Mulu National Park, Sarawak</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary moderate rattan climbing to c. 10 m; stem without sheaths c. 10 mm diam., with sheaths to 17 mm diam., internodes 7-10 cm long. Leaf sheaths usually pale yellowish-green, densely armed with pale green flattened spines of varying length, usually 20-30 mm, rarely 5-80 mm, sometimes undulate, those around the sheath mouth much longer and erect, brown indumentum abundant between the spines; knee present, armed as the sheath; ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to 2.25 m, densely armed with black spines. Leaf ecirrate, curved, to 1.2 m long including the petiole 20-45 cm; petiole armed with scattered black-tipped spines; leaflets regular, c. 30 on each side of the rachis, the longest near the base to 35 × 1.7-2.5 cm, decreasing to 10 × 0.5 cm near the tip, armed with scattered black bristles. Inflorescences to 75 cm, zigzag, the bracts heavily armed, usually with a dense cluster of erect spines at the tip; partial inflorescences up to 4, curved, congested, to 10 cm; flowers relatively large, to 7 mm. Mature fruit rounded or oblate, shortly beaked, to 18 mm diam., covered in c. 15 vertical rows of chestnut brown unchannelled scales. Seed oblate, c. 14 × 12; endosperm ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 45).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Rare. Elsewhere in Sarawak and Sabah. Endemic to Borneo. Without prov.: BRUN 15406.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Although nothing is known of its habitat in Brunei, in Sarawak C. leloi has been found on poor soil ridge tops in hill dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to 1000 m. It is closely related to C. conirostris (for differences see the latter).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus leptospadix</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<citation>Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist.5 : 1845</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook. f. Fl.Brit.Ind. 6:44. 1892</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 :142. 1908 and Appendix PI. 14. 1913</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Dhangri bet, Rab bet, Rani bet, Mugri bet.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A slender cluster forming climber; stem thickened at joints, with lead-sheaths 12-20 mm in diameter, naked stem smooth, 8 -10 mm in diameter at the internodes. Leaves ecirrate, delicate looking, 80-105 cm long; leafsheath with flagellum, thickly scurfy outside, armed with flattened, 15-20 mm long, subulate, half-whorled spines; ocrea persistent, prickly at margins; flagellum filiform with non-spinous base; armed distally with small, delicate claws; petiole terete; petiole and rachis armed with deflexed spines and claws; rachis delicate angular, covered thickly with greyish indumentum; leaflets closely placed, linear-ensiform, alternate to sub-opposite, to 30 cm long, distinctly 3-nerved, attenuate at base; acuminate to bristly subulate at apex; uppermost leaflets shorter. Male inflorescence flagelliform, decompound; male rachillae scorpioid, 1 -2cm long, with 6-12 closely set bifarious flowers. Male flowers 4-4.5 X 1.5 mm; calyx tubular, campanulate, divided up to middle into apiculate lobes; corolla double the length of calyx into 3 oblong segments. Female inflorescence similar to male; female rachillae erect from base, arching above, 1.5 - 2 cm long; each with 5-8 female flowers. Fruit globose, 1.5 mm in diameter, mamil-late; fruit scales yellow with reddish brown margins, channelled at middle; seed globose, endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (West Bengal, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh), BHUTAN.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Mostly on damp river plains, and forming big thickets. It becomes a cluster forming high climber when it grows in moist valleys among tall trees.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Infrequent in silviculture practice. Experimental cultivation was possible in the Jalpaiguri forest division of north Bengal. Cultivated in the Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane is thin and delicate therefore used mainly for making rough baskets. Split canes are durable and used for making chair bottoms.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus lobbianus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hooker f., Fl. Br. India 6: 462 (1893)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 482 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 190 (1979)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cornera lobbiana</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Furtado</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14: 521 (1955)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for Thomas Lobb, 1820 - 1894, plant collector</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wi tedong (Ib.), wae savitpedun (Pen.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary stemless or very short-stemmed, moderate rattan. Stem without sheaths c. 20 mm diam., with sheaths to 30 mm diam., internodes to c. 20 mm only. Sheaths dull green, densely armed with slender, long pale green spines varying in length from 5-50 mm, often up ward-pointing, the tips black; knee absent', ocrea absent. Flagellum absent. Petiole to 1m long, armed laterally with pale yellowish-green horizontal spines to 30 mm, rarely more, and much smaller scattered spines; whole leaf ecirrate, to 2 m; leaflets about 20 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged but rather distant, to 40 x 3 cm, dark green on the upper surface, densely chalky -white beneath, apical leaflets very briefly joined. Inflorescences much shorter than the leaves, rarely more than 40 cm long, zig-zag, with 1-3 partial inflorescences, these appearing to terminate the axis, the true axis appearing as a branch, the tip of the inflorescence enclosed in an empty bract; partial inflorescences composed of very crowded congested branches bearing large flowers (c. 10 mm long). Mature fruit top-shaped or ovoid, conspicuously beaked, c. 3 x 2 cm, covered in 13 - 16 vertical rows of black, highly polished, ungrooved scales; sarcotesta thick, sweet and tasty; endosperm ruminate. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 61).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Rather local in 1st, 2nd and 4th Divisions; also in Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is too short to be of value for anything other than walking-sticks; the fruits make good eating.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. lobbianus occurs on hill slopes and ridge tops from 100 - 700 m above sea level. The reasons for its patchy distribution are not obvious. This is an easily recognized species with its very short stems, leaflets densely chalky-white on the undersurface and the curious inflorescences.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Calamus longipinna (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) and its relatives in New Guinea</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bull. 57: 853-866</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus longipinna</name>
+<author>Lauterb. & K.Schum</author>
+<citation>Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee 203 (1900)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Madang, Gogol River; Lauterbach; 866</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype Bt; isotypes L!, WRSL</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus ralumensis</name>
+<author>Warb. ex K.Schum nom. nud.</author>
+<bibref>Warb. ex K.Schum, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 2: 98 (1898)</bibref>
+<bibref>Schumman, Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee 202 (1900)</bibref>
+<bibref>Schumman, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 257 (1908)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kanda (generic Papua New Guinea pidgin word for rattan), Kikis (Kaigorin), Mazzas (dialect from vicinity of Markham River bridge near Lae), Muli (Bembi), Sating (Rawa), Sep (Jal), Seribi (Bo Village, Namatanai), Sirei (Madang), Sos (Usino)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>North-east, north central and south-west New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands. While no records exist for the islands to the east of Guadalcanal up to and including Bougainville, it is likely that the species occurs there</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Primary and secondary lowland forest, sometimes in very degraded vegetation, often on alluvium near rivers or on swampy ground, but also occurring in hill forest, from sea level to 800 m</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. Calamus longipinna is widespread and is often found growing vigorously in highly disturbed vegetation</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>General use as cordage</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus longipinna is one of the best-known rattans in New Guinea, principally because it is common in heavily collected parts of Papua New Guinea (Madang and Morobe Provinces) and it is therefore well represented in herbaria. It is also widely known in cultivation in botanical gardens throughout the world, probably as a result of a distribution of seed from Lae in the 1960s by John Womersley. It bears a distinctive papery ocrea which is usually unarmed, though heavily armed forms are known. The ocrea possesses a congenital longitudinal split on the side opposite the insertion of the petiole, a feature also shared by C. wanggaii. Although the ocrea is often quite robust, additional longitudinal splits tend to develop with age, which may result in the structure tattering and falling altogether. However, the ocrea rarely separates into fibres as it does in C. vestitus and C. reticulatus. It is most easily confused with C. vestitus, but is readily distinguished from that species by its ocrea characteristics and the narrow, triangular leaf sheath spines which are quite distinct from those of C. vestitus (described below). The vast majority of specimens display regularly-arranged leaflets, although in two specimens from the Bismarck Archipelago, Zieck NGF 36215 and Lauterbach 242, subregular and grouped leaflet arrangements are evident. In all other features, however, these specimens match C. longipinna.
+ Calamus longipinna is known largely from areas to the north of the main highland ranges in eastern New Guinea and in neighbouring islands as far east as Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands (Map 1). Only three specimens from western New Guinea are known, all of which are disjunct from other known populations. Two records from the Jayapura area (Rappard BW 3322 and Sijde BW 5527) fit quite well within the concept of C. longipinna employed here, but deviate in possessing grouped leaflets and an ocrea in which the congenital split is either lacking or is incomplete. The third record from the Timika area (Baker et al. 848) lies to the south of the highlands near the western end of the south coast of New Guinea some 300 miles apart from the Jayapura collections. Again, this specimen is readily identified as C. longipinna, but it does possess certain unusual characters such as a particularly tough ocrea which disintegrates to fibres at its margins, very abundant indumentum on the sheath and rather elongate rachilla bracts. Until evidence is found to the contrary, these specimens cannot be regarded as anything other than distinctive regional forms of C. longipinna.
+ Beccari (1908) placed C. longipinna in synonymy under C. ralumensis, but this decision cannot be upheld here as the latter is a nomen nudum. It first appeared in Schumann�s Die Flora von Neu-Pommern (1898) as a name by Warburg in manuscript and is listed without description or citation of specimens. It was listed again in 1900 in Die Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der S�dsee by Schumann and Lauterbach, again without description although several specimens were cited. The protologue of C. longipinna immediately follows in the same volume, complete with Latin description and specimen citation. Having seen some of the specimens listed under C. ralumensis in this volume, we are confident that the nomen nudum is correctly linked to the accepted name C. longipinna</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA, Papua. Mimika Regency: Timika, km 23 between Timika and port, Feb. 1998, Baker et al. 848 (BH!, BO!, K!, L!, MAN!). Jayapura Regency: Between Barowai and Genjem, Oct. 1956, Rappard BW 3322 (L!); Lake Sentani, Aug. 1957, Sijde BW 5527 (L!). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central Province: Kairuku, Aropokina, Jan. 1972, Zieck NGF 36321 (BRI,
+L!, LAE!). East New Britain Province: Cape Gazelle, Ralum, Lauterbach 242 (L!, WRSL!). Madang Province: trans-Gogol, logging road to Tadup, Jan. 1996, Baker & Utteridge 580 (K!, CRI); mouth of Ramu River, near Bosmun 2, Jan. 1996, Baker & Utteridge 585 (K!, CRI); Usino, Amiaba River, Jan. 1970, Foreman et al. NGF 45992 (BH, L!, LAE!);c. 5 km south-east of
+Faita along Ramu River, July 1955, Hoogland 5043 (BM!, CANB!, L!, LAE); Gogol River, Nov. 1890, Lauterbach 866 (L!, WRSL!), Lauterbach 905 (WRSL!); Rempi, north of Alexishafen, Nov. 1968, Zieck NGF 36182 (CANB!, K!, L!, LAE); Jacob, south of Madang, Nov. 1968, Zieck NGF 36183 (LAE!); mouth of Gogol River, Sept. 1970, Zieck NGF 36243 (BRI, CANB!, K!, L!, LAE); Karkar Island, Mom, Sept. 1970, Zieck NGF 36249 (BH, K!, L!, LAE). Manus Province: locality unknown, 1989, Anon. SK 1 (AAU, K!, MAN, NY); locality unknown, 1990, Patma s.n. (K!). Morobe Province: road to Oomsis, first river crossing after junction with Lae-Bulolo road; Jan. 1996, Baker et al. 593 (K!); Lae-Mumeng Road, Jan. 1996, Baker et al. 594 (K!); Bulolo, Jan. 1964, Finlayson NGF 17442 (LAE!); Bulolo, lower Taun Creek, Oct. 1962, Havel & Kairo NGF 15440 (L!, LAE); Wampit, 35 miles from Lae, March 1964, Moore & Womersley 9266 (BH, K!, L!, LAE); Bulolo-Watut divide, March 1964, Moore & Womersley 9283 (BH, K!, LAE!); Bulolo plantation, March 1989, Poudyal & Niangu 56 (K!); Nasuapam, 31 km from Lae towards Nadzab, May 1989, Poudyal & Niangu 65 (K!); Mumeng, Bangulum, Streimann NGF 24420 (LAE!); Morobe,
+locality unknown, 1989, Taurereko 202 (K!, MAN, NY), Taurereko 203 (AAU, K!, MAN, NY), Taurereko 211 (AAU, K!, MAN, NY), Taurereko 212 (K!, MAN); Markham Valley, 1957, Womersley NGF 9081 (LAE!); near Lae, Lake Wannum, Oct. 1961, Womersley NGF 14034 (BRI, K!, LAE!); Markham Valley, near Erap River, June 1953, Womersley & Hoogland 5151 (BRI, BM!, CANB!, K!, L!, LAE); Bulolo, 1 mile north-west of forestry school, June 1969, Zieck NGF 36219A (L!, LAE!), Zieck NGF 36219B (LAE!), Zieck NGF 36219C (L!, LAE!); Markham River bank, east of bridge, Dec. 1972, Zieck NGF 36523 (BH, L!, LAE!). New Ireland Province: Namatanai, Balai, May 1969, Zieck NGF 36215 (BH, K!, L!). Oro Province: Kokoda Valley, Jan. 1973, Zieck NGF 36543 (BH, CANB, K!, L, LAE). West New Britain: Cape Hoskins, Dec. 1962, Dissing 2626 (LAE!). SOLOMON ISLANDS. North-west Guadalcanal, 3 miles inland, Umasami River, July 1965, Whitmore RSS 6082 (BSIP, K!, L!); North-east Guadalcanal, near Nalimbu River, Jan. 1964, Whitmore BSIP 796 (BSIP, K!); West Florida, Sole River, March 1970, Whitmore et al. BSIP 18107 (BSIP, K!)</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus longisetus</name>
+<author>Griff</author>
+<citation>CalcuttaJ. Nat. Hist. 5: 36 (1844)
+</citation>
+<type>Cultivated, from Myanmar, Pegu; Griffith; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BR; isotype K numbered s.n. E43</type_loc>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 134 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 15: 140 (1956)</bibref>
+<bibref>Hodel & Vatcharakorn, Palm Thai. 46 in Hodel, Palm. Cycad. Thai. (1998)
+</bibref>
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 53 (2001).</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="distribution"><p>India (Andaman Islands), Myanmar, Thailand (West and Peninsular). Also South-east Thailand (Hodel & Vatcharakorn 1998) and Peninsular Malaysia (Dransfield 1979).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA (ANDAMANS): South Andaman, Meita Khasi, 22 Dec. 1889, (fr.) Dr King's collector s.n. E39, (K). MYANMAR: Mergui Distr., Tenasserim R., 21 Jan. 1927, (fr.), Parker, R. N. 2453 (K). THAILAND (WEST): Petchburi, Kaengkrachan National Park, 5 Feb. 1994, (pist.), Barfod et al. 45196 (K). (PENINSULAR): Surat Thani Province, Khao Sok, 9 June 1992, (fr.), Bogh, A. 42738 (K). CULTIVATED: from Pegu, 1850, (ster.), Griffith s.n. E43 (K).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The published photograph of the fruits of Hodel & Vatcharakorn 1804 (presumably in BH) from Prachin Buri, South-east Thailand undoubtedly shows this species. Dransfield (1979) erroneously stated that this species was erect, not climbing.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded in Indochina. The cane is of good quality and there are trial plantations in Peninsular Thailand (R. Pattanavibool, pers. comm. 1999).</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Occurs only marginally in Indochina; common and of no conservation concern in the Thai-Malay Peninsula.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus longispathus</name>
+<author>Ridley</author>
+<citation>in Mat., Fl. Mal. Peninsula 2 (1907) 209 (in part)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (Appendix) (1913) 134</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 63</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 66</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Longa - long, spatha - bract</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan kunyung</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering thicket forming rattan, rarely climbing more than 7 m high. Stem without sheaths 1.5-2 cm in diameter, with to 3.5 cm. Internodes to about 15 cm in length. Leaf sheath grey-green drying straw coloured armed with sparse short triangular, black tipped yellow-based spines and scattered brown indumentum; knee very smooth and rounded, usually scarcely armed. Ocrea conspicuous, brown, tattered, 1 cm high. Leaf diverging at a very acute angle, dark green, subcirrate, to 3 m long. Petiole to 80 cm long spiny along margins only. Leaflets about 25 on each side of the rachis, regular rather distant, the largest about 45 cm long by 3 cm wide, long bristly on the main vein below; rarely a very short cirrus, 20 cm long, produced. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar to 1.25 m long with up to 4 widely spaced partial inflorescences; bracts long, conspicuous, somewhat inflated. Only slightly armed; rachillae with distant, tightly sheathing ± horizontal bracteoles. Fruit rather large to 3 cm long by 2 cm in diameter, narrowly to broadly top-shaped, gradually narrowed to the remains of the stigma, covered with 12-13 vertical rows of pale greenish-yellow to yellowish brown scales with black margins. Seed narrowly oval pointed at both ends, deeply pitted to ruminate, to 2 cm long by 1.6 cm. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Trengganu, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane not used; young leaves used by Temuan "Orang Asli" for making cigarette papers.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus longispathus is a local rattan, rather uncommon away from the Main Range. It seems to be ± confined to ridgetop forest in hill Dipterocarp forest where it forms dense thickets; it has been found on coastal hills at Cape Rachado, but the forest here is floristically similar to hill Dipterocarp forest. The knee on the leaf sheath, the dark green colour of the leaflets, the acute divergence of the leaf, and the large top shaped fruits are all distinctive features. Some sterile material might be confused with Daemonorops leptopus but the latter has petioles yellowish blotched with grey and a long cirrus is almost always well-developed.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus luridus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1892) 445</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 243 and Appendix (1913) 33</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 56 (in part)</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 236</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus distant</name>
+<author>Ridley</author>
+<bibref>Ridley, in Fl. Malay. Pen. 5 (1925) 56</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus belumutensis</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 223</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus laxiflorus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (Appendix) (1913) 13</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 238</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Luridus - livid</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan kerai</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Variable slender clustering rattan climbing to 15 m tall. Stem without sheaths to 8 mm in diameter with internodes to 25 cm, with sheaths to 2 cm in diameter. All parts turning dark on drying. Leaf sheath bright to dull or dark green armed with rather regular broadly triangular reflexed spines to 1 cm long by 8 mm wide, with broad somewhat bulbous bases, the bases sometimes ± confluent, indumentum lacking in old sheaths. Ocrea poorly developed. Knee conspicuous. Flagellum to 1.5 m long. Leaf ecirrate, to 1.25 m long bearing regular narrow to broad distant or close leaflets, 12 to 50 on each side, leaflets 20 cm long by 1 cm wide to 30 by 2.5 cm wide. Inflorescence to about 75 cm long with up to 5 partial inflorescences to 25 cm long; all bracts rather distantly and regular armed with reflexed spines. Mature fruit rounded or somewhat oblong, to about 1 cm long by 7.5 mm wide, shortly beaked, covered in 15-17 vertical rows of dull yellowish brown scales. Seed about 7 mm long by 5 mm wide, rather deeply sinuous grooved. Endosperm very shallowly ruminate. Seedling leaf unknown. I</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kelantan, Perak, Pahang, Trengganu, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Johore, Singapore. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Moderate quality rattan (5 -10 mm) apparently rarely long enough to be utilized extensively.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus luridus is a very variable species, varying in the length of its petiole from petiole almost absent to well-developed, and in the width and number of leaflets varying from short narrow and numerous, to long narrow and numerous, to long broad and few. C. luridus as originally described by Beccari has few broad leaflets and a well-defined petiole; specimens with many narrow leaflets were described as C. laxiflorus and a specimen with very short leaflets and no petiole from G. Blumut was described as C. belumutensis. I have found intermediates between these taxa, intermediate in inflorescence structure as well as vegetative structure so I have included all taxa in one species C. luridus. C. belumutensis may be regarded as an extreme from montane summit forest.
+ C. luridus is found in a wide range of habitats from the lowlands near sea-level up to about 1,400 m altitude in lower montane forest. It appears to favour sites, such as ridgetops, with deep mor-humus layers. It may be readily identified by the italicized characters above.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>An Account of the Papuasian Species of Calamus (Arecaceae) with Paired Fruit</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 371-387</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus macrochlamys</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11: 259 (1908)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Sattelberg; Bamler; 39</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype fragment FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus macrospadix</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 317 (1935)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Central, Mafulu; Brass; 5423</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotypes BRI, NY</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>baea (Karimui), arompotto (Kati), kotowo (Goilala-Tapini)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender to medium-sized, clustering rattan climbing to 50 m. Stem with sheaths (9)14-26 mm diam., without sheaths to (5)8-16 mm diam., exudate not recorded; internodes (6)14 - 38 cm. Leaf ecirrate, to 95 cm long including petiole; sheath bright to dull green, drying pale to dark reddish brown, with sparse to abundant brown indument, rarely unarmed, sheath spines usually abundant, usually rather uniform, 5 - 10 x 2 - 3.5 mm, with conspicuously swollen bases, solitary or very rarely in horizontal groups, pale brown with black tips, horizontal, very rarely erect, very rarely much longer and more slender, acicular and fragile; knee 25 - 90 x 5 - 90 mm, drying pale to mid-brown, unarmed or very rarely sparsely armed as the rest of the sheath; ocrea conspicuous, to 15 - 48 x 2.5 - 4.5 cm, erect, swollen, congenitally split on the far side of the sheath to the petiole, papery or more usually coriaceous, persistent, pale straw-coloured to mid-brown, unarmed or armed with scattered spines as the sheath, or more rarely armed with combs of bristles to 25 x 1 mm or golden spines 24 x 3 mm; flagellum present, to 3.7 m long; petiole 8- 35 cm long, 3 - 8 mm wide and 2 - 5 mm thick at the base, flattened or slightly convex adaxially, abaxially rounded, with sparse indument, and with scattered rigid unarmed, rarely the whole petiole unarmed; rachis to 70 cm long, distally sparsely armed with recurved hooks; leaflets (2)5 - 15 on each side of rachis, arranged in distant groups of 2 - 4, rarely a few solitary leaflets, linear-lanceolate to (more usually) broad lanceolate, longest leaflet often near the base, 35 - 38 x 2.5 - 4.5 cm, mid-leaf leaflets 20 - 37 x 2 - 4 cm, apical leaflets usually in a group of 2 - 6 on each side, displayed in a fan, 9 - 25(38) x 0.7 - 4(6) cm, apical pair of leaflets united for 1/3 to 3/4 their length, surfaces glabrous, lacking bristles except for very short sparse bristles to 1 mm long along the margins, transverse veinlets conspicuous, numerous, sinuous. Staminate inflorescence branched to 3 orders, to 3 m long including the peduncle 23 - 30 cm long and the flagelliform tip 6 - 72 cm long; prophyll to 24 x 1.6 cm, closely sheathing, splitting neatly at its tip, with two triangular lobes to 1.8 x 0.6 cm, covered in very sparse grey indumentum, armed with scattered short triangular spines 2 - 3 mm long, with swollen bases or unarmed; peduncular bracts absent, rachis bracts similar to prophyll but shorter, similarly indumentose, very sparsely spiny or unarmed; primary branches 7 - 9, to at least 6 - 28 cm long, c. 6 - 23 cm apart, with numerous rachillae; rachillae 8 - 45 x 1 - 1.5 mm; rachilla bracts 1.5 - 2 x 1 - 1.5 mm, distichously arranged, explanate, bearing indumentum, particularly along margins, unarmed; floral bracteole 1 x 1 - 1.5 mm, cup-shaped, with sparse indumentum. Staminate flowers (immature) 1.8 x 1.7 mm; calyx 1.7 mm diam., tubular in basal 1 mm, with 3 lobes 0.3 x 1.1 mm, becoming glabrous; corolla 1.5 x 1 mm in bud, tubular in basal 0.1 mm; stamens 6, filaments 0.9 x 0.1 mm, anthers 0.7 x 0.15 mm; pistillode columnar, 0.91 x 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescence similar to staminate inflorescence, 0.6 - 1.6 m long including 25 - 35 x 1 cm peduncle and c. 19 cm flagelliform tip, branched to 2 orders; prophyll to 25 - 35 x 1.5 cm, tubular and closely sheathing, splitting apically to give a triangular lobe to 5 x 2 cm, bearing sparse dull brown indumentum and sparse reflexed spines to 2 x 1 mm with swollen bases; peduncular bract absent (always?), rachis bracts to 8 - 18 x 0.5 - 1.4 cm, closely tubular, splitting apically, armed and indumentose as the prophyll; primary branches to 10, to 30 cm long, to 10- 18 cm apart, with up to 18 rachillae; rachillae 30 - 200 x (1.5)2 - 3 mm; rachilla bracts 3 x 2.5 mm, distichously arranged, striate, with a low triangular tip, unarmed, somewhat explanate on drying, with sparse brown indumentum; proximal floral bracteoles 1 mm high, c. 4 mm diam., striate, distal floral bracteoles 2 x 2 mm, scar from sterile staminate c. 0.5 mm diam. Pistillate flowers + at anthesis 4 x 2.5 mm, borne in pairs, together with a single sterile staminate flower to give a triad; calyx tubular in basal 2.5 mm, with lobes 1.5 x 2 mm, striate, glabrous; petals 3 x 1 mm, joined in basal 1.5 mm, striate; perianths splitting and becoming explanate at fruit maturity, star-like; staminodal ring with 6 triangular teeth to 0.75 x 0.5 mm; ovary 1.5 x 1.5 mm, stigmas reflexed. Sterile staminate flower + at anthesis 2 x 1.5 mm; sepals 2 x 1 mm, joined in basal 1 mm; petals 1.5 x 1 mm, striate; sterile stamens c. 1 mm long. Fruit spherical, 10 - 11.5 x 10- 11.5 mm, including beak to 1.5 x 1.5 mm, with 14- 17 vertical rows of pale yellowish brown, channelled scales with dark margins. Seed to 6- 8 x 5 - 7 x 4- 5 mm (sarcotesta removed), irregularly ridged and with a deep pit on the chalazal side; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Apparently widespread in lowland New Guinea.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In lowland and upland forest, including swamp forest, at altitudes up to 1200 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least concern.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Local uses not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This widespread rattan is easily distinguished by its ecirrate leaves, strongly grouped, generally broad lanceolate leaflets, long flagella and distinctive rather leathery persistent swollen ocrea that does not usually tatter. One collection, Dransfield et al. JD7668, from a sago swamp near Timika in Papua is included here but is distinct in its slender pistillate rachillae a mere 1.5 mm diam., and the fruit with yellow scales lacking dark margins. The plant is altogether more slender than typical C. macrochlamys.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA, PAPUA. Sorong: Klasaman, km 24, Intimpura Logging Concession, Feb. 1998, Maturbongs 283 (BO, K, MAN); Klasaman, Nov. 1994, Maturbongs 34 (BO, K, MAN). Manokwari: Warmare, Bt Tatbe, Aug. 1995, Dransfield et al. JD7599 (BO, K, MAN); Arfak Mts, Upper Mupi, near Mubri Old Village, April 1995, Maturbongs 43, (K, MAN); Mubri Village, April 1995, Maturbongs 48 (K, MAN); between Wariari and Waoi Rivers, April 1994, Mogea 6306 (BO, K, L, MAN, NY). Mimika: Timika, Mile 21, Freeport Concession, Feb. 1998, Dransfield et al. JD7668 (BO, BH, K, L, MAN); Timika, road from mile 38 to Kali Kopi, Feb. 1998, Baker et al. 817 (AAU, BO, BH, K, L, MAN, NY), Baker et al. 818 (AAU, BO, BH, K, L, MAN); Timika, July 1995, Maturbongs 114 (BO, K, MAN), Maturbongs 219 (BO, K, MAN); Mindiptanah, Dijkstra BW6634 (BO, K, MAN). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central: Mafulu, Brass 5423 (Type of C. macrospadix Burret, holotype Bt, isotypes BRI (photo seen)); Tapini, NW of Tapini, Lolaipa R., Dec. 1968, Zieck et al. NGF36186 (L); Karema to Marua, May 1989, Poudyal et al. 81 (K). Eastern Highlands: Kundiawa, Karimui, Dec. 1972, Zieck et al. NGF36513 (BH, K, L, LAE). Gulf: Malalua Subdistr., Merigem near Kakoro/Bulldog, Nov. 1972, Zieck et al. NGF 36543 (BH, CANB, K, L, LAE). Morobe: Sattelberg, Bamler 39 (holotype Bt, isotype fragment FI); Oct. 1935, Clemens 409 (L), Oct. 1935, Clemens 538 (L), March 1936, Clemens 1961 (L), July 1936, Clemens 192 (L); Lae - Mumeng Road, Jan. 1996, Baker et al. 595 (LAE, K); Pindiu, Foria R., Feb. 1996, Baker et al. 677 (LAE, K). Southern Highlands, Moro, Ulisili, Feb. 1996, Baker et al. 654 (LAE, K); Erave Distr., 89 km NW of Kikori, Nov. 2000, Baker et al. 1124 (AAU, K, L, NY).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus maiadum</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Rattans Brunei: 193. 1997</citation>
+<type>Borneo, Brunei; Dransfield; JD7027</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus BRUN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet (inspired by Beccari"s Pholidocarpus maiadum) is derived from a Bornean name, "maias", for the orang utan; the strange brown whisker-like bristles are reminiscent of the coarse long brown hair of the orang utan.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Tulang (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>bracteis inflorescentiae Sectionem Platyspatham Furtado pertinens, a C. myriacantho et ceteris speciebus sectionis spinis vix trichomatiformibus curvatis egregie mollibus apice vaginae foliorum et bractearum inflorescentiae differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stout solitary erect rattan to 3 m tall; stem without sheaths to c. 25 mm diam., with sheaths to c. 50 mm diam.; internodes short, c. 50 mm long. Leaf ecirrate to 2.2 m long; leaf sheaths mid green, drying pale greenish brown, armed with rather dense but evenly spaced black spines to c. 1l mm long, with scarcely swollen bases and pale brown indumentum abundant and persistent between the spines, spines around the leaf sheath mouth conspicuously different from the rest, long and horizontal, c. 20-40 &#215; 3 mm with conspicuous swollen bases and dark reddish brown curled whisker-like, flexible bristles, to 90 mm long and 1 mm wide at the base; knee absent; flagellum absent; petiole to 45 cm long, armed with scattered triangular spines to 9 mm long, usually less; rachis arcuate, armed with scattered very robust reflexed and curved spines to 6 &#215; 4 mm with black tips; leaflets c. 60 on each side of the rachis, evenly spaced, linear-lanceolate, 3- 4 cm distant, the longest in mid leaf to 34 &#215; 2.5 cm, apical leaflets to 13.5 &#215; 1.0 cm, not divaricate, all drying dirty brown, armed with very sparse short spinules on both surfaces and along the margins near the tips, transverse veinlets conspicuous, sinuous. Inflorescence, only pistillate known, branching to 2 orders, erect or arcuate, to 2 m long, with 4 partial inflorescences; prophyll elongate, &#177; tubular throughout, c. 80 cm long, 2 cm wide, armed distally with short horizontal dark brown flattened spines to 4 mm long, and abundant soft, flexible, &#177; reflexed dark red brown whiskerlike spines to 70 mm long, scattered floccose indumentum abundant between the spines; rachis bracts similar to the prophyll, similarly covered towards their tips with whisker-like bristles, these much shorter in the distalmost rachis bracts; partial inflorescence emerging at the mouth of the subtending bract, the basal to at least 30 cm long, the distal shorter and the apical to c. 23 cm; bracts on first order branch c. 11 &#215; 4 mm, with truncate apex, unarmed but covered with abundant brown scales; mid inflorescence partial inflorescence bearing 11-12 strictly distichous rachillae on each side; rachillae 40-60 &#215; 2.5 mm, rachilla bracts tubular with triangular limbs to 1 mm long, striate, with scattered very short dark brown spinules and scattered indumentum; involucrophore and involucre explanate, striate, not pedicellate; scar of sterile staminate flower c. 0.5 mm diam. Pistillate flower c. 4 &#215; 3 mm, &#177; conical in outline; calyx to 3 mm long, striate, glabrous, tubular in the basal 2 mm, with three short triangular lobes; petals 3 &#215; 1.5 mm, smooth; staminodes c. 1.1 &#215; 0.2 mm; ovary c. 1.5 mm diam., tipped with non-scaly columnar style to 2 &#215; 1.5 mm and three reflexed stigmas to 2 &#215; 1 mm. Other parts unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from Bukit Teraja and Ulu Ingei, on Bukit Batu Patam. Endemic to Brunei.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus maiadum occurs in kerangas forest developed on a ridge top on Bukit Teraja and in similar forest on a gentle slope on Bukit Batu Patam. This is a very distinctive species, belonging to the group of species that Furtado included in his section Platyspathus, and that are referred to in northern Borneo as "wi tulang" (see Dransfield 1990). This group includes C. myriacanthus, C. bacularis, C. sabalensis, C. acanthochlamys and C. paulii and the two species described here as new. C. maiadum is immediately distinguished from the rest by the extraordinary soft curved Appendix 193 whisker-like bristles that adorn the leaf sheath mouth and the primary inflorescence bracts. Though so distinctive in the field, once we had seen and collected it twice we searched for it on many subsequent occasions in Brunei but without success. The description is thus inevitably drawn from rather incomplete material.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BORNEO: Brunei Darussalam, Belait, Labi, Bt.Teraja, (pist.) 80 m, Dransfield et al. JD7027 (Holotype K: isotype BRUN); Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, (ster.) Dransfield et al. JD6593 (BRUN, K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus malawaliensis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 805 (1982)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>After the type locality</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Very slender rattan with stems climbing to 7 m; stem without sheaths to 4 mm, with to 7 mm diam.; internodes to 11 cm. Leaf sheaths drying very pale bluish-green, with very sparse indumentum and densely armed with short black-tipped spines to 5 mm with conspicuously swollen bases. Knee poorly developed. Ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf cirrate to 76 cm including petiole to 18 cm and cirrus to 18 cm; leaflets c. 10 on each side of the rachis, arranged irregularly in 5 groups of 1-3, fanned within the groups, the longest to 16 x 1.5 cm, unarmed, drying pale bluish-green. Only ± mature infructescence known, to 22 cm, thus much shorter than the leaves, erect, unarmed, with 4 partial inflorescences to 5 cm long; rachillae to 1 cm. Mature fruit sphejical c 7 mm diam., tipped with a beak to 0.8 x 0.8 mm and covered in 13 vertical rows of shiny convex straw-coloured scales with dark brown margins. Seeds 2, hemispherical, c. 4 mm diam. Seedling leaf unknown, unknown. (Fig. 52)</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from 2 collections from Pulau Malawali; endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Useless according to the collectors, Charles Phillipps and Dewol Sundaling.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. malawaliensis is most closely related to C. microsphaerion; it lacks the brown scales on the sheaths of the latter, and the whole plant dries pale bluish-green. The rachillae are much smaller and the fruit has shiny convex scales. It is not known if the fruit always contains two seeds. Pulau Malawali is ultrabasic, so the habitat is probably similar to that of C. microsphaerion.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus manan</name>
+<author>Miq.</author>
+<citation>J. Bot. Neerl. 1 (1861) 23</citation>
+<bibref>Miquel in Prodr. Fl. Sum. (1861) 256, 595</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 2 (1902) 211</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 53</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 438</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 109</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield in Mal. For. 40 (1977) 199</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus giganteus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Hook, f., Fl. Br. Ind. 6 (1893) 460</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 440 and Supplement (1913) 109</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 111</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Manan - from manau the Malay name, though apparently Miquel misread manau for manan</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan manau</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary massive high climbing rattan reaching eventually lengths of over 100 m. Stem without sheaths to 8 cm in diameter, sometimes quite slender (2.5 cm) at the very base, with sheaths to 11 cm in diameter; internodes to 40 cm long. Sheaths dull grey green densely armed with black laminate hairy edged triangular spines arranged in lateral groups or scattered, the largest to J cm long by 1 cm wide at the base, and with numerous much smaller spines to 5 mm long between; spines horizontal or slightly reflexed; thin white wax abundant between spines. Knee conspicuous armed as leaf sheath. Ocrea ill-defined. Leaf cirrate very massive to 8 m long including the cirrus to 3 m long; petiole short, to 12 cm long by 5&nbsp; cm wide in mature plants, much longer in juveniles armed densely as is the rachis with short triangular spines both on the upper surface and beneath, with scattered grey in dumentum between. Leaflets irregular in juvenile leaves, regular in mature leaves, limply pendulous and versatile, to 45 on each side, pale grey-green, the largest to 60 cm long by 6&nbsp; cm wide bristly near the tips. Inflorescences massive, the male much more finely branched than the female, to 2.5 m long with up to 9 partial inflorescences on each side to 70 cm long; all bracts rather densely armed with triangular spines to 3 mm high and red-brown in dumentum. Rachillae to 15 cm long. Ripe fruit rounded to ovoid, to 2.8 cm long by 2.0 cm wide shortly beaked, and covered in 15 vertical rows of yellowish scales with blackish brown margins. Seed ovoid, to 1.8 cm long by 1.2 cm wide, with finely pitted surface; endosperm densely and deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with 2 divergent leaflets cucullate with a waxy blue-grey bloom on a pale dull green surface.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Selangor, Kelantan, Pahang, Trengganu, Negri Sembilan, Johore. Sumatra, Borneo, ? S. Thailand.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The premier large size furniture cane of unsurpassed quality.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>"Rotan manau" is widespread, but usually confined to steep slopes in hill Dipterocarp forest. It is rather rarely found in lowland Dipterocarp forest, and there, nearly always on steep slopes. It has an altitudinal range of about 50-1000 m and is at present most abundant between 600 and 1000 m altitude. It is likely however that it was formerly much more widespread, with its range being limited now by over exploitation. Seedlings are very characteristic and often abundant in hill forest. Calamus manan is variable in size and coloration. Beccari originally separated Malayan material as a separate species (C. giganteus) but I consider this to be conspecific with C. manan. Novices sometimes confuse "rotan manau" with "rotan dok" which is also very large and often grows with it. However, "rotan dok" is immediately distinguished because it has a flagellum and no cirrus whereas "rotan manau" has a cirrus but no flagellum. Calamus tumidus is very close to C. manan but can be separated on its smaller size, different leaf sheath armature and the very large bulbous, swollen knee.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus marginatus</name>\r
+<author>(Bl.) Mart.</author>\r
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 342 (1853)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 208 (1902)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 326 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 793 (1982)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 183 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops marginatus</name>\r
+<author>Bl.</author>\r
+<bibref>Bl. in Rumphia 3: 24 (1847)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus rostratus</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gard. Bull. Str. Settlements 8: 257 (1935)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus regularis</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 816 (1943)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Margined</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Pagit (Dus.), Wi Matahari (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, rarely clustering, moderate to robust rattan climbing to 15 m or more, but frequently flowering when only 3-4 m tall; stem without sheaths to 18 mm diam., with sheaths to 20-35 mm diam., internodes generally rather short, not usually more than 10 cm. Sheaths dull dark green, densely armed with scattered triangular flattened black spines, 3-40 mm (in montane forms spines around the leaf sheath mouth crowded, erect, very long, to 140 mm), black indumentum abundant between the spines; knee grossly swollen; ocrea membranous, to 7 mm, usually obscured by spines. Flagellum to 5 m, heavily armed with reflexed spines. Leaf ecirrate, distinctly curved, to c. 1.5 m including the petiole to 35 cm; petiole strongly channelled on upper surface, armed with regular groups of spines 5-20 mm along the margins, and a central row of spines to 20 mm on the lower surface; leaflets 40-60 on each side of the rachis, curved, very regular, c. 3 cm apart, the longest to 35 × 1.5 cm, leaflet margins slightly but distinctly thickened, unarmed on the upper surface, lower surface with 3-5 main veins armed with close very short bristles, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescence flagellate, very long, to 5 m or more, bearing up to 5 very distant pendulous partial inflorescences, to 1 m or more long, in male partial inflorescences branching twice to give short dark brown rachillae to 2 cm, bearing dense distichous flowers, in female branching once to give rachillae c. 20 cm long, bearing lax distichous flowers. Mature fruit ovoid, c. 16 × 12 mm, tipped with a beak to 2 mm and covered in 15 vertical rows of reddish-brown scales. Seed to 12 × 8 × 7 mm, deeply pitted; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf pinnate with 6 very narrow leaflets held in a fan. (Fig. 68).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout Brunei. A common Bornean rattan, also known from Sumatra and Palawan.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a coarse but durable cane of poor appearance, much used for the frameworks of carrying baskets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is one of the most widespread of Bornean rattans, occurring from sea level to 1,800 m altitude, and also one of the most variable.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>District not traced: Jalan Tengah, Stockdale 64. BEL: Bukit Sawat, Sg.Mau- Sg. Belait confluence, Wong 1622; Sukang, Sungai Paleh Bangawong, Kirkup 661; Sungai Liang, Sungei Liang Arboretem, Wong 142. TEM: Amo, Bt.Retak, Wong 790. TUT: Rambai, Tasek Merimbun, Bernstein 338.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus mattanensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2:216 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11:449(1908)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>C. mattanensis var. sabut</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 110 (1913)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>C. ferrugineus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 216 (1902)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 488 (1908)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>From G Matang, the type locality</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering, moderate rattan climbing to 15 m, but usually much shorter; stem without sheaths to 8 mm diam., with sheaths to 18 mm diam., internodes c. 15 cm long. Sheaths bright green with sparse to rather dense scattered black triangular spines 7-15 mm long and abundant deciduous red-brown indumentum; knee present; ocrea not developed. Flagellum absent. Leaf cirrate, 1.2 - 2 m or more long, including the cirrus to 1.2 m; petiole 10-25 cm, sometimes much shorter, armed with rather coarse black-tipped spines; leaflets 6-8 on each side of the rachis, very distant and slightly to distinctly irregular, usually rather stiff, plicate, tending to diverge from the rachis at an acute angle, sometimes the basalmost reflexed, the longest to 35 x 2 cm, very sparsely spiny along the margins, transverse veinlets distinct. Inflorescences considerably shorter than the leaves, c. 40 - 50 cm long, but occasionally to 1 m, the male more highly branched than the female; prophyll and primary bracts short, spiny or not along the margins, often with abundant reddish-brown indumentum; partial inflorescences 3-8; male rachillae usually curved, c. 10 -15 mm long, the female fewer in number, to 25 mm long. Mature fruit ovoid to c. 15 x 10 mm with a distinct beak and covered in 15 vertical rows of cinnamon-brown scales. Seed ellipsoid c. 8x6x5 mm, endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 46).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Rather local in 1st and 2nd Divisions; once recorded for the Ulu Rejang. Elsewhere in W Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane appears to be of excellent quality but the stems are rarely very long.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C mattanensis occurs from sea level to altitudes of 700 - 800 m; it grows in a variety of forests from low-lying swamp margins to ridge tops. It is variable, but the few rather irregular stiff plicate leaflets, together with the leaf sheath spines and the short inflorescences with curving rachillae are distinctive.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus mesilauensis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 797 (1982)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>From the type locality</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan climbing to c 10 m; stems without sheaths c 8 mm diam., with to 15 mm diam.; internodes to 20 cm. Sheaths pale green with scattered brown scales and armed with scattered large triangular dark brown spines to 10 x 5 mm with swollen yellowish bases and black hairy margins, and much smaller spines to 3 mm scattered in between or in short groups. Knee conspicuous. Ocrea short, fringed with stiff blackish hairs. Vestigial flagellum present to 5 cm. Leaf to 1.25 m including cirrus to 70 cm and very short petiole to 5 cm; cirrus armed with scattered not grouped spines; leaflets c 10 on each side of the rachis, irregularly arranged in four groups of 2 or 3; longest leaflets to 40 x 3.5 cm, plicate, unarmed except for a few black bristles at the tip. Male and female inflorescences superficially similar, to 50 cm, with a short peduncle to 11 cm; main bracts to 15 cm, dull dirty brown covered in brown scales and scattered spines, deeply split and tattering giving the whole inflorescence a dead appearance; male and female rachillae to c 4 cm. Ripe fruit large, wider than high, to 18 x 23 mm, tipped with a cylindrical beak to 1.5 x 1.5 mm and covered in 24 - 26 vertical rows of deep reddish brown scales; seed ± depressed globose to 12 x 17 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf unknown. (Fig. 54)</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from lower montane forest on Kinabalu; endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None known but of generally good appearance.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The presence of a vestigial flagellum as well as a cirrus indicates that this species belongs to the group of species related to C. pogonacanthus. The highly tattered inflorescence bracts distinguish it from C. pogonacanthus and the ± unarmed leaflets differentiate it from C. hepbumii. A sterile specimen from Bt. Si lam (JD 5841) may possibly belong to C. mesilauensis.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus metzianus</name>
+<author>Schlicht</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 26:727. 1853</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook. f. Fl. Brit.Ind.6:462. 1893</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy.Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 : 221. 1908 and Appendix PI. 67. 1913.</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Cheria-chural. Olianchural.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A slender climber; stem cluster forming, with leafsheath about 2 cm in diameter; leafsheath with flagellum, armed with irregularly spaced triangular, 1 -2 cm long spines and much shorter spinules. Leaves ecirrate; 1 m or more long; leaflets linear-lanceolate, tapering at base, equidistant on rachis; lower leaflets 25-27 cm long, 15 mm broad at middle; each gradually tapering into a slender point, prominently 3-nerved; midnerve strongly spinulose on both sides from middle upwards; lateral nerves smooth; margins slightly bristly; petiole armed with straight, black-tipped spines. Female inflorescence flagelliform; primary bract narrow, closely sheathing, obliquely truncate at apex, armed with numerous claws; axial part of inflorescence flat on one side and convex on the other, armed with clusters of black claws; partial inflorescence 60 - 80 cm long, attached to distinct cushion above the mouth of the respective secondary bracts; rachillae mostly 10 - 15 in number, 6 - 9 cm long, arching or recurved on outer side, attached just above the mouth of the respective basal bract; lower-most rachilla longest with 8 - 9 flowers on each side; involucrophorum non pedicelliform; female flowers about 3 mm long, almost immersed in its own bract, attached at the base of one above; involucre cup-like. Male inflorescence flagelliform; partial inflorescences simple; male rachillae alternate, simple arcuate. Fruits broadly ovoid to oblong, abruptly contracted into a 3 mm long beak, 1.7x 1.1 cm; fruiting perianth flattened; fruit scales in 17 longitudinal series, light yellow in colour, minute, distinctly channelled at middle with erosely toothed margins; seed ovoid, compressed, solitary, 9x7 mm, smooth.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka). Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Infrequent in moist deciduous forests of the Western Ghats.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Not cultivated.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>It is one of the small diameter canes of South India but unlike others its cane is very weak and breaks easily and is therefore unsuitable for basket making. It has some local uses. Bhat and Tulsidas( 1989) observed that the stem of this species has a low specific gravity and a low percentage of fibre in the cane.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type material was collected by Rev. Metz from Kanara District of Kamataka. Recently this species was reported from Kerala (Renuka, Bhat and Nambiar, 1982).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tamil Nadu : Nilambar, 1919, Perrie s.n. Forest Botany Office, FRI, Dehra Dun (CAL Ace. no. 49362-49366). Kerala: Nilambur, 27.3.1984 Renuka 3061 (CAL).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus microsphaerion</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philippines 45 (1904)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 543 (1908) and Suppl. 113 (1913)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Small sphere, referring to the unusually small fruit</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender solitary rattan climbing to c 10 m; stem without sheaths 5-10 mm, with sheaths to 20 mm; internodes to 16 cm. Sheaths dull green armed with abundant ± evenly spaced rigid brown spines to 25 mm with conspicuous swollen bases, and scattered brown scales, the spines usually ± horizontal or somewhat upward pointing. Knee conspicuous armed as the sheath. Ocrea short to 5 mm, membranous, occasionally armed with short spines. Leaf cirrate, to 1.5 m, including the short petiole to 5 cm, and cirrus to 40 cm; rachis armed with fierce black, yellowish-based reflexed spines; leaflets to c 35 on each side of the rachis, irregularly arranged in groups of 2-4, and fanned within the groups, extremely slender and limp, toe 30x0.5cm, dark shiny green throughout except for very base where pale yellowish-brown, unarmed, the main vein very prominent, lateral veinlets conspicuous but very short. Male and female inflorescences superficially similar, to c 1m, usually rather inconspicuous amongst the plumose leaves, with about 8 partial inflorescences, the male with very crowded branches, the rachillae to 2 cm, the female with rather lax branches bearing rachillae to 12 cm with rather distant flowers. Almost mature fruit very small, green, spherical to c 6 mm diam., with very short beak and covered in c 18 vertical rows of pale green to pale brown scales with mid brown tips. Seed spherical to 4 mm diam.; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>So far, in Sabah, known only from the ultrabasic rocks of Bt. Silam, Lahad Datu; elsewhere known only from Palawan and Luzon.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. microsphaerion was until recently known only from a very few collections from the Philippines. The Sabah plants do not match exactly those from the Palawan, but the Philippine collections themselves show considerable variation; the Sabah population is certainly very closely related to those of the Philippines, but until we have more material from Palawan and Luzon, it is not possible to investigate the relationships further. It is interesting to note that in Palawan also this species grows on ultrabasic rock. For differences between this species and the Sabah populations of C. oxleyanus, see under the latter. For differences between this and C. malawaliensis see under the latter.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus minutus</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Malay. Forester 41 (1978) 339.</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Minutus - very small</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary very small "stemless" rattan consisting of a rosette of about 8 leaves scarcely exceeding 60 cm tall Stem without sheaths to 1.3 cm in diameter, erect or creeping, with internodes to about 2 mm apart. Sheath dark green armed with horizontal groups or partial whorls of brown spines to 1.1 cm long; knee absent. Whole leaf to about 60 cm long, very rarely longer, petiole about 20 cm long armed with whorls of brown spines, the longest to 3 cm long. Leaflets 20-30 on each side, regularly arranged, + opposite, very fine, the longest to 15 cm long by 8 mm wide, dark green, armed rather sparsely on three main veins above, densely along margins, and very densely along all veins below with small black bristles; leaflet tips very bristly. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar much shorter than tbe leaves, to 20 cm long] peduncle about 5 cm long; bracts about 9, pale brown, the largest to 5 cm long by 5 mm wide; partial inflorescences to about 4 cm long with rachillae to 1.2 cm long. Almost mature fruit rounded, about 8 mm in diameter, conspicuously beaked, covered in 16 vertical rows of dull chestnut brown scales. Seed about 6 mm in diameter. Endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Trengganu: endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is the smallest known in the genus. It is most closely related to C. cockburnii but can be distinguished by the much finer leaflets, densely bristly on lower surface, and the fruit with 16 rather than 12 vertical rows of scales.
+It is known only from one small area of Ulu Setiu Forest Reserve, in Ulu Besut, growing on steep hillslopes in lowland Dipterocarp forest at 150 m altitude.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus modestus</name>\r
+<author>T Evans & T P Anh</author> \r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 56(3): 731 (2001)</citation>\r
+<type>Vietnam, Kontum; Averyanov et al.; VH 1624</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypes LE, HN</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus radulosus</name>\r
+<author>auct. non. Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>auct. non. Becc., Magalon, Contr. Etud. Palmiers Indoch. 88 (1930) (in part).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus sp. A</name>\r
+<author>Evans et al.</author>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 21 (2001)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic, Vietnam (Central Annam).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>See Evans & Anh (2001)</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest, 1200 - 2000 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>See Evans & Anh (2001) for a discussion of Magalon's C. radulosus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Young leaf edible (possibly referring to the shoot).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Calamus mogeae (Arecaceae), a bizarre new species from Sumatra</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 717-719</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2000</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus mogeae</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 55: 717 (2000)</citation>
+<type>Sumatra, Aceh, Aceh Utara; J. Dransfield and D. Saerudin; JD2025</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus L; isotypi BO, KYO</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>In 1971 while acting as a liaison botanist for the Kyoto University Botanical Expedition to Sumatra, I made two collections of a remarkable robust Calamus in north Aceh, distinctive in its spirally arranged staminate flowers and tattering bracts, with an appearance unlike any other Sumatran species. Material was sparse, and was distributed to Bogor, Leiden and Kyoto only. I have long hoped that it might be collected again, but, as far as I am aware, no further collections have been made. I have taken advantage of a loan of material from Leiden to name it at last.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>It is named for Dr Johanis P. Mogea, palm botanist at Herbarium Bogoriense and collector of many unusual Indonesian palms.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>quoad habitus, vaginam folii et foliola C. ornati similis sed ocrea conspicua, rachillis staminatis cylindricis floribus spiraliter dispositis, staminibus 6 bene distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Very robust clustering short-stemmed rattan to 4 m only. Stem with sheaths to 8 cm diam., without sheaths to 3 cm diam., internodes 15 - 30 cm long. Leaf subcirrate; sheaths dark green, with brown indumentum and sparse scattered and grouped flat triangular spines 20 - 35 x 5 - 10 mm, with yellowish swollen bases and black tips, the margins bearing caducous hairs; knee conspicuously swollen, c. 10 mm high, paler than the rest of the sheath, unarmed; ocrea conspicuous, triangular, to 7.5 cm long, attached to one side of the petiole, splitting longitudinally and tattering; flagellum to 1 m; petiole to 100 cm long, 3 - 4 cm wide and 1.5 cm thick at the base, abaxially rounded, ? flattened adaxially, adaxially unarmed, armed along edges and abaxially with robust triangular yellowish spines to 21 x 6 mm, some scattered, others arranged in a central row and two marginal rows; leaflets to 20 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, 7 - 13 cm apart along the rachis, the longest near the base to 60 x 5.5 cm, mid-leaf leaflets to 48 x 5 cm, the apical to 8 x 1 cm, unarmed except at the margins very near the tips, transverse veinlets conspicuous, very close. Staminate inflorescences to 2 m long, branching to 3 orders with c. 8 evenly spaced first order branches; prophyll to 16.5 cm, bearing dense chocolate-brown indument, splitting irregularly, almost to the base and tattering, armed with a few short triangular spines; rachis bracts 17 - 30 cm long, similar to the prophyll, but rather densely armed with short triangular spines 3 - 7 x 2 - 5 mm, particularly in the basal unsplit part; first order branches relatively short, 20 - 35 cm long with up to 26 rachillae; rachillae cylindrical, almost catkin-like, 30 - 40 x 10 - 12 mm; rachilla bracts very congested, appearing to be spirally arranged, forming pits, bracts triangular, 8.5 x 7 mm, striate, abaxially densely covered with silvery chaffy hairs, adaxially glabrous; involucre ? tubular, 4 x 5 mm, shallowly irregularly lobed, abaxially very densely covered with silvery hairs. Staminate flower buds 9 x 4.1 mm; calyx tubular in basal 6 mm, with 3 lobes to 2 x 3 mm, densely covered with brown and silvery hairs; corolla 8.5 x 4 mm, tubular in basal 3 mm, distally covered in shining brown scales; stamens 6, filaments 1 x 0.5 mm, anthers 3 x 1 mm; pistillode trifid with 3 slender processes to 2 x 0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescence branching to two orders; rachis bracts similar to those of staminate inflorescence but longer; rachillae (in available specimen) 8, 4.5 - 8 x 1 cm with congested, distichously arranged bracts; rachilla bracts triangular, to 12 x 10 mm, abaxially densely covered with silvery hairs; involucrophore c. 1 cm, abaxially densely covered with silvery hairs; involucre c. 8 mm, forming a cup 6 mm diam., densely covered with silvery hairs; scar of sterile staminate flower c. 3 mm diam. Pistillate flower (poorly preserved) 9 x 6 mm; calyx tubular in basal 3 mm, lobes 4 x 4.5 mm, abaxially densely covered with dark scales throughout; corolla tubular in basal 1 mm, with lobes 4 x 4 mm, striate with scattered scales; ovary obpyriform, c. 4 mm wide near the base, with 3 recurved stigmas. Immature fruit 14 x 7.5 mm, beaked, covered with 17 vertical rows of shiny black unchannelled scales with irregular margins.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a most unusual species. Vegetatively it is very reminiscent of Calamus ornatus Blume in its size, leaf sheath armature and robust subcirrate leaves with large lanceolate leaflets, but there the resemblance ends. There is a conspicuous ocrea, different from the very small ocrea of C. ornatus. The staminate inflorescence is unlike any other Sumatran species in the staminate flowers being spirally arranged on the rachilla, paralleled only by the very different much more slender C. sordidus J. Dransf. of Borneo. Unlike C. ornatus that has twelve stamens (apparently unique in the genus), C. mogeae has six like every other species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>SUMATRA: Aceh, Aceh Utara, km 63, Bireuen to Takingeun, steep hill slope, river valley, hill dipterocarp forest, alt. 650 m, (staminate), 4 Sept. 1971, Kyoto University Botanical Expedition 1971, J. Dransfield and D. Saerudin JD2025 (holotype L; isotypes BO, KYO); (pistillate) JD2026 (BO, L, KYO).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus moorhousei</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<citation>Gdns' Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 207.</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>S.W. Moorhouse - forest officer in Negri Sembilan</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan ?</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate ? clustered rattan; stem without sheaths to 5 mm in diameter, with sheaths to 1.1 cm; internodes to 20 cm long. Sheaths dull brownish green armed with scattered short erect spines to 3 mm long. Ocrea short, inconspicuous. Knee well developed flagellum present (length unknown). Leaf ? ecirrate to at least 1 m long, with petiole to 25 cm long very sparsely armed with short lateral spines. Leaflets at least 8 or each side of the rachis borne in opposite pairs, to 30 cm distant; largest leaflet to 30 cm long by 3.5 cm wide, gradually tapering at each end; armed with short bristles along margins and on upper surface of main vein near the tip. Only female inflorescence known, and this incomplete. Partial inflorescence to 50 cm long bearing 7 distant rachillae to 7 cm long on each side of the axis. Fruit unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Negri Sembilan: Kuala Pilah, known only from the type. (Moorhouse in 1905).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species was confused by Ridley with C. caesius but the specimen bears flagellate leaf sheaths and so cannot be this last species. C. moorhousei has been searched for recently in the Kuala Pilah area but with no success. In doing so another new species of Calamus related to C. insignis (C. senalingensis) somewhat similar to C. moorhousei in appearance was found.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus muricatus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Nelle Foreste di Borneo 609 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 203 (1902)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 172 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 791 (1982)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 156 (1984</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 173 (1992)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus sphaeruliferus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 11 (1913)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Rough with short hard points</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Tunggal (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary slender to moderate rattan climbing to 10 m tall; stem without sheaths to 15 mm diam., with sheaths to 25 mm, internodes c. 10 cm long. Sheaths bright green, very densely armed with close wavy circular ridges bearing minute tooth-like prickles and an abundance of broad triangular spines varying from 1-10 mm long, the sheath drying dull brown with a reddish cast; knee conspicuous, armed as the sheath; ocrea inconspicuous, rarely exceeding 5 mm. Flagellum to 3 m. Leaf ecirrate, curving, to 1.1 m including the well developed petiole to 40 cm, armed with triangular spines and ridges near the base; leaflets up to c. 30 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, generally curving, to 35 × 2 cm, dark green, armed with rather conspicuous bristles on the 3 main veins on both upper and lower surface and along margins, leaflets drying dull brownish with a reddish cast. Inflorescences to 3 m, with c. 4 partial inflorescences; primary bracts slightly to densely armed as the leaf sheath but with a few flat papery spines at the tip; partial inflorescences generally congested in appearance, rarely exceeding c. 20 cm, with many crowded rachillae; male rachilla to 2 cm, the female to 10 cm; rachilla bracts minutely ridged. Mature fruit rounded, c. 9 mm diam., with a short beak to 1 × 0.8 mm and covered in c. 14 vertical rows of pale brown scales. Seed rounded, c. 5 mm diam.; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 64, Pl. 11A).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout Brunei. Elsewhere in Sabah, Sarawak and Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. muricatus has been collected in lowland and hill dipterocarp forest; in Brunei it appears to favour forest on poorer soils. There are four flagellate species in Brunei in which the leaf sheaths are conspicuously ridged and spiny.
+C. lambirensis is immediately distinguished by its large flowers and lax inflorescence. C. divaricatus var. divaricatus has opposite, strongly divergent leaflets. There should be no problem in identifying these taxa. Problems are more likely to occur with distinguishing C. zonatus, C. muricatus and C. ruvidus. C. muricatus generally has a well developed petiole and numerous linear leaflets which on drying have a reddish cast; the inflorescence has distinctly congested branches, bracts tipped with papery spines and the endosperm is ruminate. C. zonatus is usually more slender, often lacks a petiole and the rather broader leaflets dry dirty green; the inflorescence has lax branching, the bracts lack papery spines and the endosperm is homogeneous. C. ruvidus is still rather poorly known; it is similar to C. muricatus but much more robust, with much larger inflorescences; the mature fruit is not known but the endosperm is probably homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Bukit Sawat, Merangking Buau, Coode 7678; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6601; Labi, Dransfield J. 6545; Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Wong 551; Sungai Liang, Compartment 7, BRUN 15249. TEM: Amo, Stockdale 10; Amo, Stockdale 70; Amo, Belalong, Stockdale 24; Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6711; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 29; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 32; Amo, Ulu Belalong, Ashton BRUN 5239. Without prov.: BRUN 15347.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus myriacanthus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 214 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 250</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 45: 80 (1990)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 135 (1992)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus hewittianus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 45 (1913)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus jaherianus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 46 (1913)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Countless spines</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Jimpalak (Dus.), Wi Tulang (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary erect rattan, rarely &ldquo;stemless&rdquo;, usually up to c. 3 m tall, rarely longer. Stem without sheaths c. 2 cm diam., with sheaths to 4.5 cm diam., internodes short, rarely exceeding 5 cm. Sheaths bright green, armed particularly along the margins with crowded long black or brown spines, 8 cm long, the middle part of the back of the sheath usually quite unarmed or armed with very sparse much smaller spines, spines around sheath mouth much longer, often almost papery, to 10 cm, ± erect; knee absent; ocrea usually inconspicuous. Flagellum absen. Leaf ecirrate to 2.5 m including petiole to 1 m; petiole armed with spines to 4 cm long along the margins and mid line; leaflets rarely more than 10 on each side of the rachis, distant, ± opposite, usually broad lanceolate, ± plicate, cucullate, the longest to 45 × 9 cm, very sparsely armed, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescence to 2 m long with few distant partial inflorescences; bracts tubular, only slightly inflated, scarcely expanded, ± unarmed; partial inflorescences to 40 cm long; male rachillae 4-30 mm long; female rachillae to 80 mm long. Mature fruit rounded, relatively small, c. 5 mm diam., conspicuously beaked, covered in c. 16 vertical rows of reddish-brown scales. Seed rounded; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 49).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Scattered throughout the State. Elsewhere in Sarawak and Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used for walking-sticks and the framework of baskets; shoot is said to be edible.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. myriacanthus is particularly common in kerangas forest and forest on poor soils. In its typical form it is easily identified.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Wong 491. TUT: Rambai, Sg.Medit, Simpson 2535; Rambai, Tasek Merimbun, Bernstein 245.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus nagbettai</name>
+<author>Fernandez & Dey</author>
+<citation>Indian Forester 96: 223. 1970</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Nag betta, Nag bet, Nag betha.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A robust climber; stem cluster forming, without leafsheath to 3 cm in diameter, smooth, often marked with distinct black blotches near about the base. Leaves curate, with cirrus about 5 m long; cirrus 2.5 m long, armed with 7-8 pointed claws; leafsheath often scurfy outside, armed with 2 - 3 cm long black, flattened, subulate, reflexed spines, intermingled with short bristles; petiole armed with laterally confluent, flat, subulate spines; rachis armed on dorsal side with greyish black hooks and upwardly bent marginal spines; leaflets numerous, ensiform, opposite to sub-opposite or alternate, to 30 cm long, 1.5- 1.7cm broad at middle, filiform at spices, spinulose at margins, prominently 1-nerved at middle, armed on both sides with bulbous based deep brown bristles. Inflorescence non-flagelliform; primary bract armed with reflexed to recurved spines and small claws. Fruits ovoid, oblong, 11-15 mm x 9 mm; fruit scales wedge shaped, in 17 -18 series, channelled at middle, hyaline, lacerated along brown band; seed oblong, piano convex, 9x6 mm, rugose on convex side; endosperm shallowly ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Karnataka). Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Infrequent in the moist forest of Kodagu District at 450 m.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Experimental cultivation exists in the Kodagu forest range.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane is strong and durable and used by the local people for making baskets.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Karnataka : South Kanara, Coorg, 10.2.1966 Dey 64 (DD); Mangalore, May, 1967, Fernandez 4579 A (DD).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus nambariensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 433 (1908)</citation>
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 62 (2001)</bibref>
+<type>India, Assam; Mann, G.; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI-B; isotype K where labelled s.n. E129</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus nambariensis var. yingjiangensis</name>
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 140 (1989)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13 (1): 99 (1991)</bibref>
+<type>China, Yunnan; Tao, G. D.; 17907</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype HITBC</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus nambariensis var. alpinus</name>
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 141 (1989)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13 (1): 100 (1991)</bibref>
+<type>China, Yunnan; Pei, S. J.; 14287</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype HITBC</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus nambariensis var. xishuangbannaensis</name>
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27(2): 141 (1989)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13(1): 100 (1991)</bibref>
+<type>China, Yunnan; Chen, S. Y & Han, H.; 14324</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype HITBC</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus nambariensis var. menglongensis</name>
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 141 (1989)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13 (1): 100 (1991)</bibref>
+<type>China, Yunnan; Tao, G. D.; 19991</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype HITBC</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus nambariensis var. furfuraceus</name>
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 142 (1989)</bibref>
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13 (1): 100 (1991)</bibref>
+<type>China, Yunnan; Tao, G. D.; 17906 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype HITBC</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="distribution"><p>India (North-east), China (North-west and South Yunnan and, probably, South-east China) and probably also Thailand (North) and Laos (North and Central).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA (NORTH-EAST): Assam, Oct. 1900, (stam. & fr.), Mann, G. s.n. E129 (K, FI-B). CHINA (NORTH-WEST YUNNAN): Yingjiang County, Tongbiguan Distr., 16 Dec. 1978, (stam. and fr.), Tao, G. D. 17907 (HITBC). (SOUTH YUNNAN): Mengla, Nagongshan, undated, (fr.), Pei, S. J. 14287 (KUN, HITBC); Jinghong, Menglong, undated, (fr.), Chen, S. Y & Han, H. 14324 (HITBC) and undated, (fr.), Tao, G. D. 19991 (HITBC). (SOUTH-EAST): [Hainan, Five Finger Mountain, 15 Dec. 1921, (fr.), McClure, E. 21573 (BM)]. THAILAND (NORTH): [Doi Chiang Dao, 5June 1921, (pist.), Kerr, A. 5613 (K, BK)]. LAOS (NORTH) [Huaphanh Province, Viengthong Distr., Ban Sakok, Phou Loeuy Noy, 21 June 1999, (fr.), Oulathong OL 232 (FRCL, K)]. (CENTRAL): [Bolikhamxay Province, Khamkheut Distr., Ban Phonkheo (map name Ban Phongnot), Phou Hin Khouang San, 14 March 1999, (pist.), Evans, T TDE 44 (FRCL, K)].</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In evergreen forest in China at 1600 m. Probably at 1400 - 1800 m in Laos.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>There is a complex group of cirrate Calamus taxa in the mountainous area from Sikkim through to Hainan. They all share the characteristics of a fruiting perianth remaining partly tubular and large fruit (at least 24 mm x 20 mm) with channelled scales. This group includes C. inermis T. Anderson, C. khasianus Becc., C. nambariensis Becc., C. polydesmus Becc., C. doriaei Becc. and C. obovoideus S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen. The last three appear to have been collected only once each, and even the one moderately well-known species, C. nambariensis, has probably been collected fewer than 20 times. This latter species is moderately widespread at high-altitudes in northern Indochina. Calamus obovoideus is known only from its Indochinese type locality. Calamus khasianus has been reported from North Thailand (Hodel & Vatcharakorn (1998), based on Hodel, D. R. & Vatcharakorn, P 1792 in BH) but we have seen this specimen and consider that it cannot be identified at present. Lao and Thai material lacks mature fruit, so cannot be identified with complete certainty. The group requires critical revision, a task which will require fresh collecting in North Laos, Myanmar and north-eastern India. A major difficulty is that three of the key diagnostic characters (leaflet arrangement, inflorescence size and sheath armature) are now known to vary greatly within individuals. This variation is usually poorly represented on herbarium sheets. For example, the authors examined a large mature individual of C. nambariensis (sensu Pei et al. 1989) at Menglong in Yunnan and found that on basal leaves the leaflets were strongly grouped and divaricate but on leaves 5 - 15 m up the stem they became markedly less divaricate whilst on some of the uppermost leaves leaflets were entirely regularly arranged. Individuals seen in Laos showed leaflets ranging from strongly grouped and divaricate (on some leaves) to grouped at the base and more or less regular towards the tip (on others). This is significant because grouped vs regular leaflet arrangement was the sole feature used by Beccari to diagnose C. nambariensis from C. inermis. Furthermore, our observations in the closely related C. wailong and C. palustris var. cochinchinensis show that the length, erectness and 'diffuseness' of the inflorescences can also vary remarkably (see under C. wailong for further details). In all of the cirrate Calamus species from Laos the degree of spininess also varies from sheath to sheath, armed and unarmed knees (for example) often being found on the same plant. Beccari (1908) stressed the fact that C. inermis, C. nambariensis and C. khasianus may well be conspecific, in which case the name C. inermis would have priority. The observations above strongly support this idea. However, we prefer to maintain current usage at present because 1) C. inermis is such a poorly known taxon, 2) C. nambariensis is a well established name for this taxon in the region and 3) a name change now would perhaps soon be superseded by other changes when a fuller revision took place. This stability will ease the exchange of information between rattan planters in the region.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Probably wai nwn, wai niuw, wai nokkhor, wai namleuang (Lao Loum), kateng blor (Hmong).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of high quality and this is a preferred species in trade in South Yunnan.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, probably of little concern since it occupies such a wide range, although Renuka (1999) noted considerable recent declines in North-east India.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus nanodendron</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 90(1990)</citation>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 135 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Dwarf tree</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Mata Hari (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Massive solitary short-stemmed rattan with erect or sometimes decumbent stem to c. 1 m only; stem without sheaths to c. 5 cm diam., with sheaths to 10 cm diam., internodes very short, to 3 cm only. Sheaths tubular at first, later splitting opposite the petiole for much of their length, dull green, densely covered with robust triangular green spines 5-70 × 3-6 mm, and scattered deciduous scale between the spines; spines around the sheath mouth sometimes more slender and erect; knee absent; ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum absent. Leaf robust, ecirrate, arching, to 2.5 m long including the petiole to 50 cm; petiole deeply channelled, densely armed with horizontal spines 5-60 × 3-6 mm with swollen bases; leaflets c. 50 on each side of the rachis, narrow, very regular, the longest c. 50 × 2 cm in mid leaf, decreasing to c. 16 × 1 cm at the tip, transverse veinlets very fine and close. Inflorescences short, rarely more than 30 cm, the male with up to 5 partial inflorescences, the female with 2 or spicate; male rachilla curved, c. 5 cm long, the female c. 5.5 cm. Mature fruit rounded or somewhat top-shaped, c. 20 mm diam., covered in c. 26 vertical rows of dull straw-coloured scales. Seed ± oblate, 20 × 15 mm, very deeply grooved and pitted, the endosperm otherwise homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 48, Pls 11B, 12A, 12B).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a single collection from Andulau Forest Reserve. Elsewhere known only in the First Division of Sarawak. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. nanodendron is a palm of kerangas or of forest transitional between kerangas and lowland dipterocarp forest. It is a most peculiar and distinctive species with its massive short, not climbing stem. Mature fruit has recently been collected for the first time in Sarawak.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Wong 324.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus nematospadix</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2:204 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 83 (1908)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>With thread-like inflorescences</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Variable slender, solitary or clustered rattan climbing to 5 m tall, rarely more; stem without sheaths 5-10 mm diam., with sheaths 10 - 20 mm diam., internodes rather short, rarely more than 12 cm. Sheaths green, armed with sparse to very dense triangular flattened black spines to 15 mm with hairy margins, sheaths drying reddish-brown; knee conspicuous; ocrea short, membranous. Flagellum to 2 m. Leaf ecirrate to 90 cm long, usually less, including the petiole to 45 cm, rachis sparsely red hairy; leaflets 15 - 30 on each side of the rachis (9 only in one extreme form - see below), regularly arranged, linear or lanceolate, the longest to 30 x 2 cm, but usually smaller, armed with scattered spines along margins and nerves on the upper surface, very sparse beneath, transverse veinlets close, sinuous conspicuous. Inflorescence to 3 m with c. 3 partial inflorescences; male rachillae 2-20 mm long, thread-like', female rachillae to 40 x 2 mm. Mature fruit rounded, c. 5 mm diam., beaked, covered in 12 - 13 vertical rows of straw-coloured scales with dark margins. Seed ± rounded; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 89).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in 1st Division. Rare in Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. nematospadix is found from sea level to c. 1,400 m in the mountains. It is usually associated with forest on poorer soils, including kerangas. It is very variable and I have been much perplexed by its relationships with C comptus and C psilodadus. I have tentatively identified as C. nematospadix two collections (Dransfield et al JD 6100 and JD 5908) from the summit of G Gaharu. This last taxon is a very slender rattan with nine slightly irregular leaflets and inflorescences developing into new shoots at their tips. In flower and fruit it seems not to differ from C. nematospadix and may represent an extreme form developed on very poor soils in submontane kerangas.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus nicobaricus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook. f,. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 446. 1862</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11: 249, Pl. 84, 1908</bibref>
+<bibref>Basu, Rattans in India Monogr. Rev.: 79.1992</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Dahya.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, small diameter rattan. Stem yellowish green, with sheaths 7-14 mm in diameter. Sheath obliquely truncate at mouth, scurfy outside, armed with numerous spines, spines, 1-2.5 cm long, dimorphic, flattened spines intermingled with broad-based deflexed spines: flagellum filiform; knee conspicuous; ocrea very short, truncate, smooth outside: leaflets equidistant, linear, subulately acuminate, with conspicuous upper midnerve, bristly on both sides, lateral nerves smooth, middle leaflets 18-25 cm long, 10 - 12 mm broad at middle. Fertile parts unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Great Nicobar Islands ( Endemic).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This cane species was described by Beccari based on E.H. Man's collections from Great Nicobar Island. Man's specimens were without fertile parts. According to Man, this cane was locally known as Dahya and used In trading with Singapore. No old or recent collection was availablejor study. This cane could not be collected In the recent survey.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus nielsenii</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 35: 843 (1981)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Ivan Nielsen, Danish Botanist, collector of the type</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender ?clustering rattan climbing to 1 m only; stem without sheaths 4 mm diam., with sheaths to 8 mm diam., internodes to 30 mm only. Sheath dull green, armed with numerous scattered brown stiff spines, 4- 8 mm long, with bulbous bases, those around the sheath mouth longer, to 10 mm, pale buff indumentum abundant between the spines; knee inconspicuous; ocrea well developed, tubular at first, later splitting to give auricles. Flagellum not seen, but inflorescences flagellate. Leaf ecirrate to 38 cm long including the petiole c. 8 cm long; petiole armed with scattered reflexed spines to 2 mm and abundant reddish-brown hairs; leaflets acuminate, ± linear or narrow lanceolate, 1 on each side of the rachis, grouped in 2's or 3's, the longest to 18 x 1.4 cm, apical leaflets to 13 x 1 cm, joined together at the base; lower leaflet surface bearing scattered reddish-brown hairs particularly at the base, leaflet tips bristly. Inflorescence only the male known, flagellate, longer than the leaves, to 95 cm, with 5 partial inflorescences; peduncle c 35 cm, very slender, bracts tightly sheathing, inconspicuous; rachillae few, c. 35 mm long, purplish brown, bearing distichous rather lax flowers. Other parts not known (Fig. 78).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from the type collection from G Mulu National Park, 4th Division. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. nielsenii grows in sclerophyllous ridge top vegetation on limestone at an altitude of c. 275 m above sea level. Its affinities are obscure though it may be related to C javensis.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus obovoideus</name>\r
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y Chen</author> \r
+<citation>Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 142 (1989)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 63 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<type>China, Yunnan, Jinghong, Damenglong; S. Y Chen & S. Q. Tong; 620</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype KUN</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic, known only from the type locality, where it is rarely found (Chen Sanyang, pers. comm. 1999).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>None.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest at 1600 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The fruits of this species are believed to be its best distinguishing feature and also the rachis is reported to lack spines abaxially. The presence or absence of spines on the knee is unlikely to be a reliable character (contra Wang 1997) since in closely related species this is a highly variable character even along a single stem.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Of high concern since it is known from only one site. At present this site is carefully managed for the rattans it contains (Chen Sanyang, pers. comm. 1999).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A new species of Calamus (Palmae) from Java</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Witono</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 747-751</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus occidentalis</name>
+<author>J. R. Witono and J. Dransf</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 53: 747 (1998)</citation>
+<type>Java, Ujung Kulon; Dransfield; JD1483</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus BO; isotypi BH, K, L</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus albus</name>
+<author>sensu Beccari</author>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 444 (1908) non Persoon (1805)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Calamus is the largest genus of Palmae (Arecaceae) with about 370 mostly climbing (rattan) species (Uhl and Dransfield 1987). In Java, there are about 16 species (Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink 1968); one of them, represented by specimens collected in April 1971 byJD during an expedition to Ujung Kulon, WestJava, is still undescribed. It seems important to describe and name this new species, particularly because it appears to have a cane of excellent quality for furniture manufacture and may have some silvicultural potential.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>"Rotan tunggal" (Indonesian - solitary rattan in reference to the single-stemmed habit)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>inter species Javanicas habitu solitario, magnitudine grande, foliis cirratis foliolis late lanceolatis, rachillis sessilibus rectis distinctissima; ad sectionem Phyllanthectum Furtadonis (Gregem XV Beccari) pertinens, C. manan et speciebus propinquis affinis sed vaginis folii spinis parvis dispersis indumento badio dense tectis et fructo parvo semine irregulariter foveolato pustulatoque differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary high-climbing rattan with stem reaching to 100 m in length, looping in lower part of stem. Stem without sheaths to 30 mm diam., with sheaths to 70 mm diam.; internodes 18 - 30 cm long. Leaf sheath green when fresh, drying brownish green, covered in caducous brown indumentum, and armed with short black irregularly arranged spines, to 15 x 2 mm with pale bases; knee conspicuous, unarmed; ocrea ill-defined. Leaves cirrate to 3 m long including cirrus; cirrus up to 1.5 m long with brown claws; petiole in adult plants absent or to 2 cm long; rachis green, flattened adaxially, convex abaxially, armed with irregularly arranged brown spines on adaxial side and black claws on abaxial side, adaxial side more densely armed than the abaxial side, spines; leaflets up to 20 on each side of rachis, regularly arranged, 4 - 9 cm apart, lanceolate, apex acuminate, base acute, middle longest, 15 - 31 x 3 - 5 cm, the surfaces concolorous, green when fresh, drying yellowish green, mid- and marginal veins on adaxial surface armed with black bristles, secondary parallel veins very thin. Staminate inflorescence eflagellate, branched to 3 orders, partial inflorescences up to 17, the longest to 62 cm long; rachis bracts tightly tubular, to 9 x 1.5 cm, armed rather densely with black tipped, reflexed spines distally; rachillae to 22 mm long, sessile, basally enclosed by the bract, with c. 12 - 15 flowers on each side; rachilla bracts and bracteoles explanate, with dentate margins and bearing sparse brown scales. Staminate flower (immature) globular, c. 2 mm diam.; calyx to 1.5 mm, split to 0.75 mm; petals c. 2 x 1 mm, shining; stamens very immature. Pistillate inflorescence to 1.5 m long, similar to the staminate but branching to two orders only and with longer, more robust rachillae, to 10 - 25 cm long, bearing 8 - 20 rather distant dyads on each side; rachilla bracts explanate, striate, bearing scattered brown scales; involucrophore very short, less than 1 mm high. Sterile staminate flower to 2.2 x 1.1 mm; calyx 3-lobed, to 1 x 1.5 mm, basal tube to 2 x 1 mm; petals to 2 x 1 mm; sterile stamens to 1 x 0.3 mm. Pistillate flower larger than the staminate; calyx to 2.5 mm, with glabrous, striate triangular lobes to 1 x 2 mm; petals to 3 x 1.5 mm; ovary 1 mm in diameter, ellipsoid, tipped with 3 stigmas. Flowers of both sexes at anthesis smelling of Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves. Fruit globose-ovoid, 18 - 19 x 12 - 14 mm, covered in 15 vertical rows of straw-coloured scales. Seed c. 10 mm diam., irregularly pitted and warted; endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Ujung Kulon, West Java (endemic?); occurring in rather disturbed primary and secondary lowland rain forest overlying recent coral limestone and volcanics at altitudes up to about 200 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Although "rotan tunggal" is a well-known rattan in the Ujung Kulon area of West Java, only a few collections have ever been made. During a visit to the area in 1971 JD at first overlooked the plant as a robust form of Calamus unifarius ("rotan buluh") until park rangers insisted that the plant was different. On closer examination the differences between the two taxa became obvious. It differs from C. unifarius in being solitary, in having very narrow dark green juvenile leaflets, as opposed to broad bright green leaflets, in having a generally wider stem, the sheaths with larger triangular spines, and rust-coloured indumentum when young. The inflorescences are quite different. That of "rotan tunggal" has more approximate partial inflorescences that are not markedly arcuate in the manner of C. unifarius and the rachis bracts are tightly sheathing as opposed to somewhat inflated. The first of the two specimens of Calamus occidentalis collected byJD in April 1971 (JD 1437) was made on Mt Kendeng, slopes of Mt Payung, Ujung Kulon at 125 m alt. The second collection was made in the same area at the edge of a rhino wallow near the lighthouse at 20 m alt. during the same expedition.
+Calamus occidentalis appears to be identical to the rattan described and illustrated by Beccari and named Calamus albus Pers. (Beccari 1908). He wrote his description of so-called C. albus based on very complete material comprising five collections from The Botanic Garden of Buitenzorg (Kebun Raya, Bogor). During the early 1970s there were still individuals of apparently this same rattan in Kebun Raya in the area devoted to the growing of rattans. However, it was impossible to link up the collections with any precise accession numbers. It seems likely that the individuals present in the 1970s were self-sown progeny from the original accessions. At the present day, there seems to be no trace of these individuals in the collection. C. albus was named and described by Persoon (1805) based on Palmijuncus albus of Rumphius in Herbarium Amboinense (1750), described and illustrated from a rattan from the northern part of the Gulf of Ambon. Persoon included in synonymy with C. albus Loureiro's previously published name, Calamus rudentum, thereby effectively invalidating further use of the name C. albus, as pointed out by Merrill in his An Interpretation of Rumphius' Herbarium Amboinense (1917). There is no doubt in our minds that the plant described by Rumphius bears no resemblance to the Indochinese rattan named C. rudentum by Loureiro (Loureiro 1790), this being a massive clustering rattan with ecirrate leaves and long, well developed flagella. Furthermore, the illustration of Palmijuncus albus in Herbarium Amboinense bears a much greater resemblance to the rattan currently known as Calamus warburgii rather than the rattan from Ujung Kulon. Nevertheless, we do not need to worry at this point about the identity of the rattans described by Rumphius in this context. The plant described by Beccari and known to us in the field as "rotan tunggal" has, until now, lacked a validly published name, which we now provide. Calamus occidentalis, in possessing cirrate leaves, grouped spines on the cirrus, eflagellate sheaths, elongate tubular primary inflorescence bracts, sessile rachillae and sessile involucrophores (the first prophyllar bracteole in the pistillate flower cluster), is a member of Beccari's Group XV, the group that includes most of the finest and commercially most valuable canes such as C. caesius and C. manan. The cane of C. occidentalis seems to be of really excellent quality and we suggest that this overlooked species may have considerable potential. Fortunately it is legally well protected, occurring in the Ujung Kulon National Park, where it can remain as a potential source of seed for experimentation in plantations.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>JAVA. Jawa Barat, Ujung Kulon, April 1971, DransfieldJD1483 (Holotype BO; isotypes K, L, BH); DransfieldJD1437 (BO, K). CULTIVATED. Kebun Raya, Bogor, s.n. (five accessions) (BO, FI)</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus oligostachys</name>\r
+<author>T Evans et al.</author> \r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 56: 242 (2001)</citation> \r
+<type>Laos, Bolikhamxay Province; Khamphone; 324</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotype FRCL</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 42 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus pauciflorus</name>\r
+<author>T. Evans et al.</author>\r
+<bibref>T. Evans et al., Kew Bull. 55: 935 [and 937, illustration] (2000)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>non Ridl. Fl. Malay. Penins. 5: 57 (1925)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic. Thailand (North-east) and Laos (Central).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>See Evans et al. (2000)</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In Laos in silty bamboo scrub close to a seasonal stream at 150 m, in Thailand in evergreen forest at 200 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The published description did not emphasize the clear differences in female rachillae and fruiting perianth structure between this species and both C. solitarius and C. tetradactylus (see key). Examination of additional material at BM has confirmed that these are valuable, consistent differences. They also suggest that those two species may be more closely related to one another than either is to C. oligostachys.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai kating (Lao Loum), wai kating (Thailand).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is adequate for handicrafts but brittle. The shoot is edible but small.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown. The species is so far known from only two localities but occurs in degraded habitats and is unlikely to be heavily harvested. Further research is required.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>\r
+</mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus optimus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Nelle Foreste di Borneo 610 (1902) (in part)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 211 (1902)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11(1): 425 (1908) and Suppl. 105 (1913) (all in part)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 791 (1982)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 100 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Sarawak 102 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus stramineus</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Str. Settlements 8: 258 (1935)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus stramineus var. megalocarpus</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Str. Settlements 8: 259 (1935)(in part)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>The best</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Sego (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust clustering rattan climbing to great heights, reaching 50 m or more; stem without sheaths 15 mm diam., with to 30 mm diam. internodes to 30 cm, sometimes longer in juvenile stems. Leaf sheaths dark green, armed with scattered large, convex-based, triangular, flattened, dark green, black-tipped spines and abundant caducous black scales; knee grossly swollen; ocrea small, c. 5 mm. Leaf cirrate, to 2.5 m including the cirrus to 1.5 m; petiole very short, scarcely exceeding 5 cm; leaflets up to 8 on each side of the rachis, arranged in 2&rsquo;s or 3&rsquo;s, large, narrow ovate or spathulate, cucullate, the largest to 85 × 11 cm, very stiff and coriaceous, somewhat plicate, dark green on the upper surface, covered in buff indumentum on the lower surface, very rarely concolorous, the margins armed with short black bristles, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescence only fragments of the female known, but probably very like that of C. caesius; rachillae to 8 cm, with close distichous bracts and c. 12 flowers on each side. Ripe fruit ovoid, c. 14 × 11 mm, tipped with a short beak to 1.5 mm and covered in 15 vertical rows of pale yellowish-brown scales. Seed to 10 × 8 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with 2 parallel leaflets joined for much of their length. (Fig. 33, Pl. 10C).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from two collections, both in Belait. Elsewhere scattered throughout Borneo, but never common. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>According to Beccari, the best rattan in Borneo. The cane is similar to that of C. caesius (curiously absent from Brunei) but is generally of slightly larger diameter and is usually not so highly regarded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. optimus has been found in lowland dipterocarp forest and alluvial forest at elevations up to 170 m above sea level. Populations in some areas in the 1st Division of Sarawak lack the conspicuous buff indumentum present in populations further east. Otherwise they do not appear to differ. As the cane properties are the same as those of rotan sega (C. caesius), C. optimus tends to be included with sega and may thus be overlooked. However, when viewed closely, it is most distinctive and beautiful, distinguishable from C. caesius by upper part of leaf. C: infructescence. D: details of rachilla bracts. E: fruit. F: seed. G: vertical section of seed. the more robust habit, the massive spines and black scales, and the much larger leaflets, usually covered on the lower surface with buff rather than white indumentum.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Labi, Wong 524; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6614.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>\r
+</mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus ornatus Bl. var. ornatus</name>\r
+<author>Bl.</author>\r
+<citation>in J. A. & J. H. Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7(2) 1326 (1830)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 3: 58 (1847)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 368 (1908)</bibref> <bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 201 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 150 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 163 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Ornamented, elegant</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Kiton (Dus.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust clustering rattan climbing to great heights, to 50 m or more; stem without sheaths to 40 mm diam., with rather prominent nodes and frequently slightly angular in cross section, with sheaths to 70 mm diam., internodes to 30 cm long. Sheaths dark green, armed with large triangular, flattened, yellowish-based black spines to 4 × 1 cm, and scattered dull brown scales; knee conspicuous; ocrea short, quickly tattering. Flagellum massive, to 10 m or more long, dark green, armed with short black, yellowish-based spines. Leaf subcirrate, very robust, to 4 m long including the petiole to 1 m (usually less; leaflets 20-30 on each side of the rachis, usually pale green, regularly arranged, the proximal to 50 × 5 cm increasing to 80 × 8 cm in mid leaf, decreasing to minute at the tip, c. 4 × 0.5 cm, forming a subcirrus, the leaflets drying pale green, not blackish, prickly on the upper surface of the veins near the tip and along the margins. Inflorescences to 8 m long including the long terminal flagellum, bearing 4-6 partial inflorescences to 80 cm, with robust reflexed rachillae in female, and more finely branched in the male. Ripe fruit ellipsoid, to 30 × 20 mm, tipped with a short beak and covered in 15 vertical rows of matt brown to black scales with paler bases. Seed to 20 × 8 mm, rather angular and grooved with one flattened lateral face; sarcotesta sour; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf bifid, shiny green. (Fig. 59).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Throughout the lowlands of Brunei, but nowhere very common. Widespread in Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, S. Thailand, Philippines and Sulawesi, the forms in the last two areas distinct.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a good quality cane for furniture manufacture; however it does not command the highest prices because the cane is rather uneven in cross-section. Fruits are used to make a sambal.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. ornatus var. ornatus is usually a plant of primary dipterocarp forest on better soils in the lowlands up to c. 1000 m. Unlike C. scipionum, it does not seem to tolerate major disturbance. For differences between the two see under C. scipionum.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Stockdale 71. TUT: Rambai, Tasek Merimbun, Bernstein 274 .</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus oxleyanus var. montanus</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<citation>Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 84</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Differs from the typical form in having broader leaflets, ovoid rather than rounded fruit, and oblong rather than rounded seed. This is a robust mountain rattan, found on G. Padang in Trengganu. There is only one collection and the status of this variety may have to be reviewed if more material becomes available.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>\r
+</mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus oxleyanus T. & B. ex Miq. var. oxleyanus</name>\r
+<author>T. & B. ex Miq.</author>\r
+<citation>De Palm. Arch. Ind. Obs. Nov. 17 (1868)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Teysmann & Binnendijk, Cat. Pl. Hort. Bogor 75 (1866)(name only)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 450 (1908) and Suppl.: 112 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 148 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 109 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 111 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Thomas Oxley, physician in the employ of the East India Company in Penang and Singapore</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary (very rarely clustering) rattan climbing to 10 m; stem without sheaths to 15 mm diam., with sheaths to 30 mm diam., internodes 15 cm long. Sheaths bright green, rather densely armed with black, yellow-based flattened spines to 50 × 7 mm, upward-pointing, horizontal or reflexed; knee poorly developed, usually obscured by spines; ocrea tattering, inconspicuous. Leaf cirrate, arching, to 2 m or more including the petiole to 30 cm and cirrus to 60 cm; petiole armed with long black, yellowish-based spines; leaflets to c. 50 on each side of the rachis, arranged in groups of 2-5 (rarely more), arcuate, dark shiny green except at the base where pale yellowish, 20-30 × 2-3 cm, ± unarmed. Inflorescences strongly curved, to 1.2 m, with c. 7 partial inflorescences, the longest to 40 cm; male rachillae to 3 cm; female rachillae to 4 cm bearing rather distant flowers. Ripe fruit rounded, c. 12 mm diam., with conspicuous beak to 1.5 mm, and covered in 12-13 vertical rows of yellowish scales with brown margins. Seed hemispherical, c. 9 mm diam., with superficial pitting; endosperm very sparsely and shallowly ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 38).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Restricted to kerangas forest on ridges in Ulu Ingei at about 190-200 m above sea level. Elsewhere in Sabah, Sarawak, Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Of limited use because of the short stem length.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>It is remarkable that this familiar Peninsular Malaysian rattan should be so rare in Borneo. Bornean populations differ from those in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra in having relatively broader and shorter leaflets; otherwise there is very little difference.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6561; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6563.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus oxycarpus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1) (Suppl.): 138 (1913)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 21 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<type>China, Guizhou; Cavalerie; 1263 and 2204</type>\r
+<type_loc>Syntypes FI-B</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>China (South Yunnan and South-east China).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>EXAMINED. CHINA (SOUTH YUNNAN): Mengtse, undated, (fr.), Henry, A. 10475 (K). (SOUTH-EAST CHINA): Guizhou, undated, (fr.), Cavalerie 1263 (FI-B) and undated, (stam.), Cavalerie 2204 (FI-B).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>JD examined the syntypes some years previously but they could not be relocated on a visit to FI in December 2000 so no lectotype is chosen here. If a lectotype had to be chosen it should be Cavalerie 1263, since Beccari rested his diagnosis mainly on the fruit. The Henry specimen in K is clearly stated to be a 'long climber' whereas C. oxycarpus is erect. We can offer no explanation for this. The material of C. oxycarpus held at KUN (collector's names and localities not translated, specimen numbers 15190, 51568, 18971 and 18972) is a reasonably good match for the specimen at K. Leaflet width seems to vary greatly - in the Kew material and several of the Chinese specimens it is only 1.5 - 2 cm, in others (including the types) it is 3.5 - 4 cm. This feature requires careful study of living plants to determine whether it represents a varietal difference (as proposed in an unpublished manuscript by Wang [1997]) or variation between leaves or individuals. Three infertile specimens determined as Calamus macrorhynchus Burret are held at KUN (collector names and localities not translated, collector numbers 9617, 10198 and 22125). We examined these and found that they cannot be distinguished from other material there named Calamus oxycarpus. The protologue of C. macrorhynchus (Burret 1937) does not state any clear differences from C. oxycarpus and few differences are given by Pei et al. (1991), but we have not examined the type specimen (probably held at IBSC) and so cannot confidently state that they are the same.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay peninsula</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus padangensis</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<citation>Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 62</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named after G. Padang, the type locality</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan ?</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender ? clustering rattan. Stem without sheaths to 4 mm in diameter internodes to 15 cm long (? juvenile stems) with sheaths to 7 mm in diameter. Sheaths dull greenish brown armed with sparse, horizontal to slightly reflexed uniform spines 5-10 mm long with slightly bulbous bases, and caducous grey scales scattered between spines; minute spicules absent. Ocrea smooth, to 2 mm high. Knee well developed. Flagellum to 60 cm long. Leaf ecirrate to 40 cm long, including petioles to 16 cm long; petiole armed with very sparse short lateral spines to 2 mm long and remote reflexed hooks on underside. Leaflets about 20 on each side of the rachis, close and regular, ± equal sized throughout, to 13.5 cm long by 5 mm wide, with a dense tuft of orange-brown hairs on the underside at the point of origin, unarmed below, with scattered pale bristles on the nerves on the upperside; rachis with scattered red brown hairs. Only male inflorescence known, to 35 cm long with 1 partial inflorescence bearing arcuate rachillae to 2.5 cm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Trengganu: G. Padang - known only from the type (Kiah and Moysey 33,376).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species was found at 1,300 m altitude on G. Padang, in Trengganu. It is very close to Calamus exilis but differs in the absence of small rough spines on the sheaths and in the presence of scattered relatively long spines. It may prove to be only a variety of C. exilis, but in the absence of more material it seems wise to retain it as distinct.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus palustris</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 405 (1908);</citation>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6:1036 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 60 (2001).</bibref>\r
+<type>Vietnam, Cochinchina; Pierre; 4847</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Thailand (North, North-east, East, Central, South-east), Laos (all parts), Vietnam (Cochinchina) and Cambodia. Possibly also South and South-east Yunnan (Pei et al. 1989, 1991, but see below). Other varieties occur in India and the Thai-Malay Peninsula (Beccari 1908).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>THAILAND (NORTH): Chiengdao, 1 June 1921, (fr.), Kerr, A. 5546 (K, BM, BK); Doi Sutep, 14 Jan. 1912, (stam.), Kerr, A. 1618B (K, BM, FI).(NORTH-EAST): Nong Khai Province, Pon Pisai, 25 Feb. 1924, (fr.), Kerr, A. 8576 (K, BK); Loei, Phu Kradung, 8 Nov. 1997, (stam.), Hodel & Vatcharakorn 1770 (BH). (EAST): Chaiyaphum, Pu Kio, 24 Feb. 1931, (stam.), Kerr, A. 20244 (K, BM, BK). (CENTRAL): Saraburi Province, Muang Distr., Sahm Lahn, 19 Jan. 1974, (stam.), Maxwell, J. E 74 - 46 (BK). (SOUTH-EAST): Koh Chang, Salak Kawk, 4 April 1923, (fr.), Kerr A. 6878 (K, BM, BK). LAOS (NORTH): Xayaboury Province, Phieng Distr., Ban Na Oum, near Houay Deua, 5 June 1999, (stam.), Oulathong OL 223 (FRCL, K). (CENTRAL): Bolikhamxay Province, Pakkading Distr., Ban Naphong, Houay Mouang, 5 Feb. 1999, (fr.), Khamphone KP 354 (FRCL, K). (SOUTH): Attapeu Province, Sanamxay Distr., Dongkase, 10 April 1992, (ster.), Oulathong OL 16 (FRCL, K); Attapeu Province, Sanxay Distr., Ban Tatkoum, Phou Lekfay, 15 May 1999, (fr.), Khamphone KP 403 (FRCL, K). VIETNAM (COCHINCHINA): Cochinchina, undated, (fr.). Pierre 4847 (P). CAMBODIA: Tpong Province, Kuang Repeu Mts, Sept. 1870, (fr.), Pierre 15 (P).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest at 100 - 650 m (Laos), and up to 1300 m (Thailand).</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari (1902) contains no information other than a specimen number and so cannot constitute a type description for C. palustris var. cochinchinensis, even though Beccari (1908) cites it as such. Calamus loeiensis is based on a tiny difference from the supposed typical form that does not exceed the normal within-individual variation in C. palustris var. cochinchinensis. Beccari (1913) diagnosed C. kerrianus from C. latifolius but made no mention of C. palustris. This was the very last species added to the 'latest additions' section of the supplement to his monograph, and one can well imagine that this great similarity was overlooked due to time pressures. The holotype of C. kerrianus and five other very similar specimens from Doi Sutep held at BKF all fall well within the range of individual variation seen in C. palustris var. cochinchinensis, so there is a clear need to synonymise them. We have examined two specimens from South Yunnan previously determined as C. palustris. We consider one unidentifiable (see Names of doubtful application, below) and the other (which had also at times been referred to C. latifolius) to be C. platyacanthoides. Pei et al. (1989) list two other collections from South Yunnan (Unknown collectors 18974 and 18866, the latter as var. palustris) and Pei et al. (1991) also list var. cochinchinensis from South-east Yunnan, but we have not been able to examine this material. We suggest that it merits reassessment. A review of the three non-Indochinese varieties (amplissimus Becc., malaccensis Becc. and the typical form) was outside the scope of the present study. Variation in robustness in Laos is quite large. Several very slender plants with sheath diameters of 7 - 12 mm have been collected, but none had begun to flower and such stems are expected to become thicker as they approach maturity. At the other extreme Khamphone 403 has a sheath diameter of 30 - 40 mm and leaves over 1.9 m long excluding the cirrus. It might belong in another variety. Most mature Lao stems we have seen have sheaths 15 - 25 mm diameter and leaves 0.7 - 1.1 m long excluding the cirrus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai hangnou, wai namleuang, wai khairt, wai kiyow, wai hom, wai namhang, wai tiukeng, wai savang, wai sard, wai kanebouang (Lao Loum), re tair (Alak), wai kring, wai saikai, wai tiukeng, wai plawk (Thailand).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of high quality and widely traded. The shoot is edible. There are reportedly plantations for cane production in Vietnam (Nguyen Truong Thanh & Ngo Thi Min Duyen 1997).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Of no concern.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus palustris Griff. malaccensis Becc.</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 405 and supplement (1913) 86</citation>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 90</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus dumetorum</name>\r
+<author>Ridley</author>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1907) 211</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 63</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Palustris - of marshes. (of Malacca)</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan?</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering rattan climbing to 25 m tall, flowering when quite short. Stem without sheaths about 1.5 - 2 cm in diameter with internodes to 30 cm; stem with sheaths to 3.5 cm. Sheaths bright green, armed with scattered brown yellow-based spines to 3 cm long, usually less, with much smaller spines scattered in between. Reddish brown indumentum abundant on young sheaths. Knee conspicuous. Ocrea to 3 mm high, dark brown unarmed. Leaf cirrate to 2.5 m long including the cirrus to 1 m; petiole short, about 10-15 cm long, semicircular in cross-section, the upper flat surface armed with short erect spines. Leaflets to about 21 on each side of the rachis, arranged in 2's to 4's broad, spafhulate, to about 35 cm long by 4 cm wide unarmed or very sparsely armed. Inflorescence, only male known, to about 1 m long with about 12 close partial inflorescences to 25 m long, decreasing in length above. Bracts sparsely armed. Rachillae about 2 cm long.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Penang, Perak. Rare. Variety endemic, typical species in Burma and Thailand.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>This species has a beautiful yellowish glossy cane of excellent general appearance. It is not known if it is utilized, but as every known clump is near villages, there is some suggestion that it might have been planted there. Much suggests that this species has potential as a cultivated rattan.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus palustris is known from a few localities near Ipoh, found growing in belukar near the main road, Ipoh to Kuala Kangsar, and by limestone hills near Tambun, and in belukar at the edge of the Waterfall Gardens in Penang.\r
+For differences from C. axillaris see that species. It is easily identified by means of the italicized characters.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus pandanosmus</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<citation>Gard. Bull. Singapore 15: 217 (1956)</citation>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 201 (1979)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 148 (1984)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Smelling of pandan, Pandanus amaryllifolius)</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wi banying Selak.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender rattan climbing to 15 m; stem without sheaths c. 6 mm diam., with sheaths to c. 10 mm diam., internodes c. 12 cm. All parts drying dark brown. Sheath dark green armed with scattered bulbous swellings, some ending in minute spines, pale brown indumentum also scattered over the sheath surface; knee conspicuous, often with an annular swelling below it; ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to 80 cm. Leaf ecirrate and lacking a petiole, the whole to 45 cm, with c. 8 leaflets on each side of the rachis, the terminal pair joined for at least 114 their length, other leaflets somewhat irregularly arranged, leaflets dark green, faintly pandan-scented when crushed, the longest to 25 x 3 cm. Inflorescence to 1 m, with up to 8 curving partial inflorescences, each with curving rachillae. Flowers relatively large, to 4 mm, sweetly fragrant, pollen orange. Mature fruit somewhat oblate, to 17 x 19 mm, covered in 23 vertical rows of pale brown scales. Seed c. 10 mm diam., endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 79).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a single population from G Pueh, 1st Division. Elsewhere known from two collections in Sabah, and a few collections from Peninsular Malaysia, S Thailand and Sumatra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. pandanosmus was collected in hill dipterocarp forest on G Pueh at 500 m altitude. The bulbous swellings on the sheath, the form of the leaf and the curious large flowers serve to distinguish it.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus paspalanthus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hooker f., Fl. Br. India 6: 450 (1893)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 295 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 157 (1979)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 130 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 146 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Referring to the superficial resemblance of the male rachillae in flower to a grass inflorescence</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Singkau (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary moderate rattan, usually short-stemmed but rarely climbing to 20 m, frequently flopping to the ground and producing roots at a position about 1 cm below each node; stem without sheaths 10-15 mm diam., with sheaths to c. 40 mm diam., internodes usually rather short to 12 cm long. Sheath dull dark purplish-brown due to abundant persistent scales, armed with large dark spines 3-5 cm long except around the sheath mouth where very much larger and ± erect to 10 cm; knee very conspicuous, bulbous, grossly swollen; ocrea very long, up to c. 1 m, straw-coloured, fragile and papery, quickly disintegrating to leave almost no trace. Flagellum to 2 m long. Leaf ecirrate, to 2 m including petiole to 80 cm, but often much less;rachis covered with red-brown hairs; leaflets numerous, up to 100 on each side of the rachis, very close and regular, delicate in texture, to 30 × 1 cm, densely bristly on the lower surface. Inflorescences to 5 m or more, including the terminal flagellum; bracts tightly sheathing at the base but thin, papery and disintegrating at the tips; rachillae held at right angles to the partial inflorescence axis. Flowers strictly distichous. Fruit ± spherical, to 18 × 16 mm, covered in c. 15 vertical rows of smooth, red-brown scales with paler shiny margins. Seed ± anvil-shaped with two sharp wings, the sarcotesta extremely sour. Seedling leaf pinnate with numerous leaflets and reddish-brown hairy rachis. (Fig. 54).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Rare in Brunei; elsewhere throughout Borneo, local in Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is ± useless as it shrinks and is frequently marred by the adventitious roots. The fruit is usually much appreciated for its sourness. Seedlings would make fine ornamentals.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. paspalanthus is such a strange species that there should be no difficulty in distinguishing it.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6672.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus paulii</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<bibref>Kew Bull. 45: 81 (1990).</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for Paul Chai of the Forest Department, Kuching</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary small rattan, stemless or with a short erect or decumbent stem to 1 m tall; stem without sheaths to c. 12 mm diam., with sheaths to c. 25 mm, internodes c. 20 mm only. Sheath mid green, bearing numerous flattened brown spines 2-20 mm long, arranged in partial whorls or short horizontal groups, thin scales present between the spines; knee absent, ocrea thin, soon tattering. Flagellum absent. Leaf ecirrate, 90 - 120 cm long including petiole; petiole to 60 cm, armed with sparse spines to 20 mm arranged in groups of 2 - 4, spines at the very base sometimes larger; leaflets 12 -15 on each side of the rachis, ± regularly arranged, very broad with hooded tips, the longest to c. 20 x 6 cm, dark shiny green, somewhat plicate, armed with conspicuous bristles near the tip, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences shorter than the leaves, to 50 cm, the male more highly branched than the female; bracts closely sheathing, covered with dense indumentum, unarmed or sparsely prickly; partial inflorescences c. 7 in male, c. 1 - 3 in female; male rachillae distichously arranged, straight or slightly curved to 20 mm; female rachillae few and distant, c. 40 mm long. Mature fruit rounded, c. 8 mm diam., with a conspicuous beak 2.5x1 mm and covered in 17 vertical rows of matt brown scales. Seed c. 5 x 4 x 3 mm; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling not known (Fig. 66).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from G Buri on the border between 1st and 2nd Divisions. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. paulii is found in hill dipterocarp forest at 600 - 800 m altitude, on slopes and ridges. It is an elegant species; it differs from C. myriacanthus in the much smaller size of all its parts, the very regular leaf sheath spines and in the form of the leaflets and inflorescences.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay peninsula</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus penicillatus</name>\r
+<author>Roxb.</author>\r
+<citation>Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 781</citation>\r
+<bibref>Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 ed 1 (1838) 210</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Griffith, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1844) 56</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Griffith, Palms of Br. India (1850) 66</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Hook, f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1893) 402</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (1908) 500</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 187</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus martianus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 459</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (1908) 353</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus penangensis</name>\r
+<author>Ridley</author>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Mat. Fl. Mai. Pen. 2 (1907) 192</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley, Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 51</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Penicillatus - pencil like, probably referring to the very slender stem</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan batu</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Extremely slender clustering rattan climbing to 40 m tall. All pans drying pale. Stem without sheaths 2 - 4 mm in diameter, with sheaths to 7 mm, with internodes about 10 cm in length; sheaths dull green armed with upward pointing yellowish bulbous-based, black tipped spines 1 - 2 mm long, and scattered brownish scales. Knee conspicuous; Ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to 30 cm only. Leaf 40 cm long, ecirrate, without a petiole, bearing 3 - 4 leaflets on each side of the rachis; leaflets inequidistant, the terminal two slightly joined, bright green, thick textured, with rather conspicuous cross veins, the largest 15 cm long by 3 cm wide, usually less. Inflorescence male and female superficially similar very slender, rarely more than 60 cm long, with 4-5 partial inflorescences, to 15 cm long. Rachillae about 4 cm long. Fruit unknown; seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Penang: Penang Hill. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>This appears to be a first class cane but of very small diameter. This species however is extremely rare.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus penicillatus is known from a very few collections, all made on Penang Hill. It still grows on the hill, where it has been found at 650 m altitude growing on a steep slope near a small stream, in hill Dipterocarp forest. It is easily distinguished by its very small size, the upward pointing sheath spines and the very small leaf with few leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus perakensis Becc. var. crassus J.Dransf.</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Malay. Forester 4 (1978)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan tekokgunung</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary erect short-stemmed rattan with stems rarely exceeding 2 m tall. Stem without sheaths to 2.5 cm in diameter with very prominent nodes, and internodes to 3 cm only. Stem with sheaths to 4 cm in diameter. Sheaths dull green armed with scattered brown erect spines of length varying from 1-4.5 cm, slightly less armed at base of petiole; spines around leaf sheath mouth occasionally conspicuously longer, and erect, brownish; brown indumentum abundant between spines. Knee absent. Flagellum absent. Leaf ecirrate to 3 m tall, with petiole to 2 m armed with pale green spines. Leaflets regular, about 40 on each side of rachis the longest to 40 cm long by 2.5 cm wide conspicuously 3 nerved, armed with sparse bristles on margins and upper surface of nerves, conspicuously and rather densely armed with bristles along 3 nerves near the tip on the undersurface. Uppermost leaflets not strongly divergent. Inflorescences, male much more highly branched than female, to 1.5 m long, with peduncular portion densely spiny, to 60 cm long. Partial inflorescences to 3, rarely more. Bracts large, with tattered limb to 40 cm long by 8 cm wide, very sparsely armed; male rachillae to 1 cm long, female to 10 cm. ± mature fruit rounded c 6 mm in diameter very conspicuously beaked, covered in 17 vertical rows of pale brown scales. Seed rounded; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Trengganu: endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Can be used for making walking sticks.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>"Rotan tekok gunung" is known only from hillslopes from 100-500 m alt. in Diptero-carp forest in Trengganu. It is distinguished from other varieties of C. perakensis by the presence of the greatly expanded inflorescence bract limbs, the rather thick female rachillae and the sparse cinnamon brown indumentum.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus perakensis Becc. var. niger J.Dransf.</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Malay. Forester 41 (1978) 335</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary shortly climbing moderate rattan with stems to 5 m tall. Stem without sheaths 1.3 cm in diameter, with sheaths about 3 cm in diameter. Internodes about 20 cm long. Sheaths pale green with scattered pale brown spines to 4 cm long arranged in lateral groups of up to 7 (almost whorled) or solitary, and densely covered in caducous chocolate coloured scales; spines around leaf sheath mouth of two types, one type as the sheath spines but much longer, horizontally aligned and the second type papery, erect, deep purplish brown, to 30 cm long. No knee. Noflagellum Leaf ecirrate to 1.25 m long including petiole; petiole 40 cm armed with short lateral spines and densely covered with chocolate coloured scales. Leaflets about 35 on each side of the rachis, rather distant, ± divaricate, the lowermost longer than the rest, to 40 cm long by 2 cm wide, shortly brown bristly on 3 nerves on upper-side, minutely toothed along nerves below. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar, erect or arcuate, to 1.25 m long with 5 partial inflorescences peduncle to 30 cm ± unarmed. Bracts very large and conspicuous, tubular below, expanded and split to give a limb about 40 cm long by 5 cm wide, with few scattered triangular spines to 1 mm high and very dense chocolate-brown scales. Partial inflorescences very crowded, to 15 cm long with distichous rachillae; female to 7 cm long, the male to 1.5 cm. Flowers and fruit and seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Johore: endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Differs from the type variety in being solitary and erect and bearing greatly expanded bract limbs, the sheaths, petioles, leaf rachis and bracts all covered in dense chocolate - black scales.\r
+This variety is quite common along swamp margins in east Johore.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus perakensis Becc. var. perakensis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 451</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 290 and appendix (1913) 47</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 58</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 152</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named after the State of Perak</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan dudok</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering acaulescent to very shortly climbing rattan with stems decumbent, rarely rigidly erect, to 3 m long. Stem without sheaths about 2 m in diameter, with sheaths to 4 cm or more. Sheaths cinnamon brown, armed with long or short darker brown spines to 3 cm long and dense brown indumentum; spines around leaf sheath mouth much large, papery, erect, to 12 cm Icing. Knee absent. Flagellum absent. Leaf ecirrate, arcuate to 2 m long including the petiole to 40 cm long; petiole armed with short reflexed, triangular spines, to 1 cm long, those near the base occasionally much longer; brown indumentum abundant between the spines. Leaflets rather close, regular, to about 40 on each side of the rachis the longest near the base, to 25 cm long by 2 cm wide, decreasing markedly to tip where terminal leaflets are about 10 cm long by 1 cm wide, usually nearly divergent. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar, usually erect, but sometimes arcuate, varying considerably in size and degree of branching, but always with conspicuous cinnamon brown bracts, with tattered limbs; partial inflorescences 2-6 in number. Rachillae about 3 cm long. More or less mature fruit rounded about 2 mm in diameter, shortly beaked covered in 18-20 vertical rows of red-brown scales. Seed rounded. Endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf bifid.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Pahang, Selangor. West Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Occasionally used for making walking sticks.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus perakensis var. perakensis is usually confined to steep ridgetops on ± pod-solized soils in lower montane forest at altitudes between 900 and 1500 m above sea-level, where it forms thickets in the undergrowth.Calamus perakensis is extraordinarily variable. Several taxa I have already separated out and described or given tentative names. This whole species complex requires intensive and extensive taxonomic study.\r
+I have distinguished three varieties within C. perakensis, var. perakensis, var. niger and var. crassus. It is possible that with further study the last two may have to be given specific status.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus peregrinus</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<citation>Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 66</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Peregrinus - foreign or of the countryside - allusion not understood here</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan ?</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary rattan with stout stem to 20 cm tall without sheaths about 2 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 3.5 cm. Internodes about 6 cm only. Sheaths mid green with broad yellow streaks when fresh, pale brown when dry armed with scattered large pale yellow-green laminate spines with black tips and rough hairy edges; to 2.5 cm long by 8 mm wide at the base; sparse brownish scales on young sheaths. Knee well developed. Ocrea short, blackish. Cut surfaces exuding yellow sap. Flagellum to 3.5 m long. Leaves ecirrate very large, 4-5m long. Petiole 1-1.75 m long armed with pale yellow green spines tipped black. Leaflets numerous, stiff regular, on parts of leaf ± opposite 50 cm long by 2-4 cm wide, with main nerves armed with bristles above and below; and along margins near the tip. Inflorescence 3 m long including long flagellum, bearing 2-3 partial inflorescences; bracts armed with scattered pale spines with black tips, tattering in age. Female flowers relatively large, densely arranged 7.5 mm long. Fruit globose or very slightly obovoid, borne on a stalked disc; fruit to 2 cm long by 1.6 cm wide covered in 16 vertical rows of reddish brown scales, shiny, and scarcely grooved, with darker marginal lines. Seed globose, pitted, deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kedah, Perak, Kelantan, Selangor, Negri Sembilan: Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calmus peregrinus is a rather local rattan of generally northern distribution in Malaya. It has been found on steep hillslopes and ridges in hill Dipterocarp forest, at altitudes up to 600 m. Because of its very large size and ecirrate leaves it could be confused with Calamus ornatus, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the much narrower leaflets and the bright yellow green colour of the fresh plant. The long inflorescence with its 2-3 partial inflorescences very close to the insertion and the long terminal flagellum is very characteristic.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus pilosellus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 208 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 333 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 119 (1984) and Ratt. Sarawak 121 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Sparsely covered with ascending hairs</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Labu (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan with stems to 10 m tall; stem without sheaths to 6 mm diam., with sheaths to 15 mm diam., internodes to c. 15 cm long, usually much less. Sheaths dark green, smooth, with occasional grey scales and very few spines to 4 mm long; knee conspicuous; ocrea forming a low membranous ridge to 4 mm. Flagellum to 1.5 m. Leaf ecirrate to 60 cm including the petiole to 10 cm; petiole very sparsely armed; rachis covered with dense rusty-coloured hairs; leaflets c. 33-40 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, close, relatively short, the longest to 14 × 1.25 cm, the upper surface usually with abundant very fine bristles, the margins usually ciliate, with hairs of adjacent leaflets interlocking, the lower surface usually minutely scabrid. Inflorescences to 80 cm, curving, with only short terminal flagellum and 5 strongly curved partial inflorescences, bearing curved rachillae; rachillae to 20 mm with conspicuous cups of bracteoles and rather distant flowers. Mature fruit rounded, covered in 15 vertical rows of orange-yellow scales; sarcotesta intensely bitter. Seedling not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>In Brunei known from three collections from Temburong. Elsewhere in Sabah, Sarawak and Kalimantan. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane appears to be of good quality and may be used for binding.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. pilosellus occurs in kerangas forest and on ridge tops on poor soils. It is closely related to C. sarawakensis.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Bukit Belalong, Stockdale 56; Bt. Patoi, Dransfield J. 6620; Bt. Patoi, Dransfield J. 6621.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus platyacanthoides</name>\r
+<author>Merr</author> \r
+<citation>Lingnan Sci. J. 13: 54 (1934)</citation>. \r
+<type>Vietnam, Tonkin; Balansa; 4360</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype B presumed destroyed; lectotype P; isotype K</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus platyacanthus</name>\r
+<author>Warb. ex Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Warb. ex Becc. non Mart., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 442 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1037 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13(1): 106 (1991)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 64 (2001)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus latifolius</name>\r
+<author>auct. non. Roxb., C. F. Wei</author>\r
+<bibref>auct. non. Roxb., C. F. Wei, Guihaia 6: 36 (1986)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus platyacanthus var. mediostachys</name>\r
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y Chen</author>\r
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 143 (1989)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13 (1): 107 (1991)</bibref>\r
+<type>China, Yunnan, Mengla; Yang, Z. H.; 12476</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype HITBC</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus giganteus var. robustus</name>\r
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>\r
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 143 (1989)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13 (1): 96 (1991)</bibref>\r
+<type>China, Yunnan, Mengla; Yang, Z. H.; 12406</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype HITBC</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>China (South Yunnan), Laos (probably North and Central) and Vietnam (Tonkin). Probably also South-east China (Merrill 1934).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CHINA (SOUTH YUNNAN): Mengla, Yaoqu, undated, (fr.), Yang, Z. H. 12476 (HITBC) and undated, (fr.), Yang, Z. H. 12406 (HITBC); Mengla, Sangyong, undated, (stam.), Chen, S. Y 35 (KUN). LAOS (NORTH): [Huaphanh Province, Viengthong Distr., Ban Sakok (Phou Loeuy Protected Area), 21 June 1999, (fr.), Banxa BX 1 (FRCL, K)]. (CENTRAI,): [Bolikhamxay Province, Khamkheut Distr., Ban Phonkheo (map name Ban Phongnot), San Kang Houay Dan Yon, 13 March 1999, (ster.), Khamphone KP 387 (FRCL, K)]. VIETNAM (TONKIN): Mount Bavi, Nov. 1887, (fr.), Balansa 4360 (K, P).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest at 500-700 m (Vietnam) and probably 750 - 900 m (Laos).</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Merrill (1934) established a new name for the invalid Calamus platyacanthus Warb. ex. Becc. from Indochina, but this was overlooked by some subsequent authors (e.g. Pei et al. 1991, Evans et al. 2001b). The identity of the additional Hainan and Guangxi material cited by Merrill (1934) could not be checked during this study, but seems likely to extend the range of the species beyond Indochina. Pei et al. (1991) cite C. platyacanthoides as a junior synonym of C. simplicifolius C. F. Wei from Hainan but if these two were synonymous then C. platyacanthoides would be the senior name. However, elements of the description of C. simplicifolius (e.g. the fruits 25 x 20 mm, the leaflets varying between grouped and regularly spaced) suggest a closer similarity with the C. nambariensis/ C. inermis/ C. khasianus species group and we suggest that further study is needed. C. platyacanthus (=platyacanthoides) var. mediostachys was diagnosed on the basis of its distinctive male inflorescences but we regard this diagnosis as insufficient since so little male material is known of the typical form, and since the differences noted are so small in comparison to the known variability in this character within this section of the genus. Calamus giganteus var. robustus was established by the authors to accommodate a single specimen of a plant neither had seen in life (Chen Sanyang, pers. comm. 1999). Its very robust sheath and rachis must have inspired the comparison with C. giganteus (now a synonym of C. manan Miq.), but this is misleading. The fruit structure and arrangement of sheath spines indicate that this cannot be C. manan, whereas the fruits, leaves and sheath all match a very robust individual of C. platyacanthoides. Specimen Unknown 12001 was listed by Wei (1986) as C. latifolius and by Pei et al. (1989) as C. palustris var. cochinchinensis. However, it differs from these taxa in its fruiting perianth, remaining partly tubular, and its fruits with clearly channelled scales bearing only very faint dark marginal lines. The sheath spines are also much more typical of C. platyacanthoides. Material from Laos lacks mature fruit but has been provisionally matched on the basis of size, grouped leaflets, fruiting perianth details and the striking armature of the leaf sheaths: no other species is thought to have numerous 5- 9 cm long, laminar, strongly deflexed spines on the sheath with few or no smaller spines among them. Further collections are needed to improve our understanding of this important economic species. Vu Van Dung & Le Huy Guang (1996) suggest that it is one of the commonest species in northern Vietnam, with a much wider altitudinal range than given here, but cite no voucher specimens to confirm their identification.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Probably wai namleuang, wai leuang (Lao Loum).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Apparently the cane is of high quality and widely traded. The shoot is edible. There are reportedly plantations for cane production in Vietnam (Vu Van Dung & Le Huy Guang 1996).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown. Listed as Threatened - Vulnerable in Vietnam (Phan Thuc Vat 1996).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus poensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 43 (1913)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>From G Pueh, the type locality</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary (?) or clustered (?) rather slender rattan climbing to 5 m tall; stem without sheaths c. 8 mm diam., with to c. 15 mm diam., internodes short. Sheath mottled yellowish and reddish-brown, bearing scattered, slightly reflexed yellowish-based spines, 6-12 mm long and abundant indumentum between the spines; knee poorly developed; ocrea rather conspicuous, to 5 mm long. Flagellum apparently present. Leaves ecirrate to c. 80 cm long including the petiole to c. 16 cm; petiok armed with regular lateral spines to 30 mm long; leaflets c. 20 on each side of th( rachis, arranged in groups of 2 - 8, the apical c. 3 -4 leaflets on each side crowdei together and radiating, the leaflet bases slightly swollen, the longest leaflets 30 - 35: 1.8-2 cm, bristly along the midrib and margins, transverse veinlets conspicuous Inflorescences long, slender, with a terminal flagellum, to c. 2.3 m, with 4 very la partial inflorescences; male rachillae c. 2 - 2.5 cm long; female rachillae to c. 5 ci long. Young fruit ovoid, beaked, covered in 17 vertical rows of dark brown scale: Other details not known (Fig. 93).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from two collections from the summit of G Pueh. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. poensis is a little known species occurring in low mossy forest on the summit of G Pueh. In 19811 searched for it but without success; it seems likely that the two collections were made on the summit of a higher peak elsewhere in the G Pueh Range. From herbarium material it seems to be close to C. marginatus but is immediately distinguished by the grouped leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus pogonacanthus</name>
+<author>Becc. ex H. Winkl.</author>
+<citation>H. Winkler in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 48: 91 (1912)</citation>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 106 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 113 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 111 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Bearded spines</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Taut (Dus.), Wi Tut (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate very variable rattan climbing to 30 m or more; stem without sheaths to 15 mm diam., with sheaths to 25 mm diam., internodes to 30 cm. Sheaths dull to bright green, covered with deciduous brown scales and scattered spines with concave bases and black hairy margins, the spines varying from 2-30 mm on the same sheath or, more often, rather uniform, 10-25 mm; knee conspicuous; ocrea inconspicuous, to 5 mm with few small spines. Vestigial flagellum present, erect, to 30 cm. Leaf cirrate, to 2 m long, including the short petiole to 10 cm and the cirrus to 80 cm, cirrus bearing scattered rather than neatly grouped spines; leaflets c. 20-25 on each side of the rachis, irregularly arranged, usually subregular near the base and grouped in 3&rsquo;s or 4&rsquo;s near the cirrus, rarely ± regular throughout, the longest to 40 × 2 cm, armed with scattered bristles along the main veins on both surfaces. Inflorescences superficially similar, to c. 1.5 m with up to 8 lax partial inflorescences arranged rather regularly; main bracts tubular, armed with scattered spines, scarcely splitting; male rachilla to 30 × 3 mm, female to 150 × 4 mm; bracts and bracteoles dull dirty brown. Mature fruit spherical or somewhat depressed, to 8 × 10 mm, tipped with a beak to 1.5 × 1.5 mm and covered with 24 vertical rows of pale straw-coloured scales; seed c. 8 mm diam.; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf bifid. (Fig. 39.).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout Brunei and the rest of Borneo; endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a good quality cane which is used locally when rotan sega (Calamus optimus) is unavailable.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. pogonacanthus is widespread both in the lowlands and uplands up to 900 m elevation, often favouring river banks and slightly disturbed sites. This is a very variable species, particularly in the arrangement of the leaflets and the degree of armature of the sheaths; the presence of a vestigial flagellum together with the only slightly tattering inflorescence bracts will serve to identify it, but sterile, its moderate size and coarse irregular leaflets will indicate C. pogonacanthus rather than C. semoi. the taxonomy of the group of Calamus spp with vestigial flagella is still very poorly understood and requires more careful observations of variation in the field - see also comments under C. semoi.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Ulu Ingei, Sands 5918. TEM: Amo, Ashton A 286; Amo, Stockdale 18; Amo, Bt.Retak, Wong 903; Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6657; Amo, K.Belalong, Wong 265; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 50; Amo, Ulu Belalong, Dransfield J. 7363. TUT: Lamunin, Ladan Hills F.R., Dransfield J. 6893; Lamunin, Dransfield J. 6809; Rambai, Tasek Merimbun, Bernstein 32. Without prov.: BRUN 15125.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus poilanei</name>\r
+<author>Conrard</author>\r
+<citation> Notul. Syst. (Paris) 7: 28 (1938)</citation>\r
+<type>Vietnam, South Annam; Poilane; 23754</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype P; isotype K</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 32 (2001)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic, Thailand (North and North-east), Laos (Central and North) and Vietnam (South Annam and probably North Annam).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>THAILAND (NORTH): Phrae, undated, (pist.), Vongkaluang, I. 370 (K, VONG); (NORTH-EAST): Petchaboon, undated, (ster.), Vongkaluang, I. 271 (K, VONG). LAOS (NORTH): Oudomxay Province, La Distr., Phou Pud, 6 March 1998, (ster.), Bounyong BY 127 (FRCL, K). (CENTRAL): Xaysomboun Special Zone, Phoune Distr., Phu Sair, 25 April 1998, (fr.), Khamphone KP 143 (FRCL, K). VIETNAM (NORTH ANNAM): [Ha Tinh Province, Huong Son Distr., Nga Doi, 19 May 1998, (ster.), Hiep, N. T et al. 738 (MO, K)]. (SOUTH ANNAM): Nhatrang, Dong Bo Massif, undated, (fr.), Poilane 2715 (P); Nhatrang, La Mere et l'Enfant, 4 Nov. 1922, (fr.), Poilane 5025 (BM, P); Col de Braian, undated, (pist.), Poilane 23754 (K, P).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest. In Laos at 300 - 1300 m, in Thailand at 600 - 700 and in South Annam at 500 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Care needs to be taken in distinguishing infertile material from the superficially similar (but cirrate) C. ceratophorus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai thoon (Lao Loum), blong thoon (Khamu), gaparl (Phong), wai kruh (Thailand), probably also wai khom (Lao Loum), blong chang (Khamu), wai nampung (Thailand).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Calamus poilanei is the most economically important rattan in Laos, dominating the export trade in raw cane and being the preferred species used by Lao artisans for the frames of furniture. The shoot is also edible. There are plantations of unknown extent in Vietnam (Nguyen Truong Thanh & Ngo Thi Min Duyen 1997).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Of high conservation concern. Listed as Threatened- Rare in Vietnam (Phan Thuc Vat 1996). Although relatively widespread within Indochina, high harvesting pressure has already caused the collapse of many populations (e.g. in Laos, pers. obs.) and declines are undoubtedly continuing. Stem harvesting is the main threat, but shoot harvesting may threaten some remnant populations. The solitary habit hinders regeneration and harvests have been so thorough in many areas that very few mature fruiting stems remain.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus polystachys</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Dot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 383</citation>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 54</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p> Polus - many, stachus - an ear of corn, referring to the presence of more than one rachilla at each bract in the inflorescence</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan sabong</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>High climbing rattan clustering to form rather dense clumps or thickets. Stems without sheaths 1-2 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 3.5 cm. Internodes about 15 cm often much longer in juvenile stems. Sheaths with conspicuous knee; sheath bright green bearing numerous whorls or partial whorls of fine black horse-hair-like spines, the bases of which united to form green collars encircling the stem, some of the collars upward pointing, others reflexed, at least some collars interlocking in pairs to form galleries usually occupied by ants. Leaves to 2.5 m long with cirrus to 80 cms and petiole 6 cm only on mature stems, longer in juveniles. Leaflets about 60 on each side of the rachis bright green, regularly arranged, rather narrow about 30-40 cm long by 1 cm wide, bristly on both surfaces. Inflorescence emerging from mouth of leaf sheath, about 50 cm long, without terminal flagellum, with 7-8 partial inflorescences on each side of the axis, the partial inflorescences subtending sparsely spiny or inerm bracts each on subtending 3 flower-bearing branches; male and female flowers both small, distichous. Fruit at maturity ovate not exceeding 6-8 mm in diameter covered in 18 vertical rows of ivory-coloured scales; seed grooved and pitted. Seedling leaf with 4 leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Pahang near Mentakab and Pulau Tioman. Sumatra, Borneo, Java.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Only collected twice, this rattan has probably been overlooked. In Sumatra and Java it is a common rattan of lowland swampy secondary habitats (see Dransfield and Manokaran in press).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus praetermissus</name>
+<author>J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 802 (1982)</citation>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 165 (1984)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Overlooked</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate high-climbing rattan with stems to 25 m or more; stem without sheaths to 18 mm (usually less), with sheaths to 35 mm; internodes to 18 cm. Sheaths dark green, armed with abundant brown, pale green-based spines, usually of two types, large scattered spines to 30 × 7 mm and smaller spines to 7 × 3 mm, the smaller frequently arranged in partial whorls or oblique groups (rarely the spines of only one type); pale brown indumentum abundant. Knee conspicuous, armed with small spines. Ocrea inconspicuous, low, membranous. Flagellum to 3 m, heavily armed. Leaf ecirrate, curving, to 1.2 m including petiole 10-20 cm; petiole usually armed with short lateral spines; leaflets 12-20 one each side of the rachis, curving, regularly arranged, rather distant, usually lanceolate, rarely linear; proximal leaflets to 35 × 2 cm, middle leaflets 35-45 × 3-7 cm, apical leaflets to 23 × 2.5 cm; lower leaflet surface bristly along main veins; transverse veinlets conspicuous. Male and female inflorescences superficially similar, flagellate, usually pendulous, to 3 m, bracts tubular, tightly sheathing, scabrid; male rachillae to 5 cm, somewhat zigzag, bearing distichous male flowers; female rachillae 10-14 cm with very sparse female flowers. Ripe fruit ovoid to 12 × 9 mm with a beak to 2.5 mm, and covered in 15 vertical rows of pale brown, darker-margined scales. seed to 9 × 7 × 5 mm, deeply pitted, the endosperm subruminate. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Local throughout Brunei. Elsewhere in Sabah and E Kalimantan.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded, though the cane appears to be of good quality.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. praetermissus is characteristic of lowland dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to 500 m. It is easily distinguishes by the italicised characters.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Stockdale 43; Amo, Wong 1735; Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6630; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 27.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans of the Western Ghats. A Taxonomic Manual.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus prasinus</name>
+<author>Lakshmana & Renuka</author>
+<citation>J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 14:719</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kannada: Ontibetha</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, high climbing canes. Stems with sheaths to 3 cm in diameter, without sheaths to 1.2 cm. Sheath pale green, densely armed with spines to 1 cm long-, knee conspicuous. Leaf ecirrate, to 2.5 m long including the petiole; petiole to 30 cm long, biconvex, armed with small prickles, underneath with recurved spines; rachis triangular, underneath with recurved spines, petiole and rachis when cut exudes milky latex; leaflets ca 50 x 2.5 cm, terminal pair united basally, shiny green, underneath with shallow linear pits when fresh, 3- veined, veins ciliate on the upper half, lateral veins ciliate above, midvein ciliate beneath, cilia upto 1 cm long. Inflorescence long, pendulous; primary sheath tightly sheathing, two-keeled, tip lacerate, spiny; partial inflorescence to 18 cm long; secondary sheath unarmed , tubular, tightly sheathing; rachillae to 5 cm long, arched and recurved, arising from just above the mouth of the sheath; involucrophorum stalked, to 3 mm long, attached above the mouth of the sheath; involucre disc shaped. Fruit globose. Scales in 26 rows, deeply channeled along the middle, yellow, shiny, bright green when young. Endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Evergreen forests at about 530 m. Mangalore Forest Division and Sampaje (Fig. 5).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering November-December. Fruiting May-June.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>A good quality cane, used in furniture industry.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Sampaje, 20.5.88, fr, Renuka 4082 (KFRI); Magunde, 17.3.89, fr.,Renuka 4092 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus pseudofeanus</name>
+<author>S.K.Basu</author>
+<citation>Journ. Econ. Tax. Bot. 13(1)133. 1989</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A slender climber; stem without leafsheath smooth, light yellow in colour, 2 -4 cm in diameter near base; internodes smooth, to 20 cm long. Leaves ecirrate; leafsheath with flagellum; rachis slender, bifaced, upper margins of rachis infrequently armed with 2 mm long broad-based hooks; under surface armed with scattered, broad-based 1 mm long spines; leaflets alternate to subopposite; inequidistant, lower leaflets oblanceolate, to 30 cm long, 5 cm broad at widest part, wedge-shaped at base, apiculate at apices, prominently 5-nerved, nerves slightly bristly on upper side, spinulous at margins; middle leaflets elliptic to broadly lanceolate, to 20 cm long, 6 cm broad at middle, narrowly cuneate at base; upper leaflets sometimes 2-3 lobed at distal part; terminal leaflets irregularly connate at base, sometimes one attached slightly above the other. Female inflorescence flagelliform; partial inflorescences twice branched; rachillae scorpioid, to 8 cm long, 16 - 20 in number, each attached about 1 cm above the mouth of the respective basal bracts; secondary bracts funnel shaped; involucrophorum not pedicelliform, with a neuter flower on one side; involucre disc-like. Fruit globose to sub-globose, 1.5 x 1 cm, abruptly beaked with 3- distinct stigmatic projections; fruiting perianth cup-like at base; fruit scales deep yellow, wedge-shaped with lip-like postichous part, distinctly channelled at middle; seed ovoid, 10x8 mm; endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Tamil Nadu). Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>The original specimens were collected from moist forests of Coimbatore.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is strong and can be suitably utilised for making furniture. Intensive survey of this species is needed for assessing its cultivation prospects.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tamil Nadu : South Coimbatore, 17.10.1905,DFO s.n.(13sheets in CAL and 10 sheets in MH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus pseudorivalis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Card Calcutta. 11: 222., pi. 68. 1908</citation>
+<bibref>Renuka and Vijayakumaran, Rheedea 4:139.1994.</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, medium diameter rattans. Stem to 30 m long, with sheaths 1-1.25 cm in diameter, without sheaths 0.5-1.3 cm. Leaf 1 m long, ecirrate; sheath green, densely spiny; spines 0.8 cm long, persistent, dimorphic with broad-based, triangular-acute and slender, bristly spines interspersed, the latter shedding off at a later stage; knee present; ocrea not seen; petiole absent; rachis triangular, spiny; leaflets ca. 45 x 2 cm, gradually becoming smaller towards the tip, terminal pair confluent, regular, linear lanceolate spinulose at margin, midvein spiny. Inflorescence, male inflorescence not seen; female inflorescence long flagellate; primary sheath tubular; partial inflorescence to 60 cm long; secondary sheaths tubular; rachilla to 13 cm long; involucre cup shaped: fruiting perianth 0.3 cm long. Fruit ovoid, ca. 1.5 x 1 cm, scales in 21 vertical rows, shiny yellow, turning violet on ripening, deeply channelled in the middle; endosperm not ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Evergreen forests at Great Nicobar. (Map. 7).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering November - December. Fruiting April - May.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used in furniture industry. Not exploited much.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The cane thickness has been found to be highly variable, even within the same clump (PI. 10. A).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Nicobar, Man s.n (K, Cibachrome); 13th Km., East West Road, Nicobar, 10.4.93, fr. Renuca and Vijayakumaran 7040 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus pseudotenuis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Hook. f. R Brit. Ind. 6: 445. 1892</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 : 223. 1908 and Appendix PI. 69. 1913.</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A slender to moderately robust climber; stem cluster forming with leafsheath 1.5 - 2.5 cm in diameter; exposed part of the stem smooth with internodes 20 - 35 cm or more long, 1 - 2 cm in diameter; leafsheath dull green in colour, armed with straight, subulate spines, 2 - 3 cm long, slightly bulbous at base; with deep brown scurf in between the spines; leafsheath flagellum to 3 m long; ocrea about 10 cm long, petiole up to 15 cm long in older leaves, armed with 3-4 cm long yellowish, straight spines; rachis armed on lower part with straight spines at or near the attachment of leaflets; dorsal part of rachis armed with strong claws; leaflets many, nearly regular, linear-lanceolate, attenuate at apical part; basal leaflets longest, to 45 cm long, 2 cm broad at middle with 3-distinctly bristly upper nerves. Male inflorescence flagelliform, highly branched; primary bracts tubular, armed with scattered, broad-based 5 - 9 mm long deflexed hooks; axial part of the inflorescence armed at intervals with paired, broad-based, 8 mm - 1 cm long spines; partial inflorescence twice or thrice branched; primary rachillae 12-15 cm long; secondary rachillaescorpioid bearing flowers in glomerules. Female inflorescence simply decompound; partial inflorescences attached at the mouth of the respective bracts, 90 cm -1.5 mm long with many slender, to 25 cm long rachillae on each side, attached at the mouth of the respective basal bracts. Fruits ovoid to sub-ovoid, abruptly conical and beaked, 10 mm x 7 mm, ascending from the rachilla; fruit scales straw yellow in colour with broad, very dark intermingled band, arranged in 18 longitudinal series without channelled at middle; fruiting perianth flattened.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), SRI LANKA.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Grows in the moist hill forests of Western Ghats up to 1500 m.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Kerala and Karnataka forest departments have experimental cultivation of Calamus pseudotenuis. This species is also cultivated in the Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The slender cane of this species is strong and used for making baskets etc.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus pseudoulur</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 133 (1913)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>False ulur, resembling Calamus ulur, a species from Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wi tap ah (Ib.), wi lembah (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate rattan with stems climbing to 20 m tall; stem without sheaths to 12 mm diam., with to 20 mm diam., internodes to 20 cm long. Sheaths green or greyish green, armed with rather sparse, large, scattered triangular spines to 20 x 5 mm, with conspicuous hairy margins, brown indumentum also present between the spines; knee conspicuous; ocrea poorly developed. Vestigial flagellum present, to 10 cm. Leaf to 2.4 m long including the petiole to 40 cm and cirrus to 1.2 m long; leaflets 4- c. 10 on each side of the rachis, irregularly grouped, broad lanceolate, plicate, armed with bristles only at the tips, the longest leaflets to 40 x 7 cm. Inflorescences to 90 cm long with 4-5 partial inflorescences, the whole appearing dead; bracts throughout the inflorescence splitting, expanding, tattering, dull pale or dark brown; male rachillae numerous, crowded, mostly partially hidden among the bracts, to c. 12 x 1.5 mm, ± curved; female rachillae to 25 x 4 mm, straight or curved. Mature fruit relatively large, rounded, c. 22 mm diam., shortly beaked and covered in c. 21 vertical rows of red brown scales. Seed with flesh removed ± oblate, 9 x 13 mm; sarcotesta sweet and juicy; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 51).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a few collections from the 1st and 4th Divisions. Elsewhere in Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>A good general purpose cane for baskets and other woven objects.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. pseudoulur has been collected in kerangas and secondary forest at low altitudes. For differences between it and C. semoi see the latter</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus psilocladus</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 96 (1990)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Smooth stem</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary slender rattan climbing to 5 m tall. Stem without sheaths 6-8 mm diam., with sheaths to 12 mm diam., internodes c. 10 cm long. Sheath dull green, unarmed, covered in thin grey indumentum; knee conspicuous; ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to 1.5 m, armed at the base with regular horizontal spines to 10 mm long. Leaf ecirrate, to c. 55 cm long including the sparsely armed petiole to 10 cm; rachis covered with rusty-red hairs; leaflets 24 - 34 on each side, close, regular, rather stiff, becoming plicate on drying, the longest to 15 x 0.7 cm, sparsely bristly on the upper surface and margins, densely scabrid on the under surf ace. Inflorescence very slender, elongate, to 1 m with 2-4 partial inflorescences; peduncle armed as the base of the flagellum, the primary bracts ± bearded at their tips; partial inflorescences ± pendulous, to 40 cm; male rachillae 10-25 mm; female rachillae to 40 mm. Mature fruit beaked, c. 8 mm diam., covered in 13 - 14 vertical rows of yellowish to ivory-coloured scales. Seed rounded, grooved and ridged; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 90).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from forest north of Mile 74 on the Kuching to Simanggang road in the 1st Division. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. psilocladus was collected on a hill slope in kerangas forest at low altitude. It is related to C. nematospadix but differs in the smooth sheaths, the conspicuously spiny peduncle and flagellum bases, the scabrid undersurface of the leaflets, and the minutely split and expanded bracts subtending the rachillae. It is a very elegant species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus pycnocarpus</name>\r
+<author>(Furtado) Dransfield</author>\r
+<citation>Malay. Forester 40 (1977) 202</citation>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Cornera pycnocarpa</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1955) 523</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Malay. Forester 40 (1977) 202</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Puknos - compact, karpos - fruit, referring to the compact spike of fruit</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan kong</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan climbing to 30 cm; stem without sheaths 5 mm in diameter with internodes to 25 cm; stem with sheaths 1.5 cm in diameter. Sheaths bright green with scattered yellowish black-tipped spines of varying length the largest to 1.5 cm long interspersed with much smaller spines to 1 mm long mostly ± horizontal. Knee present, rather small, ocrea very short. Flagellum to 1.25 m. Leaf to about 40 cm long sessile or with a very short petiole scarcely exceeding 3 cm long. No cirrus. Leaflets 7 to 8 in number the uppermost four in a group with the 2 apical leaflets joined through up to Vs their length, with rachis continuing, spiny along underside, lower leaflets in a basal group separated by about 25 cm from upper; leaflets ± equal to 30 cm long by 3 cm wide, the lowermost usually somewhat narrower, all leaflets bristly at tip. Inflorescence very short, to 25 cm long, very rarely longer, with one partial inflorescence only, the axis continuing as a short flagellum beyond this; bracts sparsely to densely spiny; male partial inflorescence branched once only bearing densely crowded flowers to 6 mm long. Female partial inflorescence spike-like or branched once. Female with densely crowded flowers. Ripe fruit to 2.2 cm long including conspicuous beak, by 1.5 cm wide elongate ovoid, covered in 14-18 vertical rows of dull chestnut brown scales with shiny black margins (whole fruit black scaly when young), with very faint groove. Seed angular; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Trengganu: Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus pycnocarpus is a very local rattan known only from Trengganu (Kemaman), where it is common in lowland Dipterocarp forest on gently undulating ground or steep slopes. It is unlike any other Malayan rattan and can easily be distinguished by the combination of characters italicized above. This species is closely related to but distinct from the Bornean rattan Calamus gonospermus Becc.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus pygmaeus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 3: 62 (1886)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 205 (1902)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 252 (1908)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Pertaining to the Pygmies, i.e. very small</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wi anak (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender dwarf clustering rattan to c. 30 cm tall, spreading by new plantlets borne at the tips of the inflorescences', stem without sheaths c. 6 mm diam., with sheaths to 10 mm diam., internodes c. 5 cm long. Sheath dull brown, bearing rather few groups of horizontal or slightly reflexed triangular spines to 6 mm and abundant brown indumentum between the spines; knee absent; ocrea short, membranous, soon tattering. Flagellum, as distinct from inflorescences, absent. Leaf ecirrate to c. 75 cm long including the petiole 15 - 30 cm; petiole armed with whorls of horizontal spines near the base, unarmed distally; rachis unarmed (?always); leaflets 20 - 30 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, the largest to 15 x 1 cm, armed with short bristles on the upper surface, ± unarmed beneath. Inflorescences very slender, whip-like, to 2 m long, rooting at their tips and developing into new plantlets; partial inflorescences up to c. 5, distant, very sparsely branched and few-flowered, rarely exceeding 2.5 cm. Mature fruit ± rounded, c. 7.5 mm diam., with a short beak, and covered in 14 vertical rows of straw-coloured, brown margined scales. Seed slightly flattened and irregularly shallowly pitted, c. 5mm diam.; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 88).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known with certainty only from the summit of G Matang (G Serapi) near Kuching; sterile plants observed on G Gading may also belong here. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. pygmaeus is abundant in ridge top forest at altitudes of 700 - 800 m above sea level, where it forms great patches in the forest undergrowth. It and a form of C. nematospadix from G Gaharu are the only species in which the inflorescence produces young plantlets at its tip as a regular feature.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus radulosus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1892) 443</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (1908) 174</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 57</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 221</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Radulosus - rasp-like</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan ?</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>? Solitary or ? clustering rattan climbing to 10-15 m. Stem without sheaths 1.5 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 3 cm. Internodes about 15 cm long. Sheaths densely armed with triangular swollen based spines about 6 mm long, obliquely aligned and somewhat upward pointing. Knee present. Ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum present. Leaf ecirrate to about 1.5 m long; petiole absent. Leaflets numerous, regular, close, narrow, the longest to 45 cm long by 2.5 cm broad, the two terminal leaflets smallest, joined briefly. Female inflorescence ending in a flagellum, bearing partial inflorescences to 1 m long, bearing up to 15 rachillae on each side, with rachillae to 10 cm long. Bracts densely armed with small spines. Mature fruit not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak: only known from the type (Scortechini 468b in Florence) and one collection by Kunstler (1871) from Gopeng.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This rattan has not been seen in the field. Its armature is very distinctive; otherwise it might be confused with C. demiflorus.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Calamus longipinna (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) and its relatives in New Guinea</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bull. 57: 853-866</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus reticulatus</name>
+<author>Burre</author>
+<citation>J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 195 (1939)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Western Province, Fly River, 528 mile camp.; Brass; 6811</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype A; isotypes BM!, BO, BRI</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>South-west Papua New Guinea (Western and Southern Highlands Provinces, sight records by the first author on the Kikori River in Gulf Province).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Restricted to river margins, in sunlit, open vegetation, up to 450 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. Although C. reticulatus is known from a moderately restricted area of New Guinea, it can occur in very great abundance and persist in secondary riverine vegetation.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus reticulatus is a very striking thicket-forming rattan of river-banks. It appears to be an obligate rheophyte, only inhabiting open, sunny areas at river margins where it can grow extremely vigorously, forming vast masses of stem and foliage, which blanket other vegetation. Calamus reticulatus is closely related to C. vestitus, sharing very similar leaf sheath spine and seed morphology. The ocrea, however, is strikingly different. Though tubular like that of C. vestitus, the ocrea of C. reticulatus is composed of a reticulum of fibres which extends well beyond its origin and is stretched around the petiole and flagellum of the leaf sheath above to form a funnel. The ocrea is also armed with numerous needle-like spines. An astonishingly similar ocrea-type can be found in the distantly related rattan genus Korthalsia, K. jalaJ. Dransf. from Borneo. In addition to the ocrea morphology, C. reticulatus can be distinguished from C. vestitus by the more numerous leaflets (56 - 64 each side of rachis in C. reticulatus, 20 - 47 in C. vestitus), and by the longer and more numerous bristles on both surfaces of the leaflets of C. reticulatus. The rheophytic habit of C. reticulatus is also striking; C. vestitus shows no preference for river-banks. Moreover, the known distribution of C. reticulatus is disjunct from that of C. vestitus, being restricted to south-west Papua New Guinea (Map 1).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Southern Highlands Province: Mubi R., Sisibu, across river from Kantobo, Feb. 1996, Baker et al. 644 (K!, LAE!); Mubi R., Mabogo Island, near Gobe Village, Feb. 1996, Baker et al. 650 (K!, LAE!). Western Province: Fly R., 528 mile camp, May 1936, Brass 6811 (A, BM!, BO, BRI); Kiunga, above junction of Fly and Elevala Rs., Sept. 1972, Streiman & Lelean NGF 18410 (BH, K!, L!, LAE).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus rhabdocladus</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 884 (1930)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 593 (1937);</bibref>\r
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13(1): 81 (1991);</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 58 (2001).</bibref>\r
+<type>China, Guangxi Province, Yao Shan; Sin, S. S. & Wang, K. K.; 66</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype presumed B, presumed destroyed; isotype A (fragments)</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus pseudoscutellaris</name>\r
+<author>Conrard</author>\r
+<bibref>Conrard, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 7: 25 (1938).</bibref>\r
+<type>Vietnam, Annam; Poilane; 22069</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype P; isotype K</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus pseudoscutellaris var. cylindrocarpus</name>\r
+<author>Conrard</author>\r
+<bibref>Conrard, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 7: 26 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<type>Annam, Nhatrang; Poilane; 3460</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus rhabdocladus var. globulosus</name>\r
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>\r
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 137 (1989)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13(1): 83 (1991)</bibref>\r
+<type>Yunnan, Mengla; Chen S. Y & Yu, C.; 5541</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype HITBC</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, clustering, high climbing, flagellate rattan reaching at least 25 m long. Stem without sheath up to 25 mm diam., with sheath 40 - 60 mm. Leaf ecirrate, total length 1 - 2 m, sheath green or yellowish in life with reddish-brown indumentum which dries dark and extends onto the rachis, sheath bearing numerous laminar, elastic, glossy black spines of widely varying sizes up to 4 cm, mostly arranged on raised crests in long, parallel rows, often deflexed, the spines of the sheath mouth longer, up to 10 cm, swept back across the stem and forming a comb, ocrea forming a brittle, well armed band about 1 cm tall, at first continuous across the base of the petiole, soon disintegrating; knee present but indistinct, petiole on upper leaves 20 - 40 cm long, flat or slightly keeled adaxially, rounded abaxially, heavily armed all around with combs of spines similar to those on the sheath, rachis becoming acutely bifaced distally, armed abaxially with small, dark claws; leaflets lanceolate, 30 - 49 x 1.8 - 2 cm, up to 60 per side in upper leaves, interruptedly pinnate, especially towards the base of the rachis, or wholly regularly arranged, all in one plane, parallel, concolorous, adaxially three costae prominent, the two lateral ones and sometimes the central one bearing many small appressed black bristles, abaxially only one costa sub-prominent, without bristles or with two of the non-central costae bristly, leaflet margins bristly, transverse veinlets quite sparse, sinuous, often interrupted. Male inflorescences flagelliform, branched to 3 orders, up to 4 m long excluding the terminal flagellum, often drying cinnamon- red, with pendulous branches; prophyll very densely armed with acicular and laminar black spines up to 2 cm long, primary bracts not lacerate although splitting a little on older inflorescences, tightly sheathing and clawed in their proximal parts, very slightly inflated and densely armed with acicular spines near the bract mouth, mouth with a short, acute limb, partial inflorescences inserted or exserted from the primary bracts, up to 70 cm long; secondary bracts and tertiary bracts unarmed, entire, with short acute limbs; rachillae inserted in the tertiary bracts, tiny, delicate, up to 1.2 (rarely to 2) cm long with a very slender axis, strongly recurved well before anthesis, along each side bearing 3 - 5 flowers spaced less than 2 mm apart, the rachilla bracts very shortly, broadly funnel shaped, 2.5 mm wide at the mouth, involucre inserted in the bract. Flowers not seen at anthesis, those seen 3 mm long, the calyx over 2/3 this length and toothed to about 1/4 of its length. Female inflorescences similar to the male except where noted, up to 4 m long excluding terminal flagellum, branched to two orders, partial inflorescences up to 80 cm long, rachillae up to 8 or even 15 cm long, inserted in the secondary bracts, pendulous, along each side bearing around 16- 22 flowers spaced 4.5 - 6 mm apart, the rachilla bracts funnel shaped, with a small acute limb, 3- 4 mm wide at the mouth, involucrophores inserted in the bracts, involucres and the much smaller cups of the neuter flowers deeply cupular, their shared margin raised in a point well beyond the bract mouth. Female flowers not seen. Fruiting perianth explanate. Fruit ovoid, 14 x 8 mm including a short abrupt beak, the epicarp scales in 12 - 15 vertical rows, when dry yellow with a reddish-brown margin of varying width, slightly channelled. Seed 8 x 4 mm, elongate-ovoid, the surface deeply pitted, the interior thus slightly ruminate. </p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>China (South Yunnan and South-east China), Laos (North and Central) and Vietnam (Tonkin, North and South Annam).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CHINA (SOUTH YUNNAN): Mengla, Yaoqu, undated, (stam. & fr.), Chen, S. Y 773 (KUN). (SOUTH-EAST CHINA): Guangdong Province, 90 km N of Guangzhou, 13 May 1978, (stam. & fr.), Chen, S. H. & Green, P S. 18530 (K); Guangxi province, Yao Shan, (stam.), undated?, Sin, S. S. & Wang, K. K. 66 (A [fragments]). LAOS (NORTH): Luang Namtha Province, Namtha Distr., Ban Km 49, near Nam Luang and Nam Tha, 3 May 1998, (stam.), Oulathong OL 204 (FRCL, K). (CENTRAL): Khammuane Province, Nakay Distr., Ban Malua (map name Ban Maloy), Phon Nong Na, 8 March 1999, (pist.), Khamphone KP 371 (FRCL, K). VIETNAM (TONKIN): Quang Ninh, Ba'o Phu'ong Hoang, 11 Oct. 1990, (fr.), Thai Tran Bai 633 (LE). (NORTH ANNAM): Ha Tinh Province, Huong Son Distr., An- Ngam village, western slope, 13 April 1992, (stam.), Hiep, N. T et al. 25 (MO, K). (SOUTH ANNAM): Nhatrang, undated, (fr.), Poilane 3460 (P); Haut Donnai Province, near Blao Agricultural Station, Phnom Sapoum, 22 March 1935, (fr.), Poilane 22069 (K, P).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p> Evergreen forest at 500 - 800 m (Laos), 1000 - 1600 m (Vietnam). Also survives in scrub.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The surviving isotype contains tiny fragments of the inflorescence and a photograph of the holotype. Since it is male the inflorescence is fortunately very distinctive. There is no doubt that C. pseudoscutellaris matches C. rhabdocladus. The two were described at about the same time, so Conrard may have been unaware of C. rhabdocladus. The variety cylindrocarpus also falls within the range of normal individual variation. The diagnosis of var. globulosus (fruit sub-globose, scales dark brown) appears to be inadequate in view of the range of shape and colour shown by the material we have examined.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai wan, wai bounwan, wai bounyong (Lao Loum), blong salay (Khamu).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of at least moderate quality for handicrafts and trade. The shoot is edible and, unusually for an Indochinese rattan, sweet.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Probably of little concern.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus rheedei</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<citation>Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 1845</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 : 452. 1893</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 : 313. 1908 and Appendix PI. 226. 1913</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A slender climber; stem cluster-forming, with leaf sheath 11-13 mm in diameter. Leaves ecirrate, to 80 cm long; leafsheath with inconspicuous knee, armed with 1 - 1.5 cm long, straight spines and small spicules; ocrea with upwardly projecting brown bristles; petiole about 7 cm long, slender, armed a little above the base with small scattered spines; leaflets in groups of four, each pointing to different angles, with long vacant space in between the groups, narrowly lanceolate, 1 -nerved, to 13 cm long, 1.5 - 2 cm broad at middle. Male inflorescence flagelliform, 1 m or more long, with 4 - 6 paniculately branched partial inflorescences; each arising from the base of the laminar part of the respective bracts; peduncular part of partial inflorescence completely enclosed within the tubular part of the bracts; rachillae to 2 cm long, with 8-10 male flowers in each rachilla. Female inflorescence leaf-opposite, elongate in its axial part, with 5 - 8 cm long partial inflorescences attached above the mouth of the respective bracts; rachillae with basal callus, 3 - 5 cm long. Fruit ovoid, stalked, shortly beaked, 1.3 cm in diameter; fruit scales flattened, with brown outer margins. Seed not examined.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>NDIA (Kerala, Kamataka). Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Infrequent in the moist forests of Western Ghats.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>It is reported that powdered dried seeds have a healing effect against ulcers.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is described on the basis of Van Rheede's plate 65 and text published in the volume 12, page 121 of Hortus Indicus Malaharicus. A solitary indeterminate specimen mounted on three sheets and preserved in the Madras Herbarium perfectly matched with Van Rheede's plate and description</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Kamataka : Coorg, 1825, Forest Officer s.n. (MH Ace. no. 52725).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus ridleyanus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 11 (1902) 205</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 378, and Appendix (1913) 77</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 54</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 253</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>H.N. Ridley - the most famous of Malayan Botanists</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan kerai</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering high climbing moderate rattan with stems reaching 30 m tall. Stem without sheaths about 1 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 2.5 cm; internodes to about 20 cm long. Sheaths dull green, rather densely armed with slightly upward pointing hairy margined pale based brown spines of various lengths, the longest to about 2.2 cm long by 5 mm wide, with only slightly swollen bases, and sparse dirty brown indumentum. Ocrea brown, tattering. Knee prominent. Flagellum to 2 m long. Leaf subcirrate to about 1.3 m with petiole to 10 cm, armed with conspicuous black lateral spines to 4 mm. Leaflets regular, about 40 on each side the longest to about 40 cm long by 2.5 cm wide, bristly along mid-vein below, no bristles on upper surface; leaflets decreasing to minute vestiges to 1 cm long at the subcirrate leaf tip. Inflorescences to about 2 m long with 3 partial inflorescences, the female much more robust than the male with all bracts except those of the rachillae, armed with small thorns; partial inflorescences to 40 cm long; female rachillae about 8 cm long distinctly recurved. Ripe fruit unknown; immature very conspicuously beaked, covered in 28 vertical rows of dull brown scales. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Trengganu, Johore, Singapore. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known but probably used mixed with Calamus densiflorus as "rotan kerai".</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a little known rattan, likely to be more widespread than is at present known. It has been collected in lowland and hill forest on gentle to steep slopes. For differences between this species and Calamus densiflorus see under the latter.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus rotang</name>
+<author>Linn.</author>
+<citation>Sp. Pl. 1 :323. 1753</citation>
+<bibref>Beccair in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 :447. 1892</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 : 269. 1908 & Appendix Pl. 97. 1913</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Perambu, Betambu. Bettapu.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>A slender thicket forming climber; stem with leafsheath 8-16 mm in diameter; internodes to 40 cm or more long. Leaves ecirrate, to 80 cm long; leafsheath with distinct knee, armed with more or less scattered, broad-based 1 cm long yellowish spines; each pointing down-wards; flagellum slender, about 2 m long; petiole absent; leaflets numerous, equidistant or sub-equidisitant, linear to lanceolate, 1-nerved, 10 -15 cm long, 1.5 cm broad at middle; midnerve with 2 hooks on upper side and uniformly spinulose below; uppermost leaflets smallest. Male inflorescence flagelliform; axial part strongly aculeate; rachillae scorpioid, 12 - 35 cm long, with 5-12 approximate male flowers on each side of the rachilla; in male flowers corolla deeply divided into 3 segments. Female inflorescence flagelliform; partial inflorescences 15 - 20 cm long with 5-8 rachillae on each side; each arch-like with divaricate neuter flower. Fruit globose, apiculate, 1.3 -1.5 cm long, 1.2 cm broad at middle; fruit scales in 21 longitudinal series, faintly channelled at middle; seed flattened, 8 mm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala), SRI LANKA.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Common in coastal fresh water swamp forests, frequent along fresh water streams of lower hill valleys.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Cultivated in the Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah. It is also cultivated in trial plots of the Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane is used for making rough baskets for plucking tea leaves and for carrying building materials. Split canes are largely used for making bags, 'jhapi', a kind of small bucket used in villages for measuring grain, and for making chair bottoms. The young leaves are also eaten as a vegetable by tribal people.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus rudentum</name>\r
+<author>Lour.</author>\r
+<citation>Fl. Cochinch. (1" ed): 209 (1790)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Lour., (2'd1 or Willd. ed): 260 (1793)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 139 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1025 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Sounthone & Sengkhamyong in Rao & Rao (1997: 82);</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 56 (2001).</bibref>\r
+<type>Vietnam, lower Cochinchina, Dian-lau-me; Pierre; 4846</type>\r
+<type_loc>Neotype P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Thailand (all except North-east and West), Laos (Central and probably South) and Vietnam (Cochinchina). Probably also Cambodia (Gagnepain & Conrard 1937) and possibly also in northern Peninsular Thailand (Saw, L. G. pers. comm. 2000).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>THAILAND (NORTH): Nakawn Sawawn, Me Wong, 25 May 1922, (stam. & fr.), Kerr A. 6016 (K, BK). (CENTRAL): Nakorn Nayok Province, Muang Distr., Nahng Rawng Falls, 16 Sept. 1972, (fr.), Maxwell, J. E 72 - 386 (BK). (EAST): Pakchong, 2Jan. 1924, (fr.), Marcan, A. 1594 (K, BM). (SOUTH- EAST): Chonburi Province, Siricha Distr., Kow Khieo, 5 Jan. 1975, (fr.), Maxwell, J. E 75 - 1 (BK). (PENINSULAR): Trang, undated, (fr.), Vongkaluang, 1. 340, (K). LAOS (CENTRAI,): Vientiane Municipality, Hadxaiphong Distr., Ban Nongpen-Nua, April 1997, (fr.), Renuka RE 104 (FRCL, K). (SOUTH): [Attapeu Province, Sanamxay Distr., Dongbark, 8 April 1992, (ster.), Sounthone ST 12 (FRCL, K)]. VIETNAM (COCHINCHINA): Vung Tau Province, Con Dao, 17June 1989, (fr.), Averyanov, L. & Kudryavtzena, E. 508 (LE, K); lower Cochinchina, Dian-lau-me, undated, (fr.) Pierre 4846 (P).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In Laos recorded in scrub at 200 m, and probably also in lowland evergreen forest. In Thailand in evergreen forest at 100 - 400 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>We follow Merrill (1935), Gagnepain & Conrard (1937) and other authors in accepting Beccari's interpretation of Loureiro's sketchy protologue. Sterile material of this species is difficult to separate with any confidence from Calamus flagellum. The vegetative differences noted in the key are often hard to detect on herbarium material. The much more robust rachillae, larger fruit and ruminate endosperm of C. flagellum allow confident identification when available. Our current, limited knowledge suggests that they differ greatly in altitudinal preferences in Indochina but identification cannot be based upon this fact alone. Magalon (1930) reports that this species is found almost throughout Vietnam up to 1000 m. Unfortunately aspects of the description (e.g. the leaflets in groups of 3 - 6 and male rachillae 1.5 - 1.8 cm long) suggest that he is referring to another species. He may be referring to C. rhabdocladus but the cane diameter of up to 50 mm and the petiole armed only on the underside do not really fit. One of Magalon's specimens in P (Magalon 13 undated, from Bana near Danang) is named C. rudentum but is actually a Plectocomia, perhaps P pierreana. Since his description does not fit P pierreana either (sheath spines numerous, black, flexible, laminar, 2 - 8 x 50 mm, no mention of the expanded secondary bracts of Plectocomia) it is best to regard the whole account as an amalgam of more than one species</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai boun, boun, (Lao Loum), wai pong (Thailand), probably also wai tabong, boun dam, boun khao (Lao Loum).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of high quality and suitable for trade. The shoot is edible and the fruits are sometime sold as food. There are reportedly plantations for cane production in Vietnam (Nguyen Truong Thanh & Ngo Thi Min Duyen 1997).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown. Reportedly a preferred species for trade in Vietnam, so harvesting pressures may be high.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus rugosus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1892) 443</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 175</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 58</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Rugosus - wrinkled, referring to the minute ridges on the leaf sheath</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan perut ay am</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary (? always) slender rattan climbing to 8 m only. Stem without sheaths to 6 mm in diameter, with to 13 mm. Internodes to 8 cm long. Leaf rachides and sheaths drying dull brown. Leaf sheaths bright green closely and sparsely armed with short triangular reflexed convex spines, dull reddish brown in colour with paler bases and dense annular ridges minutely rough on their crests. Ocrea inconspicuous. Knee well developed. Flagellum to 1.2 m. Leaf ecirrate to 80 cm long including petiole to 20 cm long; petiole tinged red in fresh state, very sparsely armed. Leaflets up to about 40 on each side, very fine, regular, the longest in the mid-section decreasing gradually to the leaf tip; largest leaflets to 25 cm long by 12 cm wide, the terminal two not joined, armed with black bristles on three veins above, ± unarmed beneath, minutely denticulate along margins. Inflorescence to 1.2 m long with A-5 very slender partial inflorescences, with rachillae to 4 cm long. Ripe fruit rounded to somewhat oblong covered in 15-17 vertical rows of brownish scales. Seed with homogeneous endosperm. Seedling not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Pahang, Johore. Borneo (E. Kalimantan), Sumatra (Lampung).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species has been very rarely collected. It is easily distinguished by the combination of characters italicized above. The reddish tinge to young parts and to dried specimens seems characteristic.
+ Recent collections have all been from well-drained sites in lowland and hill Dipterocarp forest</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus ruvidus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 202 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 169 (1908) </bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 176 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Latinization of ruvido (Italian) rough or coarse</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering rattan climbing to 25 m; stem without sheaths to 15 mm diam., with sheaths to 25 mm diam., internodes 15-25 cm long. Sheaths dark green armed with triangular spines with swollen decurrent bases and very low ridges, indumentum abundant between the spines, sheath drying dull blackish-brown beneath the indumentum; knee conspicuous; ocrea membranous, soon tattering. Flagellum to 2.5 m. Leaf ecirrate, conspicuously curved, to 80 cm; petiole to 15 cm in juveniles, very short or absent at maturity; leaflets to c. 20 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, lanceolate, rather distant, the basalmost held across the stem, the longest to 35 × 4 cm; apical pair joined for c. 1/4 their length, leaflets drying dull green, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences c. 2 m long with up to 5 partial inflorescences; partial inflorescences rather diffuse; bracts subtending rachillae minutely roughened; male rachillae 20-50 × 1.5 mm bearing strictly distichous flowers; female rachillae 30-80 × 3 mm bearing strictly distichous flowers. Young fruit rounded, covered in 16 vertical rows of dull brown scales. Seedling leaf not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a single collection. Elsewhere in Sarawak. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane appears to be of good quality.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A poorly known species. See notes under C. muricatus.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Without prov.: BRUN 15066.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus sabalensis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 83 (1990)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named after Sabal Tapang Forest Reserve</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering stemless rattan, stem subterranean, very short, without sheaths c. 15 mm diam., with sheaths c. 30 mm diam., internodes very short. Sheath splitting opposite the petiole for much of its length, dull mid brown, sparsely armed with dark brown spines c. 3 -15 mm, scattered or in groups of 2 - 4, brown hairs present between the spines; knee absent', ocrea thin, c. 10 cm long, bearing minute spines, scattered or in rows, soon tattering. Flagellum absent. Leaf ecirrate, to c. 2 m long, usually less, including the petiole; petiole to 1.25 m, armed with groups of spines 5 -15 mm long; leaflets regularly arranged, distant, (5 -) 10-15 on each side of the rachis, rather thin, narrow linear-lanceolate, the longest to c. 30 x 1.5 cm, the apical pair c. 20 x 1 cm, armed with very sparse short bristles on 3 nerves on the upper surface and 1 nerve beneath, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences to 1.3 m, tending to arch or flop along the forest floor, with 2-5 distant partial inflorescences; prophyll and primary bracts tightly sheathing, armed with scattered spines to 10 mm; male rachillae very short, c. 10 x 1.5 mm bearing strictly distichous male flowers; female rachillae few, distant, c. 70 x 2 mm, bearing distichous flowers; rachilla bracts minutely roughened, brown scaly. Mature fruit rounded, c. 9 mm diam., beaked, covered in 15 vertical rows of red-brown scales. Seed rounded, c. 7 mm diam., slightly flattened on one side; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 67).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from three collections from Sabal Tapang Forest Reserve, including G Gaharu, in 1st Division. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. sabalensis is a stemless palm of kerangas forest at altitudes of 20 - 650 m above sea level. It forms small thickets of leaves in the forest undergrowth. It is probably most closely related to C. bacularis but differs in the clustering stemless habit, the very few leaflets and the armature, and the sparsely branched inflorescence with fewer, more slender rachillae.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus sabensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 245 (1908)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species was based on a leaf and an infructescence fragment collected by Ridley at Bongaya, Labuk Bay, in 1897. No other material matching the type has been collected. Beccari stated that it approached C. scabridulus Becc. of Malaya but that the inflorescence bracts are not scabrid; in leaf form Beccari thought it approached Malayan C. luridus Becc. but the infructescence is quite different. In leaf form C. sabensis approaches C. pratermissus of Sabah but certainly the infructescence does not match. Could it be a mixture? If it is a mixture, I have still to be able to name the infructescence, and it could yet be a distinct species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus salicifolius</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 206 (1902)</citation>\r
+<type>Vietnam, near Saigon; Pierre; 4833 (not 4853, contra Beccari 1902)</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P photograph in K</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 279 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1038 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 51 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus salicifolius var. leiophyllus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 281 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1040 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<type>Cambodia; Kuntze, 0.; 3995 </type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic. Vietnam (Cochinchina) and Cambodia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>VIETNAM (COCHINCHINA): 'Chalen'? [illeg.], undated, (fr.), Thorel s.n. (BM, P); Tong Keoun near Saigon, Pierre 4833 (P, K [photograph]). CAMBODIA: between Angkor Wat and Sisophon, 3 July 1959, (stam.), Floto, E 7308 (K, BKF); Camphong Chuong, undated, (fr.), Kuntze, 0. 3995 (K).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The material we have examined does not support the recognition of two diagnosable varieties. Even the type of var. leiophyllus bears one or two black spines on the surface of some of its leaflets and other specimens show a continuum of increasing spininess. The inflorescences can look superficially similar to those of C. hypoleucus since the primary bracts of C. salicifolius often form an inflated limb cloaking about a third of the partial inflorescence, but those of C. hypoleucus exceed the partial inflorescence, which is also much more densely and slenderly branched.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown. The species appears to be commonly collected within its limited range, but even its preferred habitat remains unclear.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus sarawakensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Beccari, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 208 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 335 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 45: 87 (1990)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 91 (1992)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus scabrifolius</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 56 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 121 (1984)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Of Sarawak</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Buloh Giok (Dus.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan climbing to 30 m tall; stems without sheaths to 4-5 mm diam., with sheaths to 13 mm diam., internodes to 10 cm long. Sheaths dark green, smooth, sometimes with a few scattered spines to 4 mm; knee conspicuous; ocrea forming a low membranous ridge c. 1 mm high. Flagellum to 1.5 m. Leaf cirrate to 70 cm including the petiole to 11 cm; petiole very sparsely armed with short lateral spines; rachis covered in sparse rusty-coloured hairs; leaflets c. 10-22 on each side of the rachis, regularly or slightly irregularly arranged, lanceolate, the longest to 18 × 1.5 cm, densely covered in minute rigid bristles on both surfaces giving the leaflets a scabrid feel. Inflorescences to 1 m, with only a small flagellum, with c. 5 strongly curved partial inflorescences bearing strongly curved rachillae; rachillae bearing conspicuous cups of bracteoles and rather distant flowers; female rachillae to 3.5 cm. Almost mature fruit elongate, c. 13 × 6 mm, tipped with a beak to 1 × 1 mm, and covered in 15 vertical rows of pale brown scales with dark tips. Seed fusiform with disgustingly sour and foetid sarcotesta; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf pinnate with c. 5 hairy leaflets on each side of the rachis.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Recorded from Tasek Merimbun. Elsewhere in Sabah and Sarawak. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>A good slender cane used for binding.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a beautiful slender species with very neat short leaflets. It resembles C. pilosellus and C. hispidulus.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TUT: Rambai, Tasek Merimbun, Bernstein 337.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus scabridulus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 2 (1902) 203</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 171 and Supplement (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 58</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 234</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Scabridulus - a little scabrid, a little roughened</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan kerai</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering rattan climbing to 20 m tall. Stem without sheaths to 1.2 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 3 cms, with internodes to 15 cm. Sheaths pale green armed with rather uniform ± horizontal triangular green spines to 1.2 cm long and 5 mm wide, scattered dark indumentum and slight rough horizontal ridges between the spines. Knee conspicuous, armed with rough ridges. Ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to 2 m long. Leaf ecirrate, to about 1 m long, with petiole to 12 cm; leaflets to about 15 on each side of the rachis, rather distant, and broad, the longest to 40 cm long by 3 cm wide, armed with short bristles on 3 nerves above, ± unarmed below, the terminal 2 leaflets joined shortly. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar, to about 3 m long with about 8 partial inflorescences to 60 cm long each. Male rachillae about 12 mm long; female to 3 cm long; all bracts in inflorescences densely covered with minute prickles. Ripe fruit unknown. Seedling leaf bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Rare: only known from Selangor, Trengganu and Johore in Malaya; elsewhere in Billiton.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane of moderate to good quality, collected as "rotan kerai''.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus scabridulus is a rare rattan confined to peat swamp forest where it is associated with Korthalsia flagellaris. It has been found only a few times and ripe fruit has still not been collected. It is easily distinguished by the possession of rough ridges between the spines, the distant leaflets and the scabrid inflorescence bracts.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus scipionum</name>
+<author>Lour.</author>
+<citation>Fl. Cochinch. 210 (1790)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 215 (1902)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 317 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 203 (1979)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 150 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 166 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>A walking-stick</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rotan Semambu (Mal.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust clustering rattan climbing to great heights, often to 50 m or more; stems without sheaths c. 25 mm diam., sometimes to 35 mm, with prominent nodes and slightly uneven in cross section, with sheaths to 50 mm diam., internodes very long, sometimes exceeding 100 cm. Sheaths mid to dark green, armed with large triangular flattened yellowish-based black spines to 5 cm, often partly grouped, and abundant deciduous grey indumentum; knee conspicuous; ocrea short, soon tattering. All parts drying dark brown or black. Flagellum robust, frequently exceeding 7 m, armed with black spines. Leaf ecirrate to c. 2 m including petiole to 30 cm; leaflets c. 25 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, the proximal to 40 × 3 cm and distal to 20 × 3 cm, dull green and rather neatly curved, bristly only at the tip. Inflorescence to 6 m or more, with c. 7 partial inflorescences often to 1.5 m long, the male more highly branched than the female, female rachillae slender, reflexed. Ripe fruit ovoid to 14 × 9 mm, with a short beak and covered with 14- 15 vertical rows of dull green scales. Seed ovoid c. 10 × 5 mm with scattered shallow pits, endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf with 4 leaflets arranged in a fan. (Fig. 60).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Local in the lowlands of Brunei. Elsewhere throughout Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, S Thailand and Palawan.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>An excellent cane, the source of true Malacca canes.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. scipionum is most frequent on good alluvial soils in the lowlands up to c. 500 m altitude; it is apparently tolerant of considerable disturbance, being one of the few rattans of secondary habitats. The large size, ecirrate leaf and long flagella distinguish C. scipionum from all other Sarawak rattans except for C. ornatus var. ornatus. The latter has a subcirrate leaf - the apical leaflets are very small and very widely spaced - in marked contrast to the strictly ecirrate leaf of C. scipionum. Although the seedling leaves are so different, it is often difficult to determine young saplings.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Labi, Kpg.Labi, Dransfield J. 7289. Without prov.: BRUN 15202.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus sedens</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 33 (1979) 528</citation>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus ramosissimus</name>
+<author>sensu Becc. non Griff.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 450</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 202</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 58</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 145</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Sedens - sitting, from the Malay name</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan duduk</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary acaulescent or short stemmed palm, hardly climbing rarely more than 2 m tall. Stem without sheaths to about 4.5 cm in diameter with internodes 2-3 cm long. Stem with sheaths up to 6 cm in diameter. Sheaths dull green, densely covered in paler green spines of varying length, usually up to 4 cm long but much longer round the leaf sheath mouth where up to 20 cm long and upward pointing; sheath also densely covered with brownish scales between the spines; knee absent; spines usually sparser just below petiole. Ocrea ill-defined. Leaf ecirrate to 3 m long. Petiole 60-100 cm long armed with robust lateral spines to 4 cm long and scattered smaller spines on upper and lower surfaces. Leaflets 20-30 on each side of rachis, rather distant, broad and rather conspicuously plicate, to 50 cm long by 5 cm wide in mid-section of leaf, decreasing above, the uppermost pair about 15 cm long by 2 cm wide, markedly diverging. Inflorescence without flagellum, confusingly variable; peduncle often to 60 cm or more in length; in both male and female primary bracts exceeding and partly enclosing the whole inflorescence, bright mid-brown in colour armed with spines at the base only, densely scaly outside, shiny darker brown inside. Flowers small and densely crowded. Sometimes inflorescence very short, not more than 20 cm long including peduncle. Mature fruit rounded relatively small, to 8 mm diameter covered in 15-18 vertical rows of bright red-brown scales. Seed round with thin sweet sarcotesta; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf bifid, with noticeably divergent leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kedah, Perak, Kelantan, Trengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Johore: Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Stem rarely used in making walking sticks.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus sedens is commonest on lower hillslopes in hill Dipterocarp forest & upper hill Dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to 1,100 m. It is rare in the lowlands. It appears to avoid ridgetops except in montane areas where ridgetops catch mist. This is an extremely distinctive and interesting rattan. That many specimens are incorrectly determined as Daemonorops in the herbarium suggest that botanists confuse the large inflorescence bracts with those of Daemonorops section Cymbospatha. However in Calamus sedens and other members of section Platyspathus, though the bracts are large and split longitudinally, they do not fall early as in section Piptospatha of Daemonorops and the bracts have free tips rather than all being enclosed inside the tip of the outermost one as in Daemonorops section Cymbospatha. The combination of solitary short-stemmed rattan with ecirrate leaves with broad plicate leaflets is strongly diagnostic of this species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus semierectus</name>
+<author>Renuka & Vijayakumaran</author>
+<citation>Rheedea 4: 122, 1994</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, large diameter rattan. Stem to 15 m long, basal part stand erect, rest climbing, with sheaths 5 cm in diameter without sheaths 3 cm in diameter, basal nodes with exposed roots. Leaves 2 m long, cirratejuvenile leaf not cirrate; sheath yellow, armed with spines; spines jet black, in tufts below the knee, arranged on a raised rim in semicircles, mouth of the sheath with longer spines; knee present; ocrea not seen; petiole armed with black spines: rachis with small spines to 0.5 cm long: leaflets c.o. 55 x 3.5 cm, regular, linear lanceolate, 3 veined, veins ciliate on the ventral side, cilia to 0.8 cm long. Inflorescence long flagellate; primary sheath upper part papery; partial inflorescence 50 cm long; secondary sheath upper part papery; splits open; involucrophorum present, involucre cup shaped; fruiting perianth stalked. Fruit ovoid - elliptic, ca. 1.5x1 cm; scales in 15 vertical rows, brown with light brown margin, not channelled in the middle; endosperm not ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Evergreen forests at Car Nicobar (Map 3).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering November - December. Fruiting April - May.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used in the construction of huts.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Car Nicobar, 7.4.1993, fr., Renuka and Vijayakumaran 7037 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus semoi</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (Suppl.): 129 (1913)</citation>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 116 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>From a local name</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi tut (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender rattan climbing to 20 m tall; stem without sheaths c. 8 mm diam., with sheaths c. 12 mm diam., internodes to 18 cm long. Sheaths dull green or grey-green, armed with scattered triangular spines to 10 × 5 mm with conspicuous shaggy-hairy margins, smaller spines and also sometimes with ridges bearing minute spinules, deciduous indumentum present between the spines; knee conspicuous; ocrea scarcely developed. Vestigial flagellum present, to c. 10 cm. Leaf cirrate to 2 m long including petiole to 5 cm and cirrus to 1 m; leaflets c. 30 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged near the base, somewhat grouped near the tip, the longest to 33 × 1.6 cm, linear, conspicuously bristly on the upper surface, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Young shoots bearing leaves with irregularly grouped leaflets. Inflorescences to 1 m long, usually less, the whole appearing dead; bracts throughout the inflorescence splitting, expanding, tattering, dark brown; male rachillae congested, c. 15 × 2 mm, mostly hidden by subtending bracts; female rachillae curved, c. 40 × 4 mm. Fruit not known. (Fig. 40).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known with certainty only from the 1st Division of Sarawak. The collections from Brunei are similar to a taxon found in the Mulu National Park in Sarawak which has tentatively been identified asC. semoi (see Dransfield 1992). In Brunei this rattan is confined to higher elevations in the Temburong Basin.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species belongs to a very perplexing group of species and its relationships with C. pogonacanthus are not yet completely understood.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Bt.Belalong, Dransfield J. 7117; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Wong 1407.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus senalingensis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Malay. Forester 41 (1978) 342.</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named after the type locality</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary rattan climbing to 15 m. Stem without sheaths to 9 mm in diameter, with sheaths to 1.7 cm with internodes to 25 cm. All parts drying pale green or straw-coloured. Sheaths pale green covered with grey indumentum when young and with upward pointing black tipped spines, to 5 mm long. Knee present but not very conspicuous. Ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum to 1.5 m long. Leaf ecirrate, to 1 m long, with a short petiole in juvenile state no petiole in adult. Leaflets about 15 on each side of the rachis, irregularly arranged in the juvenile, subregular in adult with lowermost 3-4 leaflets in adult swept back across the stem. Lowermost leaflet 10 cm long by 7 mm wide largest leaflets to 35 cm long by 2 cm wide, with heavily thickened margins, and moderately conspicuous lateral veins; leaflets ± unarmed. Inflorescence only old female known to 1.5 m long with 4 partial inflorescences to longest to 25 cm long. Inflorescence bracts shortly armed with reflexed spines; rachillae reflexed, curved, about 6.5 cm long bearing rather distant flower scars. Bracteoles unarmed. Flowers and fruit unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Negri Sembilan: known only from Bt. Senaling near Kuala Pilah.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>I had confused this species with Calamus moorhousei, itself only known from one collection from Kuala Pilah, but this latter species, although imperfectly known is quite distinct from C. senalingensis. Superficially C. senalingensis is like C. laevigatus in its reflexed leaflets but of course C. laevigatus does not bear flagella and the leaves are cirrate.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus setulosus</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Malay. Forester 41 (1978) 343</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Setulosus - with small brjstles, referring to the bristles on the undersides of the leaflets</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan kerai (incorrectly "rotan getah")</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender ? clustering rattan. Stem without sheaths about 7 mm in diameter, with sheaths to 1.1 cm; internodes 8.5 cm long. Sheaths, in dried specimen, dull straw-coloured with scattered dark indumentum and various spines, usually reflexed, scattered, rather sparse, 1-10 mm long. Knee conspicuous with short 2 mm long spines along keel; petiole base unarmed on abaxial face; spines around leaf sheath mouth conspicuous, upward pointing. Ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum about 60 cm. Leaf to 85 cm long, ecirrate; petiole to 11 cm long, armed with short spines to 2 mm long spaced evenly along the margins; leaflets about 60 on each side of the rachis, narrow, regular, close, the largest to 13 cm long by 1 cm wide; leaflets bristly on 3 nerves above and along margins, and very densely bristly along 5 nerves below. Inflorescence, only female known, to 105 cm long with a long terminal flagellum and three partial inflorescences to about 7 cm long; immature fruit somewhat wider than high, about 5 mm high, 4 mm wide covered in 21 vertical rows of reflexed brownish scales.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak: known from two collections only. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species has been recorded once from a low hillside and once from forest on limestone.
+ It seems closest to C. balingensis but may be distinguished by its much smaller size, the narrow bristly leaflets, and the spine-free petiole base.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus siamensis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 203 (1902)</citation> \r
+<type>Siam, Schomburgk; Sir R.; s.n. E128</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 208 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 26 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus siamensis var. malaianus</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 15: 215 (1956)</bibref>\r
+<type>Malaysia, Perlis; Ridley; 15359</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype SING</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Thailand (North, North-east, Central, Peninsular), Laos (South) and Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>THAILAND (NORTH): Nakawn Sawawn, Mae Wong, 24 May 1922, (fr.), Kerr, A. 6014 (K, BK). (NORTH-EAST): Muang Petchabun, 27 March 1922, (fr.), Kerr, A. 5687A (K, BK). (CENTRAL): Nonthaburi, nr Bangkok, 23 March 1924, (stam.), Marcan, A. 1642 (K, BM). (PENINSULAR): Narathiwat Province, Pong Pong waterfall, 19 June 1992, (fr.), Bogh, A. et al. 43022 (K, BKF). (UNKNOWN): Siam, undated, (fr.), Schomburgk, Sir R. s.n. E128 (K). LAOS (SOUTH): Attapeu Province, Sanxay Distr., Ban Tatkoum, Phou Lekfay, 14 May 1999, (fr.), Khamphone KP 401 (FRCL, K). MALAYSIA (PENINSULAR): Perlis, Ridley 15359 (SING).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Scrub forest and degraded semi-evergreen forest; in Laos at 100 m, in Thailand at 0 - 300 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The varieties cannot be maintained because the arrangement of leaflets can be observed varying from regularly arranged to irregularly pinnate between leaves on a single stem in southern Laos. As described under C. viminalis the presence of paired female flowers flanking many of the neuter flowers can no longer be considered diagnostic of C. siamensis. Indeed, as has been suggested by Hodel & Vatcharakorn (1998), there may be a case for synonymising the two species. However, we believe it is useful to maintain two names for the following reasons: (i) all plants we have encountered so far can easily be assigned between the two forms (even when growing admixed in a single forest patch, as on Khone island, southern Laos) depending on whether the leaflets are either divaricate, tightly grouped and plumose with a moderate petiole, or roughly parallel, interruptedly pinnate to regular and arranged in a single plane with a shorter petiole; (ii) the two forms occupy a different range of habitats, at least in Laos, with C. siamensis being a localised, southern species of floodplain thickets and forest and C. viminalis being a highly catholic species occurring throughout the country, typically in hot, dry, low- stature scrub but occasionally also evergreen formations; (iii) the two forms are both major commercial species in North-east Thai plantations for shoot production and they are recognised by growers as distinct entities requiring distinct names. When we visited the plantations in North-east Thailand we found that the scientific names were being consistently misapplied, a fact which could prevent the successful sharing of data with other teams developing rattan plantations. Plants of C. viminalis Willd. were being referred to verbally and in print (Kundilok et al. 1997, Jarernrattawong 1997) as C. siamensis whereas plants matching C. siamensis Becc. were being referred to as Calamus sp. The root of this error may be that the plantation specialists had referred to misidentified material in BKF. Of the five specimens of C. viminalis at BKF in June 2000 three had been identified as C. siamensis, one named Calamus sp., and one correctly named, whilst two other sheets named C. viminalis were in fact C. henryanus and one was a very distinct Peninsular species with which TDE was not familiar. Of the four C. siamensis specimens, two had been correctly named, one was labelled Calamus sp. and the fourth was named C. acanthophyllus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai khom, wai nam, wai deng (Lao Loum), yo (Kaleng), re dark (Alak).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane suitable for handicrafts and also in trade, shoots edible. We have observed large plantations of this species for edible shoot production in North-east Thailand. It was in cultivation around Chiang Mai as long ago as 1915 (Kerr 3541).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, but probably not of great concern.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus simplex</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 456</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 428</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 88</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Simplex - simple, referring to the simple partial inflorescences - in the type</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan ?</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering thicket-forming mountain rattan with slender stem often branching, to about 6 m tall, without sheaths about 8 mm in diameter, with sheaths about 1.5 cm. Internodes about 18 cm. Sheaths pale brown armed with scattered narrowly triangular flattened spines held horizontally, the largest to 20 mm long by 5 mm wide at the base, with few smaller spines scattered in between; thin brown indumentum in between spines. Knee well-developed. Ocrea to 5 mm high, tattering. Leaf cirrate to 2.0 m long; petiole to 15 mm long armed with spines as on the leaf sheath, leaflets about 5 on each side ofrachis very broad, arranged alternately below, subopposite above, in most robust plants 60 cm long by 10 cm wide (Furtado 1956), usually about 30 cm long by 7 cm wide, with about 5 main veins, the margins black bristly at the tips only. Inflorescence up to about 80 cm long, shorter than the leaves, bearing about 6 partial inflorescences evenly distributed; bracts covered in pale grey indumentum and scattered scales almost inerm. Partial inflorescence in female consisting of 1 rachilla only; in male sometimes with 3-4 rachillae. Flowers arranged neatly in 2 rows. Fruit globose, very large, about 3 cm high by 2 cm in diameter, tipped with a short beak, covered in 24 vertical rows of pale brown to red-brown black-tipped scales. Seed globose, about 15 mm in diameter, with deeply ruminate endosperm. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Pahang (Main Range at Cameron Highlands and G. Tambang Batak). Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Collected by "Orang Asli" - apparently a good cane.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus simplex is the only slender high altitude cirrate rattan with few large broad leaflets; this character together with the simple or very sparsely branched partial inflorescences should be sufficient to distinguish it. It appears to be a very rare montane rattan, known only from the Main Range near Cameron Highlands, growing in lower montane forest at altitudes of about 1,500-2,000 m. However, it is extremely abundant at Cameron Highlands; G. Jasar, G. Beremban, and G. Batu Brinchang carry forests, in which the undergrowth is in places dominated by this rattan. In August 1977 large quantities of cane from this species had been collected but not extracted from the forest.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A New Species of Calamus (Palmae) from Taiwan</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 50(3) 222-226</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2005</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus siphonospathus</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 342 (1853)</citation>
+<type>Philippines. Luzon, Manila, no date; G. Perrottet; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype G</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Lanyu sheng-teng.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems solitary, to 30 m long and 5 cm diameter (with leaf sheaths); leaf sheaths yellowish-brown, sparsely covered with needle-like, yellowish spines to 1 cm long; knee obscure; ocreas present, membranous; flagella absent; petioles to 20 cm long; pinnae to 50 per side of rachis, linear, regularly arranged, closely spaced to 2 cm apart; cirri present, to 1 m long. Inflorescence bracts open and swollen near the apex; fruits ellipsoid, to 0.6 cm long and 0.4 cm diameter, yellowish-brown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Taiwan, known only from Lanyu Island (Botel Tobago).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Scrub forest at low elevations.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is known only from the Philippines, and just reaches Taiwan on Lanyu Island. It is very variable morphologically, and six varieties are recognized (Lapis, 1987). The Taiwan plants were placed, without discussion, in var. sublevis Becc. by Chang (1988).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Taiwan. Botel Tobago, 30 May 1976, Chang 8608 (K); same locality, 13 Sep 1987, Chang 1828-9 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus solitarius</name>\r
+<author>T. Evans et al.</author> \r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 55: 932 (2000)</citation>\r
+<type>Laos, Bolikhamxay Province; Oulathong; 240</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotype FRCL</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 40 (2001)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic. Thailand (North-east) and Laos (Central).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>See Evans et al. (2000), plus LAOS (CENTRAI,): Vientiane Province, Hin Heup Distr., 0.5 km W of Khon Phouk village, along Huay Saen stream, off Nam Lik R., 22 Aug. 1999, (stam.), Maxwell,J. F 99 - 151 (CMU, DONG).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest at 200 - 600 m in Laos and at 200 m in Thailand.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>In life typical C. solitarius is easily identified by its high climbing, solitary habit and enormously long inflorescences and partial inflorescences. We could detect no differences from C. tetradactylus in rachilla or fruit structure, which suggests to us that these two species are very closely related. The identification of herbarium material presents some difficulties because habit is rarely recorded and plants of C. solitarius flowering for the first time (e.g. Khamphone 312) may produce rather depauperate inflorescences similar in dimensions to those of C. tetradactylus. This is best overcome by taking careful notes when collecting. The usually unbristled leaf margins of C. solitarius are a useful identification clue but not a diagnostic field character because occasional bristles are present in the available material and this feature is notably variable in other species in the region (for example, marginal bristles are absent from C. tetradactylus in central Laos). As discussed under C. dioicus, the inflorescence part of Poilane 5042 may well come from C. solitarius. Accepting this would represent such a major range extension that we prefer to await unambiguous material.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai thork, wai yong, wai hakyong, wai savang, wai noi (Laos), wai thork (Thailand).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of high quality and is widely traded. Shoot edible but small.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Of high conservation concern. It is currently known from a limited range, within which it is the preferred small-diameter cane for harvesting. Regeneration is likely to be poor since the plant is single-stemmed. Although still abundant in some areas, declines are apparent and over-harvesting is a strong possibility.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus sordidus</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 13 (1980)</citation>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 163 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 189 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Dirty-coloured</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Taram (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate rattan climbing to 30 m or more; stem without sheaths to 15 mm diam., with sheaths to 30 mm, internodes to 40 cm. Sheaths bright green but covered in dense dirty-brown to chocolate-coloured scales and armed with scattered horizontal, flattened, brittle, black spines 5-25 × 2-4 mm, densely bearded with dirty-brown hairs along their edges; knee conspicuous, unarmed or less densely armed than the rest of the sheath; ocrea to c. 7 mm, fringed with brown hairs. Flagellum to 3 m. Leaf ecirrate, to 2 m long including the petiole 10-30 cm long; petiole armed on the mid line of the lower surface with short hairy-margined spines; leaflets to 40 or 50 on each side, usually ± regularly arranged in proximal half and grouped irregularly in the distal half, or subregularly throughout, the most proximal leaflets to 45 × 1 cm, mid leaf leaflets to 35 × 2.2 cm, to 9 × 1 cm at the apex, bristly on 3 nerves on the lower surface, the upper surface ± unarmed except for a few bristles near the tip. Male and female inflorescences flagellate, rather different; male inflorescence to 3 m or more with 4 or more distant partial inflorescences subtended by dirty-brown tubular spiny bracts, partial inflorescences limply pendulous to 45 cm, branched to two further orders, the ultimate branches bearing rather conspicuous triangular bracts each subtending a dense catkin to 8 × 3 mm composed of male flowers. Female inflorescence much more sparsely branched, with 3-5 partial inflorescences to 40 cm, conspicuously dirty-brown bracteate, each bract subtending a rachilla to 8 × 0.4 cm. Fruit ± ovoid, with pale green scales (immature). Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 69, Pl. 11C, 11D).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Locally abundant throughout Brunei. Elsewhere in Sarawak, Sabah and E Kalimantan.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded, though the cane appears to be of good quality.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. sordidus appears to be most frequent in lowland forest on the alluvial flats of small rivers; it has been seen at altitudes up to 600 m in Sabah. The only species with which C. sordidus may be confused are C. marginatus and C. conirostris; the last has large spines around the leaf sheath mouth, a subcirrate leaf and highly condensed inflorescence and C. marginatus always has regularly arranged leaflets, usually has large spines around the leaf sheath mouth and much longer male rachillae with distichous rather than spiral flowers. The present species, though still imperfectly known, is nevertheless very distinctive.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Stockdale 1; Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6633; Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6718; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 25; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 26; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 30; Amo, Sg.Belalong, Sands 5578. TUT: Lamunin, Ladan Hills F.R., Wong 514.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus speciosissinms</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<citation>Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 198</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Speciosissimus - very beautiful</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan sega badak</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate sized rattan with stems climbing to 25 m tall. Stem without sheaths to 1.2 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 2.2 cm in diameter, with internodes to 30 cm long, usually shorter on mature stems. All parts drying dull dirty blackish. Sheaths rick dark green variable in armature, varying from unarmed to sparsely armed with dark green spines to 2 cm long to densely armed with bulbous-based reflexed spines to 1 cm long, the bulbous bases frequently confluent. Flagellum to 2 m long. Ocrea inconspicuous. Knee well-developed. Young leaf flushed pinkish. Leaf ecirrate, usually with petiole not exceeding 5 cm, to 1 m in all with up to about 10 broad cucculate dull dark green leaflets on either side, the terminal two slightly joined below, ± unarmed, the longest to about 35 cm long by 7 cm wide. Juvenile leaves with straw-coloured petiole spines. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar, to 2 m long bearing up to 12 partial inflorescences to 60 cm long. Partial inflorescences bearing up to 12 rachillae on each side, male rachillae to 4 cm long, female to 10 cm. Ripe fruit rounded, to about 1 cm in diameter very shortly beaked with the stigmatic remains (c. 1 mm high), covered in 15-18 vertical rows of pale dull green scales (drying mid-brown). Seed about 7 mm in diameter, slightly pitted. Endosperm ± homogeneous. Seedling leaf bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Trengganu, Selangor, Pahang, Johore, Negri Sembilan, Malacca: Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a good cane of appearance very similar to that of "rotan sega" - possibly it is mixed with sega in commerce.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>"Rotan sega badak" is a widespread rattan of lowland forest especially of alluvial forest and fresh water swamp forest. It is occasionally found on dry land near to swamps but has not been found on steep slopes on ridgetops. It has not been found above 200 m altitude.Calamus speciosissimus is a distinctive but rather variable rattan. In particular, the leaf sheath armature can vary from absent to very densely covered with bulbous spines. The pinkish tinged young leaves and the dull dark green colour of all parts turning blackish on drying are very distinctive. In the field it might be confused with C. scipionum but this latter is a much more robust plant with narrower, more numerous leaflets, with abundant grey scales on the leaf sheaths; furthermore young leaves of C. scipionum are never pink-tinged.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus spectatissimus</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<citation>Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 64</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>From spectatus - approved - this allusion is not understood</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan semut (c.f. Furtado 1956 but this name normally applied to species of Korthalsia).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering high climbing moderate sized rattan with stems to 20 m tall. Stems without sheaths about 1 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 1.7 cm. Internodes to 40 cm long. Sheaths dull green, rather densely armed with dull green swollen based spines of variable length, the longest to 1.5 cm long, horizontal or slightly reflexed. Ocrea obscure. Knee well developed. Flagellum to 1.5 m. Leaf ecirrate to 1 m long including petiole to 30 cm long; petiole armed with scattered spines below. Leaflets about 40 on each side of the rachis, close and regular, the longest to 35 cm long by 1.5 cm wide, ± unarmed above, but densely armed with short bristles beneath. Inflorescence male and female similar, both generally not much longer than the leaves, often much shorter, with 3-6 partial inflorescences. Subtended by rather wide loose bracts. Partial inflorescences with rather crowded rachillae bearing relatively very large flowers to 1 cm long. Ripe fruit about 2 cm in diameter rounded, covered in dark chestnut brown non-channelled shiny scales. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak (Kroh - 1 collection). Sumatra (Komering Ulu - 1 collection). Borneo (Kalimantan Timur, near Balikpapan - 1 collection).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Nothing known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A very rare rattan known from 3 collections only. Easily distinguished by the variable spine length of the leaf sheath spines, the ecirrate leaves with leaflets densely setose below, the inflorescence with almost inflated bracts, and the flowers very large in size. It is perhaps more closely related to Calamus conirostris than to C. exilis where Furtado placed it.
+ In Sumatra and Borneo it was found on lower slopes in lowland Dipterocarp forest.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans of the Western Ghats. A Taxonomic Manual.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus stoloniferus</name>
+<author>Renuka</author>
+<citation>J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 14:701. 1980</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kannada: Jedubetha.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, stoloniferus, high climbing canes, Stems with sheaths to 3 cm in diameter, without sheaths to 1.2 cm. Sheath green, sparingly spiny, spines to 2 cm long; knee present, devoid of spines; ocrea present in young stages. Leaf to 1.75 m long, ecirrate; petiole 15-85 cm long; rachis spiny, spines to 2.5 cm, distally with recurved spines below; leaflets ca 45 x 3.5 cm, seedling leaflets upto 5.5 cm wide, linear lanceolate, the terminal pair confluent basally, apical 5-6 leaflets crowded together, more obtuse, margin spinescent, 3-5 veined, midvein sparsely ciliate. Inflorescence long, flagellate; primary sheath in male inflorescence expanded into a laminar structure at the mouth, in female inflorescence tapering at the mouth; secondary sheath tightly sheathing, in male produced into a point at one side at the mouth, not spiny; male and female rachillae to 9 cm long, attached at the mouth of the sheath; involucrophorum not stalked; involucre cup-shaped. Fruit, ca 1 cm accross, spherical, scales in 16 rows, not channeled, yellow with brown border. Endosperm not ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Evergreen forests at about 85 m. Makkut in Karnataka. (Fig. 6)</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering November - December. Fruiting March - April.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>A good quality cane, but not available in sufficient quantities.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Makkut, 14.3.1989. fr. Renuka 4085 (KFRI); 19.2.1984, Vajravelu 77800 (MH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus subinermis</name>
+<author>H.Wendl. ex Becc.</author>
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 212 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>H. Wendland ex Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11: 459 (1908).</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Almost unarmed : the type specimen and some.extant populations have almost unarmed leaf sheaths, but most populations are conspicuously spiny</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>"rotan batu"</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering robust rattan with stems climbing to 40 m or more; stem without sheaths 18-30 mm, with sheaths to 50 mm; internodes to 20 cm; stem surface smooth, yellowish, very even. Sheaths dull green with thin to abundant greyish indumentum, unarmed or very sparsely armed or densely armed with scattered horizontal fine black spines to 15 x 1 mm with pale swollen bases. Knee conspicuously unarmed. Ocrea forming a low ridge to 5 mm. Leaf cirrate, to 4 m including cirrus to 2 m, and petiole; petiole short in mature climbing stems, c 10 cm, longer in juveniles semicircular in cross section, the upper surface unarmed to densely armed with erect rigid black spines to 10 mm, the margins and mid line of lower surface also sometimes armed; leaflets c 25 on each side, regularly arranged ± pendulous when exposed, rather stiff, broadly lanceolate, the longest to 40 x 6.5 cm, rather conspicuously armed with black spines to 3 mm along the main veins on the upper surface and margins, especially near the tip, unarmed on the lower surface; transverse veinlets moderately conspicuous. Male and female inflorescences superficially similar, without terminal flagella, arching, to c 1 m with c 5 partial inflorescences, in the male branching to 2 orders, in the female to 1 order; male rachillae more crowded than in female, to 4Q x 1.5 mm, bearing distichous flowers; female rachillae to 120 x 3 mm, bearing rather distant flowers. Mature fruit rounded c 10 mm diam., tipped with a beak to 1x1 mm, and covered in 15 vertical rows of pale greenish to ivory scales with pale brown margins. Seed c 7x6x5, deeply pitted, the pits penetrating the endosperm, which is thus subruminate. Seedling leaf forked. (Fig. 43)</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Confined to offshore islands and dry coastal hills, except for a few records from swampy village margins near the coast; not recorded outside Sabah, but closely related if not conspecific rattans occur in Palawan and elsewhere in the Philippines. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The best large diameter rattan native to Sabah. Were the stems of greater diameter, this would rival "rotan manau" (Calamus manan). Certainly a species of great economic potential, and one which requires urgent silvicultural assessment. Present stocks are limited and their exploitation requires strict control.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. subinermis is a magnificent rattan; well-grown plants as found on Pulau Gaya present a beautiful spectacle. Although the leaf sheaths vary so much in armature, there should be little difficulty in distinguishing this species, as it is the only really large high-climbing rattan with regularly arranged broad leaflets borne on a cirrate leaf, with well-defined leaf sheath knees, to be found in Sabah. It is possible that the few plants recorded from swampy village margins near Penampang and Tuaran have been planted long ago. Much research is required before plantations of "rotan batu" can be set up - research especially into the clumping behaviour; casual observations suggest clumps rarely have more than one long aerial stem, and some individuals are in fact solitary. Nevertheless, this is such a good species and does have some clumping propensity, that it perhaps offers more silvicultural potential than "rotan manau"; it is also, of course, a Sabah native whereas "rotan manau" seed has to be imported from elsewhere.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus tanakadatei</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<citation>Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 225</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Prof. Hidezo Tanakadate, - who helped protect the Botanic Gardens, Singapore and other Scientific Institutions during the Japanese Occupation</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan tekok</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering rattan with stems to 20 m tall. Stem without sheaths to 1 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 1.75 cm, with internodes to 20 cm long. All parts drying shiny dirty green to blackish. Sheaths dark green armed with horizontal rough ridges and rarefy with scattered dark green spines to 5 mm long and abundant buff-coloured indumentum between the spines. Knee conspicuous. Ocrea sometimes well developed, to 1 cm high. Flagellum to 1.5 m. Leaf ecirrate to 80 cm long, with no petiole or petiole to 15 cm long; leaflets generally broad and somewhat plicate, rather rarely narrow, 11-18 on each side the longest to 30 cm long by 4 cm wide, ± unarmed except for sparse bristles near the tip. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar, to 3 m long with up to 7 partial inflorescences to 30 cm long. Mature fruit not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Trengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Johore. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Good cane of 7-10 mm size class, but probably too local to be of much significance.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus tanakadatei is found predominantly in the south of the Peninsula. It is found in a variety of habitats from near sea-level to about 500 m altitude on steep slopes and gently undulating topography. It apparently avoids swamp forest.\r
+ This species is still not very well known. It is very close to C. holttumii from which however it may be distinguished by the leaves drying shiny dirty green to blackish and the very sparse spines on the leaf sheath.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>\r
+</mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus temburongii</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Rattans of Brunei, Appendix. (1997)</citation>\r
+<type>Borneo, Brunei; Dransfield et al.; JD6669 </type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus BRUN</type_loc> \r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for the type locality, Temburong</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Tulang (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>bracteis inflorescentiae Sectionem Platyspatham Furtado pertinens, C. baculari et C. sabalensi affinis, sed habitu decumbenti, spinis vaginae foliorum, dispositione foliolorum et rachillis pistillatis brevibus crassis differt. </p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or densely clustering acaulescent rattan; stem subterranean or decumbent, scarcely exceeding 40 cm long, c. 15-20 mm diam without sheaths, with sheaths to 30 mm diam.; internodes very short, scarcely more than 3 cm long. Leaves ecirrate, 1.8 - 3 m long; sheaths green with pale green spines when fresh, drying pale reddish brown throughout, rather densely armed with scattered and grouped flattened, narrow triangular spines, 5-23 &times; 1-3 mm, held horizontally or upward-pointing, spines around the leaf sheath mouth more crowded but scarcely differing from the rest, pale brown indumentum abundant between the spines; petiole 70 - 150 cm long, c. 7 mm wide near the base, armed basally with two rows of evenly spaced, conspicuous flattened, pale brown spines 25-45 mm long, c. 2-3 mm wide at the base, c. 2 - 4 cm distant, and scattered much shorter spines, distally the petiole only very sparsely armed; rachis somewhat arcuate, &plusmn; unarmed, bearing 21-28 somewhat divaricate regularly spaced leaflets on each side, the longest to 45 &times; 2.5 cm in mid leaf, the apical leaflets to 20 &times; 1.3 cm, leaflets conspicuously 3-veined on upper surface, sparsely armed with short bristles along the main vein on the under surface only, transverse veinlets sinuous. Inflorescences staminate and pistillate superficially similar, the staminate branching to 3 orders (and known only in mummified state), the pistillate branching to two orders and with 2 partial inflorescences only; peduncle arcuate, c. 80 cm long; prophyll c. 60 &times; 0.4-0.5 cm, with short narrow lanceolate flattened limb 11-20 &times; 1.8-2.2 cm, unarmed throughout; peduncular bracts much shorter, split down much of their length, the flattened limb to 13 &times; 1.5 cm; staminate partial inflorescence to 12 cm, staminate rachillae very poorly preserved; pistillate partial inflorescence to 23 cm, with up to 6 or 7 distichous rachillae on each side of the first order branch; bracts on first order branch 7&times;3 mm tubular, truncate, unarmed, bearing thin brown indumentum; rachillae reflexed, the longest at the base of the partial inflorescence, usually not exceeding 1.5 cm but sometimes to 5 cm, 2 mm diam., bearing strictly distichous dyads; rachilla bracts strictly distichous, crowded, triangular, striate to 2.5 &times; 2.5 mm, drying with slightly undulate margins, the abaxial surface with scattered brown scales; involucrophore and involucre similar to rachilla bract, scarcely explanate. Sterile staminate flower bud c. 3 &times; 2 mm; calyx to 3 &times; 2 mm, striate, glabrous, tubular in the basal 2.5 mm; petals smooth, c. 2 &times; 1 mm; staminodes 1&times; 0.2 mm. Pistillate flower just post anthesis to 5 &times; 3 mm; calyx to 3 &times; 3 mm, tubular in the basal 1.5 mm, with three triangular lobes, striate, glabrous; petals smooth, glabrous, to 4&times;1.5 mm; staminodal ring to 1 mm; ovary cylindrical to 2.5 &times; 2, stylar region 2 &times; 2 mm, stigmas reflexed to 2 &times; 0.5 mm. Immature fruit rounded, c. 5 mm diam., with a conspicuous cylindrical beak to 2 &times; 1 mm, tipped with the stigmatic remains; pericarp covered in c. 17 vertical rows of shiny chestnut brown scales. Seed very immature, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from Temburong where it is a common rattan of the forest undergrowth at Kuala Belalong. Endemic to Brunei.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus temburongii is very characteristic of the lower slopes of the hills around Kuala Belalong on the Temburong River. It resembles C. bacularis Becc. and C. sabalensis J. Dransf. of Sarawak but differs in its decumbent stems, sheath armature, leaflet arrangement and short thick pistillate rachillae. Like the other new species described here, it belongs to a group of closely similar rattans known locally as "wi tulang".</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BORNEO: Brunei Darussalam, Temburong, Amo, K. Belalong, Dransfield et al. JD6669 (Holotype K; isotype BRUN), JD7066 (BRUN, K), JD6671 (BRUN, K); K. Belalong, Jalan Tengah, Stockdale 15 (BRUN, K), Stockdale 60 (BRUN, K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus tenompokensis</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<citation>Gard. Bull. Str. Settlements 8: 260 (1935)</citation> \r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 145 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus nanus</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 818 (1943)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>After the type locality on Kinabalu</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wae koko paya (Pen.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, moderate short-stemmed montane rattan with stems to 2 m only, very rarely longer; stem without sheaths to 10 mm diam., with sheaths to 20 mm diam., internodes short, generally not more than about 10 cm long. Sheaths dull green, covered in copious brown indumentum and abundant large flat horizontal spines varying from 5-30 mm, with hairy margins, the spines usually scattered but sometimes partially whorled; knee poorly developed; ocrea very conspicuous to 15cm, spiny, brown tomentose, and tattering. Flagellum usually absent, rarely longer than 1 m when present. Leaf ecirrate to 1 m including the robust petiole to 30 cm; petiole armed with distant long spines to 4 cm; leaflets ± regularly arranged, up to 10 on each side of the rachis, apical pair joined for c. 2/3 their length, longest leaflets to 35 x 5 cm, bearing short spinules along the margins and a tuft of orange-brown hairs on the undersurface by the rachis, transverse veinlets conspicuous; young leaves pinkish. Inflorescences generally shorter than the leaves, but in robust long stemmed individuals up to 2 m long; partial inflorescences up to c. 8, generally crowded near the inflorescence tip; male rachillae to 50 x 1.5 mm, female to 70 x 2.5 mm. Mature fruit ovoid, c. 8 x 7 mm with a beak 2x1 mm, and covered in 18 vertical rows of yellowish-brown scales with darker margins. Seed 6x5x4 mm; endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 75).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Local in montane forest on G Mulu. Elsewhere on Kinabalu and the Crocker Range in Sabah. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. tenompokensis is locally abundant in valley bottoms in lower montane forest at altitudes from 1200 to c. 1800 m. It can readily be distinguished by its generally low stature, large leaves with conspicuous petioles and the broad ± regularly arranged leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus tenuis</name>\r
+<author>Roxb.</author>\r
+<citation>Fl. Ind. 3: 780 (1832)</citation>\r
+<type>Bangladesh, Chittagong; Roxburgh; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 262 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1033 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 28 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus horrens</name>\r
+<author>Blume</author>\r
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 3: 45 (1847)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 266 (1908) and (Suppl.): 39 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<type>Indonesia, Java; Blume; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype L</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>India (North-east and North-central), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand (North), Laos (Central), Vietnam (Tonkin) and Indonesia (Sumatra and Java). Probably also Vietnam (Cochinchina) (Gagnepain & Conrard 1937).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA (NORTH-CENTRAL): NWP, Dehra Dun Distr., Nov. 1892, (fr.), Gamble 24014 (K). (NORTH-EAST): Upper Assam, Banks of the [?] River, March 1870, (pist.), Mann, G. s.n. E102 (K). BANGLADESH: Megna, 13 Dec. 1850, (fr.), Hooker & Thompson s.n. E95 (K); Chittagong, Roxburgh s.n. (K [illustration prepared for Fl. Ind.]). MYANMAR: Rangoon, undated, (fr.), McClelland s.n. E131 (K). THAILAND (NORTH): Chiang Rai Province, Mae Chan Distr., Ban Mai Pattana, 28 July 1988, (stam.), Maxwell, J. E 88 - 925 (BKF). LAOS (CENTRAL): Vientiane Municipality, Naxaithong Distr., Ban Nong Khankhou, 20 Feb. 1998, (fr.), Khamphone KP 121 (FRCL, K). VIETNAM (TONKIN): Hoaping Province, Mieu village, undated, (fr.), Chen, S. Y. 14442 (KUN). INDONESIA (SUMATRA): Djambi, 2 km upriver from town, undated, (ster.), Dransfield, J. 2546 (K, BO). (JAVA): E Java, Sukamade, Cagar Alam Meru/Betiri, 20 May 1973, (fr.), Dransfield, J. 3523 (K); Java, undated, Blume s.n. (L).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Scrub, often in areas which flood regularly, at 200 - 300 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari (1913) clearly stated that he considered C. horrens no more than the Javan representative of C. tenuis but for some reason did not formally synonymise them. We have examined the type and good modern material from Java and could find no differences from C. tenuis. Over 20 further specimens from Java were examined by JD in BO but are not cited here. The specimen above also represents the first published record from Sumatra. The inclusion of the Indonesian populations makes C. tenuis one of the most widespread of all rattans, with a range comparable to that of C. viminalis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai nyair, nyair (Lao Loum).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of high quality for handicrafts and accepted in trade. The shoot is edible. The cultivation of this species for the production of edible shoots is becoming increasingly widespread in Laos (Belcher 1999, Sengdala & Evans 1999, Evans & Sengdala in press) and also occurs in North-east Thailand.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, but the wide range of the species suggests that it is likely to be secure in at least some areas. The Lao populations occur in densely-populated lowland floodplains and, although many plants remain, future intensification of land-use may reduce numbers greatly. The species is severely threatened in Java.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus tetradactylus</name>\r
+<author>Hance</author> \r
+<citation>J. Bot. 13: 289 (1875);</citation>\r
+<type>China, Hong Kong; Hance; 18979</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypes BM, P</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 281 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1046 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 44 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus bonianus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 3: 231 (1910)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) (Suppl.): 42 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<type>Vietnam, east Tonkin; Bon; 3549</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype P ; isotype G-DC</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus tetradactylus var. bonianus</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Gagnep. & Conrard</author>\r
+<bibref>(Becc.) Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1047 (1937)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus cambojensis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 3: 232 (1910)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc.,Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) (Suppl.): 40 (1913) </bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1040 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<type>Cambodia; Gourgaud; s.n. E138 (for the Exposition Colonial, Marseille)</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>DISTRIBUTION. China (Yunnan, exact location unclear, and South-east China), Thailand (East and South-east), Laos (Central and South), Vietnam (all except North Annam) and Cambodia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CHINA (YUNNAN), no locality, undated, (fr.), Forrest, G. 12172 (K). (SOUTH-EAST): Hong Kong, undated, (pist.), Hance 18979 (K, P, BM). THAILAND (EAST): Sisaket Province, Kantaralak Distr., Dongrak Range, Chong Bat Lak, 19 Aug. 1976, (stam.), Maxwell,J. E 76 - 576 (BK) and (pist.), Maxwell, J. E 76 -580 (BK). (SOUTH-EAST): Korat, Kao Kanap, 26 Dec. 1929, (fr.), Kerr A. 17824 (K, BM, BK). LAOS (CENTRAL): Bolikhamxay Province, Pakkading Distr., Ban Naphong, Phou Tat Thone, 7Jan. 1999, (stam.), Oulathong OL 208 and (fr.), Oulathong OL 207 (FRCL, K). (SOUTH): Champassak Province, Pathoomphone Distr., Ban Xeng, near the road, 21 May 1999, (fr.), Khamphone KP 413 (FRCL, K). VIETNAM (TONKIN): West Tonkin, 'in sepibus Tai Kenh', 16 Nov. 1887, (fr.), Bon 3549 (P). (CENTRAI, ANNAM): Danang and vicinity, 1927, (pist.), Clemens, J. & M. S. 3100 (K, P, BM). (SOUTH ANNAM): Haut Donnai Province, near Blao Agricultural Station, Col de Braian, Phnom Sapoum, 10 Jan. 1935, (fr.), Poilane 23814 (K, P). (COCHINCHINA): Bien Hoa Province, 4 km N of Dinh Quanh, 4 Jan. 1933, (fr.), Poilane 21718 (P). CAMBODIA: locality unknown, undated, (pist.), Gorgaud s.n. E138 (P).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest and scrub at 100 - 1000 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>When Conrard (in Gagnepain & Conrard 1937) cited only Bon 3549 in naming C. tetradactylus var. bonianus he implicitly made this the lectotype. Although Conrard attributed the variety to Beccari it is more correctly cited as shown, since Beccari published the name at another rank. Beccari (1910) diagnosed C. cambojensis on the basis of its 'slender and flaccid spadix with narrower, longer and more closely sheathing spathes' and C. bonianus by its 'denser partial inflorescences with more spikelets and these with more flowers' and also by the sessile involucrophore and possibly smaller fruit (although these latter he had only seen immature). He mentioned that C. bonianus may well be only a local form of C. tetradactylus. Extensive new material has allowed a reassessment of the various forms. Calamus bonianus is certainly synonymous with C. tetradactylus. Calamus cambojensis is perhaps more distinctive since material from Cambodia, Kontum Province (Vietnam) and southernmost Laos shows inflorescences where (with the slight exception of Evans, T 59) all primary branches are well exserted from their bracts and so all primary bracts, including the first, are tightly sheathing, whereas the material from elsewhere in Vietnam and China shows one or more of the more proximal primary bracts inflated (always including the most basal) because their corresponding primary branches are inserted within them. However, both types of inflorescence can be seen in the material from Sisaket Province (Thailand) and in view of the obvious variation in the expression of this character (perhaps related to environmental factors governing the exact rate of extension of the inflorescence), together with the great number of other details which are similar between plants from these two areas, we prefer to place all of them in a single, variable species. There may be an argument for recognising two subspecies. However, before doing so it is important to note that variation occurs in several other characteristics, especially around the Annamite mountain chain south of about 18'N. The following examples suggest that further taxa may need to be named in this economically important group once more material and field observations have been collected in this region: 1) plants from one locality in Bolikhamxay Province (Laos) have unusually small leaflets with smooth margins and a strangely 'pinched', acuminate tip, as well as pronounced orangey scale margins on the dry fruit (Oulathong 207, 208 and 209). 2) some plants from Champassak Province (Laos) are particularly robust with broad leaflets drying green and long partial inflorescences (up to 35 or even 40 cm) (e.g. Klackenberg, J. 1090 and 1327, Khamphone 410), whilst others (e.g. Evans, T 59) are more delicate and dry bright yellow. 3) the material from South Annam and Cochinchina (Vietnam) has a waxy coating on the abaxial surface of the leaflets that is thick, floccose (when viewed under 30x magnification) and whitish, almost sufficient to be described as whitish indumentum, and the involucrophore is noticeably pedicelliform (e.g. in Poilane 21614, 21718, 22271 and 23814). 4) some plants bear a curious comb of flexible spines at the sheath mouth, even though the rest of the sheath is sparsely armed (e.g. Averyanov, L. 1525). The involucre on the male plant varies from specimen to specimen between almost discoid and quite deeply cupular, and the rachilla axis of the male plant also varies in thickness. There is a wide range of leaflet sizes, even in Tonkin and south- east China. The longest leaflet on a leaf ranges from 11 to 31 cm in the specimens seen, with most values in the range 14 - 26 cm. Except for the Central Lao specimens all have bristly margins and most have the leaflet surfaces naked, but occasional bristles occur on the middle vein on plants throughout the species' range. The fact that some specimens dry yellow may not be significant - there are two fully fertile and apparently identical sheets of Clemens, J. & M. S. 3100 in BM and of these one has dried uniformly bright yellow, the other uniformly mid-green.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai hangnou, wai hangnounyai, wai savang (Lao Loum), kaceck doikanair (Phong), re peu (Alak), wai krit (Thailand).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of high quality and is probably important in trade, especially in Vietnam. Vu Van Dung & Le Huy Guang (1996) report that a species to which they give this name has been cultivated by smallholders around Hanoi for over 100 years and the practice is now spreading. This appears to be one of the oldest rattan cultivation systems known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>This widespread, common and widely cultivated species is unlikely to be under serious threat. If smaller localised taxa are recognised some of these may be under greater threat.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus thwaitesii</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 : 441. 1892</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 : 137. 1908 and Appendix PI. 10,11,12,13,1913</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Basu in Journ. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6 : 229. 1985</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>A strong climber, about 10 m or more long; stem cluster forming, with leafsheath to 4.5 cm in diameter; exposed stem smooth, yellowish green with 30 - 40 cm long internodes. Leaves ecirrate, about 4 m long in full grown plants; leafsheath and petiole covered with light brown felt-like coating, armed with series of flattened, broad-based, blackish spines jointed at their base; ocrea absent; rachis channelled above, armed with groups of flattened straight spines on upper side and recurved claws with black tips, most conspicuous on lower side; leaflets elongate, ensiform, basal leaflets in groups of 2 - 3 leaflets on each side of the rachis; middle and upper leaflets to 80 cm long, to 5 cm wide at middle, more or less regular and equidistant on rachis with conspicuous black bristles on margins; terminal leaflets smallest, jointed at their base. Male and female inflorescences flagelliform, simply branched; partial inflorescences 60-80 cm long, with 40 - 50 cm space in between the partial inflorescences; axial portion of the partial inflorescences armed with whorls of black tipped claws; primary bract funnel-shaped, lacerate at mouth; secondary bracts on their exposed parts covered with small spines with tuberculateba.se. Male rachillae yellow, flattened, to IS cm long, inserted within the mouth of the respective basal bracts; male flowers distichous, 20-30 in number, narrowly oblong, 8-10 mm x 3 mm, obliquely trigonous at base; calyx campanulate, divided half way into triangular lobes; female rachillae to 30 cm long; bracteoles funnel-shaped, truncate, prolonged on one side into triangular points; involucrophorum cupular; involucre regularly cupular; female flowers ovate,? - 8 mm long; fruiting perianth non-stalked; base of the calyx hardens to form a cushion. Fruits 2.2 x 2.5 cm, ellipsoid to ovoid, suddenly contracted into a solid beak, fruit scales brownish along the margin, broadly channelled at middle, arranged in 12 longitudinal series; seed one, suborbicular, 12 mm x 11 mm; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Goa, Maharastra, Karnataka), SRI LANKA.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Frequent in moist forest, on slopes and high valleys of the Western Ghats.</p></div>\r
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Cultivated in the Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah. Experimental cultivation exists in the Kerala Forest Research Institute, Pecchi, Kerala, it is also cultivated in trial plots of the Kodagu Forest Division, Kamataka.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Due to the highly glossy surface and strength, the cane is used for making good quality furniture; one of the most exploited rattans of South India.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus thysanolepis</name>\r
+<author>Hance</author> \r
+<citation>J. Bot. 12: 265 (1874)</citation>\r
+<type>China, Hong Kong; Dods Dr G.; 18373</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypes BM, LE</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 487 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 25 (2001)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Vietnam (North Annam), China (South-east China).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CHINA (SOUTH-EAST): Hong Kong, Nov. 1873, (stam. & fr.), Dods, Dr G., 18373, (K, BM). VIETNAM (NORTH ANNAM): Thanh Hoa market, undated, (fr.), Bon 5743 (P).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The sole specimen of C. scutellaris is a fragment of infructescence. There is no doubt that it matches the extensive material of C. thysanolepis at K. Beccari (1913) overlooked the similarity between these two taxa when he named C. scutellaris, comparing it only with C. scipionum. The strongly grouped, plumose leaflets are reminiscent of C. viminalis but the erect habit and short inflorescences with strongly lacerate bracts and broadly cupular involucrophores are very different. The status of var. polylepis C. F. Wei from Guangdong was not reassessed in the present study.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Fruits sold in Vietnam, presumably as food.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, but suitable areas of lowland forest are scarce and declining in the one area of Indochina where is has been recorded.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus tomentosus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1893) 455</citation> \r
+<bibref>Beccari, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 338 and Supplement (1913) 61</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 52</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 71</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Tomentosus - densely covered in small hairs</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan tukas</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering rattan climbing to 20 m tall. Stem without sheaths to 1 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 2.5 cm, with internodes to 35 cm long. Sheaths with scattered rounded swellings each tipped with black upward pointing spine to 2 mm long, densely covered throughout with silvery flocculent indumentum drying yellowish, and caducous chocolate-coloured scales. Knee prominent. Ocrea to 1 cm high indumentose as the sheath. Flagellum to 1 m long. Leaf ecirrate or with a minute (1 cm long) cirrus vestige. Petiole to about 30 cm long. Leaflets 5 on each side of the rachis in mature leaves, diamond-shaped to 35 cm long by 18 cm wide, with no obvious stalk ± unarmed except for short bristles near the tip, with 7-9 major nerves; whole leaflet drying dirty yellowish green-brown. Inflorescence, male and female superficially similar, to 80 cm long with up to 5 partial inflorescences the largest to 35 cm long; male rachillae about 3 cm long; female to 8 cm long. ± mature fruit rounded to slightly oblong about 2.5 cm long 2.2 cm wide, shortly beaked, covered in 18 vertical rows of mid-brown scales. Seed ovate, about 1.8 cm long by 1.3 cm wide. Endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf bifid with 2 broad diamond-shaped leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Trengganu, Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane has a good appearance but it is probably too rare to be of any significance. Calamus tomentosus is a rare rattan found on steep slopes in hill forest up to about 800 m altitude.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>It may be distinguished from the other rhomboid leafleted Calamus blumei by the yellowish colour of the sheaths on drying, the sessile leaflets with 7-9 ribs and the yellowish-brown tinge to the dried leaves.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus travancoricus</name>\r
+<author>Bedd.</author>\r
+<citation>Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 : 452. 1893</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 : 310. 1908 and Appendix PI. 121. 1913.</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>A thicket-forming climber; stem slender to 10 m long, with leafsheath 8-10 mm in diameter, without leafsheath 5-7 mm in diameter; internodes up to 20 cm long. Leaves ecirrate, to 50 cm long; leafsheath without knee, armed with to 5 mm long, straight spines; ocrea distinct, thin, upper margins bristly; petiole armed with a few longer spines along the margins; leaflets 20 - 30 in number in one leaf; in opposite groups of 2 - 5 leaflets in each group, deflected from the rachis in one plane, not pointed to different direction, narrowly oblanceolate, to 18 cm long, 10 - 15 mm broad at middle. Inflorescence flagelliform, slender, axial portion aculeate; primary bract longer than smaller partial inflorescences, enclosing the fertile parts completely until splitting longitudinally; male rachillae 7 - 8 mm long, delicate, sinuous, with 7-8 distichous flowers; female partial inflorescences 7 - 10 cm long, shorter than bracts; female rachillae simple, zig-zag, 12 - 15 mm long, with 3-4 distinct female flowers on each side; involucrophorum shortly pedicelliform, conspicuous in infructescence. Fruit globose, mucronulate, 8-10 mm long; fruit scales with deep brown margins, faintly channelled at middle. Seed not examined.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (Kerala, Tamil Nadu). Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Grows in the forest undergrowth or on partially cleared forest patches.</p></div>\r
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Not cultivated.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The thin and delicate cane has no commercial value. Its local uses are unknown. It is reported that tender leaves are used for treating dyspepsia, biliousness and ear trouble and is considered as anthelmintic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Kerala : Pathanamthette, Chalakkayam Pambi, Sabrimala R.F. 27.4. 1980, Vajravelu 80619 (CAL & MH).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus tumidus</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<citation>Gdns' Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 105</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Tumidus - swollen, referring to the greatly swollen leaf sheath knee</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan manau tikus</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary high climbing rattan with stems ultimately to 60 m or more in length, without sheaths about 1.2 cm near the base, and about 2.5 cm in the upper part of the mature plant, with sheaths to about 4.5 cm in diameter; upper internodes about 12 cm in length, lower internodes to 30 cm. Sheaths, when newly emerged rich reddish-brown quickly turning yellowish-green, bearing similarly coloured robust bulbous-based spines to 4 cm long by 7 mm wide, the spines scattered or only slightly grouped, with flocculent white waxy indumentum in conspicuous horizontal lines between the spines and on the upper and lower sides of the spine base. Ocrea short, rather inconspicuous. Knee immensely swollen, in the field visible from some distance. Leaf robust, cirrate, to about 4 m in length including the cirrus 1.5 m in length. Petiole about 30 cm in length semi-circular in T.S. armed along the two edges with large spines and indumentum as on the sheath, lower and upper petiole surfaces unarmed and without indumentum; petiole reddish-brown to crimson when newly emerged, quickly turning dull yellowish green. Leaflets about 25 on each side of the rachis grouped into pairs, pale yellowish green to glaucous, conspicuously white waxy on the lower surface when young, to about 40 cm long by 6 cm wide, black bristly along margins. Inflorescences, male and female superficially similar, to about 1 m long with spiny bracts and up to 8 partial inflorescences on each side of the rachis; rachillae about 15 cm long; mature fruit about 2.2 cm long by 1.8 cm long, somewhat oblong, shortly beaked, covered in 15 vertical rows of convex yellowish brown scales. Seed about 1.6 cm long by 1.2 cm wide by 1 cm thick, flattened, covered in yellowish green sarcotesta, irregularly pitted and deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf bifid.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Trengganu, Pahang, Johore, Negri Sembilan. Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Excellent cane, the larger diameter specimens of which are included with "rotan manau" (Calamus manan). Smaller diameter specimens are still of excellent quality and are probably absorbed into the market with other smaller diameter canes.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus tumidus, only described in 1956, and very rarely collected for botanical purposes, is none the less a very common and distinctive rattan in the lowlands of the eastern part of the Malay Peninsula. It has also been collected in Jambi Province of Sumatra (see Dransfield 1973). It is most commonly found in freshwater swamp forest; it has also been found in peat swamp forest and on alluvial flats. It is apparently absent from hillslopes where Calamus manan replaces it. Very occasionally where steep hillslopes meet an alluvial flat, both species may be seen growing together. "Rotan manau tikus" is easily distinguished by the characters italicized in the description; the swollen knee is highly distinctive.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus ulur</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1913), Supplement 133</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>ulur - probably from the Malay ular, a snake</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering rattan climbing to 10 m tall. Stem without sheaths to 1 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 2.5 cm in diameter. Internodes to 20 cm. Sheaths dull green armed with scattered triangular concave hairy-edged spines 3 by 2 mm to 18 by 7 mm and abundant sinuous lateral rough ridges to 0.2 mm high; grey indumentum abundant between the spines. Knee conspicuous armed as the leaf sheath. Vestigial flagellum to 15 cm long present on most sheaths. Ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf cirrate to 1.75 m long including the cirrus to 1 m long; petiole short, not usually more than 5 cm long; cirrus armed with scattered rather than distinctly grouped reflexed spines. Leaflets about 25 on each side of the rachis, grouped in 5 groups of up to 8 leaflets but arranged regularly within each group, the leaflets to 35 cm long by 2.5 cm wide, plicate ± unarmed above rather densely armed with short black bristles on 5-6 nerves. Inflorescence male and female superficially similar, to 1 m long with 3-4 partial inflorescences, in the female to 15 cm long, in the male to 60 cm long; all bracts loosely tubular and tattering, giving the inflorescence a dead appearance. Male rachillae enclosed within bracts about 1.5 cm long, female rachillae recurved to about 5 cm long. Young fruit with scales in 23 vertical rows. No other parts known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Johore: Panti East Forest Reserve. Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus ulur is a common rattan in the swamp forests at the foot of G. Panti in Johore, where it forms large clumps. It has been found nowhere else in Malaya. The type was collected in Sumatra. It belongs to the same peculiar group of Calamus as C. endauensis in which a vestigial flagellum occurs and the inflorescences are covered in tattering bracts. C. endauensis differs in not having the characteristic minute ridges on the sheaths, in different leaflets structure and arrangement and in smaller laxer male inflorescence.\r
+ This is the first record of C. ulur for Malaya. The group of C. ulur is in need of careful revision, but the G. Panti plant seems very close to the type from S. Sumatra and has hence been assumed to be conspecific.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus unifarius Wendl. var. pentong Becc.</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11: 458. PI.206, 1908</citation>
+<bibref>Basu, Rattans in India Monogr. Rev. : 59. 1992</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Hara beth</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, medium diameter rattan. Stem to 20 m long, with sheaths 3.5 cm in diameter, without sheaths upto 2 cm. green when exposed. Leaf 5 m long, cirrate: sheath yellowish green with numerous small spines; spines 0.5 cm long, 3-4 spines grouped together, the groups arranged vertically or horizontally; knee prominent; ocrea not seen; petiole absent; rachis spiny; leaflets alternate, regular, 35 x 6 cm, apical leaflets 40 x 4 cm, drooping.elliptic, usually 5 veined,tips and margins bristly. Inflorescence long flagellate; male inflorescence much branched; rachilla 3 cm long; female inflorescences simply decompound; primary sheaths tightly sheathing, armed with small spines; partial inflorescence to 25 cm long; secondary sheaths to 2 cm long, funnel -shaped; rachillae to 8 cm long, decreasing in length distally; involucrophorum slightly stalked, involucre disc-shaped, fruiting perianth persisting. Fruit oblong, ca. 1.5 x 1 cm, scales in 17 vertical rows, ivory white with brown border, slightly channelled; endosperm not ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Evergreen forests. Great Nicobar. (Map. 7).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering November - December. Fruiting April-May.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used in the furniture industry. Not exploited much.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Kamorta, Nicobar Islands, Feb. 1875 Kurzs.n. (CAL) Katchal, 23.3.1997, Chakraborty 5290 (CAL); Galathea Wildlife Camp, Nicobar, 12.4.1993, fr., Renuka and Vijayakumaran 7045 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus usitatus</name>\r
+<author>Blanco</author>\r
+<citation>Fl. Filipinas 265 (1837)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Merrill, Sp. Blancoanae 85 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield in Kew Bull. 36: 794 (1982).</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus blancoi</name>\r
+<author>Kunth</author>\r
+<bibref>Kunth., Enum. 3: 595 (1841)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11: 216 (1908)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus mollis</name>\r
+<author>auct. non Blanco Naves</author>\r
+<bibref>auct. non Blanco Naves, in Blanco, Fl. Filipinas, ed. 3: t. 99 (1877 - 83)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Ro} Card. Calcutta 11: 212 (1908)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Ordinary, usual</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender to moderate clustering, thicket-forming rattan with stems to rarely more. Stem without sheaths to 5-10 mm, with sheaths 10-23 mm; intei to 15 cm; sheaths bright green, very sparsely to densely armed with scattered golden brown to 45 mm, and caducous pale grey indumentum; sometimes main body of she unarmed, but even when so, spines present around leaf sheath mouth; spines aroui sheath mouth ± erect, much larger than the rest, borne close together in a neat row, the Ic to 12 cm. Knee conspicuous. Ocrea to 5 mm, very densely armed with minute spiculez m or spines to 3 mm. Flagellum to 1.5 m. Leaf ecirrate to 90 cm, frequently less, including petiole to 20 cm; petiole armed with few horizontal golden brown spines; leaflets c 30 on each side of the rachis, close, regular, (in Sabah; most Philippine populations have grouped leaflets), the largest to 30 x 1.4 cm armed with black bristles along margins, 3 main veins on upper surface, and midrib beneath. Male and female inflorescences superficially similar, to 2 m?with 5 or more partial inflorescences; bracts on main axis close tubular, variously armed with golden brown spines but always with apical tufts of erect slender spines to 20 mm; partial inflorescences to 40 cm, with curving axes and curved rachillae; male rachilla to 40 x 2 mm; female rachilla to 50 x 3 mm. Mature fruit ovoid, c 8 x 6 mm, with a short beak to 1 mm, and covered in 18 vertical rows of straw-coloured scales. Seed c 6 x 4 mm. Endosperm apparently homogeneous. Seedling leaf unknown. (Fig. 83)</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>In Sabah known from a few collections from Lahad Datu, Semporna, and Tawau Districts, apparently always coastal. Elsewhere widespread in the Philippines.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Tying purposes, baskets, fish traps; apparently fairly durable.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calamus usitatus is astonishingly variable; however, the large erect spines around the leaf sheath mouth, the dense spiny ocrea, the stiff leaflets, and the bunches of spines around the mouths of the flagellum and inflorescence bracts are all diagnostic. This species has had a most confusing nomenclatural history.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus vattayila</name>\r
+<author>Renuka</author>\r
+<citation>Curr. Sci. 56 : 1012. 1987</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Vattayila, Ottoman (Mai.).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>A high climbing rattan; stem cluster-forming, 15 m or more long, with leafsheath 2.5 cm in diameter; naked stem 1.8 cm in diameter; internodes to 27 cm long. Leaves ecirrate, to 1 m long; leafsheath dark green, sparingly spiny, spines 2 cm long, upwardly pointed, infrequent; leafsheath knee conspicuous; ocrea 5 mm long; leafsheath flagellum dark green, 4 m long, petiole to 25 cm long, armed with about 1 cm long spines; rachis armed below with digitate claws; leaflets dark green, alternate, oblong, 40 x 10 cm, prominently 6 nerved, bristly at apices. Inflorescence flagelliform; axial part near base 1 cm in diameter; partial inflorescences about 5 in number, 28 cm long, once branched, with closely shehating subtending bracts; each bract lanceolate at upper free part; axial part of inflorescence armed with 3 mm long spines; rachillae 5 cm long, with distinct alternate cup-like bracts. Female flowers 5 mm long. Fruit oblong, falsely pedicellate with distinct columnar 4 mm long beak, 2.8 cm x 1.4cm., fruit scales light brown, minute, without channelled at middle, arranged in 25 longitudinal rows; 1-seeded, seed sculptured on one side, oblong, 1.5 cm x 8 mm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Grows in the evergreen forests of Thenmala, Ranni and Wynad. Sporadic in distribution between 200-750 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Introduced in the experimental plots of Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Calamus longipinna (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) and its relatives in New Guinea</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bull. 57: 853-866</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus vestitus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 3: 59 (1886)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Manokwari, Andai; Beccari; P.P.771</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ensyake (Nuni), Keboe (Nimboran), Kumisi (Yamur), Mafoni ngekobra (region of Wariori and Waramoi Rivers).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>North-west to north central New Guinea</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Primary and secondary lowland forest, often on alluvium near rivers, 10 - 600 m</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least concern. Calamus vestitus is widespread and occurs in both primary and disturbed forest.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>General use as cordage, for tying roofs, cane split for use as bush nails.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Well known from the vicinity of Manokwari, this distinctive species is widespread from north-west to north central New Guinea with records from Sorong, Nabire and Jayapura, reaching its easterly limit in Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea (Map 1). Beccari (1908) suggests that a specimen collected by D'Albertis on the Fly River consisting of a leaf apex and some fruit may be referred to C. vestitus. Although we have not yet seen this specimen, it seems more likely that it is attributable to C. reticulatus Burret which shares many leaf and reproductive features with C. vestitus. It is difficult to distinguish the two species in the absence of material bearing an ocrea (see below). As stated above, this species is most easily confused with C. longipinna, but can be recognised on account of distinctive ocrea and leaf sheath spine morphology. The ocrea of C. vestitus is not split congenitally as in C. longipinna and C. wanggaii, but is tubular. Although it is papery in texture, the ocrea tends to separate into fibres, allowing it to stretch and expand a little. It is also rather fragile, disintegrating readily, and is unarmed, except in rare instances where very few, minute spines are present. The numerous leaf sheath spines are planar with parallel sides and jagged apices, and are of various sizes. Unarmed leaf sheaths are not known in this species. The seed is striking, with angular grooves and ridges on one side and a shallow, open pit on the other. The seed of C. longipinna, though ornamented, is more rounded with smooth ridges and a deep, narrow pit on one side.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Papua. Fak Fak Regency: Etna Subdistr., Yamur, km 27 P.T. Kaltim Hutama Logging Road, Jan. 2001, Maturbongs et al. 662 (BO, K!, MAN); Etna Subdistr., Yamur, Jepre R., km 45 P.T. Kaltim Hutama Logging Road, Feb. 2001, Maturbongs et al. 672 (BO, K!, MAN). Manokwari Regency: Andai, Beccari P.P. 771 (FI); Nuni, Sungai Asai, Aug. 1995, Dransfield et al. JD 7587 (BO!, FTG!, K!, MAN!); Andai R., 2 km upstream near Manokwari, Aug. 1957, Faber BW 2299 (L!); Wariori river flood plain, April 1994, Johns et al. 8233 (BO, K!, MAN); Kebar Valley, between Anjai 1 and Akmuni, May 1994, Johns et al. 8328 (BO, K!, MAN); mouth of Prafi R., Warbefor, Jan. 1996, Maturbongs 294 (K!, MAN); main road Manokwari- Sorong, between Wariori R. and Waramoi R., April 1994, Mogea 6256 (BO, K!, MAN), Mogea 6358 (BO, K!, MAN, NY); Arfak Plains, settlement unit seven, April 1994 Mogea 6247 (BO, K!, L, MAN, NY); Kebar, trail from Kampong Akai to hot springs, May 1994, Sands et al. 6616 (A, BH, BO, FTG, K!, L, MAN); Prafi, May 1958, Sijde BW 5574 (L!), Sijde BW 5575 (L!). Jayapura Regency: Nemo, Aug. 1955, Rappard BW 876 (L!), April 1957, Runteboy BW 3349 (L!). Nabire: Napan, Makimi, Sungai Musairo, May 1985, Mogea 5561 (BO, K!). Sorong Regency: Warsamsom R., 25 km E of Sorong, Sept. 1957, Schram BW 5988 (L!). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Sandaun Province: Ossima, March 1964, Sayers NGF 13254, (BRI, L!, LAE).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus viminalis</name>\r
+<author>Willd. (non Reinw. ex Mart.)</author>\r
+<citation>Sp. Pl. 2: 203 (1799)</citation>\r
+<type>India, Viborg; Willdenow; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype B</type_loc>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 202 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1044 (1937)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Sounthone & Sengkhamyong in Rao & Rao (1997: 82)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 24 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus fasciculatus</name>\r
+<author>Roxb.</author>\r
+<bibref>Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 779 (excl. Tsjeru-tsjurel, Rheede) (1832)</bibref>\r
+<type>India Orientalis; Roxburgh; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype BM</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus viminalis var. fasciculatus</name>\r
+<author>(Roxb.) Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Roxb.) Becc. in Hook., Fl. Brit. India 6: 444 (1892)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 203 (1902)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 206 (1908)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus viminalis var. bengalensis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 206 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<type>India, Bengal, Calgong; Griffith; s.n. E154</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype K</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus viminalis subvar. pinangianus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 207 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 15: 209 (1956)</bibref>\r
+<type>Malaysia, Pulo Penang; Wallich; 8611</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus viminalis var. andamanicus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 207 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<type>India, Andaman; E. H. Mann; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype FI-B</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus viminalis var. cochinchinensis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 207 (1908)</bibref>\r
+<type>Vietnam, Cochinchina; Pierre; 4848</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>DISTRIBUTION. India (South, North-central, North-east, Andaman and Nicobar Islands), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand (all parts), Laos (all parts), Vietnam (Cochinchina and Central Annam), Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (Java and Bali). Also probably China (North-west and South Yunnan) (Pei et al. 1989, 1991).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDIA (SOUTH): Madras, Vizagapatam Distr., Palkhonda Hills, March 1834, (stam. & fr.), Gamble 14029 (K). (NORTH-CENTRAL): Beauleah Range, Rampur, undated, (fr.), Hooker & Thompson s.n. E157 (K). (NORTH-EAST): Bengal, undated, (fr.), Hooker 474 (K). (ANDAMANS AND NICOBARS): Andaman, July 1889, (fr.), Mann, E. H. s.n. (FI-B). (NOT LOCATED): Calgong, undated, (stam.), Griffith s.n. E154 (K); Viborg, undated (fr.), Willdenow s.n. (B). BANGLADESH: Dacca, 29 May 1850, (fr.), Hooker & Thompson s.n. E156 (K); 'India Orientalis', undated, (fr.), Roxburgh s.n. (BM). MYANMAR: Rangoon, undated, (fr.), McClelland s.n. E159 (K). LAOS (NORTH): Bokeo Province, Houayxai Distr., Nam Kan Protected Area, Nam Nha (map name Nam Kan), 20 Feb. 1999, (fr.), Khamphone KP 360 (FRCL, K). (CENTRAL): Vientiane Province, Thoulakhom Distr., Ban Phon Pao, Dec. 1998, (fr.), Evans, T TDE 9 (FRCL, K). (SOUTH): Attapeu Province, Sanxay Distr., Ban Tatkoum, Phou Lekfay, 15 May 1999, (stam.), Khamphone KP 402 (FRCL, K). THAILAND (NORTH): Muang Fang, Mu Ngam, 28 March 1921, (fr.), Kerr, A. 5154 (K, BK). (NORTH-EAST): Nawng Kai, Pon Pisai, 24 Feb. 1924, (fr.), Kerr; A. 8562 (K, BM, BK). (EAST): Saraburi Province, Khao Yai National Park, 26 March 1979, (fr.), Dransfield, J. & T Santisuk 5457 (K, BKF). (CENTRAL.): Saraburi Province, Muang Distr., Sahm Lahn forest, 16 Oct. 1973, (stam.), Maxwell, J. E 73 - 520 (BK). (SOUTH-EAST): Aran Pratet, 17 Oct. 1928, (fr.), Kerr A. 2009 (K, BM, BK). (WEST): Petchburi Province, Kaengkrachan Nat Park, 7 Feb. 1994, (fr.), Barfod, A. 45204 (K). (PENINSULAR): Krabi, Ban Kang, 9 Sept. 1930, (fr.), Kerr, A. 19810 (K). VIETNAM (CENTRAL. ANNAM): Kontum Province, 20 km south of Dak Gley town, slopes of Dak Poko R., 30 March 1995, (fr.), Averyanov, L. et al. VH1026 (LE). (COCHINCHINA): Song-Lu Province, Dieu-Loc, Feb. 1877, (fr.), Pierre 4848 (P). CAMBODIA: Angkor, Oct. 1911, (fr.), Lecomte &Finet s.n. E151 (P). MALAYSIA (PENINSULAR): Penang, undated, (stam.), Wallich 8611 (K). INI)ONESIA (JAVA): Ujung Kulon, Cibunar, (fr.) Dransfield, J. 1422 (K, BO). (BALI): Cekik, Gilimanuk, Suaka Margasatw, 19 May 1973, (ster.), Dransfield,J. 3518 (K).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Scrub, village margins, forest edge and (locally) inside evergreen forest, 0 - 600 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The nominate variety is reported only from Java and variety fasciculatus from mainland South-east Asia. Beccari (1908) noted that the two varieties could 'hardly be separated by constant characters' but went on to state that the mainland forms could be subdivided into four subvarieties, two of which were based upon single specimens, and all distinct in differing ways from the Javan form. Without explanation Gagnepain & Conrard (1937) and Basu (1992) between them synonymised with the nominate form variety fasciculatus and three of the four subvarieties, whilst some other authors have continued to recognise var. fasciculatus (e.g. Furtado 1956, Dransfield 1979, Dransfield & Manokaran 1993, Pei et al. 1991). We have examined material from throughout the species' range (including several specimens from Java not available to Beccari) and have probably encountered the living plants of this species more frequently than any other in Laos. We conclude that the differences between varieties and subvarieties are swamped by the great variability between and within individual clumps. This can often by attributed to environmental factors such as soil quality, illumination, clump maturity and damage. Therefore have no hesitation in synonymising all of the forms listed above. We noted a previously unreported aspect of variation which seems to show a strong geographical pattern and merits further study. Although the female and neuter flowers are often borne in a 1:1 ratio, as is normal in Calamus (Uhl & Dransfield 1987), in many Indochinese specimens some neuter flowers are accompanied by two fertile female flowers, one to either side (the female flowers are 'paired'). This was until now considered characterstic of C. siamensis (Beccari 1908), but can no longer be used to separate that species from C. viminalis, at least in Indochina. The percentage of paired flowers on each C. viminalis rachilla varies depending on the locality, the individual and the part of the inflorescence examined. Sampling a few of the basal rachillae from one of the well-developed basal partial inflorescences gives a good estimate of the percentage of paired flowers across the whole inflorescence (authors' unpublished data). Using this method, comparable estimates were obtained from 32 plants across the mainland range of the species (Fig. 2). There is a notable contrast between most of the range (with low or zero occurrence of 'paired' flowers) and Laos/North-east/East Thailand, with variable levels including many high values (and some zeros). This pattern may imply a genetic difference between populations and merits further study. The species has not previously been reported from Bali.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai ton, wai nyair, wai na, wai khom, wai namhang, wai keethao, wai nang, wai tiudeet, wai namleuang (Lao Loum), rebou (Alak), blong chang (Khamu), katengparua (Hmong), wai ngamkhao, wai namhang, wai sambai, wai mon, wai som (Thailand).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of moderate quality, widely used for handicrafts and sometimes traded. Shoot edible, fruit sometimes sold for food.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Of no conservation concern, since it is favoured by forest loss and tolerates harvesting well.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus viridispinus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 458</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 11 (1908) 418 and Suppl. (1913) 102</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 61</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 118</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield in Malay. Forester 41 (1978) 334</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus elegans</name>\r
+<author>Ridley</author>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Mat. Fl. Mai. Pen. 2 (1907) 207</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 61</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 115</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus distichus</name>\r
+<author>Ridley</author>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1907) 206</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley, Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 60</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 120</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus distichoideus</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 122</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus oreophilus</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in I.e. 124</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus bubuensis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 77 (1908) 417</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 126</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus koribanus</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 128</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus brevispadix</name>\r
+<author>Ridley</author>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Mat. Fl. Malay. Pen. 2 (1907) 207</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 61</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 130</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus benomensis</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 75 (1956) 132.</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>The mountain rattan complex.\r
+This is a highly problematic taxon which has been split up by Ridley, Beccari and Furtado into several species. Were Furtado's treatment to be followed here, even more species would have to be described, as almost every plant in the complex is slightly different. There is a whole range of leaf, inflorescence and habit variation; however, separate populations tend to be rather uniform. As these are moufitain plants, and hence their distribution disjunct, and botanical explorations even more disjunct, it is not surprising that there are disjunctions in the range of variation. However, I believe that to retain them as separate taxa is counterproductive because of the difficulty of assigning names to new collections. I have therefore included all the names within C. viridispinus, have provided a general description, and have indicated briefly how Furtado's taxa may be distinguished. Furtado (1956) stated that it was possible that his taxa might be no more than adaphic forms of the same species, and with this I now agree. The describing of so many new species by Furtado served the purpose of emphasizing problems of variation and recognition and drawing attention to the taxon. In many ways the complex of C. viridispinus presents problems similar to those of C. javerts is.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Viridis-green, spinis - spine</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan keraigunung</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering montane rattan varying from "stemless" to 10 m tall. Stem without sheaths varying from 3 mm to 7 mm in diameter, with internodes to 15 cm, usually much shorter; stem with sheaths from 6-15 mm in diameter. Sheaths generally dull green armed with horizontal or slightly erect triangular black, yellowish-based spines to 3 cm long, though often much less, and abundant grey-brown indumentum between spines. Knee present in climbing forms. Ocrea inconspicuous. Flagellum absent. Leaf ecirrate in "stemless" forms, cirrate in climbing forms with petiole very short to about 25 cm in climbing forms to about 100 cm, in "stemless" forms sparsely armed with spines like those on the leaf sheath; leaflets very variable in size and shape, but always arranged in groups of 2-5 on either side of the rachis, generally dark green with paler bases, from 8-40 cm long by 5 mm - 2.5 cm wide, variously bristly. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar from 15-100 cm long with partial inflorescences varying greatly in size and length. Mature fruit generally oblong to ovate to about 8 mm long by 6 mm wide covered in dull brown, grey edged or yellowish scales in up to 15 vertical rows. Seed oblong, sometimes somewhat flattened. Endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf with A-6 leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Selangor, Pahang, Trengganu, Kelantan. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>A good cane for tying purposes.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Found widely in montane forest, especially on ridgetops 1000-2200 m altitude. The forms growing in valleys are always much larger than those growing on extreme ridgetops.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A revision of the Calamus aruensis (Arecaceae) complex in New Guinea and the Pacific</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Bayton</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.P</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Maturbongs</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.A</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 58: 351-370</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus vitiensis </name>
+<author>Warb. ex Becc</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 350 (1908)</citation>
+<type>Fiji, Taveuni; Weber; 111</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype FI!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus stipitatus </name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 814 (1943)</bibref>
+<type>Solomon Islands, San Cristobal, Kira Kira; Brass; 2719</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotypes BM!, BO!, BRI!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus vanuatuensis </name>
+<author>Dowe</author>
+<bibref>Dowe, Principes 37: 206 (1993)</bibref>
+<type>Vanuatu, Erromango, Nouankao River; Chew Wee-Lek RSNH; 118</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype PVV; isotype K!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>FIJI: Ngganuya (Taveuni) NEW GUINEA: Wusiu (Manus). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Kalitao, Kalitau (Kwara�ae). VANUATU: Gawolo (Vanua Lava)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender to robust, solitary rattan climbing to 15 m. Stem with sheaths 10 – 50 mm diam., without sheaths 7 – 22 mm diam.; internodes 12.5 – 33 cm. Leaf cirrate, to c. 3 m long including cirrus and petiole (where present); sheath dark green, with caducous indumentum of brown to light grey, fibrous scales, spines absent to numerous, 1 – 40 × 0.3 – 2.5 mm, yellow-green to brown, planar, triangular, longer spines flexible, spine bases sometimes slightly swollen adaxially, spines usually of rather uniform size, sometimes of various sizes, spine surface with indumentum as on sheath, usually solitary or occasionally also with very few partial whorls of up to 6, spine impressions on sheath sometimes conspicuous, sheath mouth unarmed or lightly armed; knee 17 – 60 mm long, 10 – 28 mm wide, unarmed or lightly armed with short spines, colour and indumentum as on sheath; ocrea 2 – 4.5 mm, forming a low, woody, brown, unarmed or lightly armed, persistent collar, base of ocrea extending along petiole to an acute angle; flagellum absent; petiole 0 – 45 mm, 7 – 19 mm wide and 4.5 – 9 mm thick at base, channelled or flat adaxially, rounded abaxially, indumentum as on sheath, unarmed or with few to many short triangular spines; rachis 1.2 – 2 m, unarmed or with spines and indumentum as petiole near base, with grapnel spines on abaxial surface of distal portion of rachis; leaflets 10 – 22 each side of rachis, often drying dark green, arranged regularly or in widely spaced pairs, the leaflets in each pair sometimes divergent, broadly lanceolate, cucullate, longest leaflets near middle of leaf, 18 – 43 × 3.5 – 7 cm, apical leaflets 7 – 23.5 × 0.9 – 1.5 cm, distal leaflets widely spaced, basal leaflets small, leaflet surfaces unarmed or with very few bristles 0.8 – 2.2 mm on adaxial surface of mid-rib and other major veins, leaflet margins unarmed or with very few bristles 0.2 – 5 mm, most numerous near apex, with indumentum as on sheath sometimes scattered throughout adaxial surface of leaflet, transverse veinlets inconspicuous; cirrus 0.6 – 2 m, cirrus grapnel spines arranged regularly. Staminate inflorescence limited material seen, similar to pistillate inflorescence, but branched to 3 orders, bracts on primary and secondary branches funnel-shaped. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescence, up to c. 2 m long including 26 – 33 cm peduncle and sterile tip to c. 50 cm, branched to 2 orders; prophyll 14 – 31 × 1 – 1.2 cm, strictly tubular, with 2 keels, prophyll mouth entire, with acute, triangular limb to one side, sometimes subtending primary branch, indumentum as on sheath, unarmed or lightly armed with short spines; peduncular bracts absent or rarely 1, rachis bracts and peduncular bract (if present) 5.7 – 25 × 0.3 – 1.5 cm, similar to prophyll, unarmed to lightly armed as prophyll; primary branches 6 – 12, to 28 cm long, 8 – 28 cm apart, straight to recurving, with up to 40 rachillae, bracts on primary branch funnel-shaped; rachillae 0.9 – 9.5 × 0.1 – 0.2 cm, sublinear to arcuate; rachilla bracts 1 – 2 × 1.5 – 2 mm, distichous to subdistichous, often rather widely spaced; flower clusters sometimes distinctly stalked, stalk 0.8 – 1.5 mm long, proximal floral bracteole 1 – 1.2 × 1.3 – 1.5 mm, distal floral bracteole 1.2 – 1.5 × 1.2 – 1.5 mm, glabrous, scar from sterile staminate flower c. 0.2 mm diam. Pistillate flowers 2.5 – 3.5 × 1.7 – 2 mm at anthesis; calyx 1.7 – 2 mm diam., tubular in basal 1.7 – 2.2 mm, with 3 lobes to 0.4 – 0.8 × 0.7 – 1 mm, glabrous; corolla 2 – 2.7 × 1.5 – 1.7 mm, tubular in basal 1.1 – 1.8 mm, with 3 lobes 0.5 – 0.9 × 0.7 – 1.2 mm, glabrous; staminodes 6, c. 0.6 – 0.8 mm long, staminodal ring c. 0.8 – 1 mm high; ovary c. 1 – 1.5 × 1 – 1.4 mm, globose, style c. 0.5 – 0.8 mm long, stigmas 0.7 – 0.8 mm long. Sterile staminate flowers not seen. Fruit globose, 10 – 11 × 8.5 – 9.5 mm including beak 1 – 1.5 mm, with 18 – 19 longitudinal rows of white, shallowly channelled scales with entire, but uneven margins, margins of scale apex sometimes brown. Seed (sarcotesta removed) 6.8 – 8 × 6.5 – 7 × 5.2 – 6.5 mm, globose, with a deep, narrow pit on one side, the surface covered with numerous shallow pits and irregular channels; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from scattered records in Papua New Guinea (Manus, Morobe, Madang, Southern Highlands), Australia (Queensland, as far south as Dunk Island), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Fiji; the most easterly occurring species in the genus Calamus</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Various types of primary and secondary forest vegetations, 60 - 750 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least concern.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>General cordage, cane for tying houses, for making swings for children, sap from cut stem used for curing eye ailments.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A relatively broad concept of C. vitiensis has been employed here as a pragmatic solution to an intractable taxonomic problem. Highly variable and widely distributed, Calamus vitiensis can be recognised by its simple triangular spines, which are usually of rather uniform size and are only slightly swollen at the base, and by the regular arrangement of cirrus grapnel spines. In addition, the sheath spines in most forms are largely solitary whereas the sheath spines of other members of the C. aruensis complex are usually at least partly organised into partial whorls with solitary spines interspersed among the whorls. Rarely, partial whorls of up to six spines may be observed intermixed with solitary spines (see Fig 18 in Dowe 1989), but it is possible that this feature is accentuated in juvenile sheaths. Calamus aruensis bears sheath spines of rather uniform size and, in less heavily armed forms, whorled sheath spines may not be present, but it is immediately distinguished from C. vitiensis by its cirrus with irregularly arranged grapnel spines. Unarmed forms occur in both C. vitiensis and C. aruensis, but again the cirrus morphology can be used to distinguish them. In New Guinea, Calamus vitiensis may also be confused with C. pachypus, but it lacks the conspicuously swollen spine bases that are so characteristic of C. pachypus (Fig. 1D), as well as sheath spines consistently organised into whorls.
+Regional entities can be recognised within the variation of C. vitiensis. In New Guinea, all forms appear to have leaflets grouped in divaricate pairs and sheaths, when armed, with rather short spines. Even more uniform is the Australian form with similar leaf morphology to the New Guinea form, but with larger and more numerous sheath spines. In the west Pacific, from the Solomon Islands to Vanuatu and Fiji, the species bears regularly arranged leaflets and some specimens display conspicuous brown indumentum on the leaf sheath. A narrower species concept might be advocated by some, but the characters distinguishing these regional forms are so limited and unreliable that formal taxonomic recognition cannot yet be justified. Further study, especially in the west Pacific, is required to clarify further the taxonomy of this species.
+The holotype of C. vitiensis was destroyed in Berlin and the isotype at Florence consists only of a single pistillate rachilla and a fragment of a fruit. However, we are able to use the name with confidence because of the detailed protologue, which includes a photograph of the holotype, and because no other rattan species is known from Fiji, the country of origin of the type. No appreciable differences can be discerned between C. vitiensis and the type of C. vanuatuensis, despite assertions to the contrary in the protologue of the latter. Similarly, C. stipitatus fits well within the range of variation accepted for C. vitiensis here. The distinctive stipitate pistillate flower clusters that are present on the type of C. stipitatus are formed by elongation of the axis of the terminal sterile staminate flower, which is otherwise usually condensed, and adnation of the floral bracteole to that axis. This feature is also found in some other specimens of Calamus vitiensis.
+</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>AUSTRALIA. Queensland: Cook, escarpment of the great dividing range, 18.2 km NE of Heathlands Ranger Base, Heathlands D and O reserve, Shelburne Bay, Oct. 1993, Fell & Stanton 3764 (BRI!); Cook, Cape York Peninsula, Capsize Creek crossing on road running S from Iron Range Airfield, c 37 km S from Lockhart River settlement, Sept. 1977, Wrigley 436 (BRI!); Dunk Island, Dec. 1957, Fielding QFD 58/62 (BRI!); Etty Bay, near Innisfail, July 1969, Moriarty & Tomlinson s.n. (K!); Mt Milman, western fall, 7.1 km NW of Cooktown, Hopevale Aboriginal reserve, Cooktown, Nov. 1993, Fell & Stanton 3867 (BRI!); West Claudie River between Portland Roads & Iron Range, Oct. 1968, Webb & Tracey 8486A (BRI!). FIJI. Taveuni: Likuvausomo, Ura Estate on road to Vuna, April 1964, Moore et al. 9357 (K!); slopes of Mt Manuka, E of Wairiki, Aug. 1953, Smith 8132 (K!); Oct. 1881, Weber 111 (B†, FI!, type),. Viti Levu: Tailevu, along road to Nasau, March 2002, Tuiwawa 2K 1461 (K!, SUVA); Rewa, Tamauna, Princess Road, April 2002, Watling 2K 1480 (K!, SUVA). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Manus Province: Manus Island, Lessau village, 1 km SE of Lessau on the west coast., Nov. 1975, Sands et al. 2744 (K!, L, LAE!); Manus Island, 1990, Patma 4 (AAU!, K!, MAN!, NY!), Patma 8 (AAU!, K!, MAN!, NY!). Madang Province: Baitabag Village, conservation area near to Christensen Research Institute, Jan. 1996, Baker & Utteridge 568 (K!); South Ambenob, Ohu, Jan. 1996, Baker & Utteridge 574 (K!); Usino subdistrict, foothills of Bismarck Mts, near Wau Village, March 1972, Essig LAE 55190 (CANB!, LAE, L). Morobe Province: Lae-Mumeng road, Jan. 1996, Baker et al. 596 (K!); locality unknown, 1989, Taurereko 205 (AAU!, BO!, K!, MAN!, NY!), Taurereko 207 (AAU!, K!, MAN!, NY!). Southern Highlands Province: Mount Bosavi, Near Bona Village, Feb. 1996, Baker et al. 625 (K!, LAE!). SOLOMON ISLANDS. Guadalcanal: Honiara, SW of town inland from Rove, Dec. 1963, Whitmore BSIP 793 (K!). San Cristoval: Kira Kira, Aug. 1932, Brass 2719 (A, B†, BM!, BO!, BRI!). VANUATU. Éfaté: Loukpat area, above Tagabe, July 1971, Green RSNH 1076 (K!). Erromango: Nouankao River and vicinity, Aug. 1971, Chew Wee-Lek RSNH 118 (K!, PVV). Vanua Lava: Sola, Wheatley 436 (K!).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus wailong</name>\r
+<author>S. J. Pei & S. Y Chen</author> \r
+<citation>Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 138 (1989)</citation>\r
+<bibref>S. J. Pei & S. Y Chen, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinicae 13 (1): 94 (1991)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 66 (2001)</bibref>\r
+<type>China, Yunnan, Mengla; Yang, Z. H.; 12405</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype HITBC</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus platyacanthus</name>\r
+<author>auct. non. Warb. ex Becc. non Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>auct. non. Warb. ex Becc. non Mart., C. F. Wei, Guihaia 6: 36 (1986)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Indochinese endemic. China (South Yunnan), Thailand (North and North-east) and Laos (North and Central).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CHINA (SOUTH YUNNAN): Mengla, Yaoqu, undated, (fr.), Yang, Z. H. 12405 (HITBC). THAILAND (NORTH): Nan, Ban Tin, 4 March 1921, (stam.), Kerr, A. 5003 (K, BM, BK). (NORTH-EAST): Phetchaboon, undated, (fr.), Vongkaluang, I. 220 (K). LAOS (NORTH): Bokeo Province, Houayxai Distr., Ban Toup, 26 March 2000, (stam. & fr.), Evans, T TDE 65 (FRCL, K). (CENTRAL): Khammuane Province, Nakay Distr., Ban Malua (map name Ban Maloy), Phon Nong Na, 8 March 1999, (stam.), Khamphone KP 372 (FRCL, K), (ster.), Khamphone KP 374 (FRCL, K) and (pist.), Khamphone KP 376 (FRCL, K).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest at 350 - 600 m (Laos), 600 - 1000 m (Thailand) and 600 - 950 m (Yunnan).</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>One specimen listed in the protologue (Tong 24898) has irregularly pinnate leaves with large voids between groups; it may not belong in this species and is perhaps C. platyacanthoides. The Thai material in mature fruit links the type specimen to the Lao material, none of which is in ripe fruit but where sheath and leaf characters are well represented. Fieldworkers will find two striking vegetative features useful to identify C. wailong. One is that the leaflets are regularly arranged on virtually all the leaves of climbing stems. The other is that the sheaths on lower parts of the plant are often armed very differently from those higher up the stem (see photograph in Evans et al. 2001b). Typically, sheaths lower down are weakly armed, bearing very few to many tiny, tubercular spines (giving a rasp-like texture), occasionally with one or two incongruous long spines among them. They also show a distinctive pattern of marbled white indumentum, recalling the flank pattern of Bar-backed Partridge Arborophila brunneopectus, which explains the widespread local name 'wai nokkhor' (= partridge rattan). More distal sheaths bear progressively more large spines until in mature, fruiting parts of the stem they are thickly armed. On such sheaths the marbled pattern is invisible. Until one has seen the whole range on a single stem it is very hard to believe that all these sheaths can belong to the same species. Evans, T 65 includes the full range of sheath types from a single individual. It also illustrates the wide variability in the size of the inflorescence. One male individual bore complete, fertile inflorescences ranging from 1.2 - 3.0 m, the shortest ones more or less erect, the longest ones with an erect axis but drooping branches. Some inflorescences end in a clawed appendix, others do not. Pei et al. (1989) chose the attractive Dai language name as the specific epithet for this species. As an illustration of the variability of local names for rattans in the region it is relevant that in central Bokeo province, Laos, where people speak Lao Leu, a dialect similar to Dai, we found that C. wailong is referred to as 'wai nokkhor' but the name 'wai long' is also in use there, for a large unidentified flagellate Calamus species (either C. flagellum or C. rudentum).</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wai nokkhor, wai khor, wai lai, wai namhang, wai namleuang, wai khairt (Lao Loum), kloong (Phong), kateng koday (Hmong).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of high quality and widely traded. The shoot is edible.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, but probably of relatively low concern given the large populations present in Laos.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Synopsis of the Rattans (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) of Laos and Neighbouring Parts of Indochina</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Sengdala</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Thammavong</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Viengkham</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">O.V.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2002</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-84</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus walkeri</name>
+<author>Hance</author>
+<citation>J. Bot. 12: 266 (1874)</citation>
+<type>China, Hong Kong; Hance; 18229</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypes BM, LE</type_loc>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 273 (1908)</bibref>
+<bibref>Evans et al., Rattans Lao PDR: 27 (2001)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus tonkinensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1): 275 (1908) and (Suppl.): 40 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Gagnep. & Conrard in Gagnep. (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1030 (1937)</bibref>
+<type>Vietnam, Tonkin; Balansa; 516</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype LE; isotypes K, P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus tonkinensis var. brevispicatus</name>
+<author>C. F. Wei</author>
+<bibref>C. F. Wei, Guihaia 6 (1 - 2): 31 (1986)</bibref>
+<type>China, Guangdong; South China Inst. Bot. Exped.; 3013</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype IBSC</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus faberi var. brevispicatus</name>
+<author>(C. F. Wei) S.J. Pei & S. Y. Chen</author>
+<bibref>(C. F. Wei) S.J. Pei & S. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27 (2): 134 (1989)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="distribution"><p>China (South-east China) and Vietnam (except Cochinchina).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CHINA (SOUTH-EAST): Guangdong, 11 March 1973, (fr.), South China Inst. Bot. Exped. 3013 (IBSC); Hong Kong, undated, (fr.), Hance 18229 (K, BM); Hong Kong Island, Mt Parker, 13 March 1995, (fr.), Baker & Utteridge BU2 (K). VIETNAM (TONKIN): Haiphong Province, near Quang-yen, 11 Sept. 1885, (fr.), Balansa 516 (K, P). (NORTH ANNAM) undated, (stam.), Magalon 22 (P). (CENTRAI, ANNAM): Thua-Thien Province, Hue and environs, undated, (stam.), Eberhardt 1485 (P). (SOUTH ANNAM): Nhatrang, Song-Tan valley, west of Nhatrang, 29 May 1922, (fr.), Poilane 3845 (K, P).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In forest up to 300 m.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari (1908) was perhaps misled into believing that C. tonkinensis was distinct by reports that it was erect and not climbing; his later comparisons with C. tenuis were also misleading. The Vietnamese and Chinese material that we have seen match perfectly. The variety brevispicatus was diagnosed on the basis of shorter rachillae (up to 3.5 cm) and the inflorescence branching to only one order. However, the former is of no significance (for example rachillae on the type of C. walkeri range from 2 - 5.5 cm on the single partial inflorescence at K), and the latter feature is not shown by the type. There appears to be very little justification for separating C. faberi and C. walkeri, although we do not feel able to synonymise them here because we have no field experience of either form. Furthermore we were not able to locate the type of C. faberi, which is reportedly kept at W but could not be traced by curatorial staff there in 1999. Nonetheless, all the material examined from the region under study (some of it formerly determined as C. faberi) can easily be considered to lie within the normal range of variation of C. walkeri. It should be noted that all the material in K from Hong Kong (type locality of C. walkeri) bears scattered bristles along at least one costa abaxially; this is the principal character used by Gagnepain & Conrard (1937) and Pei et al. (1991) to identify C. faberi and provides further support for treating the two as conspecific. Two other diagnostic features reported by Gagnepain & Conrard (1937) also fail on the one specimen of C. faberi they cite for Indochina: their specimen has three not four costae adaxially and has smaller, squatter flowers only because it is far from anthesis. A sterile specimen from Rayong (Hodel & Vatcharakorn 1572 in BH) differs from C. walkeri in its unarmed ocrea but cannot be identified as C. faberi and we leave it unnamed. Thus there are still no convincing records of either species from Thailand, contra Hodel & Vatcharakorn (1998). One of the most distinctive parts of the species is its leaf sheath (see Key), which was not available to Beccari but is well represented in e.g. Baker & Utteridge 2.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of high quality for handicrafts.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, but likely to be poor since lowland forests have mostly been cleared in its known range.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
+
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calamus whitmorei</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Malay. Forester 41 (1978) 337</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary slender rattan climbing to 3 m only. Stem without sheaths 7 mm in diameter, with sheaths to 1.3 cm with internodes to 12 cm long. Sheaths dull brown green armed rather densely with horizontal densely grey hairy brown spines to 2 cm long; spines around leaf sheath mouth erect to 10 cm long. Knee rather poorly developed; flagellum absent Leaf ecirrate to 1.2 m long with petiole to 50 cm long; petiole and rachis densely covered in floe-culentgrey indumentum. Leaflets to 15 on each side, distant ± regular, very strongly opposite and divaricate above, subopposite below, the largest near base to 25 cm by 1.5 cm. Infl. male and female superficially similar, to 40 cm long with up to 6 partial inflorescences; peduncle to 20 cm, armed with sparse lateral spines; bracts with tattering limbs to 15 cm long, densely armed with flocculent grey indumentum; partial inflorescence somewhat reflexed, to about 6 cm long; rachillae to about 2 cm. ± mature fruit reddish brown rather shortly beaked, about 7 mm in diameter covered in 18 vertical rows of scales. Seed about 5 mm in diameter rounded, slightly flattened on one side; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Trengganu: G. Padang. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species was collected in montane forest at 1,300 altitude.\r
+ This very slender rattan appears to be the only properly climbing (as opposed to sprawling) rattan in the C. perakensis complex. It is easily distinguished by the presence of a knee of the leaf sheath, albeit poorly developed, and the few very divaricate leaflets scarcely longer than 25 cm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>An Account of the Papuasian Species of Calamus (Arecaceae) with Paired Fruit</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 371-387</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus zebrinus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11: 235 (1908).</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Ramoi; Beccari; PP416</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus laceratus</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 318 (1936)</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Sattelberg; M. S. Clemens; 1109</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype L</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus steenisii</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 9: 182 (1937)</bibref>
+<type>Cultivated in Bogor (said to be from northern New Guinea), X.E.2; Furtado; SFN30840</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype SING; isotypes A, BO, BH, K, L, LAE, P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderately robust, clustering rattan climbing to 35 m. Stem with sheaths 13 - 36 mm diam., without sheaths to 8 - 18 mm diam., sometimes with white exudate; internodes 8 - 50 cm. Leaf ecirrate to 2.2 m long including petiole; sheath green, drying mid brown, with abundant brown indument, sheath spines usually abundant, easily detached, solitary or more usually in horizontal groups with bases coalescing to produce low collars c. 1 mm tall, the free spines pale brown to straw-coloured, erect, spines 2 - 30 x 0.5 - 1 mm, acicular, sometimes with sparse indument, spines around the leaf sheath mouth often crowded and conspicuous, spines eventually eroding to leave close low collars or ridges; knee 25 - 70 x 5 - 10 mm, drying mid brown, unarmed or armed as the rest of the sheath; ocrea to 100 x 4 cm, usually poorly preserved, erect at first, linear-lanceolate, papery, pale straw-coloured, armed with scattered or grouped dark bristles 1 - 10 mm long with paler slightly swollen bases, the ocrea soon disintegrating; flagellum present, to 5.5 m long; petiole 3 - 20 cm long, 9 - 15 mm wide and 3 - 6 mm thick at the base, flattened or shallowly channelled adaxially, abaxially rounded, with sparse to dense dull brown indument, and with scattered rigid persistent spines to 10 mm along the margins and adaxial face, but absent from a broad mid-band abaxially; rachis to 140 cm long, distally sparsely armed with recurved hooks and adaxially with abundant dull brown indumentum; leaflets 23 - 64 each side of rachis, regularly arranged, linear, longest leaflet in mid-leaf 23 - 47 x 1.2 - 2.5 cm, apical leaflets 7 - 15 x 0.4 - 1 cm, apical leaflet pair not united, surfaces glabrous, rather densely bristly on 3 nerves abaxially, sparsely bristly adaxially and along margins, transverse veinlets moderately conspicuous. Staminate inflorescence to 4.5 m long including to 0.45 m peduncle and 2 m flagelliform tip, branched to 3 orders; prophyll to 65 x 3 cm, closely sheathing, splitting and disintegrating at its tip, with sparse reddish brown indumentum, armed with scattered and grouped short triangular spines to 4 mm long, with swollen bases; peduncular bracts absent, rachis bracts similar to prophyll but shorter, similarly indumentose and spiny; primary branches to 7, to at least 60 cm long, c. 30 - 50 cm apart, with numerous rachillae; rachillae 2 - 5 x 2.5 - 3 mm; rachilla bracts 1.5 - 2 x 2.5 - 3 mm, distichously arranged, bearing sparse indumentum, unarmed; floral bracteole 1.5 x 1.5 - 2 mm, cup-shaped, with sparse indumentum. Staminate flowers 4 x 2 mm just prior to anthesis; calyx 2 mm diam., tubular in basal 1 mm, with 3 lobes 2 x 1.5 mm, glabrescent; corolla 3.5 x 2 mm in bud, tubular in basal 1 mm, the lobes 2 x 1.5; stamens 6, filaments 0.2 x 0.2 mm, anthers 2 x 0.3 mm; pistillode 1 x 0.3 mm, pyramidal. Pistillate inflorescence similar to staminate inflorescence, 1.9 - 6 m long including 0.72 - 3.8 m peduncle and 0.5 - 1.5 m flagelliform tip, branched to 2 orders; prophyll to 75 x 3.5 cm, tubular and closely sheathing, splitting apically and disintegrating, bearing sparse reddish brown indumentum and scattered and grouped short triangular spines with swollen bases; peduncular bracts 1 (always?), peduncular and rachis bracts to 22 - 58 x 0.6 - 1.4 cm, closely tubular, splitting apically, armed and indumentose as the prophyll; primary branches to 4, to 90 cm long, to 40 cm apart, with up to 20 rachillae; rachillae 45 - 190 x 2.5 - 3 mm; rachilla bracts 3 - 7 x 3 mm, distichously arranged, covered in sparse reddish brown indumentum and abundant pale triangular apiculate spines; proximal floral bracteoles apiculate, 1.5 x 1.5 mm, distal floral bracteoles apiculate, 1.5 x 1.5 mm, scar from sterile staminate not always present, c. 0.1 mm diam. Pistillate flowers borne in pairs, with or without a sterile staminate flower 5 x 1.8 mm in early bud; other details not available; perianths splitting and becoming explanate at fruit maturity, star-like. Sterile staminate flower in bud 3 x 1 mm. Fruit spherical or sometimes oblate, 8 - 15 x 8 - 11 mm including beak 1 - 2 x 1 - 2 mm, with 19 - 25 vertical rows of pale yellowish brown, channelled somewhat convex scales with pale margins. Seed to 9 x 8 x 7 mm (sarcotesta removed), ellipsoid with a pronounced longitudinal pit on the chalazal side; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in lowland New Guinea.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In lowland forest, usually on river banks, in swamp forest and alluvial forest at altitudes up to 450 m above sea level, rarely at higher elevations.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems used for straps, armbands, fire-making, waist-hoops, tying, house construction, bow-strings by Yali People of Snow Mountains region. One record from the Baliem Valley area (Milliken 1544) indicates that the species is sometimes planted.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is one of the most widespread of all rattan species in New Guinea. It is remarkable on several counts. It is immediately distinguishable by its immensely long papery ocrea, one of the largest in the genus and in this respect the species is very reminiscent of Calamus paspalanthus Becc. of west Malesia. The leaflets are regularly arranged, close and slender. Pistillate flowers are paired. There is considerable variation in the size of this rattan. Specimens from higher elevations appear to be consistently more slender. There is also variation in the armature of the sheaths; in some the spines coalesce to form wide combs on low collars, while in others the spines are more scattered and only partially grouped; the knee may be densely or sparsely armed or even unarmed. Rachilla bracts in the pistillate inflorescence vary from being almost unarmed to densely armed with short triangular spines. The spines are dry and readily detached. It is not unusual for this rattan to appear to be unarmed, the sheaths bearing only the encircling ridges formed by the remnants of the spine bases.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA, PAPUA. Sorong: Ayamaru, Ayawasi, Nov. 1995, Ave' 4080 (K, L). Manokwari: Anjai, Kebar, G. Nutoti, May 1995, Maturbongs 78; Anjai, Kebar, May 1995, Maturbongs 97 (K, MAN); Wasior, Wandammen, near Dotir, 11 km N of Wasior, Feb. 2000, Rustiami et al. 32 (BO, K, L, MAN). Yapen-Waropen: Yapen, Ambaidiru, Oct. 1998, Maturbongs 609 (BO, K, MAN, NY). Jayapura: Jayapura, Polimak, Sept. 1956, Sijde BW4075 (L); Peg. Cyclops, Nov. 1957, Westerhuis BW5434 (L). Jayawijaya, Lembah Baliem, Kurima, Ilamik, Oct. 1992, Milliken 1544 (BO, K); Kurima, Panggema, Oct. 1992, Milliken 1434 (BO, K). Mimika, Timika, Freeport Concession, K. Kencana, Feb. 1998, Dransfield et al. JD7657 (AAU, BH, BO, K, L, MAN); Freeport Concession, July 1995, Maturbongs 115 (K, MAN). Merauke, Mindiptanah, Aug. 1957, Dijkstra BW6627 (L). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central: Sogeri, Wariarata Plateau, May 1968, Zieck NGF36160 (BH, BRI, CANB, L, LAE); Astrolabe Range, Wariarata, Aug. 1967, Zieck NGF36108 (L, LAE); Kairkuku, near Bakiudud, above Kuburra, Jan. 1972, Zieck NGF36322 (BRI, L, LAE). Eastern Highlands: Kundiawa, Karimui, Dec. 1972, Zieck NGF36514 (L, LAE). Morobe: Pindiu, on road between Pindiu and Mindick, Feb. 1996, Baker et al. WJB670, WJB673 (K, LAE); Finschhafen, Jivewaneng, 14 km NW of Finschhafen, Dec. 2000, Banka 2006 (AAU, K, LAE, NY). New Ireland: Kavieng, 5 km SW of Manyai Village, May 1969, Zieck NGF36212 (BH, L, LAE). Southern Highlands: Kantobo, between Wasi Falls Lodge and falls, Feb. 1996, Baker et al. WJB640 (K); Mt Bosavi, near Bosavi Mission, Feb. 1996, Baker et al. WJB636 (K); Mt Bosavi, N side, Jacobs 8768 (L, LAE); Kolok, near Bona Village, Feb. 1996, Baker et al. 621 (K). Western: Balimo, Galo, Bamu R., May 1980, Akivi & Zieck NGF36600. CULTIVATED. Bogor Botanic Gardens, X.E.2., April - May 1936, Furtado SFN30840 (A, BO,BH, K, L, LAE, P, SING) (Type).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus zonatus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Nelle Foreste di Borneo 609 (1902)</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 21: 203 (1902)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 173 (1908) </bibref><bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 155 (1984)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 171 (1992)</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Banded</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Pagau (Ib.)</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender to moderate solitary or clustered rattan climbing to 10 m; stem without sheaths to 7 mm diam., with sheaths to 20 mm diam., usually less, internodes to 20 cm. Sheaths dull dark green with caducous pale brown indumentum and covered in wavy ridges encircling the sheath, the ridges to 1 mm high and bearing very dense minute tooth-like spines and scattered larger triangular spines to 4 × 4 mm; knee conspicuous, armed as the rest of the sheath; ocrea well developed, to 20 mm, brown, armed with ridges, becoming tattered and eventually disappearing. Flagellum to 2 m. Leaf ecirrate to c. 1 m, usually curving; petiole absent or short, rarely more than 7 cm; leaflets to 10-25 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, curved, dark green, shining, drying dirty green, the longest to c. 30 × 2.5 cm, ± unarmed except for a few bristles on the main nerves on the upper leaf surface; young leaves pale green. Inflorescences to 3 m, with about 4 distant limply pendulous partial inflorescences to 60 cm; male rachillae 2-6.5 cm long, held ± horizontally; female rachillae c. 4-15 cm long, distant and ± reflexed; bracts on partial inflorescences unarmed or with minute prickles, bracts on rachillae minutely ridged. Mature fruit rounded, c. 8 mm diam., with a beak to 1 × 0.8 mm, and covered in c. 15 rows of greenish-white scales. Seed ± ovoid, c. 7 × 5 mm, endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 63).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout the lowlands of Brunei. Elsewhere in Sabah, Sarawak and Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Apparently used locally in binding and weaving.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>C. zonatus is a common rattan in lowland dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to c. 800 m; it has not been found in peat swamp forest. For differences between this and other species with ridged sheaths see under C. muricatus.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Wong 1736; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Dransfield J. 7133; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Wong 1408; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 34. TUT: Lamunin, Ladan Hills F.R., Wong 508; Rambai, Sg.Tutong, Simpson 2635.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small to moderate, solitary or clustering undergrowth palms of rain forest in the Moluccas and New Guinea, with spicate inflorescences with the peduncular bract inserted just above the prophyll at the base of the peduncle.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calyptrocalyx</name>\r
+<author>Blume</author>\r
+<citation>Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 66 (1838).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Calyptrocalyx spicatus; (Lam.) Blume</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Linospadix</name>\r
+<author>Becc. ex Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. ex Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. pl. 3: 903 (1883) (non H. Wendl. 1875).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Linospadix arfakianus; Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Paralinospadix</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 331 (1935).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Paralinospadix arfakianus; (Becc.) Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Calyptra — a veil, calyx — outer perianth of flower, in reference to the way the outermost sepal covers the rest of the flower in bud.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or more often clustering, small to moderate, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, usually becoming bare, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars. Leaves undivided with bifid apices and pinnately ribbed, or pinnate, marcescent or neatly abscising, a crownshaft scarcely developed; sheaths soon splitting opposite the petiole, scaly or not, the margins usually fibrous; petiole absent, short or long, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded; lamina bifid with acute or lobed tips, or leaflets 1–several ribbed, acute, acuminate or sometimes toothed, concolorous, variously scaly or glabrous. Inflorescences solitary or multiple, interfoliar, protandrous, spicate; peduncle winged at the base, erect or pendulous, elongate; prophyll inserted at the very base, ± included within the sheaths, common to all axes where inflorescences multiple, tubular, flattened, ± 2-winged, tending to disintegrate into fibres apically; peduncular bract inserted near the peduncle base, tubular, open apically, shorter than the spike and not enclosing it, persistent or rotting on the inflorescence; spike short to elongate bearing a dense spiral of low, rounded bracts forming the lower lips of usually deep floral pits, each enclosing a triad except at the apex where enclosing paired or solitary staminate flowers, flowers exserted one at a time; floral bracteoles small, included. Staminate flowers sessile or briefly pedicellate; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, often keeled; petals 3, distinct, about twice as long as the sepals, valvate, marked within by stamen impressions; stamens 6–140, filaments elongate, linear, erect or usually inflexed at the apex in bud, distinct or, in Calyptrocalyx doxanthus, united for 3/4 their length to form a staminal tube, anthers dorsifixed, erect or versatile, mostly deeply sagittate basally, latrorse; pistillode sometimes lacking or slender and ± club-shaped, about as long as stamens. Pollen ellipsoidal, asymmetric to pyriform; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 36–61 µm [4/27]. Pistillate flowers ± globular; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate; petals 3, distinct, exceeding the sepals, broadly imbricate except at the minutely valvate tips; staminodes (2–)3–9; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, ellipsoidal with apical button-like or trifid stigma, ovule hemianatropous, attached laterally above the middle of the locule. Fruit small to large, orange, bright red, pink or purplish black at maturity, perianth whorls persistent, stigmatic remains apical or slightly eccentric; epicarp smooth, fragile, glabrous or rarely pilose or with scattered scales, mesocarp fleshy or dry, white or pink, endocarp thin, closely adhering to or separating from the seed. Seed subbasally to laterally attached, hilum short to elongate, raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous or ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 27 species, one widespread in the Moluccas, the remainder in New Guinea. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), and fruit (Essig 2002). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Calyptrocalyx is strongly supported as monophyletic (Savolainen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in prep.). See earlier discussion under subtribe Linospadicinae. The relationships between Calyptrocalyx and genera from outside subtribe Linospadicinae are never strongly supported. The most robust of these places Calyptrocalyx as sister to subtribe Archontophoenicinae with moderate support (Baker et al. in prep.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dowe and Ferrero (2001). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The structure of the inflorescence and the insertion of major bracts are constant features that bind together a series of species that exhibit marked differences in habit, foliage and to some degree habitat. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Undergrowth palms of primary rain forest occurring at elevations from sea level to ca. 1000 m in mountains, usually on montane slopes with well-drained soils, more rarely along streams or sometimes gregarious in swampy or poorly drained areas. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small acaulescent or short-stemmed pinnate-leaved palms of rain forest in Central and northern South America, distinctive in the inflated staminodal tube in the pistillate flower.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calyptrogyne</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<citation>Bot. Zeit. 17: 72 (1859).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Calyptrogyne spicigera; (K.Koch) H.Wendl.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Kalyptra — a lid, gyne — woman or female, referring to the upper part of the corolla in the pistillate flower that is pushed off like a cap.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem often subterranean or short and erect, leaf scars indistinct or clearly defined, internodes sometimes rusty-brown tomentose. Leaves few, about 10, pinnate, usually irregular, or bifid and pinnately veined, marcescent; sheath splitting opposite the petiole, densely covered in dark caducous tomentum, margins with large fibres; petiole slender, rather short, evenly concave adaxially, angled abaxially, sparsely tomentose; leaflets irregular in width, distant, 1–several fold, tapering to pointed tips, lightly waxy-tomentose and with small scales on both surfaces, larger scales abaxially along midrib, midrib and 1–2 pairs of veins prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets usually not evident. Inflorescence interfoliar, slender, spicate, rarely branched to 1 order, erect peduncle very long, slender; prophyll tubular, rather thin, pointed, with two flat, narrow lateral keels, papery to coriaceous, striate, lightly scaly, splitting distally, inserted near the base of the peduncle; peduncular bract terete, pointed, striate, lightly scaly, membranous, splitting distally, inserted near or a short distance below the floral pits, often caducous leaving a ruffled scar; rachis very short, bearing 1–2 small empty bracts, short or long, often much larger in diameter than the peduncle, glabrous or densely brown tomentose; rachillae bearing alternate rows (7–11) of closely appressed, marginally thin, glabrous or tomentose, ovate bracts, each subtending a triad of flowers borne in a pit, floral bracteoles unequal, somewhat keeled, thin, membranous, tips pointed. Staminate flower slightly asymmetrical; sepals 3, free, elongate, unequal, imbricate at base or throughout in bud, narrow, tips irregular, somewhat truncate, sometimes tomentose; petals 3, asymmetrical, united in a soft tube for ca. l/2 their length, free lobes unequal, valvate, chaffy; stamens 6, filaments fleshy, united and adnate to the receptacle forming a solid stalk, free lobes thick, awl-shaped, recurved at anthesis, anthers sagittate, dorsifixed near the base, decurved with bases uppermost at anthesis, introrse; pistillode minute, deltoid. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry, occasionally oblate-triangular; aperture a distal sulcus, or trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, finely rugulate or, coarsely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 47–66 µm [6/9]. Pistillate flower asymmetrical, adaxial side curved to conform to the pit wall; sepals 3, free, unequal, imbricate, two lateral ones keeled, abaxial one smaller, flattened; petals united in a tube, very briefly free and valvate distally, tube striate, distal 1/3 shed as a cap, lower part of tube remaining in the pit; staminodes united in a tube, constricted near the middle, very briefly 6-lobed distally, upper part shed to reveal the stigmas; gynoecium trilocular, triovulate, asymmetrically 3-lobed, style triangular in cross-section, elongate, ending in 3 linear stigmas, reflexed at anthesis, ovule anatropous, basally attached. Fruit obovoid, 1-seeded, purple or black when ripe, stigmatic residue and abortive carpels basal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy with inner layer of large anastomosing fibres, the largest median and completely encircling, endocarp ± transparent, tough. Seed ellipsoidal, basally attached, hilum short, raphe encircling, unbranched, endosperm homogeneous; embryo eccentrically basal. Germination adjacent ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 28.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Nine species from Mexico and Guatemala to Colombia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Wessels Boer 1968), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), and flower (Stauffer and Endress 2003). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Calyptrogyne is monophyletic with moderate to high support (Asmussen 1999a, Roncal et al. 2005). The relationships of Calyptrogyne are not yet resolved, despite dense species sampling and several studies of independent datasets. In the most densely sampled study to be based on nuclear genes, Calyptrogyne is nested within Calyptronoma with moderate support (Roncal et al. 2005). In two other studies, Calyptrogyne is resolved as sister to Calyptronoma with high support (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review). Finally, in a study based on one plastid DNA region, Calyptrogyne is resolved in a clade with Calyptronoma and Pholidostachys (Asmussen 1999b). Henderson (2005) has presented a phenetic study of the genus that may shed some light on species relationships. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Sometimes cultivated as ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Wessels Boer (1968) and De Nevers (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calyptrogyne is immediately distinguished from other understory geonomoid palms by the insertion of the peduncular bract at the apex of the peduncle. Flower structure, especially the unusual staminodes, and the insertion of the peduncular bract well above the prophyll, is very similar to that of Calyptronoma (see comments above). </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Understory palms of tropical rain forests. Abundant in swamps and along stream margins, some species at elevations below 700 m only, other species from 700–2200 m. Bats have been observed pollinating the flowers in Costa Rica (Beach 1986). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Erect pinnate-leaved tree palms from the Caribbean, distinctive in the inflorescence with many rachillae radiating from the tip of the peduncle and inflated staminodal tube in the pistillate flower.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Calyptronoma</name>\r
+<author>Griseb.</author> \r
+<citation>Fl. Brit. W. I. 518 (1864).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Calyptronoma swartzii; Griseb.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Cocops</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 568 (1901).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Cocops rivalis; O.F. Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calyptrogyne subgenus Calyptronoma</name>\r
+<author>(Griseb.) Wess. Boer.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Griseb.) Wess. Boer., Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 1968.</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Kalyptra — a lid, nomos — that which is in habitual use, referring to the upper part of the corolla in the pistillate flower that is pushed off like a lid or cap.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem stout, erect, becoming bare, irregularly ringed with leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, erect or ±horizontal, arching, marcescent; sheath becoming open opposite the petiole, not forming a crownshaft, expanded and thicker basally, margins fibrous, both surfaces covered with waxy, caducous tomentum, thinner adaxially; petiole relatively short, deeply grooved adaxially, rounded abaxially; rachis adaxially grooved near the base, flat and laterally channelled distally; leaflets narrow, lanceolate, wider at the middle, tapering to a pointed tip, single-fold, adaxial surface lightly waxy, abaxial surface with thin waxy tomentum and scales along the midrib, midrib and 2 pairs of lateral ribs more evident abaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, becoming infrafoliar, erect at first, pendulous later, branched to 1(–4) orders, protandrous; peduncle stout, elongate, elliptic in cross-section; prophyll tubular, dorsiventrally flattened, with 2, rather wide, lateral keels, pointed, splitting apically and ventrally, woody, lightly waxy, tomentose, inserted at the base of the peduncle; peduncular bract tubular, pointed, stiff, thinner than the prophyll, lightly waxy and tomentose, inserted about halfway along the peduncle, often shed before the prophyll leaving a ruffled scar, subsequent peduncular bracts few, short, spirally inserted; rachis ca. 2/3 as long as the peduncle; rachis bracts short, wide and irregularly notched to pointed, ovate distally; lower branches with a short bare portion, then branched 1(–2) times into rachillae; rachillae moderate, rather short and crowded, bearing rows of partly sunken, short, rounded bracts, each subtending a triad of flowers borne in a pit; floral bracteoles 3, the first bracteole narrow elongate, the second short, wide, truncate, the third short, pointed. Staminate flowers lateral and outside of the pistillate flower in the pit; sepals 3, distinct, unequal, long, narrow, ± keeled, rounded or pointed distally, imbricate basally, chaffy; petals 3, adnate basally to the receptacle, connate for 2/3 their length in a tube, tips valvate; stamens 6, filaments fleshy, connate and adnate to the receptacle for 2/3 their length, the receptacle elongating at anthesis, forming a stalk-like base to the androecium, the androecium hence far-exserted distally, the filaments terete, anthers sagittate, dorsifixed near the base, introrse, versatile and horizontal at anthesis, connective tanniniferous; pistillode 3-lobed with minute tips or lacking. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, perforate-rugulate or rugulate-insulate, aperture margin slightly finer or psilate; longest axis 24–49 µm. Post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral [3/3]. Pistillate flowers asymmetrically triangular in bud; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, narrow, briefly keeled, pointed, margins irregular; petals 3, connate in a tube with short valvate apices, upper 1/4 shed as a circumscissile cap; staminodes completely connate, urn-shaped, inflated above the corolla tube at anthesis, white, membranous, exserted, pushing off the corolla cap, the apex briefly 6-toothed; gynoecium trilocular, triovulate, ± 3-angled, adaxial side longest, style long, cylindrical, stigmatic lobes 3, short, linear, ovule large, anatropous. Fruit ovoid, 1-seeded, stigmatic remains basal; epicarp smooth, granular when dry, mesocarp fleshy with stout fibres anastomosing distally, one large fibre conspicuous, endocarp thin, colourless, tough, with a circular operculum over the embryo. Seed globose-ellipsoidal, raphe unbranched, encircling the seed, hilum short, basal, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 28.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species in the Greater Antilles. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Wessels Boer 1968, Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), and flower (Stauffer and Endress 2003). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Unpublished morphological data resolve Calyptronoma as monophyletic (Asmussen et al. unpublished), whereas nuclear DNA data resolve Calyptronoma as paraphyletic with respect to Calyptrogyne with moderate support (Roncal et al. 2005). Calyptronoma is resolved in a clade with Calyptrogyne with moderate to high support (Asmussen 1999b, Roncal et al. 2005, Asmussen et al. 2006, unpublished, Baker et al. in review). Despite the dense species sampling carried out by Roncal et al. (2005) and Asmussen et al. (unpublished), more species and characters should be sampled to clarify relationships in this group. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The leaves resemble those of the coconut but have shorter leaflets, much used for thatch. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Wessels Boer (1968) and Zona (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Calyptronoma is most closely related to Calyptrogyne. It is morphologically an unusual and striking genus because of its large size and pistillate flower with a dehiscent petal cap and staminodal body. Additional figures: Fig. 2.8h. \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Manac palm, long thatch. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In swamps, near the ocean and beside streams, and in wet places in the mountains. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Calyptronoma (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Zona</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 39: 140-151</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calyptronoma occidentalis</name>
+<author>(Sw.) H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 9: 252 (1963)</citation>
+<type>Jamaica, St. Ann, vicinity of Hollymount, Mt. Diablo, 750 m; Maxon; 2327</type>
+<type_loc>Neotype US!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Elaeis occidentalis</name>
+<author>Sw.</author>
+<bibref>Sw., Fl. Ind. Occid. 1: 619 (1797)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptronoma swartzii</name>
+<author>Griseb.</author>
+<bibref>Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. I.: 518 (1864)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Geonoma swartzii</name>
+<author>Griseb.</author>
+<bibref>Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub.: 222 (1866)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptrogyne swartzii</name>
+<author>Hook.f.</author>
+<bibref>Hook.f., Rep. Progr. Condition Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew 1882: 61 (1884)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptrogyne occidentalis</name>
+<author>(Sw.) M.Gómez</author>
+<bibref>(Sw.) M.Gómez, Noc. Bot. Sist.: 50 (1893)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptrogyne victorinii</name>
+<author>León</author>
+<bibref>León, Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio "De Le Salle" 3: 4 (1944)</bibref>
+<type>Jamaica, from the mountains of the interior, May 1941; León & Marie Victorín; 20067</type>
+<type_loc>holotype HAC!; isotypes GH!, NY!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Long thatch.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem to l5 m tall, 8.8-30 cm in diam. Leaf 2.8- 4.3 m long, with ca. 60 segments; segments 52-95 cm long, 2.1-4.5 cm wide, bearing inconspicuous multicellular trichomes on the abaxial intercostal surface. Prophyll 35.5-63 cm long, 5-8(-13) cm wide. Peduncle 39-98.5 cm long and 1-2.8 cm wide; rachillae (21-)26-35.5 cm long, 4.3-6.8 mm in diam, with (6-)7(-8) rows of pits; proximal rachillae borne in clusters of up to 3-4(-6) on stalks 0.7-4,I cm long, 0.5-0.9 cm wide, clustered rachillae borne for ca. 1/2 the length of the rachis; pits 1.7-4.1 mm long, 1.8-3.6 mm wide, longitudinal distance between pits (lip to lip) 4.2-9.8 mm. Staminate flowers 5-5.9 mm long; sepals 3.3-4.4 mm long, 0.9-1.1 mm wide; petals 3.5-5.7 mm long, 1.1-2.2 mm wide; staminal tube 3-5 .2 m, anthers 1.1-1.6 mm long. Pistallate flowers 4.9-6.5 mm long; sepals 3.4-4 mm long, 1-1.3 mm wide; corolla not seen; staminode not seen; glmoecium ca.6.7 mm long, style ca. 5.1 mm long; ovary 1-1.2 mm long. Fruit 9.8-15.8 mm long, 5.9-8.5 mm in diam.; endocarp free from seed, strongly net-like; seed (5.1 -)5.8-8.6 mm long, (3.9-)4.4-5.8 mm diam. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to wet habitats in Jamaica.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>This species is characterized by having the longest rachillae in the genus. When dry, the pit bracts are divaricating. The pollen is also distinctive. This species is tolerant of a broad range of environmental conditions. In its native Jamaica, it grows in swamps near sea level, in upland marshes (Mason River Field Station), and along mountain streams at more than 700 m above sea level. It is also the species most amenable to cultivation in southern Florida. Phenology: This species flowers in June through December; fruits have been collected throughout the year, with a peak in early spring.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used for thatch, and stems are used for construction.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type of C. swartzii was given by Grisebach (1864, I866) as Wright 1466; however, Swartz's Elaeis occidentalis of specifically cited as a synonym. In the 1864 publication of the genus name, Grisebach wrote that this genus was "construeted upon the Elaeis occidentalis Sw." Thus, the name C. swartzii is nomenclaturally superfluous, and the type of C. swartzii must be the type of E. occidentalis. No Swartz collections of E. occidentalis have been found at BM, G, LD, S, S-Linn, or SBT (T. Zanoni, pers. comm.), hence, a neotype is designated here. Although three collections were cited by León (1944) in the publication of Calyptrogyne victorinii, I consider the specimen annotated by León to be the holotype. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>J AMAICA: CLARENDON. Chapelton to Bull Head, below summit of Bull Head, Underuood 3415 (NY); Mason River Field Station, 720 m, near Kellits, Gentry & Kapos 28308 (MO), 650 m, Zona & Salzman 452 (FLAS). PORTLAND. Upper Swift River, near Mossman's Peak, Blue Mountains, 850 m, Bretting, J-255 (NY); Stoney River base camp, 380 m, Morley & Whitefoord 693 (BM, MO, US); Nanny Town site, 640 m, Morley & Whitefoord 775 (A, BM, MO, US); 0.8 km SSW of Lancaster House, 9 75-1000 m, Proctor 34636 (MO). ST. ANN. Hollymount, Bailey 712 (BH); Ahion, road to Alexandra, 450 m, Read 1673 (BH, BM, US). ST. ELIZABETH. Morass near Middle Quarters, Bailey 15049 (BH), Bailey 213 (BH), Britton 163l (NY); 7 km E of Black River along road to Santa Cruz, l0 m, Zona & Salzman 455 (FLAS, RSA); near Black River, Harris 9842 (BM, NY, US). WESTMORLAND. Between Newmarket and Darlston, Britton 1462 (NY); vicinity of Negril, Britton & Hollick 2ll0 (NY, HAC), Salzman & Zona 152 (FLAS). ST. THOMAS. Corn Puss Gap trail, 460 m, Read 1693 (S, US); Cuna Cuna Pass, Fredholm 3254 (NY, US), 6I0- 820 m, Maxon 1759 (US). TRELAWNY. Tyre, Britton 537 (NY, US).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Calyptronoma (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Zona</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 39: 140-151</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calyptronoma plumeriana</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Lourteig</author>
+<citation>Phytologia 65: 484 (1989)</citation>
+<type>Plumier's Catal. Gen. Tab. 1 habit excl. details and MSS 7, icones 7, 8, 9 , 10</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptronoma dulcis</name>
+<author>(C.Wright ex Griseb.) H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem</author>
+<bibref>(C.Wright ex Griseb.) H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 238 (1878)</bibref>
+<type>Cuba, 1865; Wright; 265</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype GOET!; isotypes GH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Geonoma dulcis</name>
+<author>C.Wright ex Griseb.</author>
+<bibref>C.Wright ex Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub.: 222 (1866)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptrogyne dulcis</name>
+<author>(C.Wright ex Griseb.) M.Gómez</author>
+<bibref>(C.Wright ex Griseb.) M.Gómez, Dicc. Bot. Nom. Vulg. Cub. Puerto-Riquenos: 72 (1889)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptronoma intermedia</name>
+<author>H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem</author>
+<bibref>H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 238 (1878)</bibref>
+<type>Cuba, Pinar del Rio, banks of Taco Taco River; Wright; 3972</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype GOET!; isotypes A!, GA!, NY!, US!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptrogyne intermedia</name>
+<author>M.Gómez ex Léon</author>
+<bibref>M.Gómez ex Léon, Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio "De Le Salle" 3: 8 (1944)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Geonoma intermedia</name>
+<author>(H.Wendl.) B.S.Williams</author>
+<bibref>(H.Wendl.) B.S.Williams, Cat. 1882: 27 (1882)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptronoma clementis</name>
+<author>(León) A.D.Hawkes</author>
+<bibref>(León) A.D.Hawkes, Phytologia 3: 145 (1949)</bibref>
+<type>Cuba, Oriente [Guantánamo], Loma San Juan de Buena Vista, S of Hongo-losongo, Sierra Maestra, 900 m alt., Nov. 1940; León; 17964</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype HAC!; isotype GH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptrogyne clementis</name>
+<author>León</author>
+<bibref>León, Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio "De Le Salle" 3: 11 (1944)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptronoma microcarpa</name>
+<author>(León) A.D.Hawkes</author>
+<bibref>(León) A.D.Hawkes, Phytologia 3: 145 (1949)</bibref>
+<type>Cuba, Las Villas [Sanctis Spiritus], Topes de Collantes, Trinidad Mts., 800 m, Nov. 1938; León; 18574</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype HAC!; isolectotypes GH!, HAC!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptrogyne microcarpa</name>
+<author>León</author>
+<bibref>León, Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio "De Le Salle" 3: 10 (1944)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptronoma clementis subsp. orientensis</name>
+<author>O.Muñiz & Borhidi</author>
+<bibref>O.Muñiz & Borhidi, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 28: 342 (1982)</bibref>
+<type>Cuba, Oriente [Holguin?], Monte Centeno, Moa, 12 Nov 1945; Acuña; 13019</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype HAC!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Flor de confite, manaca, manaca colorada, manacla, palma de arroyo, palma manaca (Cuba, Dominican Republic); palm a vin (Haiti). "Palma justa", the local name for Prestoea montana (Graham) Nicholson in Cuba, has been misapplied (León 1944).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem l0 m or more tall, 15-20.3 cm in diam. Leaf 1.9-4.6 m long, with 100-160 segments; segments 44.5-92 cm long, 2.2-6.8 cm wide, sometimes bearing inconspicuous multicellular trichomes on the abaxial intercostal surface. Prophyll 27.5- 41 cm long, 6-9.5 cm wide. Peduncle 44-78 cm long and 1.1-2.6 cm wide; rachillae 12.5-24(-26)cm long, 3-6.7 mm in diam., with (5-)6(-7) rows of pits; proximal rachillae borne in clusters of up to 4-7(-10) on stalks 0.9-5 cm long, 0.4-1.2 cm wide, clustered rachillae borne for 2/3 or more the length of the rachis; pits 2.4- 4.7 mm long, 1.8-3.3 mm wide, longitudinal distance between pits (lip to lip) 5.4-12 mm. Staminate flowers 5.1-8.5 mm long; sepals( 3.6-4.7 mm long, 0.8-1.7 mm wide; petals 4.7-6.2 mm long, 1.2-1.6 mm wide; staminal tube 3.4-7 mm long, 1.3-1.7 mm wide; filaments 1.1-1.5 mm long; anthers 1-2.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers 3.4-6.7 mm long; sepals 3.2-4.9 mm long, 0.7- 1.5 mm wide; petals 3.2-5.4 mm long, ca. 1.2 mm wide; staminode 7.5-7.7 mm long, 3.1-3.4 mm wide; gynoecium 4.8-5.1 mm long, style ca. 5.3 mm long; ovary 0.7-0.8 mm long. Fruit 6.8- 12.2 mm long, 4.8-7.8 mm in diam.; endocarp free from seed, strongly netlike; seed 3.8-6 mm long, 2.8-4.8 mm diam. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Native to stream banks and arroyos in the hills and mountains of Cuba and Hispaniola.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Phenology: Records indicate that this species flowers from April to November in Cuba. Fruits have been collected throughout the year in Cuba. Available data from Hispaniola suggest that this species flowers in July and fruits in December. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used for thatch. The flowers and fruits are said to have a sweet flavor, and the terminal bud ("cabbage") is edible (Roig y Mesa l928; Alain 1961).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Although I take no pleasure from synonymizing - the well known name C. dulcis, the change is necessary in light of Lourtieg's lectotypification and circumscription of Geonoma plurmeriana. According to Lourteig, G. plumeriana can be referred to a species of Calyptronorna from Hispaniola, but it is now clear that two taxa on Calyptronoma are present on that island. The question then becomes: To which taxon does G. plumeriana apply? The two Hispaniolan taxa are readily distinguished by fruit and seed size. The original description of G. plumeriano noted that its fruits were of "the size of cherries" ("baccis cerasi magnitudine"). This characterization, although vague and inexact, more likely refers to the taxon long known as C. dulcis (fruits 4.8-7.8 mm in diameter). The Hispaniolan taxon with smaller fruit (3.6-4.6 mm in diameter) is C. rivalis. When Grisebach described G. dulcis, the type was designateda s "Wr. a. 1865." Subsequently, "Wright no. 1865" was designated as a type (Bailey 1938; Glassman 1972), but this is in error. As pointed out by León (1944), "1865" is the date of the collection not the collection number. The specimen corresponding to the year 1865 is Wright 265, and this is taken to be the type. The material at GOET, presumably seen by Grisebach, is the holotype. In the original description of Calyptrogyne microcarpa, León designated two syntypes: León 18574 with fruits and León 18449 with flowers. As the epithet describes the fruit size, I have selected León 18574 as the lectotype. In the original description of C. clementis, León cited a previously published name, Calyptrogyne swartzii, as used by Beccari (1912) and Grisebach (1866), excluding the synonyms cited by those authors and implicitly excluding the type of C. swartzii (see Art. 63.1 and 2 of the ICBN). León clearly gave these citations as misapplications of the name C. swartzii, which he knew to be a synonym of Calyptrogyne occidentalis (León 1944, p. 3). He in no way proposed C. clementis as a new name for the palm that was called C. swartzii. Calyptrogyne clementis is therefore interpreted as a new species (as León intended), not as a nomenclatural synonym of C. occidentalis. A useful character for distinguishing the two taxa of Calyptronoma in Hispaniola is the shape of the outer walls of the cells of the abaxial epidermis of the leaf. The outer walls of the abaxial epidermal cells of C. riaalis are strongly convex; while those of C. plumeriana (and C. occidentalis of Jamaica) are smooth. This character is extremely valuable for identifying sterile, mature specimens; however its usefulness with seedlings has not be tested. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CUBA. CIENFUEGOS. Sierra de San Juan, SE of Cumanayagua, 300-400 m, Hodge & Howard 4506 (A); San Blas, Bailey 12395 (BH), 180-240 m, Jack 6973 (A, US), 240 m, Rehder 1243 (A), Jack 7084 (A, US); La Sierra, 150-240 m, Jack 7580 (A, S, US), Jack 7849 (A, BH, NY, S, US), 180-240 m, Rowe 7585 (A, BH). GUANTANAMO. Monte Verde, N of Guantánamo, Wright 1466 (FI, GH, GOET, MO, NY); Baracoa, Horn 3050 (Fl, NY, US); Yateras, La Prenda, Hioram 4754 (GH, HAC); Yateras, 500 m, Maxon 4464 (US). HOLGUIN. Sierra de Cristal, Mayari, banks of Rio Lebisa, Alain et al. 5720 (GH, HAC); Sierra de Nipe, La Plancha, Le6n & Alain 17999 (GH, HAC, NY, US); Sierra de Nipe, Rio Piloto, Elernan 9682 (S), Eltman 2109 (S), Monte Centeno. Moa, Acuña 13019 (HAC). ISLA DE LA JUVENTUD (ISLA DE PINOS). Vicinity of Santa Barbara, Britton et al. 14761 (GH, NY, US); near Nueva Gerona, Curtiss 485 (A, GH, HAC, NO, NY, US), León 17463 (GH, HAC), León & Marie Victorín 18785 (GH, HAC); San Francisco de las Piedras, León (& Seifriz) 17531 (GH, NAC, US); near San Juan, León & Marie Victorin 18891 (GH, HAC, US); Arroyo del Hatillo, León 17899 (HAC). LA HABANA. Batabanó, León 13619 (HAC). MATANZAS. ZarabandaL, León & Marie Victorón 19549 (GH, HAC, US). PINAR DEL RIO. Consolación del Sur, Bailey 324 (BH), León & Alain 19379 (GH, HAD, US); 4 km W of Consolación del Sur, Dahlgren 22823 (HAC); vicinity of Herradura, Britton 6482 (NY), van Herman 875 (FI,HAC), van Herman 745 (HAC); Sierra de Cabra, Britton et al. 9818 (NY); Taco Taco River valley, León 16531 (BH); Santa Cruz de los Pinos, León 16630 (BH, GH, HAC, US); Pan de Azúcar, Viñales, León 17900 (GH, HAC), León 19538 (GH, HAC, US); Vñales León 19298 (GH, HAC, US); N of San Diego de los Baños, León 4379 (BH, HAC, NY), Palmer & Riley 529 (US); N of Pinar del Río, Shafer 317 (GH, HAC, MO, NY); Paso Real, van Herman 767 (NY); San Luis, Roig 3580 (HAC), Roig 2462 (HAC); El Roble, mpio. Bahia Honda, Zona et al. 631 (FTG, HAJB); near Mameyal, Zona et al. 624 (FTG, HAJB); between San Andres and La Palma, near Loma del Americano, Zona et al. 630 (FTC, HAJB). SANCTI SPIRITUS. Trinidad Mountains, Topes de Collantes, 800 m, León 18574 (GH, NY, US), León 18449 (HAC), León 1907 2 (HAC); Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mountains, 762-1,066 m, Jack 7018 (AS, US); Banao Mountains, León 19380 (GH, HAC, US), León & Roca 7869 (NY). SANTIAGO DE CUBA. SE of Paso Estancia, Sho.fer 1748 (A,, NY); Piedra Gorda to Rio Seboruco, Shafer 3654 (NY); near Santiago, 550 m, Taylor A12 (NY); vicinity of Loma del Gato, Cobre Range, León et al. 10066 (NY). VILLA CLARA. Trinidad Mountains, Herradura, 320 m, Britton & Britton 50lB (NY, US). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. DUARTE. S side of Quito Espuela above Los Brasitos, Arroyo Guaconejo, 410 m, Zona & Salzman 478 (FLAS, JBSD). EL SEIBO. Sabana de la Mar, El Limpio, ca. 300 m, Ekman H15685 (S, US). SAMANA. Vicinity of Laguna, Pilón de Azúcar, 100-500 m, Abbott 406 (US). SAN CRISTOBAL. Monte Plata, Jiménez s.n. (BH). HAITI. GRAND 'ANSE. Massif de la Hotte, along road between Jérémie and Les Cayes, 4.5 km S of Riviere Glace, 810 m, Iudd & Shean 8669 (FLAS). SUD. Road from Camp Perrin to Beaumont, at Tete Morne Gefferd, Hend,erson & Aubry 1179 (NY). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Calyptronoma (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Zona</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 39: 140-151</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calyptronoma rivalis</name>
+<author>(O.F.Cook) L.H.Bailey</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 4: 171 (1938)</citation>
+<type>Puerto Rico, road from Lares to San Sebastian, 18 Jun 1901; Underwood & Griggs; 89</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype US!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cocops rivalis</name>
+<author>O.F.Cook</author>
+<bibref>O.F.Cook, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 568 (1901)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptrogyne rivalis .</name>
+<author>(O.F.Cook) León</author>
+<bibref>(O.F.Cook) León, Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio "De Le Salle" 3: 12 (1944)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptronoma quisqueyana</name>
+<author>L.H.Bailey</author>
+<bibref>L.H.Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 169 (1938)</bibref>
+<type>Haiti, Ouest, Morne Saut d'Eau, Chaine de Matheux, beyond and above Ville Bonheur, 29 Mar 1937; Bailey; 229</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype BH!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calyptrogyne quisqueyana</name>
+<author>(L.H.Bailey) León</author>
+<bibref>(L.H.Bailey) León, Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio "De Le Salle" 3: 12 (1944)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Manaca, manacla, palma manaca, palmilla (Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic); palm a vin (Haiti).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem to 15 m tall. Leaf 3.1-5 m long; segments 54-107 cm long, 3-6 cm wide, glabrous on the abaxial intercostal surface. Prophyll 35-61 cm - long, 6-10 cm wide; penduncular bract 66-77 cm long, ca. 8.5 cm wide. Peduncle 39-77 cm long and 1.3-3 cm wide; rachillae 17-23(-26) cm long, 3.7-5.4 mm in diam., with 6(-7)'rows of pits; proximal rachillae borne in clusters of up to 3-5(-7) on stalks 1.4-5.2 cm long, 0.6-0.9 cm wide, clustered rachillae borne for 1/2-2/3 the length of the rachis; pits 2.4-3.5 mm long, 1.7- 2.9 mm wide, longitudinal distance between pits (lip to lip) 5.3-10.5 mm. Staminate flowers 4.8-5.1 mm long; sepals 3-3.6 mm long, 1.1-1.2 mm wide; petals completely connate; staminal tube 4.1-4.5 mm long, 1.5-1.6 mm wide; filaments 0.8-1.2 mm long; anthers 1.6-1.7 mm long. Pistillate flowers not seen. Fruit 4.6-7 mm long, 3.6-4.6 mm in diam.; endocarp adherent from seed, obscurely net-like; seed 3.8-4.9 mm long, 2.9-3.5 mm diam. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Native to stream banks and arroyos in the hills and mountains of Hispaniola and western Puerto Rico.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Phenology: Data from Puerto Rico are scarce but indicate that this species flowers in April. Fruit collections are known from May and August. In Hispaniola, flowers have been collected in October, December through February, and April. Fruits have been encountered in April, August, and November.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>The existence of. C. rioalis outside of Puerto Rico has some bearing on its conservation status. It has been listed as Threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlike Service since February, 1990. In Puerto Rico, this palm is confined to a small area, the type locality, between Lares and San Sebasti5n. Additional populations are said to exist in nearby watersheds (e.g., the Tanama River gorge [Little and Woodbury 1980]), but I have seen no specimens. Its continued protection in Puerto Rico is recommended. In Hispaniola, this species is found over a wide area from Haiti to eastern Dominican Republic. It does not appear threatened in Hispaniola.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used for thatch.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Cook designated no type for his Cocops rivalis, but the specimen at US collected by Underwood and Griggs the same year in which the name was published is annotated as the type by R. Read. I concur with his choice of lectotype. The type named by Wessels Boer (1968), Cook s.n., does not exist. Bailey designated two syntypes in his original description of C. quisqueyana. Bailey 229 is a fertile collection from a mature palm; whereas, Bailey 229a is a vegetative collection from a nearby palm that was specifically collected to supplement 229 ("Collected to show leaf tip"). The more complete collection, Bailey 229, is therefore taken as the lectotype.
+On Hispaniola, where this species co-occurs with C. plumeriana, the two species do not appear to flower at the same time. Data from herbarium specimens indicate that Hispaniolan populations are reproductively isolated.
+The calyptrate corollas of the staminate flowers, small fruits with adherent endocarps, and convex outer walls of the abaxial epidermal cells distinguish C. riualisfrom all other species
+</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. EL SEIBO. Guamira, between Hato Mayor and Sabana de la Mar, Jiménez 4111 (US); l5 klm al N de Hato Mayor, 400 m, Liogier & Liogier 27738 (NY, UPR); 1.8 km S of El Valle on road to Hato Mayor, Arroyo Manacla, 135 m, Zona & Salzman 479 (FLAS, JBSD, RSA). SAN CRISTOBAL. l5-18 km NE of Bayaguana along Rio Comatillo, 50-100 m, Sanders et al. 1711 (pro parte) (BH, FTG); 8.5 km from Comatillo on road to Cruce de Pilacón at Arroyo Pilacón, 160 m, Zanoni & Mejia 16410 (JBSD, MO); along Rio Comatillo, Bayaguana, 150 m, Liogier & Liogier 21256 (NY); Liogier et al. 27564 (NY). SANTIAGO RODRIGUEZ. Monción, Cordillera Central, al sur de La Meseta, arroyo Manguanita, 485 m, Garcia et al. 2630 (NY). HAITI. OUEST. Near Saut d'Eau, ca. 300 m below waterfall, Henderson & Aubry I l85 (NY); Masif des Matheux, Mirebalais, Morne Saut d'Eau, ca. 400 m, Ekman H5498 (NY, S, US); Morne Saut d'Eau, above Ville Bonheur, Bailey 229a (BH). SUD. Morne de la Hotte, Ekman H167 (S). PUERTO RICO. Between San Sebastián and Lares, Bailey 45 (BH,MO), Britton & Hess (FI, GH, MO, NY, US), Liogier & Vivaldi 28727 (NY, UPR, US); valley about 4 km E of San Sebastián Horn s.n. (BH); near Camuy, Sintenis 6061 (US). CULTIVATED. PUERTO RICO. Rio Piedras, University of Puerto Rico Botanic Garden, Salzman 253 (spirit collection) (FTG).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate, solitary pinnate-leaved palm, native to karst limestone of Palawan and neighbouring islands in the Philippines and Malaysia, with crownshaft, praemorse leaflets and ruminate endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Adonidia</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Philipp. J. Sci., 14: 329 (1919).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Adonidia merrillii; (Becc.) Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derivation not explained by author but probably from Adonis, handsome youth of Greek mythology whose blood stained the flowers of Adonis (Ranunculaceae); perhaps Beccari called the palm Adonidia in reference to the bright red fruit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem moderate, ringed with close leaf scars, becoming longitudinally striate, grey. Leaves pinnate, strongly curved; sheaths forming a prominent crownshaft, covered with deciduous grey tomentum and scattered dark scales, two short triangular auricles present at base of petiole; petiole short, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, densely covered with deciduous tomentum at least basally; rachis elongate, flat to ridged adaxially, rounded abaxially, tomentose; leaflets regularly arranged, but diverging in slightly different planes, strongly curved and rather irregularly bent near the tip, single-fold, tapered from middle to base and usually to the apex, apically oblique, truncate, acute, or acuminate and variously toothed, the upper margin usually longest, midrib and marginal veins prominent, midrib bearing ramenta abaxially near the base, otherwise abaxial surface covered in minute brown scales, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 3–4 orders basally, fewer orders distally, branches tomentose when newly emerged; peduncle very short, stout, dorsiventrally compressed; prophyll and peduncular bract caducous, prophyll tubular, rather thin, 2-keeled laterally; peduncular bract like the prophyll but lacking keels, briefly beaked, scar of an incomplete peduncular bract usually present; rachis longer than the peduncle, tapering, stiff, bearing very short bracts subtending branches and rachillae; rachillae rather short and slender, slightly flexuous, bearing spirally, or distally subdistichous triads throughout at least half their length, distally flower clusters of paired or solitary staminate flowers; floral bracteoles very small inconspicuous, short, rounded, margins notched. Staminate flowers bullet-shaped; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, ± hooded; petals 3, slightly asymmetrical to symmetrical, valvate, more than twice as long as the sepals; stamens numerous, 45–50, filaments awl-shaped, long, slender, not inflexed apically, anthers linear, dorsifixed, the bases deeply sagittate, bifid or acute apically, latrorse; pistillode attenuate from a bulbous base, as long as the stamens, usually bifid or trifid apically. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and microchanelled, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 48–58 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, thick, imbricate, margins notched; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, only slightly longer than the sepals, apices shortly valvate, margins notched; staminodes 6, tooth-like, variously connate; gynoecium irregularly ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, style thick, stigmas 3, sessile, recurved at anthesis, ovule large, laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit ovoid, beaked, red at maturity, perianth whorls enlarged, persistent, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp thin, sometimes appearing minutely pebbled when dry, mesocarp yellowish, thin-fleshy, with 3–5 layers of slender to large fibres and ground tissue sclerified near the endocarp, endocarp thin, almost glass-like, fragile. Seed ovoid, truncate basally, pointed apically, attached laterally, hilum elongate, raphe branches descending from the apex and sides, simple, forked, or branched and much anastomosed, endosperm ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species confined to the northern part of Palawan and its offshore islands (Philippines)and the coast of Sabah.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961) and fruit (Essig 1977). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Adonidia is moderately supported as sister to aclade of Solfia, Balaka and Veitchia (Norup et al. 2006, Baker etal. in review, Lewis et al. in prep.).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Very widely planted throughout the tropics and subtropics.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1919).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This represents a remarkable outlier of thePtychospermatinae at the edge of Sundaland.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Manila palm, Christmas palm</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Adonidia merrillii grows on karstlimestone cliffs.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Dypsis delicatula</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Britt</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 49(1): 40-44</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2005</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis delicatula</name>
+<author>Britt & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms Palms 49(1): 40-44. (2005)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Toamasina, Betampona, 14 Mar. 2003; Britt et al.; 2</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi AAU, P, MO, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>The subject of this paper is a wonderfully delicate new species of Dypsis, hence the species epithet. Britt was aware of this palm being widespread in the forest under-story whilst working at Betampona from 1997-2002. Baker and Dransfield visited Betampona in 1999 and made a collection of it; however, at the time of their visit only dead inflorescences were available. Britt was able to collect in 2000, but his collections remained in Madagascar until additional material was collected in 2003 and finally shipped to Kew. Britt also located this species in further forest fragments around the Betampona area. Thus it appears to have very restricted distribution in the remnants of low-altitude rain forest in the Betampona region, northwest of Toamasina.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang=""><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>inter speciebus minimis inflorescentia ramosa rachillis tenuissimis brevibusque, floribus minutissimis remotisque staminibus oppositipetalis antheris rotundatis bene distincta; D. viridi similis sed habitu minore, foliis angustioribus, rachillis gracilioribus floribus minoribus sphericis recedit.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, clustering palmlet of forest undergrowth. Pale to dark green stem 46-110 cm ca. 5-10 mm diam., internodes 12-52 mm long. Leaves 6-19 in crown, sheaths 1-3.6 cm long, petiole absent or up to 2.6 cm long, ca. 1mm diam., leaf blade entire bifid, 10-18 cm long, with 13-18 abaxial ribs diverging at an angle of about 30° from the rachis, blade divided to one fifth to one quarter, ca. 36-64 mm wide just below the sinus, apical segments shallowly toothed on outer surface with up to 11 teeth, rachis 7.6-14 cm long, lamina bearing sparse scattered minute gray scales abaxially. Inflorescences interfoliar, very slender, 1 or 2 per stem, never exceeding leaves, branching to 2 orders; peduncle 5.0-6.5 cm long; prophyll 2-5 mm long; peduncular bract 2.4-3.8 mm long; first order branches 14-21; second order branches 4, the proximal 2 branched to 2 orders; rachillae very slender, ca. 0.3 mm diam., bearing scattered dark brown scales; triads ca. 3 mm distant near the base of the floriferous portion of the rachilla, ca. 1-2 mm distant distally; rachilla bracts very slender, acuminate, ca. 0.5 x 0.2 mm. Staminate flowers globose ca. 0.7 mm diam.; sepals ca. 0.3 x 0.3 mm, imbricate, broadly triangular with rounded bases, irregularly keeled, emarginate, faintly striate; petals rounded, gibbous, very fleshy, 0.6 x 0.6 mm, glabrous; stamens 3, antepetalous, alternating with and connate with 3 antesepalous staminodes, free stamen filament ca. 0.2 mm high, ca. 0.2 mm wide, connective broad, anthers pendulous, didymous, ca. 0.15 x 0.10 mm, staminodes somewhat club-shaped, flattened, the connective wider at the tip, anthers lacking; pistillode conical, 3-lobed, ca. 0.2 mm wide, minutely trifid at the apex. Pistillate flower globose, ca. 0.7 x 0.7 mm; sepals ca. 0.3 x 0.3 mm, striate, irregularly emarginated and keeled; petals broad, rounded, ca. 0.6 x 0.6 mm, valvate but slightly imbricate at the base, very fleshy; staminodes not seen; ovary eccentrically spherical, ca. 0.4 x 0.4 mm, stigmas 3, ca. 0.1 mm high. Fruit unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Mid-slopes and in valley bottoms at elevations of 300-600 m above sea-level, locally abundant at Betampona.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The palm we describe here and name as Dypsis delicatula has already been illustrated, as D. hirtula, in Beccari (1912-1914) and in Jumelle and Perrier de la Bathie (1945). Dypsis hirtula was described and named by Martius, based on a collection (Poivre s.n.) in the Jussieu Herbarium in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. In Dransfield and Beentje (1995), D. hirtula was discussed at length and included in synonymy with D. forfidfolia Noronha ex Mart. In 'Palme del Madagascar', Beccari (1912-1914) had interpreted D. hirtula differently, accepting it as a species distinct from D. forficifolia. He illustrated the species, not with a photograph of the type, but instead with a photograph of a collection made by Majastre in Tamatave, preserved in Hamburg herbarium. This D. forficifolia (syn. D. hirtula). However, the identity of the Majastre collection has no bearing on the nomenclatural problem, as it is not the type of D. hirtula. Jumelle and Perrier de la Bathie (1945) accepted D. hirtula as a distinct species, probably basing their concept of the species on Beccari's illustration of the Majastre collection, and illustrated it with a habit drawing based on Perrier 17466, collected at Betampona; the taxon illustrated is clearly the taxon we describe here as new. They do not appear to have examined the holotype of D. hirtula, and we suspect, also, that they did not dissect the flowers of Perrier 17466. The position of the stamens is crucial to identifying the species of Dypsis with three stamens. In the informal classification of Dransfield and Beentje (1995), taxa with stamens opposite the sepals belong to either Majastre collection, not traced by Dransfield the sepals; however, unusually, he does not and Beentje, bears a remarkable resemblance indicate which collection provided the to the palm we describe here. Beccari also material for his analytical drawing. Dransfield described and illustrated the staminate flowers, and Beentje suggested that the Majastre clearly showing the stamens to be opposite to collection was more likely to be D. viridis than Group 12 (Dypsis sensu strictu), Group 13 (Adelodypsis) or Group 14 (group without a previously published name), while those taxa with stamens opposite the petals belong to Group 18 (Trichodypsis). The Betampona taxon has stamens opposite the petals and thus its affinities are with taxa such as D. viridis, D. hildebrandtii, D. mocquerysiana etc., while the type of D. hirtula (= D. forficifolia) has stamens opposite the sepals. Whatever the identity of the Majastre collection, the Betampona dwarf palm is clearly in need of being described and named.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Madagascar, Toamasina, RNI Betampona, Piste Principale 2200 m, 6 Nov. 2000, Britt 22 (MO, K); Madagascar, Toamasina, RNI Betampona, Piste Principale 1700 m, 17°54'57"S/49°12'1.38"E, alt. 450 m, 14 Mar. 2003, Britt et al. 2 (Holotypus K; isotypi AAU, P, MO, TAN); 17°55'54"S/49°12'12"E, alt. 350 m, 19 Nov. 1999, Baker & Dramftetd WJB1033 (K, MO, NY, P, TAN); growing specimens at RNI Betampona, Jan. 2002.
+Specimens seen: Sept. 2001: Antanamalaza Foret Classe (17°50'S/49°11'E), Ambakaka forest (17°52'S/49°10'E).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Dypsis robusta, a large new palm from cultivation</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Hodel</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">D.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Marcus</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 49(3): 128-130</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2005</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis robusta</name>
+<author>Hodel, Marcus & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms 49(3): 128-130. (2005)</citation>
+<type>Hawaii, in horto Jeff Marcus; Hodel (ex J. Marcus); 1969 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Since publication of The Palms of Madagascar (Dransfield and Beentje 1995), several new species of Dypsis have been discovered, described and named. Jeff Marcus, an ardent collector and commerical palm grower, discovered two of these new Dypsis cultivated in Hawaii, one in his own nursery near Hilo. Marcus and others widely distributed seeds and seedling of these new Dypsis, and they were subsequently described and named as D. carlsmithii and D. albofarinosa (Dransfield and Marcues 2002 and Hodel and Marcus 2004). Now Marcus has discovered a third new Dypsis in his nursery, and because he has been distributing seedlings, it is approrpiate to describe and name this large, robust new species.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang=""><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Dypsis ifanadianae affinis sed trunco maiore, vaginis foliorum maioribus cera alba et tomento rubiginoso, rhachidibus foliorum longioribus pinnis pluribus, inflorescentiis 4 ordines ramificantibus differt; D. tsaravoasirae affinis sed foliis spiraliter dispositis, vaginis foliorum cera alba et tomento rubiginoso, rhachidibus foliorum longioribus, inflorescentiis maioribus interfoliaceis 4 ordines ramificantibus differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, robust tree palm. Trunk 1.4 m tall, 36.4 cm diam.l m above ground, flaring to 64 cm diam. at ground level; internodes 5-6.5 cm, dark green covered with white waxy indumentum, aging to brownish gray with vertical fissures; leaf scars 3.8 cm wide. Leaves 14, pinnate, ascending; base massive, 95 cm long, 25 cm wide adaxially and 40 cm wide abaxially at pinnae, flaring out to 115 cm wide in proximal 35 cm, thick, + woody, 12 cm think at pinnae, 3-4 cm thick midsheath, 1.5 cm thick at proximal margins, 3-5 mm thick at distal margins, orange-brown adaxially, densely covered with white waxy indumentum densely punctuated with ragged, branched, lacerate, fringed, reddish brown scales 2-2.5 mm high, sometimes with auricles to 8 cm high on either side of rachis; rachis to 4.6 m long, distally twisting nearly 180°, 25 cm wide and broadly channeled adaxially at sheath, 40 cm wide and broadly rounded abaxially at sheath, both surfaces green and densely covered with white waxy indumentum and reddish brown tomentum, adaxial channel to 4 cm deep but gradually narrowing and becoming shallower until at mid-blade a flattopped ridge and then 40 cm distally of midblade into a narrow sharply angled ridge 1.5 cm high, gradually dissipating near tip, rachis 4 cm wide midblade and 3 mm wide at tip, rounded abaxially and covered with white waxy indumentum, freshly cut surfaces with pinkish tinge; pinnae 135-140 per side, regularly arranged but twisting rachis and ascending pinnae with drooping tips imparting the appearance of being irregularly arranged and lending a somewhat plumose effect to the blade, most proximal 63 x 1.3 cm, at 1-2 m distally of sheath 120 x 4.5 cm, at 3 m distally of sheath 80 x 5 cm, most distal 18 x 0.5 cm, thick, coriaceous, dark glossy green adaxially with prominently raised light green midrib and thickened marginal nerves, 5-6 inconspicuous nerves between midrib and each margin, green with distinct glaucous bloom abaxially and prominently raised midrib, scattered light brown to tan, ragged, lacerate, medifixed ramenta 4-10 mm long on midrib abaxially and these most common in mid-blade and in proximal 30 cm of each pinna, pinnae 4-7 cm apart in proximal meter, 3-4 cm apart mid-blade to tip, forward pointing, spreading and flat with slightly drooping tips in proximal 1 m, at mid-blade ascending off rachis and blade + V-shaped, tips drooping, pinnae flat in distal 1 m. Inflorescences protandrous, interfoliar, branched to 4 orders, most proximal branches of first three orders of branching the largest and most complex and progressively becoming smaller and less complex distally until most distal represented by simple rachillae; peduncle 1 m long, 9 cm wide, 5 cm thick, arcuate, green, covered with patchy reddish brown tomentum; only tip of prophyll or 1st peduncular bract seen, this portion 18 cm long, green, stiff, coriaceous, flattened, 2- keeled, sparsely covered with reddish brown tomentum; 3 rudimentary peduncular bracts present, most distal 10 cm below most proximal branch, 1.5 cm high, next lowest 20 cm proximal below most proximal branch, 2.5 cm high, most proximal 38 cm below most proximal branch, 18 cm long; rachis 1.7m long, green with some reddish brown tomentum, 43 1st order branches; most proximal 1st order branch with sub-peduncle 18 cm long, 4.5-5.7 cm wide, flattened, 2.3 cm thick, sub-rachis 97 cm long with 32 2nd order branches; most proximal 2nd order branch with sub-peduncle 12.5 cm long, 1.2-1.9 cm wide, flattened, 1 cm thick, subrachis 30.5 cm long with 15 3rd order branches; most proximal 3rd order branch with subpeduncle 2.5 cm long and branched into 2-3 rachillae; all branches and rachillae of all orders subtended by bracteoles; rachillae (12-)20-25 cm long, 4 mm diam., spreading, ± stiff but drooping and yellow-green in fruit. Flowers (fresh flowers at anthesis not seen) borne in triads in cleft-like pits 1.5 mm high, 3 mm wide, 1 mm deep, proximal lip of pit cliff-like, slightly mucronate, triads 3-5 mm apart proximally, 2-3 mm apart distally; each staminate flower subtended by a small, thin, crescent-shaped, nearly transparent bracteole 0.2 mm high on outer side; pistillate flower subtended by 2, thin, light green, nearly transparent, imbricate bracteoles 0.5 mm high. Fruits 14 x 12 mm, very broadly ellipsoid, orange, stigmatic remains basal, just above perianth; mesocarp mucilaginous, 1 mm thick. Fruiting perianth 6.5 mm wide; sepals imbricate in basal 1/5, very briefly connate, broadly rounded apically, 2 x 3 mm; petals imbricate in basal 1/3-1/2, very briefly connate, 3 x 4-5 mm, rounded-triangular; staminodes 6, triangular, 0.8-1 mm high. Seeds 1 1 x 9 mm, obovoid-ellipsoid; endosperm homogeneous; embryo slightly distal of middle.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Measurements for the description were taken from non-dried, fresh material Marcus had collected and sent to Hodel. Dried rachillae are more slender, floral pits more prominent, and proximal lip of floral pit sharper, thinner and more knife-like than in fresh rachillae.
+Dypsis robusta keys to couplet F21, Key 6 in The Palms of Madagascar but has homogeneous endosperm like D. ifanadianae and D. tsaravoasira. It differs from the former in the larger trunk diameter (36.4 vs. 18 cm), larger and different colored leaf base (95 vs. 72 cm, waxy white with reddish brown tomentum vs. green), longer rachis (4.6 vs. 3 m) with more pinnae per side (130 vs. 55), and inflorescence branched to 4 rather than 3 orders. It differs from the latter in the spirally vs. tristichously arranged leaves, different colored leaf base (waxy white with reddish brown tomentum vs. green), longer rachis (4.6 vs. 3.5 m), and larger (1.8 vs. 0.6 m) and interfoliar rather than infrafoliar inflorescence branched to 4 rather than 3 orders. Dypsis robusta has somewhat similar leaf bases to those of D. hovomantsina but differs in the wider (to 5 vs. to 4 cm), regularly arranged rather than irregularly arranged pinnae, longer rachis (4.6 vs. 3.5 m) with more pinnae per side (130 vs. 96), larger (1.7 vs. 0.48 m), interfoliar rather than infrafoliar inflorescence branched to 4 rather than 3 orders, and homogeneous rather than deeply ruminate endosperm.
+Marcus originally obtained several small plants of Dypsis robusta from the late Maria Walford- Huggins Boggs of Australia in 1991 or 1992. Boggs, who did not say where the plants originated, called the species Chrysalidocarpns 'Stumpy' (not to be confused with Dypsis 'Stumpy,' which was later named and described as D. carlsmithii). Few large or mature plants of this species are known in cultivation. Marcus gave one plant to Florida nurseryman George Zammas, but its fate is unknown. Arden Dearden and Clayton York in Australia have plants, but they have not yet flowered. Kampon Tansacha has one plant in his Nong Nooch Tropical Garden in Thailand that has recently flowered (Michael Ferrero, per. comm.). Marcus has erroneously referred to this palm in the past as D. prestoniana although more recently he has distributed it as Dypsis 'Maria's Stumpy.' Clayton York (per. comm.) reported that this species may have originally been introduced erroneously as D. caniculata .
+Dypsis robusta would make a fine ornamental for parks, public areas, and large gardens in the tropics and warm subtropics. Its suitability for more temperate areas, such as regions with a Mediterranean climate, is unknown. The type plant in the Marcus nursery in Hilo, Hawaii has a short but robust trunk about 1.5 m tall, is 6 m tall overall, and has been flowering for about a year. The twisting rachis and ascending pinnae with drooping tips impart the appearance of being irregularly arranged and lend a somewhat plumose effect to the blade although pinnae are regularly arranged in one plane.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Loo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.H.B.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 61-68</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2004</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Hydriastele boumae</name>
+<author>W.J.Baker and D.Watling</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 59: 62 (2004)</citation>
+<type>Fiji, Taveuni, Bouma, Cakaudrove, Oct. 2001; Watling; 170127</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi L, NY, SUVA</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Niuniu, a common generic name for tree palms in many parts of Fiji.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>H. vitiensi affinis sed fructu majore oblongo, triadibus decussatis dispositis et foliis indivisis in submaturitate longe persistentibus differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary tree palm to 32 m. Stem 26 - 28 cm diam., brown, nodal scars inconspicuous, adventitious root growth forming an expanded cone at base of stem c. 15 cm in height. Leaf to 2.4 m long including petiole, to c. 3 m in juveniles; sheath 90 cm long, forming distinct crownshaft, green, with thin, caducous, powdery indumentum of fine, white scales, interspersed with white, filamentous scales and scattered, dark brown scales; petiole 33 - 35 cm (to 1.2 m in juveniles), 60 x 14 mm at base, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, indumentum as sheath; rachis c. 2 m, arcuate, strongly so in canopy-emergent individuals, indumentum as sheath; leaflets 52 - 57 on each side of rachis, briefly praemorse and sometimes notched at apices, adaxial surface dull green, abaxial surface silvery grey-green, mid-rib yellow, arranged regularly, ascending, not drooping at tips, lamina entire or nearly so in non-emergent individuals up to 12 m or more in height, longest leaflet at middle of rachis to c. 97 x 3.5 cm, apical leaflets c. 13 x 0.6 cm, ramenta not observed. Inflorescence infrafoliar, c. 70 cm long at anthesis including c. 10 cm peduncle, branched to 2 (possibly 3?) orders, protogynous; prophyll not seen, caducous; peduncular bracts c. 3, first peduncular bract caducous, not seen, but most likely closely resembling prophyll, remaining peduncular bracts and rachis bracts consisting of low membranous flanges, to 16 x 2 mm, sometimes bearing an acutely apiculate extension; primary branches c. 17, to c. 50 cm long, closely spaced, inserted at a narrowly acute angle to the rachis; rachillae to c. 45 x 0.4 cm, somewhat arching; rachilla bracts very inconspicuous; triads 2 - 5 mm apart, decussate. Staminate flowers 10 - 11 x 3.5 - 4.5 mm shortly before anthesis, asymmetrical, white; calyx with 3 triangular, imbricate sepals c. 1 x 1.5 mm; corolla with 3 narrowly triangular to lanceolate, valvate petals 8 - 10 x 3 - 3.5 mm, outer surface spotted at base; stamens 6, filaments 0.6 - 1 x 0.5 - 0.6 mm, anthers 5 - 5.8 x 1 - 1.2 mm; pistillode minute, trifid. Pistillate flowers c. 4 x 3 mm at anthesis, cream white; perianth forming low, leathery cupule, calyx with 3 rounded, imbricate sepals c. 2 x 3 - 3.5 mm; corolla with 3 rounded, imbricate petals to 1.5 - 1.8 x 2.5 - 3 mm; staminodes 1 - 3, minute; ovary 2.5 x 2.5 mm, globose, protruding from perianth cupule at anthesis, style absent, stigmas minutely trifid. Fruit oblong, 10 - 14 x 6- 8 mm, pericarp c. 0.5 mm thick, epicarp yellowish white when ripe, with persistent perianth forming a narrow cylinder at base, 3 - 3.5 mm diam. Seed c. 9 x 6 mm, oblong; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Restricted to the island of Taveuni, Fiji. Currently known with certainty only from the Bouma area, but unconfirmed reports suggest it also occurs in the Soqulu area (R. Phillips, pers. comm.).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Undisturbed forest and mature secondary forest between 50 and 800 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Data deficient (Fuller 1997).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The existence of an undescribed species of Hydriastele from the island of Taveuni in Fiji has been suspected for some time (Fuller 1997). Recent collections have allowed us to compare this palm with other species in the region. It most closely resembles H. cylindrocarpa and H. vitiensis, but is readily distinguished from both. The new taxon is separated from the other Fijian species, H. vitiensis, by its rachillae with decussate triads as opposed to triads arranged in alternating whorls of three, by fruit morphology (10 - 14 x 6 - 8 mm and symmetric oblong in the former, c. 10 x 3 mm and slightly curved cylindrical in the latter), and, most strikingly, by its leaves remaining subentire to entire until the crown emerges from the forest canopy. Individuals over 12 m in height have been observed bearing scarcely divided leaves. The leaves of H. cylindrocarpa from Vanuatu behave in a similar way, but the fruit of this species differs from that of the new taxon in bearing an open cupule of enlarged, persistent perianth, while the persistent perianth of the new taxon is not enlarged and forms a small, narrow cylinder at the base of the fruit. The new species, H. boumae, is named after Bouma, the district of Taveuni in which it grows.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>FIJI. Taveuni: Wakolotu, nr. Bouma Village, May 1995, McClatchey 1143 (FTG, SUVA); Bouma, Cakaudrove, Oct. 2001, Watling 170127 (holotype K; isotypes L, NY, SUVA), March 2002, Watling 170129 (K, SUVA).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+ <mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis linearis</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+<type>E flank Andringitra Massif, R Ihovika, 1000 m; Perrier; 11977</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang=""><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering in tufts of up to 4-40 stems or apparently solitary palm. STEM(S) 1-7 m high, sometimes leaning on other vegetation, 0.9-4 cm diam., internodes 2-15 cm, pale green, with dense redbrown to purple scales, turning glabrous and grey with age, nodal scars c. 5 mm; sometimes aerial roots present at some 25 cm from the ground, 6 mm across; crownshaft 13 -16 cm long, 1.3-2 cm diam., yellow to pale green. LEAVES 4-8 in the crown, pinnate, porrect, and sometimes marcescent leaves present; sheath 13-35 cm long, pale green with dense red-brown scales, auricles absent or up to 1 cm, fringed with red scales; petiole absent or up to 16 cm long, 2-6 mm diam., pubescent-scaly, adaxially flat; rachis 22-70 cm long, in mid-leaf 1.5-3 mm wide, pubescentscaly; leaflets 11-23 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-5, fanned within the groups, occasionally with slightly swollen nodes at the base, group interval 3-13 cm, proximal 3.5-22 x 0.1-1.3 cm, median 7-26 x 0.3-3 cm, distal 7-18 x 0.2-2.7 cm, main veins 1-3, apices attenuate, proximally scaly, with few minute scattered scales, to glabrous, with prominent scales on the distal margins, distal pair joined for 0.2-2.5 cm, with 1 main vein, with dentate apices 2-6 mm wide. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar to infrafoliar, branched to 1 (-2) orders, with orange axes, arching; peduncle 13-53 cm long, distally 2-7 mm diam., pubescent; prophyll 7-40 cm long, 7-10 mm wide, borne at 1-11 cm above the base of the peduncle, open for the distal 1-7 cm, patchily pubescent; peduncular bract inserted at 5-45 cm from the base of the peduncle, circumscissile and rapidly deciduous, 9-24 cm long, with scattered scales, with a beak to 3 cm long; non-tubular peduncular bract 0.2-3.8 cm long; rachis 1.5-17 cm long, densely pubescent, orange, with 0 (-3) branched and 4-12 unbranched first order branches; rachillae 5-24 cm long, 1.5-5 mm diam., with dense to scattered scales (rarely glabrous) and distant triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.2-2 x 0.7-2.3 mm; petals orange, connate for 0.5-0.8 mm, free lobes 1.5-2.8 x 1- 2.2 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate or rarely slightly biseriate (offset 0.1-0.3 mm), filaments 0.4- 1.2 mm, anthers 0.8-1.8 x 0.4-1 mm, versatile; pistillode 0.6-1.3 x 0.2-0.7 mm, conical with obtuse apex. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1- 2 x 1.3-3.3 mm; petals 2.5-3.6 x 2.3-3.5 mm; staminodes 0.2-0.6 mm; gynoecium 2.8-4 x 2-3.2 mm. FRUIT yellow to red, 6-9 x 4-6 mm. SEED 5-6.5 x 3-3.3 mm, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Quite widespread on the middle altitudes of the eastern escarpment between Zahamena and Andohahela.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Bamboo-rich montane forest on steep slopes, secondary bush on white gritty sand; hillcrest or mid-slope; 250-1450 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. Widespread, with several populations in protected areas.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The protologue of D. linearis incorporates characters of both syntypes (Forsyth Major 604 and 606) but as the floral characters derive clearly from Forsyth Major 606, we choose that as the holotype. Forsyth Major 604 is D. heterophylla. We have decided that the differences between C. ambolo, N. procumbens and D. linearis are spurious, and we hereby put C. ambolo and N. procumbens in the synonymy of D. linearis, which is the oldest name.
+The type of C. ambolo has up to six petals, the innermost much smaller than the outer; there may be up to eight stamens. The peduncular bract of C. ambolo was considered to be that of a Chrysalidocarpus, and therefore Jumelle felt in 1928 this was a Chrysalidocarpus, but the specific epithet was already in use in that genus. C. ambolocaused Jumelle problems. He had drawn up a list of differences between the genera Neophloga and Chrysalidocarpus based on the peduncular bract (deciduous, beaked and splitting all over from the apex downwards in Chrysalidocarpus, remaining and splitting only at or near the apex in Neophloga), the leaf sheath (membranous in Neophloga, coriaceous in Chrysalidocarpus) and the habit, plus a few more characters of the "sometimes, but not always" kind. This taxon, first described by him in Neophloga, then had to be put in Chrysalidocarpus because of the peduncular bract, which was beaked; a problem was that the leaf sheath was of the Neophloga kind (membranous). In 1945 it had, without explanation, been returned to Neophloga with the note that it had all the characters of that genus, but the peduncular bract of a Chrysalidocarpus. N. procumbens was mentioned by Jumelle (1929), but not treated; Jumelle wondered whether this was a Neophloga or a Chrysalidocarpus, because of the lack of a peduncular bract on the older inflorescence he saw. N. linearis var. distachya is D. heterophylla. Moramanga: Ambatovola, 1912 (fl.), Perrier 11994 (P) is probably this species, but has regular leaflets. It is described by Perrier as clustering and 1-2.5 m high, but has the typical yellow-orange inflorescence axes. One inflorescence has a bifurcate proximal rachilla.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambatondrazaka: Bemainty to Androndramanitra, March 1951 (fr.), Cours 4234 (P); Anonokambo (Nonokambo), Jan. 1967 (bud), Bogner 186 (K). Moramanga: Mantady, Dec. 1991 (bud), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4538 (K, MO, TAN); idem, Dec. 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4777 (K, TAN); Ambalafary, Anivomaro, Feb. 1968 (bud), Service Forestier SF 26668 (P). Ambatondrazaka: Manakambahiny, Oct. 1958 (bud), Rakotovao RN 9600 (K, P). Ambositra: Ambohimitombo forest, Jan. 1895 (fl.), Forsyth Major 606 (K, lectotype). Ampasimanolotra/Nosy Varika: Sahalampona-Ampita, Jan. 1945 (bud), Cours 2437 (K, P, TAN). Mahanoro: Bas-Mangoro, Oct. 1927 (bud), Perrier 18043 (P). Ifanadiana: Ambohirafia, March 1985 (fr.), Dorr 3891, 3892 (K); Ranomafana, March 1991 (fl., fr.), Beentje 4424 (K, TAN) and 4426 (K); idem, July 1992 (bud), H. Beentje & J. Beentje 4735 (K); idem, trail to Maharira, March 1992 (y.fr.), Malcomber & Rakoto 1333 (K, P); Ambinanindrano, July 1992 (fl., fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4731 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Jan. 1993 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4797 (K, MO, TAN); 3 hours walk E of Tsaratanana, March 1991 (fl., y.fr.), Beentje 4436 (K, TAN). Mananjary: Mt Vatovavy, Oct. 1911 (fl.), Perrier 12071 (P, type of C. ambolo/N. mananjarensis). Ambalavao: Ambatomboay, Oct. 1954 (bud), Rakotovao 574 (P); E slopes of Andringitra Mts, near Ihovika R., Sept. 1911 (bud), Perrier 11977 (P, type of N. procumbens). Ambalavao:Betroka/Iakora: Mt. Kalambatitra, Nov. 1933 (fl.), Humbert 11859 (P). Iakora: between Kalambatitra Col and the Manambolo R., Nov. 1933 (fl.), Humbert 12109 (P). Tolanaro: Akaramy R. upstream from Mahamavo, Jan./Feb. 1934 (fl.), Humbert 13904 (P); Andohahela, col Tanatana, Dec. 1989 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6777 (K, TAN). WITHOUT ANY LOCALITY: no date (before 1946) (bud), Homolle 2437 (P)-probably the Cours collection with a wrong label.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+ <mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis humbertii</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Manantantely forest; Humbert; 5817</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Palm 2-3 m, very slender. LEAVES 4 or more in the crown; sheath c. 6.6 cm, with oblique opening, with minute auricles to 2 mm high,red-brown, with scattered scales; petiole 5-6 cm long, c. 2 mm diam., with scattered scales; rachis 17-18 cm long, c. 2 mm diam., with scattered scales; leaflets 2-5 on each side of the rachis, in 2 sub-opposite groups distant for 2.8-5 cm, proximal 8-9 x 0.7-1 cm, median 10-13 x 0.9-1.2 cm, the top pair forming a flabellum 12.5-14 x 9 cm, connate for 4.5-5.5 cm, the lobes 8-9 x 2.5-2.6 cm, proximal leaflets with 1 main vein, acuminate, distal leaflets with 6 main veins, the apices truncate and dentate, also the distal outer margins dentate, all leaflets glabrous or with a few scattered scales proximally. INFLORESCENCE c. 34 cm, branched to 2 orders; peduncle c. 19 cm long, distally 1.5-2 mm diam., with scattered scales; prophyll 13-16 x cm, with scattered scales, open for the distal 5 cm or near the apex only; peduncular bract deciduous, inserted at 9 cm from the base of the peduncle; rachis c. 10 cm, with scattered scales, with c. 2 branched and 10 unbranched first order branches, the proximal with 2 rachillae each; rachillae 5.5-8 cm long, 1 mm diam., minutely puberulous but glabrescent, with distant superficial triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.5-0.6 x 0.7-1 mm; petals 1.8-2.1 x 1.2-1.3 mm, striate; stamens 6, slightly biseriate (offset 0.25 mm), filaments 1- mm long, the base slightly triangular, the distal part thin, anthers 1-1.3 x 0.4-0.5 mm, dorsifixed, versatile, the locules parallel and acute; pistillode 0.8-0.9 x 0.3-0.4 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>SE Madagascar.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Forest; 60-300 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown. Not seen for over sixty years.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Very close to D. commersoniana and possibly not distinct.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tolanaro: Manantantely forest, Sept. 1928 (fl.), Humbert 5817 (Holotype P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Elegant, moderate to tall, solitary pinnate-leaved palm, native to Northern Territory, Australia, with crownshaft and praemorse leaflets, the leaf rachis gracefully arching; the fruit has a distinctive network of black fibres next to the endocarp; the seed has homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Carpentaria</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 128 (1885).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Carpentaria acuminata; (H. Wendl. and Drude) Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named from the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia where Carpentaria acuminata is endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate or tall, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, moderate, smooth, grey, ringed with leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, arching or drooping, tips becoming pendulous; sheath forming a prominent crownshaft; petiole very short, deeply channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, covered with small brown scales; rachis channelled basally to ridged; leaflets abaxially shallowly convex, ± clustered basally, opposite to subopposite distally, long, narrow, lanceolate, tips oblique to truncate, praemorse, often with 2–4 longer prongs, the proximal sometimes tapering to a single or double point, adaxially lightly tomentose, abaxially covered with small brown-centred scales, midrib the only prominent nerve on both surfaces, larger abaxially, transverse veinlets not apparent. Inflorescences infrafoliar, horizontal, appearing rather large, branched to 3 orders basally, to 2–1 orders distally; peduncle very short, stout, flattened, bearing deciduous brown tomentum; prophyll tubular (not seen), caducous; peduncular bract tubular, caducous, shortly beaked, splitting abaxially, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely to lightly covered in stellate brown scales, scar of 1 incomplete peduncular bract present; rachis much longer than the peduncle, elongate, tapering, bearing many (more than 20) ± angled first-order branches, each subtended by a very small, ridge-like bract; rachillae rather short, slender, spreading, bearing spirally arranged, distant triads of flowers for 2/3 their length and paired to solitary staminate flowers distally; floral bracteoles large, low, rounded. Staminate flowers lateral to the pistillate, symmetrical, ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, irregularly rounded, somewhat gibbous; petals 3, distinct, rather broadly ovate, valvate, evenly thickened, adaxially grooved; stamens ca. 33, filaments erect in bud, short, awl-shaped, anthers oblong-elliptical, bifid basally, emarginate apically, dorsifixed near the base, latrorse, connective broad, tanniniferous; pistillode bottle-shaped, as long as the stamens in bud. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-chanelled, aperture margin slightly finer than main tectum; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 39–53 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral [1/1]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, margins variously split; petals 3, distinct, broadly ovate and imbricate, tips thick, valvate, opening briefly apically to expose the stigmas at anthesis; staminodes 3, tooth-like, bifid apically; gynoecium asymmetrical, ovoid with a bulge on one side, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, fleshy, recurved at anthesis, ovule very large, laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit ovoid when fresh, red at maturity, stigmatic remains apical, perianth persistent; epicarp smooth, becoming wrinkled when dry, mesocarp fleshy over a layer of broad, flat fibres anastomosing distally and closely appressed to the endocarp, endocarp thin, glass-like. Seed attached laterally, ovoid, ± pointed, round in cross-section, hilum elongate, raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species in Northern Territory, Australia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig 1977). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>A sister relationship between Carpentaria and Wodyetia is moderately to highly supported by several studies (Asmussen et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep., Lewis et al. in prep.) </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>A handsome ornamental but requires humid tropical or subtropical conditions. Widely planted in northeastern Australia and southern Florida in parks and along streets. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1885). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Differs from Veitchia, which has a similar habit, in having thinner and narrower lanceolate leaflets, which are often four-pointed and lacking ramenta on their midribs, and in having only one series of fibres in the mesocarp. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Carpentaria palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found in rain forest along banks of streams at low elevations, usually near brackish water estuaries. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A New Species of Calamus (Palmae) from Taiwan</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 50(3) 222-226</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2005</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus beccarii</name>
+<author>A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Taiwania 50: 222 (2005)</citation>
+<type>Taiwan. Pingtung: Bankinsing, no date; A. Henry; 521a</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype NY; isotype K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tu-teng.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Ab omnibus speciebus generis Formosae flagello praesenti et cirrho absenti differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, to 50 m long and 4 cm diameter (with leaf sheaths). Leaf sheaths brown, covered with black, needle-like, horizontally spreading spines to 2.5 cm long, these arranged in short rows, interspersed with shorter spines to 0.5 cm long; knees obscure; ocreas present, densely spiny; flagella present, to 2.5 m long, with groups of grapnel-like spines abaxially; petioles to 22 cm long, sparsely covered with stout, yellowish spines to 1 cm long; rachis to 0.8 m long, abaxially with solitary, recurved, grapnel-like spines; pinnae 30-62 per side of rachis, linear, closely spaced to 2 cm apart, to 40 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, with minute spines on the veins abaxially and adaxially; cirri absent. Inflorescences to 3 m long; staminate inflorescences branched to two orders, flagellate, the bracts closely sheathing the main axis and with curved spines abaxially; rachillae 5-9 cm long, inserted above the mouth of the sheathing bract; rachillae bracts distichously arranged; floral bracteole cupular, tomentose along the margins; staminate flowers to 4.5 mm long, to 38 per rachilla, arranged alternately and distichously along the rachillae; calyx 4 mm long, tubular except for the 3-lobed apex; corolla 4 mm long, with 3 valvate petals free to the base; stamens 6; anthers dorsifixed; pistillode 1 mm long, 3-lobed; pistillate inflorescences branched to two orders; rachillae 4-10 cm long; rachillae bracts distichously arranged; distal floral bracteole with a small lateral depression bearing sterile staminate flower; pistillate flowers to 22 per rachilla, borne alternately and distichously along the rachillae; sepals to 4 mm long, connate basally, lobed above; petals to 3 mm long, free; fruits globose-ellipsoid, to 2 cm long includin g a short beak, to 1.2 cm diameter; scales fringed, yellowish-brown; endosperm homogeneous. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Taiwan, in Kaohsiung and Pingtung counties.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In lowland rainforest at low elevations.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>By its climbing habit, flagellum, tubular inflorescence bracts, sessile rachillae, and homogeneous endosperm this species appears to belong in Beccari's (1908) Group V. This large group of species is widespread throughout the Asian tropics. Calamus beccarii appears most similar morphologically to two Group V species from China (C. rhabdocladus Burret and C. walkeri Hance). Calamus beccarii differs from these in its flattened spines) and its larger fruits (to 2 cm versus 1.4 cm long). </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Taiwan. Kaohsiung: Shenping, 12 Dec 1987, Chang 1897b (K). Pingtung: Chunjih Hsiang, Chachayalaishan Protection Area, 29th Compartment 1 Mar 1992, Liao 209 (A); “ Formosa”, no date, Henry 521 (NY); Bankinsing, no date, Henry 521b (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
+ <taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A new species of Daemonorops (Arecaceae) from Sekundur Forest, North Sumatra</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+ <mods:name><mods:namePart>Himmah and </mods:namePart></mods:name>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Rustiami</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Zumaidar</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given"></mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Floribunda 2(7)198-200</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+ </taxonxHeader>
+ <taxonxBody>
+ <treatment rank="species">
+ <nomenclature>
+ <name>Daemonorops sekundurensis</name>
+ <author>Rustiami and Zumaidar</author>
+ <citation>Floribunda 2: 198 (2005)</citation>
+ <type>Zumaidar 21, North Sumatra, Sekundur forest, Aras Napal;; </type>
+ <type_loc>Holotype BO</type_loc>
+ </nomenclature>
+ <div type="introduction"><p>Daemonorops is a rattan genus with a center of diversity in South East Asia, particularly in West Malesia. This genus is easily recognized by having bracts in inflorescence boat-like and easily fallen. While working on the specimens collected by Zumaidar on her expedition at the Sekundur forest in 2001 we came across of one peculiar new species of Daemonorops. This new species belongs to the distinctive group within section Piptospatha. That is dragon's blood group. This group can be distinguished by the presence of red resin on its fruit scale.</p></div>
+ <div type="diagnosis"><p>Hie species differt ab alius ad collaris forma in geniculatus bases spinus in folium vaginae et rhomboideus fructus cum leviter complanatus in fructus apices.</p></div>
+ <div type="etymology"/>
+ <div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+ <div type="description"><p>Clustering small rattan up to 2 m tall. Leaf sheaths green, covered with jointed bases forming collar spines, scarcely, up to 3 cm long, sheath surface smooth with caducuous reddish-blackish scaly indumentum, leaf sheath mouth armed as the rest of sheath; knee present, very conspicuous, armed as the rest of sheath. Leaves to 3 m long including petiole to 25 cm, armed adaxially with short, erect, scattered spines to 4 mm long, abaxially armed with erect, solitary spines, rarely, up to 15 mm long; rachis unarmed, or armed only slightly proximally; cirrus up to 1.5 m long, armed with regularly arranged groups of grapnel-like spines, blackish at the tip; leaflets mostly arranged regularly, slightly irregular above, 30 on each side of the rachis, stiff, horizontal; leaflets lanceolate, papery, acute, 25-31 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, armed with scattered, reddish, short bristles along the main nerve on both surfaces. Inflorescences pendulous to 35 cm long, peduncle 13-16 cm long, armed distally with groups of spines; peduncular bracts leathery, erect, 17 cm long, 3 cm wide, ellipsoid oblong, covered by rusty indumentum, armed with scattered spines; partial inflorescences 6 each, bearing up to 11 rachillae; involucre pendulous, flat, just above the involucrophore, 5 mm long; involucrophore short, papery, 2 mm long. Female and male flowers unknown. Fruits diamond shape, slightly flat at the top of fruit, 1.5 x 1 cm, covered by 7 vertical rows of reddish brown dragon's blood encrusted scales. Seed ovoid, 18 x 7 mm, surface smooth.</p></div>
+ <div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+ <div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found on hill slopes in disturbed forest at an altitude of 800 m.</p></div>
+ <div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+ <div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+ <div type="discussion"><p>Presumably its dragon's blood fruit can be used as dying or furnishing as like the other dragon's blood species. This is a very distinctive taxon that remains poorly known. Daemonorops sekundurensis appears to be most closely allied to D. siberutensis (Rustiami 2002) and D. dracuncula (Beccari 1911) by its small habit. However, this species differs from the other dragon's blood species by collar shape on jointed bases spines on the leaf sheath and diamond fruit shape with slightly flattened on top of fruit. As yet, this species is only known to occur in Sekundur forest area.</p></div>
+ <div type="materials_examined"><p>North Sumatra, Sekundur forest, Aras Napal, Zumaidar 21.</p></div>
+ </treatment>
+ </taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small to moderate, solitary or clustering pinnate-leaved palm from western New Guinea, with crownshaft, acute leaflets and inflorescence with the peduncular bract deciduous but the prophyll persistent.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dransfieldia</name>\r
+<author>W.J. Baker and Zona</author> \r
+<citation>Syst. Bot. 31: 61 (2006).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Dransfieldia micrantha; (Becc.) W.J. Baker and Zona</type>\r
+<type_loc></type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Honours John Dransfield, co-author of Genera Palmarum.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, clustering or solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious, understory tree palm. Stem erect, slender, ringed with prominent leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, few in the crown; sheath strictly tubular, forming a well-defined crownshaft, glabrous adaxially, abaxially with sparse to dense indumentum of brown-black irregular scales of various sizes and brown to white, matted, fibrous scales; petiole present, slender, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, covered with indumentum as on the leaf sheath; rachis long, slender, adaxially forming a ridge, abaxially rounded, with indumentum as on the petiole; leaflets subopposite to alternate, arranged regularly, in one plane, single-fold, spreading, appearing corrugated due to the presence of conspicuous raised ridges on the adaxial surface of major veins, linear to narrowly elliptic, attenuating to a narrowly acute apex, sometimes with a few, widely separated, shallow indentations to one side of the apex, distal leaflets with apex acute and usually notched, apical leaflet pair not united at the base, with brown medifixed ramenta scattered on the abaxial surface of major veins and more numerous near the leaflet bases, with scales as on the rachis on both surfaces of leaflet base, minute white scales sparsely distributed persistent, though sometimes tattering or caducous, splitting apically or subapically by emerging inflorescence; peduncular bracts few, first peduncular bract similar to prophyll, but lacking keels, tubular, attached midway up peduncle, exserted from prophyll and enclosing inflorescence prior to expansion, splitting abaxially and distally on inflorescence expansion, typically caducous, though sometimes persistent and tattering, other peduncular bracts inconspicuous, triangular, incomplete; rachis shorter than peduncle, angled, tapering; rachis bracts low, rounded; primary branches several, spirally arranged; rachillae fleshy, tapering, usually bearing spirally arranged triads of flowers throughout, rarely pistillate flowers absent from triads throughout inflorescence; rachilla bracts inconspicuous; floral bracteoles low, rounded or truncate. Staminate flowers borne laterally toward the upper side of the pistillate flower in rounded indentations in the rachillae, symmetrical, bullet-shaped in bud, glabrous or with scattered scales as inflorescence; sepals 3, distinct, strongly imbricate, orbicular, spathulate, coriaceous, thickened abaxially, thinning towards margin, margins minutely ciliate; corolla united basally, corolla lobes 3, valvate, ovate, indurated; stamens numerous, up to 19, filaments awl-shaped, outer whorl irregularly inflexed in bud and basally adnate to the petals, inner whorl erect in bud, anthers ellipsoidal, dorsifixed, versatile, connective dark, dehiscence latrorse; pistillode trilobed or papilla-like. Pollen ellipsoidal slightly asymmetric, occasionally pyriform; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 30–40 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers symmetrical, subglobose, glabrous or with scattered scales as inflorescence; sepals 3, distinct, strongly imbricate, closely resembling staminate sepals; petals 3, strongly imbricate, resembling sepals, but thinner and with acute apex; staminodes 3–4, shortly joined basally, truncate; gynoecium ovoid, symmetrical, pseudomonomerous, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, ovule located near base of gynoecium, laterally attached, ?campylotropous. Fruit ellipsoidal, stigmatic remains apical, perianth persistent and clasping; epicarp thin, smooth, mesocarp fibrous, endocarp circular in cross-section, closely adpressed to seed, comprising two layers of closely adhering fibres. Seed ellipsoidal with flattened base, surface smooth, hilum basal, raphe lateral, endosperm deeply ruminate, embryo basal. Germination adjacent ligular, eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Restricted to far western Papua province in Indonesian New Guinea. Known from Waigeo Island in the Raja Ampat Archipelago, the Kepala Burung (Sorong and Bintuni Bay), the lower slopes of the Wondiwoi Mountains and the vicinity of Etna Bay. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The relationships of Dransfieldia remain uncertain. Dransfieldia has been resolved as sister to Linospadix and Laccospadix of the Linospadicinae, forming a clade that in turn is sister to Heterospathe, but these relationship have low bootstrap support (Asmussen et al. 2006). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems used for harpoons. Leaves used for thatch. Unspecified parts used for sewing thatch. The species is grown as an ornamental in the USA and Australia, but is not yet widely available in the horticultural trade. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Baker et al. (2006).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The colourful new leaves and inflorescences of this palm, along with its petite habit, make it highly desirable among palm collectors (Migliaccio 2001).</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ititohoho (Jamur), Kapis (Biak-Raja Ampat) and Tama’e (Wondama). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Grows in lowland forests and forest on slopes and ridge tops, 10–180 m elevation. Palm growers have reported that the single species of this genus occurs in Papua New Guinea (Migliaccio 2001). We have seen no confirmation of this, and suspect that the origin of the seed source has been misinterpreted. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Dransfieldia (Arecaceae)—A New Palm Genus from Western New Guinea</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Zona</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Heatubun</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">Ch.D.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Maturbongs</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.A.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Norup</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.V.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Systematic Botany, 31(1): pp. 61–69</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2006</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dransfieldia micrantha</name>
+<author>(Becc.) W. J. Baker & Zona,</author>
+<citation>Syst. Bot. 31: 62 (2006)</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Papua, Sorong Regency, Ramoi, Jun 1872; Beccari; 424</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI! sheets 11191 and 11191A–G; isotype K! fragment </type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ptychosperma micranthum</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Malesia 1: 52. 1877.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhopaloblaste micrantha</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Hook. f. ex B. D. Jacks.</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Hook. f. ex B. D. Jacks., Index Kew. 2: 713. 1895 (non Rhopaloblaste micrantha Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 10. 1940, nom. illeg.).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Heterospathe micrantha</name>
+<author>(Becc.) H. E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) H. E. Moore, Principes 14: 92. 1970</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Dransfieldia is named for Dr. John Dransfield, former Head of Palm Research at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and friend and mentor to all authors of this paper, in recognition of his monumental contributions both to Malesian palm systematics and to global knowledge of palm biology as a whole.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ititohoho (Jamur), Kapis (Biak-Raja Ampat), Tama’e (Wondama).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering or rarely solitary, slender understory tree palm. Stem to 10 m in height, 2–5 cm diam., surface smooth, often reddish when young then turning brown, internodes 4.0–19.5 cm. Leaves 4–7 in crown, new leaves emerging reddish but soon turning green, 1–2 m long including petiole; sheath 30–45 cm long, crownshaft 50–60 x ca. 6 cm, green with white bloom, sometimes orange-red near the apex and extending into the abaxial side of the petiole, dark scales especially abundant at sheath mouth; petiole 10–20 cm long, 12–14 x ca. 11 mm at base; leaflets 12–27 on each side of rachis, borne 55–69 mm apart, concolorous, ramenta ca. 5 mm long; mid-leaf leaflet 52–76 x 2–5 cm; apical leaflets 18.0–36.0 x 0.8–1.7 cm. Inflorescence 34–60 cm long including peduncle and rachis, all axes red to purple at anthesis; peduncle 12–26 cm long, 9–13 x 5–8 mm at base; prophyll 11.5–27.0 x 1.4–2.0 cm, brown at anthesis; peduncular bracts 2–3, first peduncular bract 20.0–24.0 x 1.7–3.5 cm, remaining peduncular bracts 0.5–25.0 x 5.0–12.0 mm; rachis 9–17 cm long; primary branches 11–14, to 35 cm, with up to 7 rachillae each; rachillae 8.5–29.0 cm long, 1.5–3.5 mm diam. at anthesis, irregularly curvaceous, triads 15–28 per 5 cm; floral bracteoles spathulate, to 1 mm long. Staminate flowers 4.5–5.5 x 2.2–3.4 mm in bud near anthesis, purple; sepals 1.8–2.1 x 1.7–2.6 mm; corolla united in basalmost 0.5–1.4 mm, corolla lobes 4.2–4.8 x 1.7–2.5 mm; stamens 15–19, white, filaments 1.5–3.1 x 0.1–0.2 mm, anther 1.0–1.3 x 0.3–0.7 mm; pollen grains 30–40 mm long; pistillode less than 0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 3.8–4.3 x 3.3–3.9 mm in bud near to anthesis, purple; sepals 2.5–3.5 x 2.3–3.0 mm; petals 3.1–3.5 x 2–2.5 mm; staminodes ca. 3, 0.3–0.5 mm; gynoecium ca. 3.0 x 1.6 mm including stigmas ca. 0.7 mm. Fruit 15.0–15.9 x 7.6–9.5 mm; epicarp black when ripe, epicarp and mesocarp 0.7 mm thick, endocarp 0.3 mm thick, brown. Seed 8.9–11.0 x 6.1–7.0 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Restricted to far western Papua province in Indonesian New Guinea. Known from Waigeo Island in the Raja Ampat Archipelago, the Kepala Burung (Sorong and Bintuni Bay), the lower slopes of the Wondiwoi Mountains and the vicinity of Etna Bay. Although records are relatively few, a consequence of low collection densities, we have no reason to believe that the species is not more widespread between these localities. Palm growers have reported that the species occurs in Papua New Guinea (Migliaccio 2001). We have seen no confirmation of this and suspect that a misinterpretation of the origin of the seed source has been made.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forests and forest on slopes and ridge tops, 10–180 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Near Threatened. Dransfieldia micrantha meets criterion B1 for threat category ‘‘Vulnerable’’ because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, but it does not qualify for the requisite two out of three subsequent criteria B1a–c (IUCN 2001). However, the impact of widespread logging, both legal and illegal, suggests that D. micrantha will potentially meet the requirements of criteria B1a and B1b in the near future.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems used for harpoons. Leaves used for thatch. Unspecified parts used for sewing thatch. The species is grown as an ornamental in the USA and Australia, but is not yet widely available in the horticultural trade. Its colorful new leaves and inflorescences, along with its slender habit, make this palm highly desirable among palm collectors (Migliaccio 2001).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Rhopaloblaste micrantha Burret (1940) is a later homonym of Rhopaloblaste micrantha (Becc.) Hook. f. ex B. D. Jacks. Moore (1970) recognised this and accordingly published a nomen novum, R. dyscrita H. E. Moore. This name is now placed in synonymy with R. ceramica (Miq.) Burret (Banka and Baker 2004).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA, PAPUA. Sorong Regency:Ramoi, Jun 1872, Beccari 424 (holotype FI!, isotype fragment K!); Raja Ampat Islands, Waigeo Island, Mamiai area near Yesner Village, 25 Jun 1997, Heatubun 97 (K!, MAN); Warsamson, NE of Sorong town, 28 Jan 2002, Maturbongs et al. 702 (BO, K!, LAE). Manokwari Regency: Wasior District, Sikama River, 3 km SE of Wosimi River at Senderawoi, 26 km SSE of Wasior (S 2˚57' 2.7", E 134˚ 34' 22.5"), 26 Feb 2000, Baker et al. 1066 (BO!, FTG!, K!, L!, MAN!); same locality and date, Heatubun et al. 321 (AAU!, BO!, FTG!, K!, MAN!); same locality, 27 Feb 2000, Baker et al. 1067 (BO!, FTG!, K!, L!, MAN!); near British Petroleum’s Saengga Camp, 14 Feb 2002, Maturbongs & Siwana 718 (BO, K!). Fak-Fak Regency: Etna Bay, Waribun, km 28 on P. T. Kaltim Hutama road, 31 Jan 2002, Heatubun et al. 328 (FTG!, K!, MAN)</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Rhapis vidalii, A New Papyrus-like Palm from Vietnam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Averyanov</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.V.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Tien Hiep</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Ke Loc</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">P.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 50(1) 11-22</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2006</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Rhapis vidalii</name>
+<author>Aver., T.H.Nguyên & P.K.Lôc</author>
+<citation>Palms 50: 12 (2006)</citation>
+<type>N.Vietnam, Hoa Binh prov., Mai Chau distr., Van Mai municipality, Highway 7, 15 km post, 12.12.2002; D. Harder, N.T. Hiep, L. Averyanov et al.; DKH 8123.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype HN; isotypus LE</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Species named after Prof. Jules E. Vidal, outstanding botanist and explorer of Indochinese flora.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>habitu subherbaceo eleganti, inflorescentia pauciramosa pendula filiformi, nec non floribus pedicellatis pendulis componente incrassato lignificato, cui ex parte axis floralis inter calycem et corollam locata formatus est.
+DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES. From all other species of the genus it differs in slender subherbaceous habit, filiform pendulous few branched inflorescence and pendulous pedicellate flowers with thick woody stalk-like corolla base developing from flower axis between calyx and corolla.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Sub-herbaceous undershrub with slender erect or slightly flexuous reed-like stems arranged commonly in loose groups with 3–6(10) individual growths of varying height. Stem very slender, unbranched, (0.3)0.5–1.5(2) m tall, 3–5 mm wide, with internodes 5–8(10) mm, covered in upper part with old leaf sheaths, terminated by a crown of 5–8(10) leaves, old stems bare in basal portion. Leaf sheaths narrow, 4–6 cm long, 4–6 mm wide, clasping and densely enveloping stem, their margins surrounding stem with a net of numerous flexuous anastomosing light yellowish-brown thin soft fibers; ligule broad, 1–2 cm long, light dull yellowish-brown, thin, papyraceous, early disintegrating into thin soft fibers. Petiole narrow, very slender, 15–20 cm long, about 1 mm broad, slightly curved at the base, ± straight toward the lamina, smooth along the margin, slightly flattened. Lamina suborbicular to fan-shaped (when young) in outline, 20–30 cm across, palmately segmented from near the base into 6–8(10) segments, each segment linear to narrowly lanceolate, grasslike, 12–18(20) cm long, (2)3–5(6) mm wide, sparsely finely denticulate along the margins, commonly with 2 prominent longitudinal veins, longitudinally folded, sometimes slightly narrowing to the apex, irregularly toothed, with 2–3 unequal, short acute apical lobes; adaxial hastula semicircular or broad half-elliptic, erect, hairy on young leaves with numerous light yellowish-gray to dull yellowbrown soft, thin caducous hairs, on old leaves glabrous. Inflorescence 1(2), interfoliar, near the apex of the stem, sparsely and laxly branched, pendulous 20–30 cm long, with light dull brownish narrowly lanceolate smooth, glabrous basal bract 6–12(14) cm long, 3–4(6) mm wide; peduncle 6–12(14) cm long, 0.6–1 mm wide with 1–2 narrowly lanceolate bracts, 2–6 cm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide; rachis very narrow, in apical portion filiform, 0.3–0.7 mm wide, flexuous, with (1)2–6(10) rachillae, each with filiform yellowish bracts at the base, 4–7 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide; rachillae 3–8(10), flexuous, each with 1–14 distant, shortly pedicellate flowers; pedicels (0.6)0.8–1.4(1.6) mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide, at the base with filiform, narrowly triangular acuminate bract 1–1.5 mm long, 0.1–0.2 mm wide, at the apex bearing flower, jointed with thick articulation. Flowers unisexual, solitary, spirally arranged and 3–10 mm distant on rachillae, staminate and pistillate superficially similar; flower axis between attachment of sepals and petals developed into prominent thick, woody, deep green, cylindrical stalk, narrowing to the base, 5.5–7 mm long, about 1–1.6 mm wide at the middle; staminate flower with calyx campanulate, glabrous, dull light yellowish-brown, papyraceous, tubular in basal two thirds 1.2–1.4 mm long, 0.5–0.7 mm wide, at the apex with 3 free, broadly triangular, lobes, 0.5–0.7 mm long, 0.7–0.8 mm wide at the base, slightly incurved, acute to acuminate, outside sometimes indistinctly keeled; corolla broadly campanulate, petals 3, glabrous, dull yellowish-orange with green tips, scale-like, broadly triangular to semicircular, 1.4–1.6 mm long, 1.2–1.6 mm wide at the base, incurved, apiculate, outside slightly keeled; stamens 6, in two whorls, 3 stamens of outer whorl subsessile with very short filaments adnate to middle part of corolla cup, 3 stamens of inner whorl with thick, finely papillose filaments 1–1.2 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm thick, adnate to the base of corolla cup, anthers oblong reniform, 0.4–0.5 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm broad, dehiscing longitudinally along lateral margin; pistillode with 3 completely separate carpellodes, placed close to each other at the center of corolla bottom, each carpellode small, bottle-shaped, slightly oblique, about 0.2 mm long and 0.05–0.07 mm wide in basal part, each with only one abortive ovule. Pistillate flower not seen. Fruit spherical or broadly obovoid, white (from three carpels in each individual flower normally only one developing) 7–9 mm across, with one large seed; epicarp pure white, thin, glabrous and smooth, glossy, skin-like; mesocarp fleshy and juicy with few soft fibers; endocarp thin woody, deep brown, densely adpressed to the seed. Seed spherical, with narrow longitudinal lateral cavity (from adaxial side); endosperm of stony, pure white to light yellow, of marble texture.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Species endemic to northeastern part of North Indochinese floristic province (Averyanov et al. 2003a, b). Vietnam: Hoa Binh prov. (Mai Chau district), Thanh Hoa prov. (Ba Thuoc and Quan Hoa districts).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>FLOWERING PERIOD. Flowers and ripe fruits were observed in December. ECOLOGY. Terrestrial semi-woody undershrub 0.5–1.5(2) m tall. Primary and secondary evergreen closed seasonal broad-leaved lowland and submontane rather dry forests on steep rocky slopes of remnant ridges and hills composed of marble-like crystalline, highly eroded limestone at elevations 300–700(800) m a.s.l. RELATED SPECIES. In flower structure, the species most resembles Rh. micrantha but vegetatively it is very distinctive.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The species differs from all known species of Rhapis L.f. (Hastings 2003) in the extreme development of the stalk-like base of the corolla, formed by the fusion of the corolla to the receptacle. This type of pedicelliform corolla is known in other species of the genus such as Rh. micrantha (Beccari 1931, Dransfield pers. com.) but is nowhere so strongly developed as in this new species. After anthesis the cylindrical or narrowly conical deep green stalk-like corolla base becomes larger and bears on its widened apex a spherical, broadly obovoid or broadly ellipsoid drupe and 1–2 aborted carpels, which later degenerate. Eventually the solitary, juicy, milky-white fruit terminates the thick woody deep green stalk, having some superficial resemblance with the fleshy seeds of Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>VIETNAM. N. Vietnam, Hoa Binh prov., Mai Chau distr., Van Mai municipality, Highway 7, 15 km post. Primary lowland, very dry broad-leaved forest on shale at lower elevation to rocky, karstic limestone outcrops with deep fissures, between points 20°35’26’’N 105°02’00’’E and 20°34’39’’N 105°02’23’’E at elev. about 300–350 m. Sympodial palm with single stem up to 1.5 m tall. Fruits white, fleshy. Among limestone rocky outcrops. Locally abundant. 12 December 2002, D. Harder, N.T. Hiep, L. Averyanov et al., DKH 8123. (holotype HN; isotype LE); along road between Van Mai and Thanh Hoa, approximately 2 km SW of Van Mai village around point 20°34’17’’N 105°01’58’’E at elev. 600–650m. Disturbed secondary and remnants of primary rather dry broad-leaved forest on upper ridge slopes on limestone and shale soils with large, anciently eroded marble-like crystalline limestone. Palm up to 2 m tall, forming small clumps, flowering and fruiting in light gaps in the canopy. Leaves deep green, buds green, flowers dull yelloworange, green at tip. Locally abundant. 13 December 2002, D.Harder, N.T. Hiep, L. Averyanov et al., DKH 8188. Thanh Hoa prov., Ba Thuoc distr., Co Lung municipality, territory of Pu Luong protected area, near Pu Luong village, 20°27’01’’N, 105°11’03’’E. Primary very dry evergreen broad-leaved forest with Burretiodendron hsienmu along tops of remnant karst limestone ridge at elev. 500–550 m a.s.l. Palm 0.5–1 m hg on rocky steep slope. Locally common. 13 April 2001, N.T. Hiep, L. Averyanov, N.T. Vinh, D.T. Doan, HAL 929; Khuyn village, around point 20°26’31’’N 105°14’55’’E. Primary evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest on slopes of crystalline marble-like highly eroded limestone ridge at elev. 300–400 m. Small shrub-like palm 0.5–1.2 m tall. Occasional. 18 September 2003, L. Averyanov, D.T. Doan, J. Regalado, N.T. Vinh, HAL 3075. Quan Hoa Distr., Phu Le Municipality, Hang village, around point 20°31’33’’N, 105°05’06’’E. Secondary and primary closed evergreen seasonal broadleaved lowland forest on steep slopes of rocky ridge composed with crystalline marble-like highly eroded limestone at elev. 350–450 m. Palm 1–1.5 m tall on steep slope. Not common. 29 September 2003, L. Averyanov, P.K. Loc, D.T. Doan, N.T. Vinh, HAL 3559. Around point 20°32’29’’N, 105°04’32’’E. Primary closed evergreen seasonal broadleaved submontane forest on very steep slopes and cliffs of rocky ridge composed with crystalline marble-like highly eroded limestone at elev. 700–800 m. Palm up to 1.5 m tall. Very common. Co-dominant of herb forest stratum, 4 October 2003, L. Averyanov, P.K. Loc, D.T. Doan, N.T. Vinh, HAL 3899.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Remarkable large pinnate-leaved palm recently rediscovered on Vanuatu after previously being known only from a fruit in the Natural History Museum in London; distinctive in the two large peduncular bracts and the large fruit with subapical stigmatic remains.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Carpoxylon</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 39: 177 (1875).</citation>
+<type>Type; Carpoxylon macrospermum; H. Wendl. and Drude</type>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Karpos — fruit, xylon — wood, referring to the woody endocarp.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, longitudinally fissured, swollen basally and with a boss of adventitious roots, distally prominently ringed with slightly sunken leaf scars, internodes short. Leaves regularly pinnate, spreading but arched towards the tips, neatly abscising; sheaths forming a crownshaft, sheaths glossy, glabrous to lightly scaly, splitting opposite the petiole; petiole short, tapering distally, ridged adaxially, rounded abaxially; rachis flexible, broadly ridged adaxially at base, narrowly ridged distally, rounded abaxially, extended beyond the apical leaflets in a flexible tip; leaflets regularly arranged, single-fold, erect, linear, tapering to an irregularly rounded, ± bifid tip, stiff, coriaceous, glabrous adaxially, midveins most prominent, marginal veins next largest, 2 other pairs of large veins conspicuous, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar branched to 3 orders basally, to 1 order distally, branches stiffly spreading; peduncle short, stout, elliptical in cross-section; prophyll completely encircling peduncle at the base, tubular, 2-keeled, tapering distally, splitting abaxially, tomentose; peduncular bracts 2, longer than the prophyll, the first inserted just above the prophyll, the second an equal distance above the first, both tubular, complete, tapering to rather short pointed tips, glabrous, caducous; scars of 2–3 incomplete bracts above inner peduncular bract; rachis about twice as a long as the peduncle, rachis bracts low, each in a slit-like cavity, subtending primary branches; primary branches ca. 10, dorsiventrally flattened, with a short bare basal portion and 2 large lateral pulvini at the base, and distally bearing low bracts each in a slit-like cavity and subtending rachillae; rachillae angled, basally devoid of flowers, distally tapering and bearing spirally arranged low bracts subtending triads in the basal 1/3 and distally subtending paired or solitary staminate flowers, within the triads one staminate flower often distal and one lateral to the pistillate flower, rachillae ending in a short bare portion; first bracteole large, rounded, coriaceous, the second smaller and shallower. Staminate flowers very asymmetrical in bud, rounded or pointed apically; sepals 3, distinct, irregular, imbricate basally, keeled, prominently ridged when dry; petals 3, distinct, valvate, tips thickened, ridged when dry; stamens 6, filaments slender, inflexed at tip, anthers ± sagittate basally, slightly bifid apically, dorsifixed just below the middle, versatile, latrorse, connective tanniniferous; pistillode columnar, as long as the stamens. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric or oblate triangular, occasionally elongate; aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-channelled or finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 48–58 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flower in young bud rounded; sepals 3, distinct, very broadly imbricate, extremely thick basally; petals 3, very broadly imbricate, thick basally, tips thick, valvate; staminodes joined in a ring with ca. 5 broad tooth-like tips; gynoecium irregularly obovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, fleshy, ovule erect at stage studied, ?anatropous. Fruit large, obovoid to ellipsoid, somewhat asymmetrical, red at maturity single-seeded, with eccentrically apical, conical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, wrinkled basally at maturity, thin, mesocarp thick with close-packed longitudinal fibres, the innermost fibres adherent to the thick, whitish, bony, longitudinally ridged endocarp. Seed ± oblong-ovoid, flattened at the raphe, hilum impressed, ± subbasal, raphe branches numerous, radiating, diverging, many ascending, all anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous with a central hollow; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular, eophyll bifid. Cytology: not studied.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species in Vanuatu, rediscovered in 1987.</p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied. </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Several studies place Carpoxylon as sister to a clade of Neoveitchia and Satakentia, all relationships with high support (Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.). However, moderate support has also been obtained for a sister relationship between Carpoxylon and Satakentia (Lewis andDoyle 2002, Asmussen et al. 2006).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dowe and Uhl (1989).</p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The rediscovery of Carpoxylon, previously knownonly from a single fruit, was one of the most exciting palmdiscoveries of the late 1980s.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>For common names, see Doweand Cabalion (1996).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring in rain forest at low elevation on Aneityum, Tanna and Futuna. It can also be found cultivated in villages throughout the islands of Vanuatu. </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Carpoxylon macrospermum</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dowe</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.L.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.W.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 33: 68-73</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1989</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Carpoxylon macrospermum</name>
+<author>H.Wendl. & Drude</author>
+<citation>Linnaea 39: 177 (1875)</citation>
+<type>Vanuatu, fruit only;;</type>
+<type_loc>Type GOET</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem erect to 18 m, ca. 35 cm diam. DBH, base enlarged, 50 cm in diam., leaf scars whitish, prominent, internodes 7 cm long near base to 2 cm long distally. Leaves regularly pinnate, 3.5-4.0 m long; crownshaft green, 1.5-2.0 m long, somewhat larger in diam. towards base; petiole 25 cm long or less, wider proximally; rachis wide to 6.5 cm at base, 4.5 cm wide in middle, 4.0 cm wide distally, extending beyond apical leaflets in a flexible tip about 12 cm long; leaflets about 70 on each side of rachis, proximal ones 114 x 1.5 cm, mid-leaflets 122 x 3.2 cm, distal ones 36 x 1.5 cm. Inflorescences infrafoliar; peduncle stout, elliptical in cross-section, about 14 cm long, 4 cm diam.; prophyll 70 cm long, about 8 cm wide, peduncular bracts two, the first inserted ca. 5 cm above the prophyll, the second 5 cm above the first, each 70 x 7 cm tapering to a woody tip ca. 5 cm long; scars of two to three incomplete bracts above the inner peduncular bract; rachis ca. 36 cm long, rachis bracts subtending 10 primary branches; primary branches stout, lower ones to 2 cm wide with a basal bare portion 7-8 cm wide; rachillae stout, ca. 5 mm diam. and 30-40 cm long, tapering, also with basal pulvini, bearing spirally arranged, rather distant triads, 1.5-1.0 cm apart, for about one-third their length, rachillae much reduced in diam. to 2-3 mm distally, first bracteole surrounding the pistillate flower shallow, 2-4 mm high, rounded, coriaceous, evident in fruiting rachillae, second bracteole smaller and more shallow. Staminate flowers very irregular in bud, 2.5-4.5 x 2.0 mm in young material examined, rounded or pointed apically; sepals 2.5 x 3.0 mm; petals 2.9 x 1.7 mm; stamens six, dorsifixed near the middle, filaments slender, 1.5 mm long, inflexed at tip; anthers 2.0 mm long; pistillode 2.0 mm long. Pistillate flowers studied in very young bud, 2 x 6 mm, irregular; sepals various in size, about 4 x 2 mm; petals imbricate, also not completely developed and varying in size, about 3 x 2 mm; staminodes 0.5 mm high; gynoecium obovoid, 2 mm high x 1.5 mm wide. Fruit slightly obovoid to ellipsoidal, 6 x 3.5 cm, stigmatic remains eccentrically apical; epicarp thin, mesocarp 2 mm thick with large fibers, endocarp 3~4 mm thick, thicker basally, longitudinally ridged, bony below ridges, operculum circular, large. Seed large, ellipsoidal, 4 x 2.5 cm, raphe fibers abundant, extending laterally, little anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous with central cavity; embryo basal. Germination adjacent ligular, eophyll bifid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>CarpoxyLon, then known only from fruit, was put in Areceae Incertae Sedis in "Genera Palmarum" (Uhl and Dransfield 1987). The newly collected material allows a subtribal placement. The large operculum over the embryo places the genus clearly in Subtribe Iguanurinae of the Areceae, where it appears most closely related to Clinostigma. This relationship is further supported by preliminary cladistic studies of Iguanurinae; using a data base of 32 characters, Carpoxylon and Clinostigma are indicated as sister genera (Uhl and Dransfield unpubl.). Carpoxylon differs from Clinostigma in lacking stilt roots, in the stiffly ascending rather than the pendulous pinnae of most species of Clinostigma, in two rather than a single peduncular bract, in inflorescence branches stiff and spreading rather than more or less pendulous, and in a ridged, bony rather than a thin crustaceous endocarp. Species of Clinostigma are poorly known as are those of other genera of Iguanurinae; more field studies are needed and may change the circumscription of Carpoxylon.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Acanthophoenix in Réunion, Mascarene Islands</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Ludwig</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 50(2) 82-98</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2006</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name></name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+<type>Réunion. Roussel Estate, Trois Mares, Le Tampon, on the side of a field path, alt. 610 m, 20 Apr 2006; N. Ludwig; 974-1</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype REU; isotypes K, P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet honors the Roussel family who owns the 202 hectare (500 acre) property where the species was first identified.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a A. rubra staminibus plerumque 9 vice 11 vel plus, fructu curvato vice ellipsoideo differt, a A. crinita staminibus 9 vice 6, fructu multo majore et eophyllo pinnato vice bifido differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary pleonanthic monoecious palm with erect trunk to 15–25 m tall and 20–30 cm diam., surface light gray, rather smooth, only slightly marked with leaf scars; trunk base swollen in a characteristic “elephant foot.” Leaves pinnate, 15–20 in crown; crownshaft conspicuous, , sheaths 90–120 cm long, 45 cm wide at the base, up to 6 mm thick, abaxially dark brown, covered with dense furlike black hair 6–8 mm long, except on half length median axis where glabrous; petiole and rachis 2.50–3 m long, glabrous or with a fine indument abaxially in the distal part; leaflets 70–80 pairs, pendulous and regularly attached on both edges of the rachis, leaflet tip acute, olive green color on both surface, leaflet midrib adaxially armed with thin reddishbrown bristles 2–4 cm long, thin flexuous dotlike scales on abaxial side of midrib. Inflorescences infrafoliar, first enclosed in a tough unarmed brown prophyll; inflorescences ivory-colored, pendulous, 100–110 cm long, branching to 2 orders with 50–70 rachillae; peduncle base enlarged in a crescent shape where attached to the trunk; peduncle and rachis armed with strong sinuous black spines 2–3 cm long; rachillae bearing densely arranged triads of flowers, two staminate flowers flanking one pistillate flower, all sessile and glabrous. Staminate flowers 12 × 12 mm, ivory white turning to light yellow except pistillode and basal part of filaments pinkcolored; sepals 3, narrow triangular with acute tip, 1.5 mm long; petals 3, elliptic, valvate, 7 × 3 mm; stamens 9 (sometimes 8) with white sagittate anthers 3–4 mm long and coiled filaments 8 mm long; pistillode 2–3 mm with trifid tip. Pistillate flowers ivory-white, globose to subspherical, slightly asymetrical, smaller than staminate flowers 4.5 × 3–4 mm; sepals and petals similar, membranous, imbricate. Mature fruit black with persistent beige or light brown perianth, ellipsoidal and slightly curved, 15–20 × 8 mm; mesocarp thin, dark purple; endosperm homogenous, embryo basal. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>This species has a limited distribution within the town limits of Le Tampon. It grows in Trois Mares at an altitude of 600–850 m, in remnants of a transitional lowland forest ecosystem specific to the leeward side of the island.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>See protologue pdf.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>See protologue pdf.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>See protologue pdf.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A New Species of Arenga (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 51(4) 298-301</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2006</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Arenga ryukyuensis</name>
+<author>A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Taiwania 51: 298 (2006)</citation>
+<type>JAPAN. “Loo-Choo Islands”, no locality, 1853-1856; C. Wright; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype NY!; isotype US!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kuru-tsugu, mani.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Ab Arenga engleri differt: pinnis subter valde costatis, marginibus distalis lobatis; filamentis 0.5-1 mm longis; et staminibus 35-59.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems short and subterranean except for flowering stems, these reaching 2 m tall, 20 cm diameter. Leaves pinnate; sheaths fibrous; ocrea net-like, sheathing, to 30 cm long; petioles to 1 m long, covered with felt-like, light brown tomentum and dark brown, peltate scales; rachis to 2 m long, tomentose as the petiole; pinnae 32-48 per side of rachis, linear, strongly ribbed adaxially, notched along the distal margins, without ears at the base, or rarely ears present, regularly arranged and spreading in the same plane except for the basal few pinnae, these paired; middle pinnae 43-59 cm long, 1.7-3.5 cm wide. Inflorescences interfoliar, unisexual, not seen in their entirety; staminate rachillae 26-37 cm long, 2.9-4.6 mm diameter, numerous, glabrous; staminate flowers 8-9.5 mm long, spirally and distantly arranged; sepals 2.5-3.5 mm long; petals 7.5-9 mm long; filaments 0.5-1 mm long; anthers 5.5-6 mm long; stamens 35-59; pistillate inflorescences pendulous; rachillae 16-31 cm long, 3.4-6.8 mm diameter, glabrous; pistillate flowers spirally and distantly arranged, 16-27 cm long, 5 mm diameter, glabrous; pistillate flowers 2.5 mm long; sepals 2 mm long, broadly imbricate; petals 2.5 mm long, valvate for ca. two thirds their length; fruits globose, 1.2-1.8 cm diameter, orange or red.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Japan, Ryukyu Islands (Sakishima Group, Okinawa Group).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest or secondary forest along river margins, or scrub forest especially near the sea shore, at low elevations.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>No uses recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species has been illustrated by Walker (1976). Several specimens of Arenga ryukyuense are known from the Bonin Islands. On the label of two of these is written “grow wild from cult?”, indicating a cultivated origin for these specimens. The genus is not included in the palm flora of the Bonin Islands (Moore and Fosberg, 1956).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>JAPAN. Sakishima groupe: Iriomote Island, Nakama River, 0-30 m, 29 Apr 1982, Fukuoaka 11346 (KUN); Iriomote, Yaeyama Islands, 21 Jan 1973, Furuse 2132 (K); Iriomote Island, Nakara River, 16 Jul 1955, Hatusima 18717 (US); Iriomote Island, near Funaura, 8 Sep 1974, Murata & Tabata 646 (K); Iriomote, Komi Pasture to Komi, Taketomi-cho, Yaeyama-gun, 0-30 m, 16 Mar 1982, Okada et al. 312 (A, US); Yaeyama Gunto, along Urauchi River, 21 Aug 1951, Walker 6677 (US); Ishigaki Island, Ntana Yama, ridge above Ozato, 100-150 m, 21 Jun 1956, Fosberg 37658 (BH, US); Ishigaki Island, near Tomina, 18 Jul 1955, Hatusima 18890 (US), same locality, 23 Jul 1956, Fosberg 38070 (BH). Okinawa group: Ogami Jima, 25 m, 25 Aug 1956, Fosberg 38405 (BH, US); Okinawa Island, Hyakuna, Shimajiri, 17 Apr 1955, Hatusima 17253 (US); Okinawa, Kawasaki, Kin Village, 5 Jun 1962, Jones s. n. (BH, US); Okinawa Island, Kinwan, 26°21’N, 127°52’E, 9 Apr 1955, Moran 5117 (US); Okinawa, Kunigami, Kunigami-son, Yona, 7 Nov 1976, Ohashi & Tateishi 1028 (US); Okinawa Island, Motobu Peninsula, foot of Mt. Awa, 10 Dec 1953, Walker 7599 (US); Okinawa Nakagami, Tomari Village, near Kuba-saki, 4 Jul 1951, Walker et al. 6017 (US); Okinawa, Naha, 1 Mar 1917, Wilson 8014 (K). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A new species of Beccariophenix from the High Plateau of Madagascar</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Rakotoarinivo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Ranarivelo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">T.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 51(2) 63-75</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Beccariophoenix alfredii</name>
+<author>Rakotoarin., Ranariv. & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms (1999+). 51: 68 (2007)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar: Provo Antananarivo, Andriambesoa, Betafo, Manalazina, 21.5.2004; M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo, R. Ranaivojaona, T Ranaivomanana, R. Rajaonarison; RMJl36</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a B. madagascariensi inflorescentiae infrafoliaribus, pedunculo simper brevissimo, bractea pedunculare coriacea, staminibus 15 vice 18-21 et fructu oblato bene distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious, tree palm. Stem erect, to ca. 15 m tall, 28-30 cm diam. at breast height, graybrown, eventually becoming bare and closely ringed with leaf scars, internodes ca. 2.5 em. Leaves 30-36 in crown, pinnate, marcescent in juvenile palms, abscising neatly in adults; sheath tubular at first, to at least 82 cm long, with two lateral, ± entire, triangular lobes to 30 em long, 10 em wide at the base, tapering to ca. 8 em, the abaxial surface of the sheath covered with thick caducous gray-brown indumentum, the body of the sheath disintegrating into a mass of robust sinuous gray fibers ca. 3 mm wide, adaxially the sheath glabrous, reddish-brown; petiole very short, ca. 4-5 em long, to 8 x 2.3 em wide and deep, with scattered caducous scales; rachis to at least 4.4 m long, to 7 x 2.3 em wide and deep at the base, tapering gradually distally, adaxially ridged near the base, abaxially rounded, distally with 2 lateral grooves; leaflets ca. 120 on each side of the rachis, ± regularly arranged, very slender and crowded at the base, ± rigid or somewhat pendulous, ca. 47 x 1 em at the base of the leaf, ca. 112 x 4 em in mid leaf, ca. 65 x 1.8 em at the tip, ± acute, easily splitting and becoming bifid, adaxially glabrous, abaxially lacking powdery white wax, transverse veinlets short, conspicuos, minute punctiform scales present on longitudinal veins. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, branching to 1 order; peduncle moderate, 8--13 em long, elliptic in cross-section, 4 x 1.7 em, with caducous gray-brown indumentum, ± glabrescent in infructescence; prophyll not seen, presumably inserted at the base of the peduncle and included within the leaf sheaths; peduncular bract inserted at the apex of the peduncle, woody, with solid beak, the whole to 90 em long, 3-5 mm thick, abaxially with conspiCUOUS longitudinal grooves, at anthesis the peduncular bract splitting longitudinally and circumscissile at the insertion, leaving a collarlike scar, the bract curling up on drying after abscission, adaxially the bract smooth, shiny, yellOWish green abaxially tomentose and longitudinally shallowly grooved; rachis very short, to 8--9 em long, to ca. 4 x 2 em diam., tapering to ca. 0.7 em at the tip, bearing ca. 30-50 crowded, spirally arranged rachillae, each subtended by a short, triangular, acuminate, coriaceous bract 1.1-7.5 x 1.0-2.8 em; rachillae glabrous and lacking white wax, yellOWish, becoming crimson in ripe fruit, straight, rigid, held at a narrow acute angle to the rachis, 45-66 em long, ca. 5-8 mm diam. at the base, tapering distally, each with a poorly defined swelling at the very base, proXimally with a bare portion 15-18 em long, distally bearing distichous triads in the proximal 13-19 em, paired staminate flowers in the middle 11-17 em and solitary staminate flowers in the distal 13-18 em, rachilla bracts triangular 1-4 x 1-6 mm; floral bracteoles well developed, broad, rounded, striate, rather coriaceous, shorter than the rachilla bracts. Staminate flowers narrow ellipsoid, ca. 13 x 4 mm; sepals to 2 x 2 mm, joined in the basal 1 mm, distally triangular, free and imbricate, glabrous, not striate; petals coriaceous, ca. 12 x 3 mm, tapering to a short acute tip, basally very briefly joined, abaxial surface glabrous, lacking white wax, obscurely striate; stamens 15, filaments 2 mm, anthers elongate 8 x I mm, erect, ± basifixed; pistiIJode absent. Pollen not studied. Pistillate flowers in bud, irregularly globose to obscurely angled, 9 x 6 mm, perianths persistent and enlarging in frUit; sepals broadly imbricate, 8-9 x 5-6 mm; petals 8 x 7 mm, broadly imbricate with short valvate tips; staminodal ring membranous, ca. 1 mm high; gynoecium ellipsoid, 6 x 4 mm, stigmas pyramidal in bud, 2 mm high. Fnlit I-seeded, oblate, 16 x 24 mm, with a short triangular beak to 3 mm long, 4 mm wide at the base, dark purplish-black at maturity, smooth, becoming striate when dry, surface glabrous except the beak where minutely and obscurely scaly; mesocarp thin, fleshy 1 mm thick, with longitudinal fibers, endocarp 15 x 22 mm, very thin, scarcely lignified, pores rather obscure, just below the equator. Seed oblate 13 x 20 mm, attached near the base with a broad hilum, with numerous anastomosing raphe branches, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo lateral below the equator. Germination: adjacent-ligular; eophyll entire, lanceolate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>At the moment, the only scientifically proven and recorded locality for B. alfredii is Manalazina. This population is limited to the west by the Mania River. Individuals become abruptly very rare as soon as one approaches the Mania, the river into which the tributary lined with Beccariophoenix flows. Fewer than twenty individuals of B. alfredii grow on the banks of the Mania, possibly because of its depth, which is unfavorable to the dispersal and establishment of seedlings. As we climbed up another mountain chain in the hope of finding other populations in further localities, we saw not one palm on the horizon. Because of the extremely difficult access and the time we had already taken to reach Manalazina, we were unable to conduct further searches for the palm. Meanwhile, we are optimistic concerning the existence of more populations further away in the region. Justin Moat, GIS specialist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, using satellite imagery, has looked for habitats similar to that at Manalazina. After analysing the very distinctive spectrum and relief seen in the satellite images at the exact coordinates of Manalazina, Justin was able to search for similar spectra and relief elsewhere in this part of the plateau. He found similar habitats but much further away from Manalazina. Other populations of B. alfred;i surely exist in the area - during our visit, we did not have the time to revisit Vilanitelo where the palms was first seen by Alfred's collectors, nor Marovato, the site of the large population mentioned by Alfred.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>The existence of this population of Beccariophoenix on the western slopes of the High Plateau of Madagascar is quite astonishing. This new species grows in a completely different phytogeographic zone from the humid rain forest zone associated with B. madagascariensis. Manalazina belongs to the zone of the western slope of the Domaine Centrale defined by Humbert (1955). The primary vegetation is formed of sclerophyll forest with Uapaca hoieri and members of 5arcolaenaceae (Humbert & CoursDame 1965), but the current vegetation of the area consists mostly of a scrubby savannah. Furthermore, the climate is very different from that experienced by B. madagascariensis at Mantadia. In fact, B. alfredii experiences a subhumid temperate climate (Cornet 1974), drier than that of the east of Madagascar. The average temperature is 15-20˚C and the rainfall generally less than 1500 mm. The dry season is about five months long. The population of B. alfredii occurs at an average elevation of 1050 m above sea level; above that elevation, the palm becomes very rare, as the depressions between two mountains are too infrequent and where there are such depressions they are usually too dry. The soils in general in the region are ferralitic, but B. alfredii seems to grow solely on sandy soils on the banks of tributaries of the Mania River. Beccariophoenix alfred;; is the dominant species in the gallery forest and, reaching mostly 10-15 m, constitutes the only canopy species. The species grows so abundantly in the area that we estimated at least 500 mature individuals at this locality. In contrast, regenerating individuals are few. The dominance of this species may be due to the fallen leaves and inflorescences that carpet the ground, completely eliminating any other woody plants. Moreover, seed dispersal seems to be mostly by water. The flattened shape of the fruits allows them to be dispersed easily by water until they are deposited in a site favorable for germination. Sometimes seedlings are found actually growing in water but they mostly ocrur along the river bank. Perhaps this explains why the adult palms are restricted to a band along all the valleys.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>While we await the discovery of additional popuiations, we can declare that the population at Manalazina can be considered to be intact and not facing any major threat, thanks to mountain chains that effectively act as natural barriers protecting the population. This palm occurs in one of the most secure localities in the whole island. The area has one of the lowest densities of human population in the whole of Madagascar and this is, of course, very significant for the future survival of the species. Furthermore, no one locally seems interested in utilizing the palm at the moment, because it is Virtually impossible to transport the palm or its products up the 300 m of extremely steep slope from the valley bottom, and the locality is inaccessible to any of the usual forms of mechanized transport utilized in Madagascar. It is for these reasons that the locality is so deserted. During our four days camping we five from Antananarivo and our two guides saw no one apart from ourselves in the area.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>It could be asked why we consider this palm to be a new species of Beccariophoenix when B. madagascariensis is itself variable. Dransfield (2202) reported what was known of this variation and highlighted the presence of two distinct seedling morphologies of the palm in cultivation. One type of Beccariophoenix has juvenile leaves with a broad terminal pair of multifold segments displaying many windows. In contrast the second type of Beccariophoenix has narrow terminal segments composed of few folds and with one or two windows only. After some research in the field and discussion with seed importers and growers we can say that the population of Beccariophoenix from the lowiands near to Brickaviile (the Ranomafana Est population, currently known with certainly from a single adult tree and, about twenty km away, a few more) produces seedlings with many windows. The population from the general area of Mantadia near the type locality of B. madagascariensis and the population at Sainte Luce produce seedlings with few windows. Beccariophoenix alfredU has seedlings with narrow terminal segments and few windows. The habitat of the popuiation at Sainte Luce at near sea level might be thought of as being 72 very different from that of the montane ridgetops at almost 1000 m in Mantadia, but there are in fact considerable resemblances in vegetation - both areas support generally rather small-leaved dicotyledonous trees, growing on humus rich soils overlying extremely nutrient-poor sand or quartzite. The main difference between the Mantadia and Sainte Luce populations is in the length of the peduncle - always elongate at Mantadia, sometimes elongate, sometimes very short at Sainte Luce (incidentally, the one tree at Ranomafana Est is remarkable for it extremely short peduncles. The most striking differences are in the size and form of the inflorescence and fruit. Comparison between Beccariophoenix madagascariensis and B. alfredii. Beccariophoenix madagascariellsis: inflorescence interfoliar. Peduncle to 120 em long. Peduncular bract heavily lignified, 30-40 mm thick, not deforming when abscising. Stamens 18-21. Fruits ovoid.
+Beccariophoenix alfredii: Inflorescence infrafoliar. Peduncle not exceeding ca. 13 em long. Peduncular bract leathery, 3-S mm thick, rolling up on itself when abscising. Stamens 15. Fruits oblate
+</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>MADAGASCAR: Provo Antananarivo, Andriambesoa, Betafo, Manalazina, 20˚ 12' 32.1" 5, 46˚ 30' 04.3" E, gallery vegetation, 1072 m alt, 21.5.2004, M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo, R. Ranaivojaona, T. Ranaivomanana, R. Rajaonarison RMJl36 (Holotypus K, Isotypi MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A revision of Borassus L. (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Bayton</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.P.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 62: 561-586</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Borassus akeassii</name>
+<author>Bayton, Ouédr. & Guinko</author>
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 150: 420 (2006)</citation>
+<type>Burkina Faso, Comoé Province, 1 km S of Banfora, 20 Jan. 2004 (♀); Bayton et al.; 69</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K!; isotypes FTG!, OUA!</type_loc>
+<bibref>Aké Assi, L. & Guinko, S. (1996). Confusion de deux taxons spécifiques ou subspécifiques au sein du genre Borassus en Afrique de l’Ouest. In: L. J. G. van der Maesen, X. M. van der Burgt & J. M. van Medenbach de Rooy (eds), The biodiversity of African plants: proceedings XIVth AETFAT congress, pp. 773 – 779. Kluwer Academic, Wageningen, The Netherlands.</bibref>
+<bibref>Aké Assi, Maesen, L. J. G. van der & Dransfield, J. (2006). Arecaceae. In: V. Adjakidjè, W. J. van der Burg & L. J. G. van der Maesen (eds), Flore Analytique du Benin, pp. 50 – 62. Backhuys Publishers, Cotonou, Benin and Wageningen, The Netherlands.</bibref>
+<bibref>Arbonnier, M. (2002). Arbres, arbustes et lianes des zones sèches d’Afrique de l’Ouest, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Borassus aethiopum var. domesticus</name>
+<author>A.Chev.</author>
+<bibref>A.Chev., Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Colon. 18: 103 (1938)</bibref>
+<type>Mali, Kayes Region: l’île de Dinguira; Dubois; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Borassus akeassii honours Professor Laurent Aké Assi (Abidjan University, Côte d’Ivoire) who, together with Professor Sita Guinko (University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) first distinguished the palm from B. aethiopum (Aké Assi & Guinko 1996).</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Burkill (1997) lists a huge number of indigenous names for Borassus (ostensibly B. aethiopum) in West Africa and many of these may be applicable to B. akeassii. The French name rônier (derived from the Wolof word rôn) is widely used in Francophone Africa for both Borassus species.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem to 15 m tall, almost always ventricose, to 80 cm diam., when stem marked by numerous irregular scars, this is caused by tapping. Leaves glaucous, 8 – 22 in the crown; petiole and sheath 90 – 160 cm long; petiole 3.0 – 7.4 cm wide at midpoint, green, margins with small serrate black teeth (0.2 – 0.6 cm long), or teeth largely absent; costa 22 – 28 cm long; adaxial hastula conspicuous, to 2.4 cm, abaxial hastula rudimentary; lamina rather flat, radius to 160 cm maximum, dense indumentum on the ribs of some immature leaves; leaflets 45 – 82, 2.8 – 7.3 cm wide, apices acute and entire or splitting longitudinally with age, shortest leaflet 58 – 147 cm long, leaf divided to 60 – 99 cm; commissural veins 5 – 7 per cm, leaf anatomy isolateral. Staminate inflorescences branched to two orders, upper subtending branches terminating in 1 – 3 rachillae; rachillae green-brown and catkin-like, 23 – 36 cm long, 2.3 – 2.5 cm diameter, usually with a mamilliform apex; rachilla bracts forming pits that contain a cincinnus of 5 – 10 staminate flowers. Pistillate inflorescences spicate or branched to one order; rachis ± 80 cm long, flower-bearing portion 24 – 39 cm long with ± 23 flowers arranged spirally. Staminate flowers 0.4 – 0.6 cm long, exserted from the pits individually or in groups of 3 – 5; bracteoles 0.8 × 0.5 cm; calyx 0.5 × 0.2 cm, shallowly divided into three sepals, petal lobes 0.2 × 0.1 cm; stamens 6 with very short filaments, 0.1 × 0.03 cm, anthers, 0.1 × 0.05 cm; pistillode minute. Pollen monosulcate, elliptical, 51 – 72 μm long, aperture 47 – 61 μm long, polar axis 49 – 61 μm long; tectum reticulate, densely covered with supratectal gemmae. Pistillate flowers 3.5 × 3 cm, bracteoles 2 cm diam., sepals 2 × 2 cm, petals 1.5 × 1.5 cm. Fruits large, ± 15 cm long and ± 12 cm diameter, ovoid with a somewhat pointed apex, fragrant and yellowish green at maturity, produced inside persistent perianth segments; pyrenes 1 – 3, 6.8 – 9.3 cm × 5.4 – 7.5 cm. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Restricted to West and Central Africa. Aké Assi and Guinko (1996) report that the palm is present in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Nigeria. Borassus akeassii (as Borassus sp. aff. flabellifer) has also been recorded in Senegal and the Central African Republic (Arbonnier 2002). However, the range of B. akeassii may be much wider than suggested due to misidentification of the palm as B. aethiopum. Johnson (1984) noted that Borassus aethiopum in Guinea-Bissau was used for wine production. He also noted that the palms have green, orange-sized fruits and both these facts suggest B. akeassii. This study can confirm the presence of B. akeassii in Burkina Faso and Senegal only. In addition, a specimen collected in southeastern Congo-Kinshasa (Liben 2822) has been identified as B. akeassii. The identification was based on the distinctive commissural veins (Bayton et al. 2006); however, the specimen included no fertile material. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Sudan savannas with 800 – 1100 mm annual rainfall. In Burkina Faso, most populations are semimanaged for wine production. Seed is collected and planted and the palms often have crops planted beneath (usually cotton or cassava). </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Data deficient. Borassus akeassii may have a much wider distribution than is currently known. However, in the areas where it is known to occur, it is abundant and a significant crop for local people. Sambou et al. (2002; 1992) report that overexploitation is threatening populations of B. aethiopum in Guinea and Senegal, but it is possible that these refer to B. akeassii. In many cases, it is difficult to determine whether populations of B. akeassii are cultivated (i.e. planted) or merely wild plants that are exploited. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>In Burkina Faso, the main use for the palms is wine production, whereby the terminal bud is tapped to produce a sugary solution that is allowed to ferment. The undeveloped endosperm is also consumed, and the leaves are used for thatch and weaving.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Initial examination of B. akeassii suggests a close relationship with B. flabellifer, as suggested by previous authors (Aké Assi & Guinko 1996; Ouédraogo et al. 2002). The similarities are largely a matter of scale, as B. akeassii is considerably smaller than other African Borassus species. This has been attributed to the intensive extraction of sap leading to reduced growth (Portères 1964). The small leaves, petiole spines, inflorescences and fruits are reminiscent of those of B. flabellifer. However, B. akeassii has a ventricose stem and that character is restricted to African Borassus. The rate of occurrence of branched pistillate inflorescences is much higher in B. akeassii than in any other species. Branching may occur in the rachis towards the base of the inflorescence, or in the flower-bearing rachillae. This may also be an artefact of husbandry as wine tapping damages the apical bud. Further investigation has revealed a number of characters that are unique to this species and probably independent of husbandry. The pollen is particularly distinctive; the gemmae are denser and almost completely obscure the tectum whereas it is clearly visible in the pollen of all other Borassus species. In the few areas where the tectum can be seen, it is reticulate rather than perforate. The commissural veins in the leaves are spaced further apart than in any species except B. heineanus. This character can be used to identify sterile herbarium material of B. akeassii. As the leaf desiccates, the lamina collapses onto the network of veins; in the leaves of B. flabellifer and B. aethiopum the commissures are close together and support the lamina, resulting in a smooth surface. In B. akeassii, the commissures are widely-spaced so the lamina sinks into the rectangular pits formed by the veins resulting in a puckered appearance (Bayton et al. 2006). The fruits are yellow-green with a pointed apex, thus resembling those of B. madagascariensis, but they are considerably smaller. These characters should ensure that living specimens can be identified to species, whether they have been tapped or not. It is conceivable that B. aethiopum var. domesticus could represent B. akeassii, as the fruits are described by Chevalier as small, globose, and yellowish-green in colour. His choice of epithet reflects the importance of this variety to local people (Chevalier & Dubois 1938), which is mirrored by B. akeassii. However, the type of var. domesticus consists of pyrenes only, and these cannot be identified with certainty. The presence of a second species in West Africa could cause some nomenclatural difficulties as the type of B. aethiopum is lost and was originally collected in West Africa. However, modern material collected from the type locality of B. aethiopum can be identified as that species. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BURKINA FASO. Comoé Prov.: Banfora Dept., 1 km W of Siniana village, 20 Jan. 2004 (♂), Bayton et al., 68 (AAU!, K!, OUA!); 500 m N of Lake Tengrela, 22 Jan. 2004, Bayton et al., 72 (K!, OUA!); 3 km N of Banfora, 22 Jan. 2004 (♀ & ♂), Bayton et al., 73, 74 (AAU!, K!, OUA!); Wolonkoto village, 29 July 1998, Ouédraogo & Boussim 9 (OUA!); Houet Prov.: Bobo-Dioulasso Dept., Dinderesso village, 28 July 1998, Ouédraogo & Boussim 8 (OUA!); Kadiogo Prov.: Somgandé, 18 June 1998, Ouédraogo & Guinko 2, 3 (OUA!); Ouagadougou city centre, 4 July 1998, Ouédraogo 4 (OUA!); Ouagadougou Forest, 5 July 1998, Ouédraogo 5 (OUA!). CONGO-KINSHASA. Kasai-Occidental Prov.: Kamulolo, without date, Liben 2822 (K!). SENEGAL. Senegambie, 1840, Brunner s.n. (K!); Kaolack Region: Kaolack, 1906, Chevalier s.n. (P!); Louga Region: Linguere Dept., Velingara in Ferlo, 30 Oct. 1989 (♂), Lawesson 5444 (AAU!); Thiès Region: Mbour Dept., Ndianda village near Joal, 7 Dec. 1997 (♀ & ♂), Ervik & Sambou 307 – 309 (AAU!). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The grassy Butia: Two new species and a new combination</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Noblick</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 50(4) 167-178</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2006</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Butia exospadix</name>
+<author>Noblick</author>
+<citation>Palms 50: 169 (2006)</citation>
+<type>Paraguay, Canindeyú, Itanana; L.R. Noblick & T. Rios Otero; 5305</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus PY; isotypi FCQ, FTG, K, NY</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet is from exomeaning “outside” and spadix referring to an “inflorescence (of palm).” Together they are translated as “outside inflorescence” or “projecting inflorescence,” referring to the elongated peduncle (in fruit) that projects the inflorescence far above and “outside” of the peduncular bract. It is not the only Butia to do this, but it is the one that does it in the most exaggerated manner. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>jataí; poñy.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>acaule et subterreano; folium reduplicato-pinnatum foliolis 6–10, congestis, rhachide foliorum 3–10 cm longa; spica super spatham exerta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem solitary, acaulescent, subterranean 10–20 cm in diam. Leaves 2–7 in the crown, spirally arranged and spreading; leaf sheath plus petiole ca. 6–11 cm long, adaxially channeled and abaxially rounded, and glabrous; petiole without the leaf sheath 0–3 cm long and 0.3–0.5 cm wide and 0.2 cm thick at the base of the leaf blade; leaf rachis 3–10 cm long with 6–10 pairs of leaflets distributed evenly along the rachis closely crowded together in a congested manner; basal leaflets ca. 32–42 cm long × 0.1–0.2 cm wide, middle leaflets ca. 30–48 cm long × 0.3–0.4 cm wide, apical leaflets ca. 32–45 cm long × 0.1–0.2 cm wide. Inflorescence interfoliar, unbranched, 4.5–12 cm long with peduncle glabrous, 36–67 cm long × 0.15–0.2 cm diam.; peduncular bract 33–46 cm long with no apparent beak and the expanded or inflated part of the bract 5.5–16 cm long × 0.5–1 cm in width and with a 1.2–2.3 cm perimeter and a 0.5–1 mm thickness, tightly enveloping the peduncle; rachilla 1, ca. 4.5–12 cm long; pistillate (triad) flowering portion 1.5–2.5 cm long, number of pistillate flowers 9–17 and the staminate flowering portion measuring 4–6 cm long. Flowers pale yellow to purple tinged, staminate flowers near the base of the inflorescence 3.5–4.0 mm long, sessile; sepals 3, distinct, linear, imbricate but briefly connate at base, acute to mucronate, membranous, glabrous; petals 3 distinct, unequal, obovate, valvate, fleshy, glabrous, with inconspicuous venation, ca. 3.5–4.0 × 2 mm, acute tips; stamens 6, pale yellow, distinct, 2.2–2.8 mm long, with filaments 1–2 mm long; pistillode trifid, not reflexed, less than 0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers, globose to ovoid, sessile 3.5–4.0 × 2.5–3.5 mm; sepals, glabrous, without visible venation 3–3.5 × 2.5–3.2 mm, coriaceous, imbricate, sepals subequal, acute, keeled to faintly keeled at tip; petals 3, distinct, imbricate at base, valvate at apex, triangular, faintly nerved, especially near the base, glabrous, 2.5–3.5 × 2–3 mm, valvate portion 0.5–1.5 mm long, acute; gynoecium 2–2.7 × 1.5 mm. glabrous, stigma 0.5–0.8 mm long, and staminodes 0.6–0.7 mm long, 3– 6 dentate to smooth and truncate. Fruits purple when mature, 1.2–2.0 × 1.2–1.5 cm, ovoid; cupule (persistent perianth) reddish brown, 0.8–1.0 cm in diam. × ca. 0.3–0.4 cm high; petals longer than sepals, staminodial ring truncate, 1 mm high × 3–4 mm diam.; epicarp, dark purple when mature, smooth and glabrous; mesocarp pale yellowish, fleshy, non-fibrous ca. 1–2 mm thick; endocarp nearly spherical, ca. 1.0–1.6 × 1.0–1.3 cm, 1 mm or less thick, hard, bony, dark brown to nearly black, apex with no distinctive protuberance or beak, interior smooth, monovittate, round in crosssection, outer surface nearly smooth, pores 3 nearly even with surface and subequatorial, sutures visible especially at apex; seed 1, spherical to ellipsoidal, ca. 0.8–1.2 × ca. 1 cm, endosperm white, homogeneous. Germination remote tubular, eophyll simple, narrowly lanceolate. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from the Paraguay–Brazil border in Canindeyú, Paraguay between Ypé Jhu (Paranhos, Brazil) and Capitán Bado (Colonel Sapucala, Brazil) just north of Itanana, and also from Alto Parana, an area now flooded by the Itaipu Reservoir.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Open grasslands and savannas (cerrados); flat terrain with deep sandy soils and with few, and sparsely distributed shrubs and trees, frequently associated with Allagoptera campestris. The plants are restricted to the open short grasses rather than in the adjacent low weedy scrub. Most of palms had flowers or developing immature fruit with only one with mature fruit in February.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Butia exospadix is easily separated from B. leptospatha by its shorter leaf rachis (3–10 cm vs. 35–37 cm), longer peduncular bract (48–73 cm vs. 9–13 cm), smaller pistillate flowers (less than 4 mm vs. 7–8 mm) and longer spike (12–21 cm vs. 3–4 cm). Butia exospadix is separated from B. campicola by its smaller inflorescence (6.0–7.5 cm vs. 12–21 cm), smaller and more crowded flowers and by the smaller, usually non-beaked fruit. Butia exospadix is vegetatively separated by its congested leaf rachis.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PARAGUAY: Canindeyú, Itanana, 19 km N of Itanara on Ypé Jhu/Capitán Bado Road, ca. 422 m, 23° 37.958’S, 55° 32.210’W, 8 Dec 2002, L.R. Noblick & T. Rios Otero 5305 (Holotype PY; isotypes FCQ, FTG, K, NY); 26–27 km N of Itanara on Ypé Jhu /Capitán Bado Road, ca. 420 m, 23° 34.411’S, 55° 31.875’W, 8 Dec 2002, L.R. Noblick & T. Rios Otero 5307 (FCQ, FTG, K, US); 20 km circa ante Capitan Bado ex Ype-Jhu, 12 Jan 1979, L.Bernardi 19568 (NY); Alto Parana, Agricola Itabo, 70 km NE de Hernandarias, inundado por lago de Itaipu, zona del Rio Itabó, 12 Apr 1980, G. Marmori 687 (CTES); San Pedro, Yaguareté Forest (Sustainable Forest Systems site), around Aserradera. 23° 47’ 46”S 56° 12’ 41”W, 21 May 1997, E. Zardini & S. Zavala 46879 (FTG, MO). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The grassy Butia: Two new species and a new combination</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Noblick</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 50(4) 167-178</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2006</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Butia leptospatha</name>
+<author>(Burret) Noblick</author>
+<citation>Palms 50: 169 (2006)</citation>
+<type>Brazil, Mato Grosso, Boliche Seco, Campo Grande; Archer & Gehrt; 3915</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype SP-36429; isotype US</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Syagrus leptospatha</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin Dahlem 15:105. 1940.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Syagrus leptospatha was discovered in 1936, described by Burret (1940) and not recollected again until 58 years later in 1994 (Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay). Glassman (1987) wrote that it was “probably extinct.” Today, its former habitat is dominated and threatened by soybean cultivation. Phylogenetic character analyses of the Attaleinae show that Syagrus leptospatha aligns closely with Butia species (Noblick unpublished), rather than with other Syagrus. Butia leptospatha differs from Syagrus by having no noticeable deep grooves in its onion skin-like, paper-thin bracts. Its leaf anatomy as illustrated in Glassman (1987) shows vascular bundles on both the adaxial and abaxial surface as in other Butia (Syagrus species have vascular bundles only on the abaxial surface). Butia leptospatha, B. campicola (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick and B. exospadix have dark purple fruit, are acaulescent, have spicate inflorescences, have long peduncles that (usually) project the inflorescence in fruit above the peduncular bract (sometimes substantially so) and have the narrow grass-like leaflets. Based on its smooth peduncular bracts, its leaf anatomy, the phylogenetic analyses and its similarity to two other Butia species, I am here in transferring Syagrus leptospatha to Butia. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The grassy Butia: Two new species and a new combination</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Noblick</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 50(4) 167-178</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2006</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Butia marmorii</name>
+<author>Noblick</author>
+<citation>Palms 50: 173 (2006).</citation>
+<type>Paraguay, Alto Parana, Cia. Laguna; L.R. Noblick et al.; 5122</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus PY; isotypes FTG, K, NY</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet honors its discoverer, Itaipu botanist, Guillermo Caballero Marmori.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>yatay poñy</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>palma solitaria trunco acaulis et subterreano. Folium reduplicato-pinnatum foliolis 9–18, regulariter dispositis. Inflorescentia ad 7–17 cm longa, rachillis (1) 2–4, floribus femineis ca. 5.0–6.5 × 2.5–3.0 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem solitary acaulescent, subterranean 10–20 cm in diam. with persistent leaf bases. Leaves 3–5 in the crown, spirally arranged and spreading; leaf sheath plus petiole ca. 2–15 cm long, adaxially channeled and abaxially rounded, and glabrous; petiole not including the leaf sheath less than 1 cm (0.4–0.5) cm long and 0.5–0.7 wide and 0.1–0.2 cm thick at the base of the leaf blade; leaf rachis 23–51 cm long with ca. 9–18 pairs of leaflets distributed evenly along the rachis; basal leaflets ca. 11–31 cm long × 0.1–0.3 cm wide, middle leaflets ca. 24–44 cm long × 0.4–0.7 cm wide, apical leaflets ca. 17–31 cm long × 0.1–0.3 cm wide. Inflorescence interfoliar, unbranched or branched to 1 order, peduncle 4.5–9.0 cm long × 0.3–0.5 cm wide × 0.1–0.5 cm thick; peduncular bract with a total length of ca. 8–19(–40) cm with no apparent beak and the expanded or inflated part of the bract measuring ca. 4.0–12.5(–18) cm long × 0.3–1.1 (–2.5) cm in width and with a 1.2–3.0 cm perimeter and a 0.5 mm thickness, very thin or thicker, but not as thin as onion skin and never translucent; rachis 0–1 cm long; rachillae 1–8, apical ones ca. 2.8–7.0 cm long and basal ones ca. 3–7 cm. Flowers dark purple to pale yellow with purplish tinge; staminate flowers near the base ca. 4.5–5.5 mm long × 2 mm wide, sessile, basal ones frequently short pedicellate with pseudopedicels ca. 1–1.5 mm long; sepals 3, distinct, linear triangular, connate at base forming a pseudo-pedicel, acute, sclerenchymous at the base but membranous near the tip, glabrous; petals 3 distinct, unequal, obovate, valvate, membranous, glabrous, with distinct venation, ca. 3.5–3.8 × 2.0–2.5 mm, acute; stamens 6, pale yellow, distinct, 2.5 mm long, with filaments 1.5 mm long, pistillode trifid, less than 0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers, conical, sessile; sepals, glabrous, with no visible venation except at the margins and tip, sclerenchymous, imbricate, ca. 5.0–6.5 × 2.5–3.0 mm, unequal, acute, faintly keeled at tip; petals 3, distinct, imbricate at base, valvate at apex, triangular, obscurely nerved, glabrous, 3.2–5.5 × ca. 2.3–3.0 mm, acute; gynoecium 2.5–3.0 mm long × 1.0 mm wide, glabrous. Fruits purple when mature, 1.2–2 cm long × 1.2–1.5 cm in diam., ovoid; cupule (persistent perianth) greenish brown, ca. 0.6–0.8 cm in diam. × ca. 0.4 cm high; petals slightly longer that sepals, staminodial ring truncate, 0.5 mm high × 2.5 mm diam.; epicarp dark purple when mature, smooth and glabrous; mesocarp pale yellow, fleshy, non-fibrous ca. 1–2 mm thick; endocarp nearly spherical to elliptical, ca. 1.0–1.8 × ca. 1.0–1.3 cm., ca. 1 mm or less thick (ca. 0.5 mm thick), hard, bony, dark brown to nearly black, apex with no distinctive protuberance or beak, interior smooth, monovittate, round in cross-section, outer surface nearly smooth, pores subequatorial, 3 nearly even with surface, sutures visible; seed 1, spherical to elliptical, 8–9 mm long × 5–6 mm diam., endosperm white, homogeneous. Germination remote tubular, eophyll simple, narrowly lanceolate. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a small area in Alto Parana, Paraguay in the vicinity of the village of Cia Laguna. A collection from Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (SI) confirms a population of more robust plants as far south as San Ignacio, Misiones, Argentina and digital images taken in the field corroborate its presence as far north as Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Emerson Salviani, pers. comm.).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Cerrado scrub, in open grassy areas between the taller cerrado plants, restricted to the medium to tall grasses rather than in the adjacent low weedy scrub. Plants in full sun were more productive than those in shade. The terrain is nearly flat with gentle slopes and with a red sandy, lateritic soil. Palms had developing and mature fruit in February, and several were continuing to flower.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>The site has been excavated for road work and threatened by pasture land. By 2004 soybean fields were encroaching on the site; the area is not expected to survive. Luckily, Marmori discovered another site within 2 km of Cia Laguna, but none of the areas is legally protected, and the palms remain threatened.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Butia marmorii is distinct from B. leptospatha in having branched vs. spicate inflorescences, thicker opaque bracts vs. translucent onion skin-like bracts, smaller pistillate flowers (4.5–6.0 mm vs. 7–8 mm long) and shorter peduncles (4.5–9.0 cm vs. 8.5–24 cm long). Butia marmorii is easily separated from B. microspadix by its glabrous to lepidote vs. tomentose bracts and 2–4(–8) vs. 12–17 inflorescence branches/</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>ARGENTINA: Misiones, San Ignacio, near the house of H. Qulroga, 27° 16’S 55° 33’W, 270 m, 9 Dec 1997, M.E. Múlgura de Romero et al. 1657 (SI); PARAGUAY: Alto Parana, before Cia Laguna and Itaquyry, ca. 69–70 km N of Hernandarias, ca. 10 km after the turn off for Itaquyry, 25° 2’ 3’’S 54° 59’ 41.8”W, 180 m, 15 Feb 1996, L.R. Noblick, H. Cropper, T. Rios Otero, M. Quintana, & G. Marmori 5122 (Holotype PY, isotypes FCQ, FTG, NY); Laguna, 70 km N de Hernandarias, 27 Mar 1993, G. Cabellero Marmori 3138 (Herbarium at Itaipu, CTES, FCQ, MBM); Cñia Laguna, approx 55°W, 25°S camino a Itakiri, ca. 64 km NE de Hernandarias, 28 Mar 1993, A. Schinini, R. Vanni & S. Cáceres 28229 (CTES); 10 km NW de ruta Ciudad del E-Salto de Guairá, camino a Itaquyry, 25° 01’S 54° 59’W, 28 Oct 1994, A. Krapovickas, R M. Harley, C.L. Cristobal, & A. Schinini 46129 (CTES, K); Cia Laguna, about 1–2 km E of Laguna along a dirt side road, ca. 276 m, 25° 0.075’S 55° 2.516’W, 26 Nov 2002, L.R. Noblick, T. Rios Otero & G. Marmori 5281 (PY, FCQ, K, NY). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>New Species of Calamus (Palmae) from Lao and Myanmar</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 52(2): 152-158</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus evansii</name>
+<author>A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Taiwania 52: 152 (2007)</citation>
+<type>LAO. Khammuane: Nakai District, Ban Malua, Phon Nong Na, 17°40’N, 105°24’E, 520 m, 9 Mar 1999, Khamphone Sengdala; Banxa Thammavong, Oulathong V. Viengkham, & T. Evans; 375</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Leum, wai leum (Lao)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>A Calamo kingiano differt pinnis longioribus et inflorescentiis bracteis primariis dense spinosis</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, 2.5-7 m long and 0.6-1.3 cm diameter (with leaf sheaths). Leaf sheaths green, with patchy, white tomentum initially, sparsely to densely covered with brown, black-tipped, flattened, horizontally spreading spines to 1 cm long, sometimes with many short spines interspersed; knees present; ocreas present, less than 0.5 cm long, densely covered with short, black bristles; flagella present; petioles 15-21 cm long, sparsely covered laterally and abaxially with recurved spines to 0.5 cm long; rachis 41-43 cm long, laterally and abaxially with few, recurved, solitary spines; pinnae 3-6 per side of rachis, lanceolate, arranged in distant groups or solitary, 30-43 cm long, 2.0-3.5 cm wide, without spines on the margins, minutely spiny at the apex, the apical pair of pinnae free or only briefly joined at their bases; cirri absent. Inflorescences 1.5-3 m long, flagellate; partial inflorescences inserted below the mouth of the partial inflorescence bracts; partial inflorescence bracts closely sheathing the main axis, briefly split at the apex, not bristly at the apex, densely covered with recurved spines; staminate inflorescences branched to three orders, with 5-7 partial inflorescences; rachillae 2-3 cm long; rachillae bracts distichously arranged, to 1 mm long, glabrous; floral bracteoles to 0.5 mm long, glabrous; staminate flowers not seen, arranged alternately and distichously along the rachillae; pistillate inflorescences branched to two orders, with 3-10 partial inflorescences, each with up to 19 rachillae; rachillae 3-8 cm long; rachillae bracts distichously arranged, to 2 mm long, glabrous; pistillate flowers to 12 per rachilla, borne alternately and distichously along the rachillae; sepals to 1.5 mm long, connate basally for ca. two-thirds their length, lobed above; petals to 2 mm long, free; fruits not seen.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Lao (Khammuane).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest, at 520-530 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The stems are used for handicrafts</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Lao specimens were included by Evans et al. (2002) in Calamus kingianus. However, they are morphologically and geographically distinct. The most noticeable difference is the shorter staminate rachillae of the Lao specimens (2-3 cm, versus 4-9 cm in C. kingianus), with the terminal rachilla of a partial inflorescence not longer than the others (versus longer in C. kingianus).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Additional specimens examined: LAO. Khammuane: Nakai District, Ban Malua, Phon Nong Na, 17°40’N, 105°24’E, 530 m, 8 Mar 1999, Khamphone et al. 366 (K); same locality, same date, Khamphone et al. 367 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>New Species of Calamus (Palmae) from Lao and Myanmar</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 52(2): 152-158</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus hukaungensis</name>
+<author>A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Taiwania 52: 155 (2007)</citation>
+<type>MYANMAR. Kachin: Ledo road, Tanai Township, 38 km S of Tanai toward Myitkyina, 26°03’N, 96°43’E, 285 m, 3 Feb 2005; A. Henderson, C. Peters, U Saw Lwin, U Myint Maung, U Tin Maung Ohn, U Tun Shaung, U Kyaw Lwin; 3174 (). </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype NY!; Isotypes K!, RAF!, RANG!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Htin phu (Naga language)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>A similaribus speciebus differt inflorescentiis bracteis primariis marginibus apicibus dense setosis.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, to 4 m long and 0.8-1 cm diameter (with leaf sheaths). Leaf sheaths greenish-brown with whitish tomentum, densely covered with reddish-brown, flattened, horizontally spreading spines to 1 cm long, with a non-spiny, swollen area both sides of sheath between petiole insertion and knee; knees present; ocreas present, to 0.5 cm long, densely bristly; flagella present, to 1.5 m long; petioles 12-22 cm long, sparsely covered laterally and abaxially with recurved spines to 0.5 cm long; rachis 16-30 cm long, abaxially with few, recurved, solitary spines; pinnae 4-6 per side of rachis, lanceolate, arranged in distant groups, 20-30 cm long, 2.5-3.5 cm wide, without spines except at apices, the apical pair of pinnae joined at their bases for one quarter to one half their length; cirri absent. Inflorescences to 2 m long, flagellate; partial inflorescences inserted below the mouth of the partial inflorescence bract; partial inflorescence bracts , closely sheathing the main axis except at the apex, where open and flat (and apparently tattering), with few, very short, recurved spines, the apical margins densely covered with bristles as the ocrea; staminate inflorescences branched to three orders, with up to 3 partial inflorescences; rachillae to 1.5 cm long; rachillae bracts distichously arranged, to 1 mm long, glabrous except for ciliate margins; floral bracteoles 0.5 mm long, glabrous; staminate flowers to 3 mm long, to 14 per rachilla, arranged alternately and distichously along the rachillae; calyx 2 mm long, tubular except for the 3-lobed apex; corolla 3 mm long, with 3 valvate petals free to the base; pistillode 0.5 mm long; pistillate inflorescences branched to two orders, with up to five partial inflorescences, each with up to 15 rachillae; rachillae 1.5-5 cm long; rachillae bracts distichously arranged, 2 mm long, with brown hairs; pistillate flowers to 20 per rachilla, borne alternately and distichously along the rachillae; sepals to 3 mm long, connate basally for ca. two-thirds their length, lobed above; petals to 3 mm long, free; fruits not seen. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Myanmar (Kachin).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest on flat land, at 190-285 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The stems used for weaving.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinguished from other species in Group V by its partial inflorescences inserted below the mouths of the partial inflorescence bracts, which are open at the apex and have densely bristly apical margins.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Additional specimen examined: MYANMAR. Kachin: Shinbwiyang gold mine, disturbed area near mine, 26°41’N, 96°13’E, 190 m, 14 Jan 2005, Henderson et al. 3125 (K, NY, RAF, RANG).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>New Species of Calamus (Palmae) from Lao and Myanmar</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 52(2): 152-158</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus meghalayensis</name>
+<author>A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Taiwania 52: 155 (2007)</citation>
+<type>INDIA. Meghalaya: Gari in the Garo Hills, no date; C. Clarke; s. n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI-B n.v., holotype image in Beccari 1913</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus floribundus var. depauperatus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11: 79. 1908.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Risigin, tairu, rita (India).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems to 2 m long and 0.5-0.6 cm diameter (with leaf sheaths). Leaf sheaths green with brown tomentum, sparsely covered with brown, flattened, horizontally spreading spines to 1 cm long; knees present; ocreas present, less than 0.5 cm long, densely bristly; flagella present, to 2 m long; petioles 6-18 cm long, sparsely covered laterally and abaxially with recurved spines to 0.5 cm long; rachis 9-24 cm long, abaxially with few, recurved, solitary spines; pinnae 4-5 per side of rachis, lanceolate, arranged in distant groups or solitary, 13-23 cm long, 2-3.5 cm wide, minutely spiny along the margins, the apical pair free or briefly joined at their bases; cirri absent. Inflorescences to 1 m long, flagellate; partial inflorescences inserted above the mouth of the partial inflorescence bracts; partial inflorescence bracts closely sheathing the main axis, with recurved spines, bristly at the apex; staminate inflorescences branched to two orders, with up to 3 partial inflorescences; rachillae 0.5-1 cm long; rachillae bracts distichously arranged, to 1 mm long, more or less glabrous; floral bracteoles to 0.5 mm long; staminate flowers to 2 mm long, to 20 per rachilla, arranged alternately and distichously along the rachillae; calyx 1.5 mm long, tubular except for the 3-lobed apex; corolla 2 mm long, with 3 valvate petals free to the base; pistillode 1 mm long; pistillate inflorescences branched to two orders, with up to three partial inflorescences, each with up to 12 rachillae; rachillae 1-2.5 cm long; rachillae bracts distichously arranged, to 2.5 mm long, with brown hairs; pistillate flowers to 20 per rachilla, borne alternately and distichously along the rachillae; sepals to 3 mm long, connate basally for ca. two-thirds their length, lobed above; petals to 3 mm long, free; fruits not seen, according to Basu (1992) globose, to 1 cm diameter, yellowish.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Northeastern India (Meghalaya).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest at low elevations in the Khasi Hills.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>No uses recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Although the type specimen has not been seen, Beccari’s (1908) description and photograph (Beccari, 1913, plate 48) of C. Clarke s. n. shows it to be clearly distinct from C. floribundus, as suggested by Beccari himself (1908). Not only is it (and the specimens cited below) smaller in all dimensions, but the leaf sheath spines are quite different from those of C. floribundus. The name C. meghalayensis is given here because the eipthet depauperatus is preoccupied (Calamus depauperatus Ridl.)</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Additional specimens examined: INDIA. Meghalaya: Nenkra, Garo Hills, 6 Jan 1930, Parry 837a (K); Bamanigaon, in swamp, near sea level, 20 Nov 1949, Thakur Rup Chand 2493 (BH); Rani, 4 Feb 1952, W. Koelz 29229 (BH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>New Species of Calamus (Palmae) from Lao and Myanmar</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 52(2): 152-158</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Calamus minor</name>
+<author>A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Taiwania 52: 156 (2007)</citation>
+<type>LAO. Bolikhamsay: Thaphabat Province, close to Ban Hatkhai, 18°24’N, 103°09’E, 140 m, 17 Dec 1998; Khamphone Sengdala & T. Evans; 319.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wai deng, wai hangnou (Lao).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>A Calamo hypoleuco differt caulibus 2.5-3 m longis; foliis vaginis spinis usque 1 cm longis, vaginis apicibus spinis interdum usque 2 cm longis.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, 2.5-3 m long and 0.7-1 cm diameter (with leaf sheaths). Leaf sheaths greenish-yellow, sparsely covered with brown, black-tipped, flattened, horizontally or upward spreading spines to 1.4 cm long, those at sheath apex sometimes to 2.5 cm long; knees present; ocreas present, to 0.3 cm long, fibrous, disintegrating; flagella absent; petioles 3-10 cm long, sparsely covered laterally and abaxially with recurved spines to 0.5 cm long; rachis 40-70 cm long, abaxially with few, recurved, solitary spines; pinnae 5-6 per side of rachis, lanceolate, regularly but distantly arranged, 15-30 cm long, 1.7-4 cm wide, gray abaxially, without marginal spines except near apices, the apical pair of pinnae only briefly joined at their bases; cirri absent. Inflorescences 0.2-0.4 m long, briefly or not flagellate; partial inflorescences inserted at the base of the partial inflorescence bract; partial inflorescence bracts open and not sheathing the main axis, not spiny; staminate inflorescences branched to three orders, with 4-6 partial inflorescences; rachillae to 0.5 cm long; rachillae bracts distichously arranged, to 1 mm long, glabrous; floral bracteoles 0.5 mm long, glabrous; staminate flowers to 3.5 mm long, to 10 per rachilla, arranged alternately and distichously along the rachillae; calyx 2 mm long, tubular except for the 3-lobed apex; corolla 3 mm long, with 3 valvate petals free to the base; pistillode absent; pistillate inflorescences branched to two orders, with up to six partial inflorescences; rachillae to 1.5 cm long; rachillae bracts distichously arranged; pistillate flowers not seen; fruits not seen.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Lao (Bolikhamsay).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest, at 140-160 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The shoot is edible and the stems used for handicrafts.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The Lao specimens cited here were included by Evans et al. (2002) in Calamus hypoleucus, a species known only from Myanmar. However, as noted by Evans et al., the Lao specimens have longer leaves and narrower pinnae, these with spiny margins near the apex, and longer
+inflorescences.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Additional specimens examined: LAO. Bolikhamsay: Thaphabat Province, Bhat kai, 18°24’N, 103°08’E, 160 m, 10 Apr 1998, Khamphone et al. 138 (K); Thaphabat Province, close to Ban Hatkhai, 18°24’N, 103°09’E, 140 m, 17 Dec 1998, Khamphone & Evans 320 (K); same locality, same date, Khamphone & Evans 321 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Solitary or clustered, monoecious hapaxanthic palms of South and Southeast Asia to the western Pacific, instantly recognisable by the doubly pinnate leaf with fishtail leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Caryota</name>\r
+<author>L.</author> \r
+<citation>Sp. pl. 1189 (1753).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Caryota urens; L.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Schunda-Pana</name>\r
+<author>Adans.</author>\r
+<bibref>Adans., Fam. pl. 2: 24, 602 (1763).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Thuessinkia</name>\r
+<author>Korth. ex Miq.</author>\r
+<bibref>Korth. ex Miq., Flora Ned. Ind. 3: 41 (1855)(illegitimate name).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Thuessinkia speciosa; Korth.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>From karuotos, karyon — a nut, nut-bearing.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to large, solitary or clustered, hapaxanthic, monoecious palms. Stems with ± elongate internodes, obscured at first by persistent fibrous leaf bases and sheaths, usually becoming bare, conspicuously ringed with narrow leaf scars, striate. Leaves induplicately bipinnate (except in juveniles where pinnate), marcescent or abscising under their own weight; sheath triangular, eroding opposite the petiole into a mass of strong black fibres, a ligule-like extension frequently present, disintegrating into strong black fibres, the sheath surface covered in a dense felt of indumentum and caducous chocolate-brown scales, sometimes in broad stripes; petiole scarcely to well developed, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, bearing indumentum like the sheath; secondary rachises similar in form to the primary rachis, arranged ± regularly except rarely in 1 or 2 species where the most proximal few crowded; leaflets very numerous, borne ± regularly along the secondary rachises, obliquely wedge-shaped with no distinct midrib but several major veins diverging from the swollen, sometimes stalk-like base, upper margins deeply praemorse, blade concolorous, with broad bands of caducous chocolate-brown scales abaxially, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, solitary, produced in a basipetal sequence, interfoliar and sometimes infrafoliar (the proximal few), usually branched to 1 order, rarely to 2 orders (Caryota ophiopellis) or 3 orders (C. zebrina) or rarely spicate (C. monostachya), usually pendulous; peduncle ± circular in cross-section, densely scaly; prophyll tubular at first, soon splitting, 2-keeled, relatively small, densely tomentose and/or scaly; peduncular bracts to ca. 8, conspicuous, large, enclosing the inflorescence in bud, coriaceous, tubular at first, tending to split irregularly, usually densely tomentose and/or scaly; rachis shorter or longer than the peduncle; rachillae spirally arranged, densely crowded, usually scaly, each subtended by a small, low, triangular bract; the rachilla base usually somewhat swollen, with a short to moderately long bare section above this, distal portion of rachilla bearing close or rather distant, spirally arranged, protandrous triads, each subtended by an inconspicuous rachilla bract; floral bracteoles shallow, rounded. Staminate flowers usually ± elongate, symmetrical; sepals 3, ± distinct, coriaceous, ± rounded, imbricate; petals 3, valvate, coriaceous, connate at the very base, considerably exceeding the sepals; stamens 6–ca. 100, the filaments short, basally sometimes connate, anthers ± linear, latrorse, the connective sometimes prolonged into a point; pistillode absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, ± bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine intectate, usually finely and densely clavate, less frequently spiny, spines attached to smooth upper surface of foot layer, in some species spines more numerous along aperture margin, or gemmate, occasionally with gemmae linked together to form incomplete reticulum, or coalesced into larger irregular units; longest axis ranging from 26–31 µm; post-meiotic tetrads usually tetrahedral, sometimes tetragonal or, rarely, rhomboidal [8/14]. Pistillate flower ± globular or elongate; sepals 3, coriaceous, rounded, imbricate, connate at the very base; petals 3, coriaceous, valvate, connate into a tube in the basal ca. 1/3–1/2; staminodes 0–6; ovary rounded or somewhat 3-angled, trilocular with 1–2 locules fertile, septal glands present basally, stigma trilobed, apical, ovule hemianatropous, inserted adaxially at the base. Fruit globose, 1–2-seeded, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, becoming dull, bright or dark coloured at maturity, mesocarp fleshy, filled with abundant, irritant, needle-like crystals, endocarp not differentiated. Seeds basally attached, irregularly spherical or hemispherical, somewhat grooved or smooth, endosperm homogeneous or ruminate; embryo lateral. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll bifid with rhombic, divergent, praemorse segments. Cytology: 2n = 34.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 13 species occurring from Sri Lanka, India, southern China, southwards through Southeast Asia, Malesia to northern Australia, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, petiole, stem, root (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), stamen development following a pattern somewhat similar to that of Lodoicea (Borasseae) and Ptychosperma (Areceae) (Uhl and Moore 1980). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Caryota is resolved as a monophyletic group with moderate support (Hahn and Sytsma 1999, Asmussen et al. 2006) or high support (Bayton 2005). The genus is highly supported as sister to a strongly supported clade of Wallichia and Arenga (Bayton 2005, Asmussen et al. 2006). For interspecific relationships, see Hahn and Sytsma (1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>All species appear to be utilised in some way. The apex is edible and good. Stems provide sago, the larger species being especially favoured. Timber of Caryota urens is used for construction purposes. Leaf sheath fibres are extremely durable and harvested for thatch, cordage, and other purposes. The woolly indumentum on leaf sheaths, petioles, and rachis is used variously as tinder or wadding. Inflorescences, especially of C. urens, are tapped for palm wine or sugar. There are several other minor local uses. Many species are cultivated as ornamentals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>There is no complete recent taxonomic account of this important genus (but see Hahn 1993). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Seeds probably corresponding to Caryota from the Lower Eocene (London Clay) are described as Caryotispermum by Reid and Chandler (1933). A small (ca. 18 µm, long axis), finely baculate, pollen grain from the Isle of Wight Oligocene is described by Pallot (1961) as being “indistinguishable from pollen of Caryota rumphiana”, a possibly correct identity. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The bipinnate leaf is unique in the palms. The recently described Caryota ophiopellis and C. zebrina are unusual in having inflorescences branched to more than one order and homogeneous rather than ruminate endosperm, features of Arenga rather than of Caryota. The clarification of the relationships between these two species will have to wait until a full phylogeny of the Caryoteae is completed. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Fishtail palms. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Ranging from monsoon climates to perhumid areas, from sea level to ca. 2000 m in the mountains, in secondary forest (especially Caryota mitis) and in primary forest. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A Revision of Wallichia (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Henderson</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">A.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Taiwania 52(1) 1-11</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2007</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Wallichia lidiae</name>
+<author>A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Taiwania 52: 6 (2007)</citation>
+<type>MYANMAR. Bago Division, W of Oktwin, N of Toungoo, road across Pegu Yoma, 18°51’N, 96°12’E, 4 Nov 2005; A. Henderson, U San Hlaing & Kyi Myat Min; 3212</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype NY!; isotype RAF!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>A similaribus speciebus differt: foliolis vix lobatis, late lanceolatis et inflorescentiis staminatis amplioribus.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, with one main stem and several shorter ones, to 4 m tall, 4 cm diameter, stems bearing staminate inflorescences to 4 m tall, pistillate stems much shorter, to 0.5 m tall. Leaves 6, spirally arranged; sheaths not fibrous; petioles 2 m long; rachis 1 m long; pinnae 7 per side of rachis, regularly and alternately arranged except for clustered proximal pair, spreading in the same plane, pinnae from middle of leaf 50 cm long, 12-14 cm wide at widest point, widest near the middle, broadly lanceolate, scarcely lobed. Inflorescences subtended by smaller leaves, unisexual, staminate and pistillate borne on separate stems, the pistillate terminal the staminate lateral; staminate inflorescences 70 cm long, to 7 per stem, pendulous; prophyll not seen; peduncle 40 cm long; peduncular bracts 11, open and not sheathing the peduncle; rachillae 4 cm long, 1 mm diameter, glabrous; staminate flowers not seen; pistillate inflorescences 45 cm long, pendulous; prophyll not seen; peduncle 20 cm long; peduncular bracts several, open and not sheathing the peduncle; rachillae about 17, 14-15 cm long, 2.5 mm diameter; pistillate flowers to 3 mm long at anthesis; sepals 0.5 mm long; petals 2.5 mm long; gynoecium 2.5 mm long; fruits not seen. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from the central part of the Pegu Yomah, Myanmar.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>On steep slopes in highly disturbed forest, at low elevations.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Wallichia lidiae differs from all other species in its short pistillate stems and elongate staminate stems, both of which are borne in the same clump. In pistillate stems the single inflorescence is terminal, and is subtended by smaller leaves. Staminate stems are elongate and have a terminal abortive pistillate inflorescence and up to seven lateral staminate inflorescences. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small to moderate, solitary hermaphroditic fan palms endemic to the northern Caribbean; leaf sheaths fibrous, petiole bases deeply split at base; flowers and fruit sessile; fruit very small, white, the seed smooth.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Leucothrinax</name>
+<author>C.E. Lewis and Zona</author>
+<citation>Palms 52: 87 (2008).</citation>
+<type>Type; Leucothrinax morrisii; (H.Wendl.) C.Lewis & Zona</type>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combining leucon — white, with the palm generic name Thrinax, in reference to the whitish colour of the leaves.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palm. Stem erect, columnar, smooth, grey, obscurely ringed with leaf scars, usually with a basal mass of fibrous roots. Leaves induplicate, palmate; sheath becoming split both opposite the petiole and abaxially to emit the inflorescence, disintegrating into a network of irregular fibres, covered in thick, deciduous tomentum, margins fibrous; petiole long, slender, rounded to shallowly ridged both adaxially and abaxially, densely covered with caduceus white indumentum, margins rather sharp; adaxial hastula prominent, rounded to triangular, densely covered in caducous hairs, abaxial hastula very short, apically membranous and disintegrating; blade fan-shaped, with irregularly folded segments, not held in the same plane, split apically to ca. 1/2 their length or more into lanceolate, pointed and usually bifid segments, glabrous adaxially, abaxially covered in white wax and bearing minute punctiform scales, midrib and marginal ribs conspicuous, transverse veinlets evident. Inflorescences interfoliar, slender, erect to arching, equalling or exceeding the leaves, branched to 2 orders, primary branches pendulous; peduncle moderate, rather slender, round in cross-section; prophyll short, tubular, 2-keeled, pointed, opening distally, tomentose; peduncular bracts several (ca. 3), like the prophyll but lacking keels, overlapping and very closely sheathing the peduncle; rachis longer than the peduncle, slender, tapering, bearing spirally arranged, long, tubular, pointed distally and obliquely open primary bracts subtending first-order branches; first-order branches each with a short to long basal bare portion, bearing a 2-keeled, bifid prophyll and spirally arranged, narrow, triangular bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae slender, rather short, stiff, bearing spirally arranged, small triangular bracts subtending solitary flowers, bracteoles apparently lacking. Flowers ± sessile; perianth a single cupule with 6 lobes or teeth; stamens mostly 6, filaments basally broadly connate in a ring equalling the perianth, free portion very slender, anthers elongate, dorsifixed near the base, emarginate apically, latrorse; gynoecium consisting of 1 carpel, unilocular, uniovulate, ovule basally attached, erect, campylotropous but tilted so that the micropyle faces the upper dorsal wall of the locule, and with a basal aril. Pollen ellipsoidal with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 21–31 µm [1/1]. Fruit very small, white at maturity, stigmatic remains apical, perianth persistent; epicarp smooth when fresh, mesocarp thin, endocarp very thin, papery. Seed depressed-globose, smooth, hilum round, impressed, forming a basal intrusion, raphe branches scarcely impressed, endosperm homogeneous; embryo subapical. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll narrow, lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species occurring in the northern part of the Caribbean as far east as the Virgin Islands and Anguilla.</p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf anatomy (Read 1975); floral anatomy (Morrow 1965, Uhl and Moore 1971); correlations of floral anatomy and wind pollination suggested by Uhl and Moore (1977a). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Leucothrinax is resolved as sister to Hemithrinaxwith moderate support (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. inreview).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used for making brooms. Widely cultivated in Florida.</p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Lewis and Zona (2008).</p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>O.F. Cook published the name Simpsonia O.F. Cook,Science n.s. 85: 332–333 (1937b). This name, based onThrinax microcarpa, is invalid as it was published without Latindescription. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Brittle thatch, Keys thatch palm</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring on coralline sands and limestone near the sea. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Leucothrinax morrisii, a New Name for a Familiar Caribbean Palm</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.E.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Zona</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 52(2) 84-88</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Leucothrinax morrisii</name>
+<author>(H.Wendl.) C.Lewis & Zona</author>
+<citation>Palms 52: 87 (2008).</citation>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Thrinax morrisii</name>
+<author>H. Wendl.</author>
+<bibref>H. Wendl., Gard. Chron. 1891(1): 700. 1891</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread and common in the Caribbean region, Leucothrinax morrisii occurs across a range of habitats in Florida, the Greater Antilles, and the western Lesser Antilles.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>It has a conservation status of “least concern” (Zona et al. 2007) under the World Conservation Union criteria (IUCN 2006). Nevertheless, it represents unexpected diversity in the Caribbean palm flora and suggests that further phylogenetic research may uncover additional surprises. This research must be done quickly, as many Caribbean palms are in rapid decline, along with the threatened areas they inhabit (Zona et al. 2007).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Leucothrinax morrisii is one of the most familiar cultivated palms of the Caribbean region and is also found in tropical gardens and conservatories worldwide. Its status as a distinct, monotypic genus had been, until now, unrecognized, as it shares many visible features with Thrinax excelsa, T. parviflora and T. radiata. Using molecular tools that were unavailable to earlier taxonomists, we were able to show a clear distinction between Leucothrinax and related palms.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Spectacular massive solitary hapaxanthic hermaphroditic fan palm of north-western Madagascar, with huge leaves and unarmed petioles with a distinctive triangular cleft at the base of the petiole, and huge suprafoliar compound inflorescences.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Tahina</name>
+<author>J. Dransf. and Rakotoarinivo</author>
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 156:81 (2008).</citation>
+<type>Type; Tahina spectabilis; J.Dransf. & Rakotoarin.</type>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Tahina — Malagasy for blessed, or to be protected, also the given name of the daughter of the discoverer of the palm.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Massive, solitary, unarmed, hapaxanthic, hermaphroditic, tree palms. Stem erect, rather distantly ringed with leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, costapalmate, marcescent in immature individuals, tending to abscise under their own weight in trunked individuals; sheath with a conspicuous triangular cleft below the petiole, the margins tending to erode into broad lobes; petiole massive, long, covered with white wax, adaxially deeply channelled, abaxially rounded, margins smooth, adaxial hastula well developed, abaxial hastula a hard low rather irregular crest at the base of the lamina; blade divided to ca.1/2 its radius into multi-fold segments, these in turn more shallowly divided into single-fold segments, themselves shallowly divided along the abaxial folds, main abaxial ribs of blade very conspicuous, very crowded at the base of the blade, some much more robust than others, the less robust ribs tending to be inserted in a more adaxial position compared with the robust ribs; segments with prominent longitudinal veins and abundant irregularly arranged transverse veinlets, glabrous, the undersurface of the blade with thin white wax. Inflorescences above the leaves, subtended by reduced, scale like leaves, forming a massive, compound inflorescence-like structure; individual inflorescences branched to the third order, branches ending as rachillae; prophyll of inflorescences and first order branches 2-keeled, this case distal to the first and second flowers a few empty tubular bracts. Flowers borne on short stalks; distal to this, the flower with a stalk formed by the base of the calyx and the receptacle; calyx tubular basally, with 3 low, triangular lobes; petals ± boat-shaped, basally imbricate, the margins usually inrolled, apically somewhat cucullate, strongly reflexed at anthesis and with a glandular swelling at the base of each lobe; stamens 6, filaments terete, tapering from a fleshy base; anthers elongate, basifixed, introrse; gynoecium tricarpellate, syncarpous, triovulate, ovarypyramidal, angled and grooved, style short, slightly 3-grooved, stigma scarcely differentiated, ovule basally attached, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric or slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 25–55 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral. [1/1]. Fruit ellipsoid, single-seeded with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy and ± fibrous, endocarp scarcely distinguishable, membranous. Seed globose, with basal hilum, and deep grooves corresponding to the rapheal bundles, endosperm strongly ruminate without a central hollow; embryo subbasal. Germination remote-ligular; eophyll palmate. Cytology unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Tahina spectabilis is known from a single locality in north-western Madagascar.</p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied. </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships see Chuniophoenix. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>No local uses have been recorded. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield et al. (2008). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This astonishing palm was discovered as this book went to press. It is distinguished from all other fan-palms in Madagascar by its hapaxanthic habit. The tubular bracts on the rachillae are very reminsiscent of those of Chuniophoenix.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Dimaka, a name also applied to Borassus, Bismarckia and Dypsis decipiens. </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>It grows at low elevation on seasonally flooded soils at the foot of a karst limestone outcrop; there are 91 individuals of varying size and a few hundred 1-leaf seedlings originating from the 2007 fruiting known. When in flower, the immense compound terminal inflorescence appears to go through three successive waves of anthesis. Nectar production is so copious that the entire inflorescence appears coated with honey, attracting large numbers of bees, wasps and flies. Greater Vasa Parrots (Coracopsis vasa) attack the young fruit (N. and X. Metz, pers. comm.). Nothing is known of fruit dispersal. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A new Coryphoid palm genus from Madagascar</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Rakotoarinivo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Bayton</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.P.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fisher</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.B.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Horn</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.W.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Leroy</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">B.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Metz</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">X.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 156, 79–91</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Tahina spectabilis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf. and Rakotoarin.</author>
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 156: 84 (2008)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Mahajanga, Analalava, Antsanifera, Antsingilava, 14°45′01″S, 47°25′53″E, altitude 9 m, 19.i.2007.; Rakotoarinivo et al.; RMJ337</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma solitaria grandis hapaxantha ad 10 m alta, tronco ad 50 diametro; inflorescentia terminalis composita ad 4 m alta; fructus ad 3.5 ¥ 2.7 cm, endospermio ruminato.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary tree palm, 4–10 m tall. STEM bulbous at the base, diameter at breast height 50 cm, internodes 8–10 cm, nodes 1.5–3.5 cm. LEAVES marcescent in young individuals, costapalmate, 12–18 in the adult crown, leaf sheath 80–100 ¥ 52–58 cm, fibrous in the margin, petiole 3.50–3.80 m long, abaxially deeply channelled, margin smooth, proximal part 10.5–12 cm in diameter, distal part 6–8.5 cm in diameter, costa c. 1.60 m long, lamina 3.80–4.10 m in diameter, divided to c. one-half the radius into 110–122 induplicate segments, thinly covered with white tomentum on the abaxial surface, segment apices bifid. INFLORESCENCE terminal, compound, 4 m long, each lateral unit branched to three orders, 21 first order branches up to 2.50 m long, tubular bract 9–25 cm long, open at 6–9 cm in the distal part, covered with white caducous indumentum, rachillae 10–15 cm. FRUITS broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, 25–30 x 20–22 mm, borne on the stalk-like corolla base, 5–7 x 2 mm, perianth persistent, green yellowish at maturity, 3–3.5 cm long, 2.3–2.7 cm wide, stigmatic remaining apical, pericarp fleshy, endocarp 13–17 x 17–22 mm. SEED globose, 1.8–2.2 cm long, 1.4–1.8 cm wide, with anastomosing grooves, endosperm strongly ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Tahina spectabilis is known only from one locality in Analalava district, in the north-west of Madagascar. In the gently rolling hills and flatlands of the region, now dominated by anthropogenic grasslands, there is a small outcrop of ‘tsingy’, karst Tertiary limestone, running approximately north–south and about 250 m long, carrying a seminatural vegetation. The outcrop is visible in satellite imagery at Google Earth and the grey crowns of the palm are even visible, although blurred.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Although the annual precipitation is estimated to be about 1600 mm, the climate of this locality is classed as dry and warm. Drought is manifest because of the eight dry months, the mean annual temperature around 27 °C, and the very strong insolation throughout the year (source: Bioclim, 2006; http://www.bioclim.org). Moreover, the high permeability of the limestone may also decrease the moisture rate during the warmest period of the day. At the same time, edaphic conditions in the tsingy are harsh; soil scarcely exists in many places, and leaf litter is always thin and poorly decomposed. The vegetation is a low woodland dominated by xerophytes and succulents, such as species of Euphorbia, Aloe, and Kalanchoe. About 90 individuals were seen, most of them growing on the sandstone plain at the edge of the tsingy, and a single, short individual was also found near the village of Antsanifera. The sandstone plain is covered by herbaceous savannah with abundant individuals of the palm Hyphaene coriacea, and environmental conditions are totally different. The humidity rate is much higher as water stagnates during the humid season. Individuals of T. spectabilis on these flats are robust and often occur in groups of two to five trunks. The individual sampled was on this plain. Analysis of the potential distribution of T. spectabilis using Maxent 2.2 identified only the coastal region of the north-west, between Analalava and Mitsinjo (Fig. 4), as a suitable habitat. This small predicted area can primarily be explained by the high sensibility of this palm to temperature variations during the coldest and driest season (June–September) as well as the geology type. The coastal region in which the palm is found is always much warmer than the adjacent inland area. Temperatures between June and September in the coastal region do not fall below a mean of 25 °C and a minimum of 19 °C, whereas those inland may decrease to 22 and 16 °C, respectively. These temperature differences over a small distance seem to be critical, and may inhibit the colonization of new areas.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Relationships: The induplicate fan leaf clearly places Tahina in subfamily Coryphoideae. Within Coryphoideae, the syncarpous gynoecium is found in the clade that includes Chuniophoeniceae, Caryoteae, Corypheae, Sabaleae, and Borasseae (here termed the syncarpous clade). The Caryoteae have pinnate or doubly pinnate leaves and unisexual flowers arranged in triads. The Borasseae are all dioecious and have fruits with hard, sometimes ornamented, endocarps that usually have apical pores, and seeds with apical embryos. The Corypheae have hermaphroditic flowers arranged in cincinni subtended by minute incomplete rachilla bracts, and seeds with apical embryos. The strictly tubular imbricate rachilla bracts and pedicelliform corolla bases of the new palm are found only in tribe Chuniophoeniceae (Dransfield et al., 2005), a small well-supported tribe comprising three genera: Nannorrhops in Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan; Kerriodoxa in southern Thailand; and Chuniophoenix in Vietnam, southern China, and Hainan. The three genera display unusual morphological diversity, particularly in vegetative characters, yet molecular evidence strongly supports their sister relationships. Nannorrhops (monotypic) is a shrubby clustering and dichotomously branching hapaxanthic palm of desert regions, with a leaf lacking a hastula; the large compound inflorescence is suprafoliar. Kerriodoxa (monotypic) is a relatively large, single-stemmed pleonanthic palm of the forest undergrowth with a single stem; it has a well-developed hastula and inflorescences are interfoliar. The two or three species of Chuniophoenix are either slender reed-like or moderate shrubby pleonanthic palms of forest undergrowth with clustering stems, leaves lacking hastulae, and interfoliar inflorescences. Table 1 displays the differences between these three genera and Tahina.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Slender clustering climbing palms, found in South Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra and Java, immediately distinguished by the single large bract (the prophyll) that covers the entire inflorescence and opens by two apical slits.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ceratolobus</name>\r
+<author>Blume in J.J. Roemer and J.A. Schultes</author> \r
+<citation>Syst. Veg. 7: 1334 (1830).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Ceratolobus glaucescens; Blume</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Keras — horn, lobos — pod, referring to the shape of the inflorescence bract (prophyll).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender to moderate, clustered, spiny, climbing, pleonanthic, dioecious, rattan palms. Stem eventually becoming bare, with long internodes and conspicuous nodal scars, white mucilage sometimes exuding from cut surfaces. Leaves of mature climbing stems cirrate, pinnate; leaf sheath tubular, armed with spines and/or spicules, frequently organised into whorls, and often with abundant indumentum; knee present, sometimes rather weakly developed; ocrea inconspicuous; flagellum absent; petiole present or absent, if present, flat adaxially, rounded abaxially, armed with spines and sometimes with spicules; cirrus and distal part of rachis armed with regular groups of grapnel spines on the abaxial surface; leaflets relatively few, linear to lanceolate and entire, or rhomboid and praemorse, concolourous or discolourous, regularly arranged or grouped; emerging leaf pink-tinged. Inflorescences axillary but adnate to the internode and sheath of the following leaf, sessile and erect or pendulous on a long slender, unarmed or spiny peduncle, the whole inflorescence much shorter than the leaves; staminate inflorescence branching to 3 orders, pistillate to 2 orders, prophyll persistent, membranous to subwoody, flattened-tubular with lateral wings and a terminal beak, entirely enclosing the inflorescence, opening at anthesis by 2 narrow, lateral slits in the beak, this remaining the only access to the flowers during anthesis and young fruiting stage, prophyll unarmed or rarely armed with scattered spines, frequently bearing caducous indumentum, prophyll often splitting longitudinally in fruit, very rarely falling completely, staminate and pistillate inflorescences indistinguishable without splitting the prophyll; peduncular bracts absent; rachis bracts inconspicuous, tubular, with triangular limbs, each (and the prophyll) subtending a first-order branch, usually adnate to the axis for a short distance above the bract node. Staminate flowers borne singly, subdistichously, rather distant from each other, each subtended by a membranous triangular bract and a 2-keeled, prophyllar bracteole, the latter ± forming a cushion beneath the flower; calyx tubular, with 3 short triangular lobes; petals 3, boat-shaped, valvate, briefly joined basally; stamens 6, borne at the base of the corolla, filaments short, fleshy, anthers linear, latrorse; pistillode trifid, minute. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; apertures equatorially disulcate; ectexine tectate or semi-tectate, finely or coarsely perforate, or foveolate-reticulate, aperture margins similar or finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 22–30 µm [3/6]. Pistillate flowers borne with a sterile staminate flower and 2 similar 2-keeled prophyllar bracteoles, in a cup formed by the subtending bract. Sterile staminate flower like the fertile but usually rather distorted by close packing and with empty anthers and borne on a short to long stalk. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate; calyx tubular, with 3 short, triangular lobes; corolla partially divided into 3, valvate, triangular lobes; staminodes 6, epipetalous, flattened; gynoecium incompletely trilocular, triovulate, globose, or ellipsoidal, covered in scales, stigmas 3, fleshy, recurved, borne on a short style, ovule basally attached, anatropous. Fruit l-seeded, globose to ellipsoidal, stigmatic remains apical, epicarp covered in vertical rows of reflexed scales, mesocarp becoming thin and papery as fruit ripens, endocarp not differentiated. Seed attached basally, globose to ellipsoidal, with thin or thick, sour or sweet sarcotesta and homogeneous or ruminate endosperm; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll with 4–6 praemorse or entire, crowded leaflets displayed in a fan. Cytology: 2n = 26.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Six species confined to the perhumid areas of the Sunda Shelf (Malay Peninsula [2], Sumatra [4], Borneo [3], Java [2]). </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1996a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Ceratolobus is strongly supported as monophyletic (Baker et al. 2000c). For relationships, see Calamus. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Species of Ceratolobus appear to have weak, not durable canes and for this reason are scarcely ever utilised. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1979b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Ceratolobus has the most reduced inflorescence of all the Calaminae, having only one major bract, the prophyll, which remains closed around the inflorescence, but splitting and sometimes falling in fruit. The presence of knees on the leaf sheaths allows those species with rhomboid leaflets to be distinguished in the sterile state from Korthalsia, but without inflorescences, the remaining species (C. subangulatus) cannot be separated easily from Calamus and Daemonorops. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rattan, rotan. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>All species are found in lowland and hill tropical rain forest and do not occur above 1000 m altitude; all are usually confined to dipterocarp forest but Ceratolobus subangulatus also occurs in heath forest in Sarawak, where it is the most conspicuous rattan in some facies. The pollination ecology of the extraordinary closed inflorescence deserves further study. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A monograph of Ceratolobus (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 1-33</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceratolobus concolor</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<citation>Rumphia 2: 165, t. 120 (1843)</citation>
+<bibref>Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm., ed. 2, 3: 197 (1845)</bibref>
+<bibref>Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. 3: 74 (1855)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 6 (1918)</bibref>
+<type>Sumatra; Praetorius; s.n. </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype L</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan up to 15 m tall, rarely more. Stems closely clustering by short suckers, to 5 mm diam. without sheaths, to 12 mm diam. with sheaths, internodes 12-25 cm long. Leaf sheaths pinky-grey-green when fresh and young, dull green when old and fresh, dull greeny-brown or brown when dry, covered in caducous scurfy grey indumentum and scattered chest- nut pseudoparenchymatous scales, and dark brown, easily-detached spiculate spines to 1 mm long, borne on pale yellowish-green bulbous bases, at least some of the spiculae grouped in horizontal partial whorls of four or more spiculae, the bulbous bases persistent long after the fall of the spiculae, in extreme instances the bulbous bases forming collar-like rings on the leaf sheaths; geniculus prominent, armed as is the sheath; ocrea very short to moderately conspicuous, to 5 mm long. Petiole very short (1 cm) to moderate (15 cm) (the type has almost no petiole) armed with scattered pale spines to 4 mm long, spiculae, pale indumentum, and dark brown scales, or sometimes scarcely armed at all; whole leaf to 1.25 m long including the cirrus to 40 cm long; rachis armed with grouped reflexed thorns up to 8 cm long, c. 6 cm distant, the distance decreasing above, the spine groups intergrading with the grapnel hooks on the cirrus above, these c. 1.5 cm distant, decreasing towards the tip. Leaflets in mature individuals 3-7 on each side of the rachis, usually 6, the lowermost pair usually somewhat smaller than the rest, occasionally very much smaller, 2-16 x 1-5 cm, the mid leaflets 15-21 x 6-8 cm, moderately plicate, dull green above, slightly paler below, without dense white indumentum, rhomboid, with a moderately well-defined apical portion 2-4 x 0.5 cm at the base, the leaflets alternate below, ± opposite above; lower margins unarmed, upper praemorse margins with scattered prickles; 15-25 main veins radiating from the base; transverse veinlets moderately prominent above and below. Emerging leaf pink. Inflorescences staminate and pistillate on separate plants, superficially similar, varying from erect with a very short peduncle, sometimes almost sessile, to pendulous on a peduncle to 20 cm long and 2-5 mm wide, rarely armed with very short (0.5 mm long) prickles; in forms with ? sessile inflorescences, inflorescence adnate to 8 cm above leaf sheath mouth on the next leaf sheath; in forms with pedunculate inflorescences, inflorescence scarcely adnate beyond leaf sheath mouth. Prophyll rather variable in size, 19-35 cm x 2.5-5 cm, wide (average about 26 x 4 cm) including the beak up to 3.5 x 0.3 cm flat with inrolled margins near the base, occasionally with scattered buff to chocolate- brown caducous indumentum on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces, pinkish-green when first emerging, later pale green and finally cinnamon-brown at anthesis. Axis branching to 2 orders with up to 8 first-order branches; first- order bracts tightly sheathing to 5 mm long. Staminate flower solitary, borne on an alveolus ± 1 mm diam., greeny-cream at anthesis; whole flower rather variable in size, 4.0-5.5 x 2-2.5 mm; calyx tubular, shallowly 3- lobed, c. 0.6 mm long, lobes bluntly triangular; corolla very shortly tubular, split for almost entire length into 3 petals, to 5.5 x 2.5 mm, gradually narrowed above to triangular tips; stamens 6, shortly epipetalous (c. 1.5 mm above base); filaments fleshy, triangular, laterally connate; anthers to 2.5 x 0.5 mm; pollen yellow; pistillode minute. Pistillate flower borne on an alveolus c. 1.5 mm diam. together with a sterile staminate flower, to 4.5 x 3 mm; calyx shallowly 3-lobed, up to 1 mm long; corolla tubular below, split to about I its length into 3 lobes c. 3 mm wide; staminodes borne about 1.5 mm above the bases of corolla-lobes, triangular-based narrowed to an apiculus c. 0.5 mm long; ovary c. 2.75 mm diam., rounded, tipped with the 3 twisted stigmas, each to c. 0.75 mm long. Sterile staminate flower superficially rather similar to the pistillate, to 3.5 x 2.5 mm; calyx to 1 mm long with 3 short lobes; corolla split almost to the base. Sterile flowers with filaments c. 0.75 mm long, borne about 0.75 mm above the base of the petals; empty anthers c. 15 x 0.2 mm; pistillode minute. Ripe fruit spherical or slightly ovoid, in the type c. 2 x 2 cm, in most material slightly less, up to 1l5 cm, tipped with the stigmatic remains, covered with 12 vertical rows of reflexed orangey-chestnut brown scales to 5 x 7 mm. Seed conforming to the pericarp with sarcotesta c. 2 mm thick. Diaspore to 1.4 x 0.9 cm in the type but usually less, somewhat flattened on one side. Endosperm rather deeply penetrated by dark brown ruminations. Embryo basal, c. 2 x 1 mm. Seedling with eophyll with four very slightly praemorse leaflets held in one plane in a fan.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>In lowland and hill mixed-Dipterocarp forests on hillslopes and valley bottoms, rarely on sandstone ridges, widespread in Borneo, very local in Sumatra; apparently frequently overlooked and rarely collected.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Blume based this species on collections from Palembang, Sumatra, sent by Praetorius; he also mentions fronds collected by Korthals as belonging to the same species. A specimen with no collector or locality annotated and exactly corresponding to the plate in Rumphia of Ceratolobus concolor is present in Leiden, and this is assumed to be the type, collected by Praetorius. Plants of Ceratolobus with concolorous leaflets are found in Java, Sumatra and Borneo. Of these, one known from Java and one locality in Sumatra is abundantly distinct and is separated above as C. pseudoconcolor. Two problematic collections from South Sumatra are discussed above under this new species. Remaining populations of Ceratolobus with concolorous leaflets differ from each other in small degrees, the whole appearing as one variable taxon, which is here equated with C. concolor. Populations of C. concolor from Sabah (North Borneo) differ markedly from the type-yet there is a whole range of intermediates and in one instance even populations in one locality show a wide range of variation. Hence it has been impossible to distinguish satisfactorily any taxa within this complex, once C. pseudoconcolor has been removed.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BORNEO. SARAWAK: Ulu Belaga, Rumah Nyaving, Dransfield & Manokaran 4676, (BH, K, SAR), 4695 (K, SAR) & 4703 (K, SAR). SABAH: without locality, 1877-78, Burbridge s.n. (K). Keningau, Apin- apin, Puasa-Angian 3879 (K) & 36656 (SING). Marotai, Maidin 3684 (K). KALIMANTAN: Kalimantan Selatan, Muara Uya, Jaro, Dransfield 2074 (BO, K, L), 2115 (BO, K, L), 2181 (cult. in Hort. Bogor.) & 2223 (BO). Barabai, Kiu, Meratus Mts, Dransfield 2814 (BO, K, L) & 2819 (BO). Kalimantan Timur: Balikpapan, Kenangan, Dransfield 4352 (BO, K, L), 4389 (BO), 4404 (BO, K) & 4452 (BO). Tarakan, Nunukan near Sg Binusan, Meijer 2434 (BO). SUMATRA. West Sumatra: Batang Singalang, Korthals s.n. (L). Padang, Air Mancur, Beccari P.S. 525 (FI, K). Talakmau, Bunnemeijer 562 (BO); Tapan, km 39 Sg Penuh-Tapan, Dransfield & Mogea 4160 (BO, K, L). Lampung: Forbes 1561 (K). No locality (but assumed to be Palembang) Praetorius s.n. (holotype L). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A monograph of Ceratolobus (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 1-33</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceratolobus discolor</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Malesia 3: 63 (1886)</citation>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 7, tt. 3,4 (1918)</bibref>
+<type>Sarawak; Beccari; PB 1915 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus hallierianus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in sched. (BO) and validated in Heyne, Nuttige P1. Nederl. Ind.: 93 (1913)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus rostratus</name>
+<author>(Blume) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Blume) Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 11, t. 7, 8 (1918), pro parte. </bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate-sized clustering rattan rarely exceeding 15 m in length. Stems closely clustering by short suckers, 6-11 mm diam. without sheaths, to 30 mm with sheaths; internodes 20-35 cm long, occasionally still longer in juvenile plants. Leaf sheath pinky-grey-green when fresh and newly emerged, dull grey-green when fresh and old, dark grey-brown when dry, densely covered with caducous scurfy grey indumentum (dark brown scales rather rare), and armed with groups and partial whorls of easily detached dark brown, spiculate spines to 9 cm long, borne on pale yellowish-green bulbous bases, these last remaining long after the spiculae have become detached; occa- sionally with broad, thin, almost papery, straw-coloured spines to 3.7 x 0.3 m long in groups among the spiculae, very rarely these spines abundant and spiculae almost absent; geniculus prominent, either armed with spiculae or, in forms with broad papery spines, almost inerm; ocrea to 1.5 cm, brown, tattering. Leaf 1.5-2.5 m long in adult; petiole 10-35 cm long, occasionally longer in juvenile leaves, to 10 mm wide and 7 mm thick, rounded abaxially, flattened or slightly grooved adaxially, armed with scattered spiculae below, and groups of 2-4 more robust, not easily-detached yellow-green spines to 1.1 cm long, especially along the margins, and scattered smaller spines on the adaxial face; minute papillae and caducous grey-white indumentum between the spines; petiole decreasing in width and armature above; rachis armed as the petiole but in upper part, spines tending to be confined to abaxial face and grouped in grapnels of 3.5; cirrus to 1.5 m long, with grapnel spine groups 5 cm distant below, decreasing above, and scattered grey-white indumentum and few chocolate-coloured scales. Leaflets 7-8 on each side of the rachis in mature leaf, the middle ones larger than the others, the largest broadly cuneate-rhomboid, to 35 x 16 cm at c. 20 cm from the insertion on the rachis; lowermost leaflets on either side c. 28 x 6 cm, upper- most to 32 x 10 cm; upper leaflet margins praemorse with rather rounded lobes, armed with small black bristles, the central lobe often prominent; whole leaflet markedly plicate with up to 15 plications, dull mid-green above, gleaming grey-white indumentose below, scattered dark-grey indumentum and brown pseudoparenchymatous scales along the main ribs on the upper surface and along margins exposed in bud; transverse veinlets rather obscure; emerging leaflets pink, turning dull brown then green. Staminate and pistillate inflorescences superficially similar, sessile, erect, very robust, the pistillate to 80 x 9 cm; base of inflorescence at point of insertion on leaf sheath c. 15 mm wide by 5 mm through. Prophyll pale pinky-green at first emergence from sheaths, then drying to dull brown, very stiff, almost woody in texture, with dense caducous chocolate-coloured indumentum on both surfaces but especially on the abaxial surface; beak to 8 cm long by 2 cm wide at base and 0-5 cm wide at tip. Axis branching to 2 orders with up to 8 first-order branches 8 cm long; first-order bracts tightly sheathing, to 8 mm long, with apiculus to 12 mm long. Staminate flowers solitary, borne on an alveolus c. 0.75 mm diam.; calyx with shallowly triangular lobes to 0.75 mm long; corolla c. 4.5 mm long split ? to the base into 3 lobes 2.25 mm wide near the base, tapering to bluntly triangular tips; stamens 6; filaments c. 1 mm long; anthers 1.75 x 0.2 mm; pollen yellow; pistillode trifid, minute. Pistillate flower borne with sterile staminate flower in a pair on an alveolus c. 1.25 mm diam.; calyx with 3 triangular lobes c. 1 mm high; corolla split to I into 3 broadly triangular lobes 4.5 x 3 mm; staminodes 6, with broad triangular bases and empty anthers c. 1.5 mm long; ovary c. 2.75 mm diam., rounded, tipped with 3 sinuous stigmas to 1-5 mm long. Sterile staminate flower to 6.5 mm long; calyx 1 mm long, shallowly lobed; corolla split for 4.5 mm; staminodes with filaments 1.75 mm long and anthers 1.5 x 0.2 mm. Mature fruit bursting the enclosing inflorescence bract, and tending to hang out, rounded, to 1.5 cm diam, tipped by stigma remains and covered with 12 vertical rows of pale orange-brown scales with darker brown margins; seed rounded c. 1.2 cm diam., covered in a thin sarcotesta; endosperm shallowly ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent- ligular; eophyll not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread but rather local, possibly overlooked, in Sarawak, West and South Kalimantan, and Sabah, and one population in West Sumatra. Confined to lowland Mixed-Dipterocarp forest, sometimes on seasonally flooded alluvial flats.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a spectacular rattan when found with inflorescences. The infloresc- ences are massive, erect, and the prophylls have an almost woody texture. Old inflorescences are frequently ant-infested. Observations in Sarawak suggest that the massive structure of the mature plant or stem is built up only gradually and that seedlings may be very slender. It is not known whether subsequent growth involves successive internodes increasing in diameter until the mature size is reached, or if the mature size is reached by develop- ment of more massively constructed stems by basal suckering-individual internodes cannot, of course, increase in diameter as secondary thickening does not occur. The presence of slender juvenile forms along with massively- constructed adults can lead to confusion-is one dealing with one or two species ? The slender juveniles differ only in size, do not bear inflorescences, and are found intermingled with the adults and this seems to be strong cir- cumstantial evidence that they represent different stages of the same species. The population in West Sumatra consisted of one large clump of several stems bearing massive pistillate inflorescences reminiscent of the Sarawak populations and several slender individuals one of which had a single old, well-rotted staminate inflorescence, about one third the size of the pistillate inflorescences. That this much smaller plant would seem to represent a neotenous individual of Ceratolobus discolor, rather than being another species, is suggested by the close similarity between it and the massive clump nearby in all features except sex and size. The much larger size of staminate inflorescences in Bornean populations suggests that this is only a chance instance of sexual dimorphism. It is on the basis of these observations that specimens regarded by Beccari as representing a distinct species, C. rostratus are here merged into C. discolor (see below under C. rostratus). Furthermore the presence of laminate spines, smaller lowermost leaflets and dense white indumentum on the lower leaflet surface are all features of C. discolor, and further suggest that inclusion of these Ceratolobus specimens, formerly included in C. rostratus, in C. discolor is correct.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BORNEO. SARAWAK: First Division: Batu, 1906, Hewitt s.n. (SAR). Bako National Park, Brunig I (SING). Semongok Forest Reserve, near Kuching, Dransfield & Manokaran 4628 (BH, K, KEP, SAR) & 4634 (K, SAR). Serian District, Sabal Tapang Forest Reserve, Dransfield & Manokaran 4644 (K, KEP, SAR) & 4663 (K, KEP, SAR). Gunung Matang near Kuching: Dransfield & Manokaran 4717 (K, KEP, SAR); Beccari P.B. 1915 (FI), Beccari s.n. (2 collections FI). Second Division: Simanggang, Sungei Klauh, Anderson S13279 (K, SAR). Fourth Division: Baram, 1908, Hewitt s.n. (BO, FI, K); Hose 704 (BM, L). Sixth Division: Baleh, Ulu Mujong, N Temiai, Ashton S12138 (K, SAR). SABAH: Sandakan and vicinity, Ramos 1490 (K). KALIMANTAN: West Kalimantan: Sanggau, Tg. Rabohan, Soeleiman 19 (BO). Sungei Kenepai, Hallier 2088 (BO, FI, L). Amai Ambit, Hallier 3387 (BO, FI, SING). South Kalimantan: Banjermasin, Heyne 5 (BO, FI), 19 (BO, FI) & 30 (BO, FI, L). SUMATRA. West Sumatra: Sijunjung, Muro Kulampi, G. Putih, Dransfield & Mogea 3961 (BO, K), 3986 (BO, K), 3987 (BO, K) & 3988 (cult. in Hort. Bogor.). CULTIVATED. In Hort. Bogor., XII. C.69, ? Beccari (FI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A monograph of Ceratolobus (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 1-33</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceratolobus glaucescens</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<citation>J. D. & J. H. Schult., Syst. Veget. 7: 1334 (1830) </citation>
+<bibref>Blume, Rumphia 2: 165, tt. 129, 137 (1843)</bibref>
+<bibref>Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 196, t. 115, (1838 & 1845)</bibref>
+<bibref>Miquel, Pl. Junghuhn. 1: 101 (1851)</bibref>
+<bibref>Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat 3: 73 (1855)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 5, t. 1 (1918)</bibref>
+<bibref>Backer and Bakhuizen v.d. Brink, Fl. Java 3: 181 (1968)</bibref>
+<type>Java; Blume; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype L; isolectotypes BR, FI, L</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus javanicus</name>
+<author>Merrill</author>
+<bibref>Merrill in Am., Journ. Bot. 3: 576 (1916), not Caryota javanica Osbeck-see p. 18.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan rarely exceeding 10 m in height, usually much less, often already flowering when 1 m tall. Stems closely clustering by short suckers, eventually forming small thickets, 5-8 mm diam. without sheaths, 8-13 mm diam. with sheaths; internodes 12-20 cm long. Leaf sheaths dull mid-green when fresh, pale brown when dry, covered with caducous flocculent, pale grey indumentum and scattered, dark, chocolate-coloured pseudoparenchymatous scales when young and densely armed with grey- brown yellowish-green-based horizontal spines, rather evenly distributed, sometimes sub-whorled, 2-20 mm long, stiff, not easily detached, generally rather broad-based, not spiculate; geniculus moderately prominent, armed as the rest of the sheath; ocrea minute, inconspicuous; spines around leaf sheath mouth rather denser and longer than those on the rest of the sheath, generally upward-pointing. Leaf 70-110 cm long including the terminal cirrus; petiole 5-12 cm long, short in plants exposed to full light, longer in shade plants, to 5 mm diam. at the base, rounded or flattened in cross-section above, armed as is the rachis with scattered, rarely paired, persistent spines 1-4 mm long, and remote solitary reflexed spines to 1 cm below, these last intergrading with short, reflexed grouped spines on the cirrus above; cirrus to 40 cm long, rarely more, the reflexed spine groups c. 1.5 cm distant below, decreasing to 0.5 cm distant above. Leaflets 6-8 on each side of the rachis ± regularly arranged, ± alternate below, subopposite above, dark green above, densely white flocculent-indumentose below, rhomboid, to 20 cm long by up to 8 cm wide at widest point, the uppermost leaflets generally much shorter, the lowermost leaflets sometimes much narrower but usually almost as long as the largest leaflets; upper 2 margins praemorse, all leaf margins bearing minute bristles; main veins 15-20 radiating from the leaflet base, transverse veinlets moderately prominent above, obscured by indumentum beneath; emerging leaf pink, rapidly turning dull brown then green. Staminate and pistillate inflorescences superficially similar, pen- dulous on a peduncle 6-15 cm long, 2-3 mm diam., armed with radiating spines 2-10 mm long, peduncle adnate to the leaf sheath above the sub- tending leaf. Prophyll pale pinky-green at first, later green, then drying to cinnamon-brown at anthesis, with scattered whitish indumentum and brown scales, 11-24 x 1.5-3.0 cm, the beak portion ± 1.5-2.5 cm long, rarely longer, unarmed except for a few reflexed spines on the margins at the very base; apical splits 1 x 1.5 mm. Axis with 4 to 6 first-order branches; first-order bracts tightly sheathing for c. 0.5 mm, long-apiculate to 4 mm. Staminate flowers solitary, creamy-yellow at anthesis, borne on an alveolus c. 0.5 mm diam., whole flower c. 5 mm long; calyx c. 1 mm high, very shallowly lobed; corolla c. 4-5 mm long, lobed ? to the base, petals c. 2 mm wide with triangular tips; stamens 6; filaments 0-7 mm high; anthers c. 2 x 0-8 mm; pistillode minute; pollen bright yellow. Pistillate flower similar to staminate, borne on an alveolus c. 1 mm diam., each with a sterile staminate flower; pistillate flower c. 5 mm long; calyx c. 1.5 mm high, with 3 lobes c. 0-5 mm high; corolla c. 4-5 x 2 mm, split in 3 petals for about 3/4 of total length; staminodal ring epipetalous, minute, with 6 tiny lobes c. 0.3 mm long; ovary c. 1.5 mm diam., rounded, tipped by 3 divergent, rugose, sinuous, fleshy stigmas c. 2 mm long. Sterile staminate flower c. 5 mm long; calyx c. 1 mm high, very shallowly lobed; corolla c. 4.5 mm, lobed ± to the base, the petals 1.5 mm wide; staminodes c. 1.5 mm long by 0.3 mm wide. Mature fruit narrowly ellipsoidal tipped with the stigmatic remains, c. 12 mm long by 5 mm diam. at the widest point, covered by 12-13 vertical rows of shiny chestnut-brown, pale-edged, reflexed scales with dark sub- marginal lines, to 2 x 1.5 mm. Seed covered with a thin sweetish sarcotesta to 0.75 mm thick; diaspore ellipsoidal, slightly pointed apically, somewhat flattened on one side, with a shallow lateral groove; endosperm homo- geneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll with 4-6 very faintly praemorse leaflets held in a broad horizontal fan.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Extremely rare and endangered, now only known from one locality in West Java where the population consists of less than thirty clumps. In highly disturbed coastal forest on a sandbar, and on a rocky hillslope nearby. (In the past apparently more widespread).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>There appears to be little variation within Ceratolobus glaucescens apart from slight differences in size, even between populations from different localities. In the wild, the only known extant population is in the much-degraded nature reserve of Sukawayana near Pelabuan Ratu where the population consists probably of less than 30 plants; the existence of this species in the wild must be considered as endangered with extinction. It is possible that it may be more widespread in forest fragments along the shores of Telok Pelabuan Ratu (Wijnkoops Bay). Cultivation is apparently easy and several recent attempts have been made to distribute it to Botanic Gardens throughout the world. In Kebun Raya, Bogor, seed sown in 1971 came into flower at about 1 m high in late 1973 and early 1974. Blume records the endosperm of C. glaucescens as being ruminate, but ripe fruit was apparently unknown to him. It is perhaps significant that Blume's description of the seed of C. concolor of which ripe fruits were available, is very detailed, giving a precise description of the ruminations, whereas that of C. glaucescens simply states endosperm ruminate. It seems most likely that Blume recorded the endosperm of C. glaucescens without ever having verified this, by extrapolation from C. concolor. NOMENCLATURAL NOTE. Merrill (1916) has made an attempt to account for as many plants as possible in Osbeck's 'Dagboek 6fwer en Ostindsk Resa' of 1757. When Osbeck visited Java, on one occasion (9 January 1752) he landed at Nieuw Baai (New Bay, that is the bay and strait between what is now called Pulau Peucang and the mainland of Ujung Kulon, the famous nature reserve). He described the presence of a spiny bipinnate palm with slender stems which formed a barrier preventing him from penetrating the forest without ripping his clothes and even his skin. He named the palm Caryota javanica but mentioned that he was not certain that it was correctly placed in Caryota. He described the plant as follows (from English Translation by Forster): 'Thefrondes are, as in Caryota bipinnated and whitish below: the leaves are opposite, almost oval, plicated; the upper margin as it were lacerated: the petioli are covered with many opposite, hamated spines, not only at the beginning of the foliola but even at the second and third pair of them'. Fructifications were absent. There are of course no known spiny Caryota spp. nor any with leaflets whitish below, and Merrill suggests that Osbeck encountered a rattan with fish-tailed leaflets-simply-pinnate, not double-pinnate as described by Osbeck who may have written doubly-pinnate to make the plant conform with the genus Caryota. Certainly Osbeck's description is of a rattan rather than of a Caryota. Merrill reasons that because Korthalsia is recorded as doubtfully present in Java and at any rate a mountain plant, Caryota javanica must indeed be Ceratolobus glaucescens which is a lowland plant recorded from the western part of Java. On this very tenuously based argument, Merrill includes Ceratolobus glaucescens under synonymy with Ceratolobus javanicus (Osbeck) Merrill. Merrill's supposition, however, is false because there is a species of Korthalsia in the lowlands of western Java, the widespread K. teysmannii. The other Javanese species of the genus, K. junghuhnii Miq., however, is a very local hill or montane species of West Java. KI. teysmannii is in fact very abundant at Ujung Kulon, and, just as Osbeck describes, forms in places a barrier of thorns which 'tore our cloaths, nay even the skin off our hands and faces' at the present day. Ceratolobus glaucescens is absent from Ujung Kulon as far as is known. It is therefore much more likely that Caryota javanica is a species of Korthalsia rather than a Ceratolobus. This being so, I reinstate Cerato- lobus glaucescens as the correct name for the lowland West Javanese taxon first described by Blume under this name, and would prefer to disregard completely the name Caryota javanica as being ambiguously based.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>JAVA. West Java: Gunung Cibodas, Ciampea: R. C. Bakhuizen v.d. Brink 7222 (BO); Backer 25,438 (BO, L); 11 June 1896, Hallier s.n. (BO, L); van Steenis 2676 (BO). Pelabuan Ratu, Dec. 1927, Beaumde s.n. (L); Dransfield 1103 (BO, K, L), 1104 (BO, K, L), 1513 (seed cult. in Hort. Bogor.), 2519 (seed cult. in Hort. Bogor.), 2520 (BO), 2766 (BO), 2767 (BO), 3509 (seed cult. in Hort. Bogor.) & 3910 (seed cult. in Hort. Bogor.); Koorders 34576 p (BO); Junghuhn s.n. (L); 1888, Boerlage s.n. (FI). Cikepuh, South Coast; Frank 123 (BO). Depok: Beaumde 6760 (BO); Koorders 43130 p (BO), 44105 8 (BO, K, L). Sindanglaya, Ploem s.n. (BO). Java without precise locality, Blume s.n. (lectotype L; isolectotypes BR, FI, L), Reinwardt 1043 (K, L). CULTIVATED. In Hort. Bogor.: Beccari s.n. (FI); Koorders 42803 p (BO, L); Furtado SFN 30814 (BH, K, L, SING). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A monograph of Ceratolobus (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 1-33</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceratolobus kingianus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Hooker f., Fl. Br. India 6: 477 (1893)</citation>
+<bibref>Ridley, Mat. Fl. Mal. Peninsula 2: 187 (1907)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 9, t. 5 & 6 (1918)</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley, Fl. Mal. Peninsula 5: 46 (1925)</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gard. Bull. Sing. 13: 353, t. 19 (1951)</bibref>
+<type>Malay Peninsula; Kunstler; 2856 </type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FI; isolectotype K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan 5-8 m long. Stems closely clustering by short suckers, to 8 mm diam. without sheaths, to 15 mm with sheaths. Internodes c. 20 cm in length. Leaf sheaths rather densely whitish-grey-green when young and fresh, drying dull brown, densely covered with greyish-white scurfy indumentum, and crowded partial whorls of easily detached dark brown almost blackish spiculae to 2 mm long borne on pale yellowish-green bulbous bases united into delicate ridges; larger non-spiculate spines apparently very rare, usually absent, and chocolate-coloured scales also absent; geniculus present, rather densely armed with partial whorls of spiculae, these c. 0.5-1 mm distant; ocrea 3-5 mm high, sparsely spiculate, tattering with age. Leaf to 1.5 m in all; petiole 12-20 cm long, rounded abaxially, flattened adaxially, with rather sparse scattered groups of spiculae and dense rigid prickles c. 3-4 mm high on all surfaces, those on the lower surface, larger and usually reflexed; grey-white indumentum sparse, usually absent; rachis very sparsely armed adaxially, abaxially with scattered spines, or reflexed grapnel hooks in 3's to 5's, these continuing along the cirrus where c. 1 cm distant; whole cirrus c. 30-55 cm long. Leaflets 4-6 on each side of the rachis in the mature leaf, the lowermost as large as or larger than the rest, alternate throughout the length of the rachis; the largest to 25 x 11 cm, usually smaller and narrower; upper leaflet margins praemorse with rather rounded and distant lobing, rather obtuse or sometimes long-acuminate, whole leaflet markedly plicate with up to 10-12 plications; leaflets dull green above, sparsely white indumentose below or just faintly discolorous, not densely white indumentose, with scattered pale brown pseudo- parenchymatous scales along ribs on the upper surface; transverse veinlets rather obscure. Young leaves flushed pink on emergence, quickly turning dull green. Staminate and pistillate inflorescences superficially similar, sessile, erect, 21-31 x 4-6.5 cm, relatively rather broad; base of inflorescence at point of insertion about 5 mm wide and 3 mm through. Prophyll pale pinky-green on first emergence, then drying pale cinnamon-brown, when young with very sparse caducous white indumentum, chocolate-coloured scales absent, slightly toothed on margins below, a few scattered spiculae sometimes present on the abaxial surface near the base; beak c. 2 cm long by c. 8 mm wide at the base, rather robust. Axis with up to 8 first-order branches to 8 cm long below, decreasing above; first-order bracts tightly sheathing, to 3 mm long in sheathing portion, with long triangular apiculus to 8 mm long, pale brown. Staminate flowers solitary, borne on an alveolus 0.75 mm diam.; calyx with shallowly triangular lobes c. 0.75 mm long; corolla c. 3 mm long split almost to the base into 3 lobes c. 3 mm x 1.25 mm near the base, tapering to a rather bluntly triangular tip; stamens 6, minutely epipetalous with filaments c. 1.25 mm long, bearing medifixed anthers c. 2 x 0.2 mm (only immature flowers available); pistillode minute. Pistillate flower unknown-but corolla persisting in fruit, with petals triangular c. 4 x 2.5 mm (in Beccari, described but without dimensions). Sterile staminate flower unknown to me (-in Beccari, described as 6 mm long). Fruit at maturity globose, c. 1.5 cm diam., tipped by the stigmatic remains and covered in 12 vertical rows of dark chestnut-brown scales with darker marginal lines; seed rounded, c. 1 cm diam., slightly depressed laterally, covered with a thin sarcotesta; endosperm with dark brown ruminations penetrating to 1.5 mm deep; embryo basal. Eophyll not known</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Very local, endemic to the Malay Peninsula, known only from a few collections. In lowland Pahang found in periodically inundated Peat Swamp Forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari did not indicate which of Kunstler 2547, 2856 or 5589 or Wray 2869 represented the type. The Florence specimen of Kunstler 2856 is here designated lectotype. Material of rhomboid-leafleted species of Ceratolobus from the Malay Peninsula is very sparse; however what material is available is rather uniform and suggests that there is one taxon only in this group in Malaya. It must be borne in mind that collections in the future may show variation which links up with the variation found in discolorous rhomboid-leafleted species in Sumatra and Borneo. However, based on material available at present, the Malayan taxon appears distinct from C. discolor and is retained as C. kingianus though it is admitted that the characters used for separating this taxon are somewhat relative (viz.-relative size of leaflets and stem, and relative abundance of indumentum).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>MALAY PENINSULA. Perak: Larut, Dr King's Collector (in Fl. Br. India incorrectly cited as Hullett whereas Kunstler made these collections), Kunstler 2547 (K), 2856 (FI, K) & 5415 (BM); Wray M210 (2869) (K, SING). Trengganu: Kampung Datok, Sg. Loh, Whitmore FRI 8924 (KEP). Kemaman, Ulu Kajang, 16 Nov. 1935, Corner s.n. (SING). Pahang: Tanah, inland from Kuala Rompin, Dransfield & Manokaran 4574 (K, KEP). No collector or locality details, F.M.S. Forest Department 36656 (KEP).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A monograph of Ceratolobus (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 1-33</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceratolobus pseudoconcolor</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 34: 19 (1979)</citation>
+<type>Java; Dransfield; 1035 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus BO; isotypi K, L</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>? Ceratolobus concolor</name>
+<author>sensu Backer and Bakhuizen v.d. Brink.</author>
+<bibref>sensu Backer and Bakhuizen v.d. Brink., Fl. Java 3: 181 (1968)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a speciebus ceteris Ceratolobi foliorum vaginis spiculatis, foliolis concoloribus, fructibus anguste ellipsoideis, endospermio homogeneo distinguendus; a C. glaucescente foliolis concoloribus vaginisque spiculatis et a C. concolore fructibus anguste ellip- soideis non rotundati et endospermio homogeneo differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan rarely exceeding 10 m in height, usually much less, often already flowering when 1 m tall. Stems closely clustering by short suckers to 5 mm diam. without sheaths, to 10 mm with sheaths, internodes 15-22 cm long. Leaf sheaths pinky-grey-green when fresh and young, dull green when old and fresh, dull green-brown when dry, covered with caducous scurfy grey indumentum, chestnut and deep chocolate-coloured pseudoparenchymatous scales, and evenly scattered easily detached dark brown spiculate spines to 1.5 mm long, borne on slightly bulbous green bases, these last remaining long after the spiculae have become detached; geniculus prominent, armed as the rest of the sheath; juvenile sheaths espiculate, armed with pale brown spines to 1.5 cm long. Juvenile leaves with long petioles to 18 cm or more, 4 mm diam. and no cirri; adult leaves with petioles rarely exceeding 5 cm, often petiole almost absent, armed with spiculae and caducous indumentum; whole leaf to 1 m including cirrus 30-50 cm long: rachis armed with reflexed, pale-green, black-tipped spines to 2 mm long, c. 2.5 cm distant below, decreasing above, intergrading with reflexed, grouped, grapnel hooks on the cirrus where 0.5-1.5 cm distant. Leaflets 6-8 on each side of the rachis, 12-23 x 4-6 cm at the widest point, rather markedly plicate, dark green above, only slightly paler below, without dense white indumentum, rhomboid with a moderately well-defined apical portion to 3 x 0.5 cm at the base, scattered bands of caducous scales occurring on the upper surface; longest leaflets the second or third pair from the base, decreasing in size distally, ± regularly arranged, ± alternate; lower leaf margins unarmed with scattered bristles along the upper praemorse margins; main veins 15-28 radiating from the leaflet base; transverse veinlets moderately prominent above and below. Emerging leaf pink, rapidly turning dull brown then green. Inflorescences staminate and pistillate on separate plants, superficially similar, pendulous on a slender peduncle, 15-25 cm x 1 mm, the peduncle unarmed or with a row of narrow prickles 1-5 mm long, up to 10 mm distant (on either side); peduncle adnate to the sheath of the leaf above the subtending leaf. Prophyll pale pinky-green at first, later green, then drying to cinnamon-brown at anthesis with scattered whitish indumentum and dark brown scales, 12-20 x 1-2.2 cm, rather gradually tapering to the beak, up to 2.5 cm x 3 mm, unarmed; apical slits to 15 x 1 mm. Axis branching to 2 orders with up to 5 first-order branches. First-order bracts tightly sheathing to 0.5 mm high with apiculus to 4 mm or more. Staminate flowers solitary, creamy-yellow at anthesis, borne on an alveolus c. 0.5 mm diam.; calyx with lobes c. 1 mm long, triangular; corolla c. 4 mm long, split ± to the base into 3 petals c. 2 mm wide near the base, tapering to triangular tips; stamens 6; filaments c. 0.5 mm long; anthers 1.5 x 0.7 mm, canary yellow; pistillode c. 0.5 mm long, trifid. Pistillate flower borne with sterile staminate flower on an alveolus c. 1 mm diam.; calyx with 3 triangular lobes c. 5 mm long; corolla c. 4 mm long, split to I length into 3 triangular lobes; staminodes with broad tri- angular bases and subulate empty anthers to 1.2 mm long in all; ovary c. 2 mm diam., ovoid, tipped with 3 sinuous stigmas to 1.2 mm long. Sterile staminate flower c. 4 mm long; calyx 0.7 mm long, shallowly lobed; corolla c. 4 mm long, split to near the base into 3 petals each 1.2 mm wide; staminodes c. 2 x 0.25 mm. Mature fruit narrowly ellipsoidal, up to 1.4 cm long by 0-7 cm diam., covered with 12 vertical rows of chestnut-brown scales with pale edges, and tipped with remains of the stigmas. Seed covered by a thin sarcotesta, somewhat sinuous-grooved longitudinally, up to 1.2 X 0.5 cm, flattened on one side, with a narrow groove running along the length of the diaspore. Endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll with four faintly praemorse fanned leaflets. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Very local, extant in only two localities in hill forest at altitudes between 600 and 900 m in West Java and known from a third locality in the past, possibly also extant. Also known from one collection in South Sumatra. The known extant populations do not exceed 20 clumps in all and this species must be regarded as being endangered in Java.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The first collection in Java made in 1871 by Scheffer from Sancang in Parahiangan (Preanger) was determined as Korthalsia, later as Ceratolobus glaucescens and then as C. concolor. Two features of the Javanese concolorous leafleted taxon immediately suggest this is not true C. concolor-viz. the ovoid fruit and seed, and the homogeneous endosperm-true C. concolor has a rounded fruit and seed and a ruminate endosperm. Furthermore at least some of the spiculae in C. concolor are grouped whereas the Javanese plant has scattered discrete spiculae. Two clumps of Ceratolobus sp. from the South Sumatra I Nature Reserve, at Karang Berak near Tanjung Cina, possibly belong here. Unfortunately the two specimens (Dransfield 1263 (BO, L) and Dransfield 1266 (BO)) do not bear ripe fruit. They were found in highly disturbed logged forest and were growing in full sunlight. Many features suggest they were juvenile stems (no cirrus, large spines and no or few spiculae as in C. pseudoconcolor in Java). The immensely long peduncles (over 50 cm long) bear numerous lateral spines, a feature ofsome stems ofC. pseudoconcolor in Java, and a feature which even when present in C. concolor, is very poorly developed-e.g. the tiny protrusions on the peduncle of the type of C. concolor. It is therefore more prob.able that the Tanjung Cina plants represent juvenile forms of C. pseudoconcolor than of C. concolor but more collections from this area are necessary before any satisfactory decision can be made.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>SUMATRA. Palembang: Lematang Ulu, Grasshof 189 (BO, FI). JAVA. West Java: Parahiangan, Sancang, 1871, Scheffer s.n. (BO). Sukabumi, Lengkong: Dransfield 1035 (holotype BO; isotypes K, L), 1700 (cult. in Hort. Bogor.) 1719 (L), 1720 (BO), 2478 (BO) 2484 (BO), 2495 (cult. in Hort. Bogor.) 3905 (cult. in Hort. Bogor.), 4762 (BO) and 4764 (cult. in Hort. Kew). Cianjur, Sukanagara, Gunung Karang, Dransfield 3911 (BO).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A monograph of Ceratolobus (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 1-33</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceratolobus subangulatus</name>
+<author>(Miq.) Becc.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11, Supplement: iii (1913)</citation>
+<type>Sumatra; Teysmann; 200</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus BO</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus subangulatus</name>
+<author>Miq.</author>
+<bibref>Miq., Prodr. Fl. Sum. 256, 594 (1861)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus laevigatus</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) Becc. in Hooker f., Fl. Br. India 6: 477 (1894)</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley, Mat. Fl. Mal. Peninsula 2: 187 (1907)</bibref>
+<bibref>Heyne, Nuttige Pl. Nederl. Ind.: 94 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 13, tt 9-11 (1918)</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley, Fl. Mal. Peninsula 5: 46 (1925)</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gard. Bull. Sing. 13: 354, tt 20-22 (1951)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus laevigatus var. angustifolius</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Hooker f., Fl. Br. India 6: 477 (1894</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus laevigatus var. angustifolius</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Hooker f., Fl. Br. India 6: 477 (1894)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus laevigatus var. borneensis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 16 (1918)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus laevigatus var. divaricatus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 16 (1918)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus laevigatus var. major</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 16 (1918)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus laevigatus var. regularis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 16 (1918)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus laevigatus var. subangulatus</name>
+<author>(Miq.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Miq.) Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 16 (1918)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus divaricatus </name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. nomen in sched., on Hallier 2758 (BO)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus elegantissimus</name>
+<author>Ridley</author>
+<bibref>Ridley nomen in sched., on Ridley 7904 (K, SING)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ceratolobus laevigatus</name>
+<author>sensu Becc.</author>
+<bibref>sensu Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(2): 13 (1918) non Mart.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan generally low to moderate in height. Stems closely clumping by short suckers, usually only 3-4 m tall but occasionally to 15 m or more (West Sumatra), 6-17 mm diam. with sheaths, 4-7.5 mm diam. without sheaths; internodes 10-20 cm long. Leaf sheaths dull to dark green when fresh, greeny-brown to pale reddish-brown when dry, with in- conspicuous longitudinal striations darker in colour; ocrea minute inconspicuous; sheath armature consisting of very few to moderately numerous scattered broad-based, flattened, triangular, reflexed pale-green spines, slightly swollen at the base and 3-11 mm long; chocolate-coloured and pale brown scales scattered among the spines, sometimes absent; geniculus present, slightly swollen. Leaf to 60-70 cm long including the terminal cirrus, exceptionally almost 100 cm long, sometimes very diminu- tive. Petiole very short or absent; rachis armed with scattered reflexed spines and scattered chocolate-coloured scales below, in robust specimens with scattered spines on upper surface of the rachis; cirrus 30-50 cm long armed with scattered groups of 3-5 reflexed thorns. Leaflets very variable in arrangement but populations usually remarkably uniform within themselves; leaflets 10-16 on each side of the rachis, pink when emerging, dark green when fully expanded, the lowermost 2-3 on each side reflexed; other leaflets usually arranged in opposite groups of 2-3, occasionally almost regular, perfectly opposite and somewhat divaricate; leaflets narrowly to broadly lanceolate, sometimes acuminate in a drip-tip, 10-25 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide; margins and midnerve above with small bristles. Staminate and pistillate inflorescences superficially similar, erect throughout development, sessile or with a very short peduncle not exceeding 1 cm in length. Bract very variable in size, 6-20 x 2-6 cm, flat, with slightly inrolled margins, with a terminal beak up to 3 cm long, usually less, covered with chocolate- coloured scales when young, one population (in Sumatra) also covered in scattered stubby spines 2 mm high on the abaxial face, pale green when young, cinnamon-brown at anthesis. Axis c. 2 mm diam. at anthesis, usually with about 4 or 5 first-order branches; first-order bracts tightly sheathing, with triangular tips. Staminate flowers solitary, pale greeny-cream-coloured at anthesis, borne on a moderately pronounced alveolus, c. 1 mm diam., whole flower up to 4 x 2-5 mm; calyx tubular shallowly 3-lobed, c. 0.7 mm long; corolla tubular below, split to about 1/2 length into 3 triangular lobes, each c. 3.5 mm long, c. 2 mm wide at the base; stamens 6, shortly epipetalous, with thick fleshy filaments c. 1 mm long; anthers medifixed c. 2 x 0.25 mm, bright canary-yellow; pollen copious, powdery, canary- yellow; pistillode minute. Pistillate flower similar to staminate, about 4 mm high by 2.5 mm wide; calyx cup-shaped with 3 short triangular lobes, to c. 1 mm high; corolla tubular below, split to 1/2 length at anthesis, in fruit splitting to the base, staminodes 6, epipetalous, with flattened empty yellow anthers; ovary c. 1-5 mm diam., rounded, with reflexed scales, tipped with 3 divergent, fleshy, rugose stigmas to about 1 mm in length. Sterile staminate flower more slender than the fertile, to 4 x 1 mm, fleshy, with 6 slender staminodes and a minute central pistillode. Inflorescence often increasing in size after fertilization and breaking out through the enclosing bract and spreading. Ripe fruit globose or slightly beaked, up to 2 x 1.5 cm at maturity, usually much less, covered with usually 12 vertical rows of scales, 4 x 5 mm, varying from pale brown with a darker marginal line c. 1 mm wide to dark red-brown without a darker marginal line. Seed conforming to the shape of the pericarp, covered in a thin sarcotesta to 2 mm thick. Diaspore up to 14 x 10 mm, reniform in longitudinal section, the endo- sperm deeply penetrated by ruminations. Embryo basal c. 1.5 x 0.7 mm. Seedling unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread and often common though frequently over- looked, in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo; rather rare in Sumatra. Found in a wide range of habitats from coastal hills at 50 m altitude to 1000 m in hill Dipterocarp forest in the mountains, but apparently absent from peat and fresh water swamp forests</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a highly polymorphic species. Several varieties have been dis- tinguished under C. laevigatus, by Beccari and Furtado. Individual popula- tions may be very uniform yet adjacent populations may appear quite distinct. On the basis of a rather limited amount of material Furtado recognized three varieties for the Malay Peninsula and Beccari recognized seven varieties in all. The distinctions between these varieties depend on the arrangement and size of the leaflets, the size of the mature fruit, and the degree of splitting of the fruiting perianth. Intermediates between these varieties exist: for example, var. regularis and var. angustifolius are separated on the basis of the leaflet alignment. In var. regularis the leaflets are more or less regularly and horizontally disposed and in var. angustifolius they are grouped and divergent. Yet many populations have leaves intermediate between the two. Similarly between var. laevigatus and var. angustifolius there are intermediates. Bornean material previously referred to as var. borneensis and var. divaricatus respectively represent further intermediates between the extemes of var. laevigatus and var. regularis. Some of the Sumatran populations of Ceratolobus subangulatus, e.g. from near Kepahiang, Bengkulu and near Tapan, West Sumatra, have a markedly broad, spiny, inflorescence bract. Vegetatively they fit Beccari's 'C. laevigatus var. subangulatus'; there is however no mention of spines on the bract in Beccari's description of this variety and specimens labelled by him have all lost their bracts. Though some Bornean populations may have reflexed spines along either side of the peduncular portion of the bract, the Sumatran plants are the only ones in which the abaxial face of the bract is spiny. However, plants vegetatively identical to these Kepahiang and Tapan populations but without spiny bracts can also be found nearby in Sumatra. Variation within Ceratolobus subangulatus does not appear sufficiently disjunct to me to justify the separation of varieties. Fruiting specimens in which the bract has rotted could be confused with Daemonorops; however the single bract scar together with the minute per- sistent tubular bracts on the rachillae together with the rather distinctive vegetative morphology should be sufficient to determine it. In the field, sterile, it might be confused with Daemonorops didymophylla Becc.; this latter species however is usually more robust, and has leafsheaths without vertical lines, has well-defined petioles, and its young leaves, though sometimes pinkish, are never so vividly pink as the young leaves of C. subangulatus. NOMENCLATURAL NOTE. The nomenclature of this taxon has been confused for almost a century due to a misinterpretation of the type of Martius' Calamus laevigatus. I had searched in vain in Kew for specimens collected by Griffith of C. laevigatus although, according to Beccari, the material should be there; a search in Florence was also without success, though I eventually came across an old, dark photograph of a sterile specimen apparently from Calcutta. Eventually Prof. H. E. Moore drew my attention to the presence of the holotype in Martius' personal herbarium in Brussels. It is quite likely that Beccari never saw this material-it is not annotated by Beccari, neither is it referred to in his monograph; it is also possible that the material in Calcutta is conspecific with the authentic material in Brussels- unfortunately the photograph is too poor for identification. Authentic Calamus laevigatus is sterile and bears a superficial resemblance to the plant known for so long as Ceratolobus laevigatus, but actually represents a true species of Calamus, up till now known as Calamus pallidulus Becc. (Malay Peninsula) or C. retrophyllus Becc. (Borneo). In the herbarium, these two species, one in Calamus, one in Ceratolobus, do indeed bear a marked resem- blance to each other, yet in the field are totally distinct; naturally, if inflorescences are present, there is no difficulty in separating them. Crucial to the identification of sterile herbarium material are the lowermost leaflets, the colour of the sheaths and leaflets, and the presence or absence of stria- tions on the sheaths. In the Calamus commonly known as C. pallidulus, the plants dry mid- to pale-green, the lowermost leaflets are strongly reflexed across the stem enclosing a chamber, in the fresh state often occupied by ants, these leaflets numbering 3-8 on each side of the rachis, and the sheaths may be unarmed to densely armed but are never broadly longitudinally striate; in the Ceratolobus, commonly known as C. laevigatus, plants dry dull to reddish brown, the lowermost leaflets can be reflexed but never number more than 3 on each side, and the sheaths may be unarmed to densely armed and carry broad longitudinal lines of alternating pale and dark brown. The holotype of Calamus laevigatus is mid-green, not brown, and bears a uniform smooth sheath, and the lowermost leaflets number 6 on each side of the rachis and are very strongly reflexed. Details of texture and armature of the rachis all reinforce the conspecificity of Calamus laevigatus, C. pallidulus and C. retrophyllus. Calamus laevigatus has thus to be rejected as the basionym of the lanceolate- leafleted species of Ceratolobus. The first binomial genuinely referring to this Ceratolobus is Calamus subangulatus Miq., based on a collection by Teysmann from Priaman in West Sumatra, transferred by Beccari to Ceratolobus in 1913.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>MALAY PENINSULA. Perak: no further locality, Scortechini 123b & 126b (FI). Taiping, Waterfall Hill: Burkill & Md. HaniffSFN 13128 (K, SING); Furtado SFN 33078 (BH, K, KEP, L, SING) & 33079 (BH, BM, L, SAR, SING); Henderson SFN 11597 (SING); Md. Haniff & Md. Nur SFN 2377 (SING); Ridley 11463 (BM, SING) & Aug. 1909, Ridley s.n. (BM); Wray M212 (2919) (K, SING). Lumut, Dindings: Burkill 491 (SING); Dec. 1902, Curtis s.n. (SING); Dransfield 883 (BH, K, L); Ridley 3489 (holotype FI; isotype SING of C. laevigatus var. regularis Becc.), 7904 (K, SING), 10340 (K, SING) & Feb. 1896, Ridley s.n. (SING). Kledang Saiong forest Reserve, Ipoh: Dransfield 875 (BH, K, L); Dransfield & Manokaran 4491 (K, KEP); Ridley 9808 (K, SING). Gopeng: Kunstler 575 (K), 5916 (K, BM) & 971 (K). Bujong Malacca: Curtis 3163 (SING); Ridley 9812 (SING). Kinta Hills Forest Reserve, Ipoh: Dransfield & Manokaran 4472 (K, KEP), 4476 (K, KEP); Forest Ranger FRI old series 68903 (KEP). Larut: Kunstler 1879 (Type no. of C. laevigatus var. angustifolius Becc., BM, K) & 7953 (Type no. of C. laevigatus var. major Becc., FI, K). Kamuning, 1907, Machado s.n. (SING). Sungei Siput, Md. Haniff & Md. Nur 6968 (SING). Tapah, 1908, Ridley s.n. (SING). Batang Padang District, Kunstler 8902 (BM). Trengganu: Bukit Bauk Forest Reserve, Dungun, Poore 5077 (K, KLU). Kemaman, Corner SFN 30094 (BH, K, L, SING). Pahang: Kuantan, Bukit Galing, Dransfield & Manokaran 4558 (K, KEP). Selangor: Kepong, Bukit Lanjan: Dransfield & Manokaran 4522 (K, KEP), 4532 (K, KEP). Kepong, Oct. 1967, Dransfield s.n. (SING). Sungei Buloh: Ridley 13448 (BM, K, SING) & 6 March 1915, Ridley s.n. (BM, K). Semangkok Pass: Ridley 12120 (FI, SING) & Sept. 1890, Ridley s.n. (K). Damansara Hill, Kuala Lumpur, 10 Dec. 1920, Ridley s.n. (K, SING). SINGAPORE. Ridley 10220 (FI). BORNEO. SARAWAK. With no further locality, Merrill's Native Collector 1471 (Type of C. laevigatus var. borneensis Becc. is incorrectly cited by Beccari (1918) as 1771). Lundu, Sept. 1905, Ridley s.n. (SING). Kuching, Semongok Forest Reserve, Dransfield et al. 4622 (K, SAR). Carapa Pila, Ulu Pila, Mujong Watershed, Ashton S19602 (BH, K, L, SAR). Ulu Temalad, Mujong, Hose Mountains, Ashton S19774 (BH, K, L, SAR). N Setungun Ulu Segan, Ashton S22012 (K, SAR). Miri, Lambir Hills, Banyeng & Sibat S24497 (BH, K, SAR). Baram, Hose 705 (BM, K). KALIMANTAN. Liang gagang, Hallier 2758 (Type of C. laevigatus var. divaricatus Becc., BO, FI, L). Sampit, Pondo, Md. Dachlan bb 2643 (BO). Banjermasin, Heyne 22 (BO, FI, L). SUMATRA. West Sumatra: Padang, Ayer Mancur: Beccari P.5519 (FI, K). Priaman: Teysmann 200 (holotype BO). Tapan, km 39 Sg. Penuh-Tapan, Dransfield & Mogea 4156 (BO, K, L). West Indragiri Meiyer 4076 (SING) & 4215 (SING). Riau: Kuantan District, Sungei Paku: Radjo Amat bb 31231 (BO), bb 31232 (BO), bb 31233 (BO). Indragiri Highlands; Telok Bagus: Rapii, bb 31256 (BO), bb 31257 (BO) (bb 31278 without collector or location probably originates in Riau also). Jambi: Kampung Penetai, Kerinci, Dransfield 2628 (BO, L). Bengkulu: Kepahiang, Pagar Gunung, Dransfield 1221 (BO), 3562 (BO), 3612 (BO, K) & 3617 (BO, K). CULTIVATED. Bogor: Furtado SFN 30823 (K, L, SING).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>The Andean wax palms are dioecious pinnate-leaved palms of the Andes; trunks often immensely tall, with thick wax; prophyll incomplete, petals united basally; stamens 6–15; stigmatic remains subbasal.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ceroxylon</name>\r
+<author>Bonpl. ex DC.</author> \r
+<citation>Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 3:239 (1804).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Ceroxylon alpinum; Bonpl. ex DC.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Klopstockia</name>\r
+<author>H. Karst.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Karst., Linnaea 28: 251 (1856).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Klopstockia cerifera; H.Karst.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Beethovenia</name>\r
+<author>Engel</author>\r
+<bibref>Engel, Linnaea 33: 677 (1865).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Beethovenia cerifera; Engl.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>keros — wax, xylon — wood, referring to the thick white wax on the trunks.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Tall to very tall, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious palms. Stems smooth, usually waxy, with prominent leaf scars. Leaves moderate to large, reduplicately pinnate, neatly abscising; sheath splitting opposite the petiole at maturity, usually not forming a crownshaft, leathery; petiole channeled adaxially, rounded abaxially; rachis adaxially flat to angled, glabrous, abaxially rounded, silvery-grey tomentose; leaflets acute, single-fold, evenly spaced or clustered, usually glossy adaxially, often waxy or tomentose-scaly abaxially, midrib conspicuous, larger adaxially, no other veins evident. Inflorescences interfoliar, solitary in the leaf axil, branched to 3–4 orders; peduncle elongate; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, flattened, open apically, incompletely encircling the peduncle abaxially; peduncular bracts several (ca. 5–7), inserted near the base of the peduncle, the lower early in development, borne singly along the rachillae, pedicellate. ones open apically, the upper 3–4 terete, beaked, completely enclosing Staminate flowers with 3 sepals connate in a low, acutely or acuminately the inflorescence in bud, splitting abaxially at anthesis, the uppermost lobed cupule; petals 3, fleshy, acute or acuminate, briefly connate basally sometimes reduced and inserted higher than the others, prophyll and with each other and with the bases of antesepalous stamen filaments, peduncular bracts with indumentum or scales; rachis bracts small, open; separate above at anthesis; stamens 6–15(–17), filaments awl-shaped, not rachillae usually flexuous or zigzag, often short, the pistillate usually inflexed at the apex in bud, anthers basifixed, bifid basally, bifid to acute shorter than the staminate, glabrous or with indumentum, bearing small, or pointed apically; pistillode minute, conic, usually minutely trifid. pointed bracts subtending the flowers. Flowers ebracteolate, open from Pollen ellipsoidal or oblate triangular, asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate or semi-tectate, finely rugulate-reticulate, coarsely reticulate or gemmate-reticulate (muri comprise rows of gemmae), aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 32–46 µm [5/11]. Pistillate flowers similar to the staminate but staminodes usually smaller with halberd-shaped or sagittate abortive anthers; gynoecium ovoid, trilocular, triovulate, but 2 ovules usually aborting, stigmas 3, recurved at anthesis, ovules pendulous, hemianatropous. Fruit red, orange-red, or orange to purplish-black at maturity, globose, normally 1-seeded, stigmatic remains lateral near the base; epicarp smooth or minutely roughened, mesocarp fleshy with few fibres, endocarp thin, not adherent to seed. Seed globose, hilum basal, round, raphe branches obscure, ascending from the hilum, endosperm homogenous; embryo lateral near the base. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll elliptic or narrowly lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Eleven species occurring at high elevations in the Andes from Venezuela through Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru to Bolivia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Roth 1990), root (Seubert 1996b), floral (Uhl 1969b) and stamen development (Uhl and Moore 1980). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Ceroxylon is strongly supported as monophyletic (Trénel et al. 2007) and resolved as sister to Juania with high support (Uhl et al. 1995, Asmussen et al. 2006, Trénel et al. 2007, Baker et al. in review). For interspecies relationships, see Trénel et al. (2007). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems provide wax for candles and matches; fruit are used for cattle food. Over-exploitation of young fronds for Christian religious ceremonies has seriously endangered some species. Several species have become prized but slow-growing ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Burret (1929), Moore and Anderson (1976), Galeano-Garces and Bernal-Gonzalez (1982) and Galeano (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Ramanujam (1987) compares a collection of Paravuripollis from the Lower to Middle Miocene of Kerala with Ceroxylon (or Oncosperma); however, the fossils appear to be more or less zonasulcate and clavate, and closer to the pollen of a number of species of Korthalsia rather than to the monosulcate, reticulate pollen of Ceroxylon. See also entries for Korthalsia and Pseudophoenix. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The wax palms are a spectacular feature of Andean montane forest. Identification of species, particularly in the herbarium, is often difficult because there is rather little variation in vegetative and reproductive characters. The morphology and anatomy (Uhl 1969b) of the flowers of Juania, Ravenea, and Ceroxylon are very similar. The development of polyandry in Ceroxylon is different from that in other subfamilies (Uhl and Moore 1980). </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Andean wax palms. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Species of Ceroxylon are some of the tallest palms. They occur in premontane to low and high montane forest often among clouds for most of the time. Today trees are frequently left standing in fields where the forest has been cleared. Ceroxylon parvifrons occurs at elevations in excess of 3500 m above sea level, the palm species with the highest elevational occurrence (Borchsenius and Skov 1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>All species are endangered (Moore 1977).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceroxylon alpinum</name>
+<author>Bonpl. ex D.C.</author>
+<citation>Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 3: 239 (1804)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, to 20 m tall, 15-30 cm in diameter, white with black leaf scars, or more rarely grey to brown. Leaves to 5 m long; pinnae ca. 100 on each side, regularly inserted in one plane, often somewhat pendulous, green and glabrous above, below silverish white and with a thin wax layer, the central pinnae 70-90 cm long and 3-4 cm wide. Inflorescences arching to pendulous, to 3 m long, branched 3 times. Fruits globose, 1-2 cm in diameter, slightly rough, red at maturity.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Venezuela to Ecuador along the Andes.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Two subspecies are recognised.Notes for Ecuador. The subspecies that occurs in Ecuador, subsp. ecuadorense Galeano, is endemic to that country.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceroxylon amazonicum</name>
+<author>Galeano</author>
+<citation>Caldasia 17: 398 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, to 20 m tall, 15-25 cm in diameter, grey to white. Leaves to 5 m long; pinnae ca. 100 on each side, regularly inserted in one plane, horizontal, with the terminal part descending, the central ones 50-75 cm long and 4-5 cm wide, below with a thick, white to light brown, waxy indument. Inflorescences arching to pendulous, to 3 m long, branched 3 times. Fruits ca. 2 cm in diameter, smooth, red at maturity.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to SE Ecuador, where it occurs in premontane moist forest. It is the only species of Ceroxylon that occurs at so low elevations.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable (Borchsenius & Skov 1999). Criteria A1c, B2c</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceroxylon echinulatum</name>
+<author>Galeano</author>
+<citation>Caldasia 17: 399 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, 10-25 m tall, 20-30 cm in diameter, usually grey, more rarely white with black leaf scars. Leaves to 4.5 m long; pinnae 75-90 on each side, regularly inserted in one plane, pendulous, the central ones 85-105 cm long and 3-5 cm wide, below with a thick, white to light brown, waxy tomentum. Inflorescences erect to arching, curved in fruit, to 250 cm long, branched 3 times. Fruit globose, 1-2 cm in diameter, finely warty, green, turning orange-red at maturity.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Premontane and lower montane forest on both the E and W slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, reaching into N Peru.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable (Borchsenius & Skov 1999). Criteria A1c, B1, B2c</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceroxylon parvifrons</name>
+<author>(Engel) H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem</author>
+<citation>Palmiers: 239 (1878)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, to 15 m tall, 15-35 cm in diameter, grey to white with dark leaf scars. Leaves 2-3.5 m long; pinnae 70-85 on each side, regularly inserted in one plane, stiff, horizontal, the central ones to 50 cm long and 4-5 cm wide, below with a light brown to white, waxy indument. Inflorescences curved to pendulous, to 2 m long, branched 2-3 times. Fruits globose to oblong, 15-25 mm in diameter, smooth, orange-red.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Venezuela to Bolivia in the Andes.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable (Borchsenius & Skov 1999). Criteria A1c, B1, B2c</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The S Ecuadorian plants of C. parvifrons are larger than usual for the species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceroxylon parvum</name>
+<author>Galeano</author>
+<citation>Caldasia 17: 403 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, to 10 m tall, 10-20 cm in diameter, greenish grey to grey. Leaves 1.5-2.5 meters long; pinnae 90-120 on each side, inserted in groups of 2-6 or sometimes more and spreading in different planes, but leaf not strongly bushy; central pinnae 50-80 cm long and 2-3 cm wide, below with a thin, silverish layer of wax. Inflorescences curving to pendulous, 1.5-2 m long, branched 3 times. Fruits globose, 12-20 mm in diameter, smooth, bright orange-red, with two aborted carpels slightly developed and visible.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>The Andes of SW Ecuador and NW Peru</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceroxylon ventricosum</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 847 (1929)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, ventricose, to 30 m tall and 60 cm in diameter in the middle, white, with conspicuous dark leaf scars. Leaves 3-5 m long; pinnae ca. 150 on each side, inserted in groups and spreading in different planes, erect, with pendulous distal half, the central ones to 1 m long and 3-6 cm wide, below with a thin, silverish layer of wax. Inflorescences erect, to 350 cm long, branched 3 times. Fruits 10-15 mm in diameter, smooth, light red at maturity.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>The Andes in SW Colombia and Ecuador, at high elevations. Sometimes planted as an ornamental in the highland, e.g., in Quito (Plaza de Argentina) and at the central square in Guaranda.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ceroxylon vogelianum</name>
+<author>(Engel) H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem</author>
+<citation>Palmiers: 239 (1878)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey or subcanopy palm. Stem solitary, to 10 m tall, ca. 10 cm in diameter, greenish grey, with dark leaf scars. Leaves 1-1.5 m long; pinnae 70-80 on each side, inserted in groups and spreading in different planes, with pendulous distal half, the central ones 30-40 cm long, 20-25 mm wide, below with a thin, light grey to brown wax layer. Inflorescences curved, becoming pendulous in fruit, 120-160 cm long, branched 2 times. Male flowers with 6 stamens. Fruits globose, bluish green, often becoming dull orange just before dropping, slightly warty, 13-15 mm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Venezuela to Bolivia in the Andes.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Plants from S Ecuador, where the species is common, are relatively small compared to what is usual for the species</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Generally rather small, often clustering, pinnate-leaved dioecious palms from the undergrowth of rain forest from Mexico southwards to South America, very diverse and with a wide range of habits including one climbing species, inflorescence and flower form equally varied.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Chamaedorea</name>
+<author>Willd.</author>
+<citation>Species Plantarum 4(2): 638, 800 (1806) (conserved name).</citation>
+<type>Type; Chamaedorea gracilis; Willd.</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Morenia</name>
+<author>Ruiz and Pavon</author>
+<bibref>Ruiz and Pavon, Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis Prodromus 150 (1794) (rejected name).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Morenia fragrans; Ruiz & Pav.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nunnezharia</name>
+<author>Ruiz and Pavon</author>
+<bibref>Ruiz and Pavon, Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis Prodromus 147 (1794) (rejected name).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Nunnezharia fragrans; Ruiz & Pav.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Nunnezia</name>
+<author>Willd.</author>
+<bibref>Species Plantarum 4: 890, 1154 (1806) (= Nunnezharia). </bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kunthia</name>
+<author>Humb. and Bonpl.</author>
+<bibref>Humb. and Bonpl., Plantae Aequinoctiales 2: 127 (1813).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Kunthia montana; Humb. and Bonpl.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Stachyophorbe</name>
+<author>(Liebm. ex Mart.) Liebm. ex Klotzsch</author>
+<bibref>(Liebm. ex Mart.) Liebm. ex Klotzsch, Allg. Gartenzeitung 20: 363 (1852).</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype; Stachyophorbe cataractarum; (Mart.) Liebm. ex Klotzsch</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chamaedorea sect. Stachyophorbe</name>
+<author>Liebm. ex Mart.</author>
+<bibref>Liebm. ex Mart., Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3: 309 (1849).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Collinia</name>
+<author>(Liebm.) Liebm. ex Oerst.</author>
+<bibref>(Liebm.) Liebm. ex Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1858: 5 (1859). Non Raf (1819).</bibref>
+<type>Lectotype; Collinia elegans; (Mart.) Liebm. ex Oerst.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chamaedorea sect. Collinia</name>
+<author>Liebm. in Mart.</author>
+<bibref>Liebm. in Mart., Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3: 308 (1849).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dasystachys</name>
+<author>Oerst.</author>
+<bibref>Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1858: 25 (1859).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Dasystachys deckeriana; (Klotzsch) Oerst.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Eleutheropetalum</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Oerst.</author>
+<bibref>H. Wendl. ex Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1858: 6 (1859).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Eleutheropetalum ernesti-augustii; (H.Wendl.) Oerst.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Spathoscaphe</name>
+<author>Oerst.</author>
+<bibref>Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1858: 29 (1859).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Spathoscaphe arenbergiana; (H. Wendl.) Oerst.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Stephanostachys</name>
+<author>(Klotzsch) Klotzsch ex Oerst.</author>
+<bibref>(Klotzsch) Klotzsch ex Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1858: 26 (1859).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Stephanostachys casperiana; (Klotzsch) Oerst.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chamaedorea subgenus Stephanostachys</name>
+<author>Klotzsch</author>
+<bibref>Klotzsch, Allg. Gartenzeitung 20: 363 (1852). </bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Kinetostigma</name>
+<author>Dammer</author>
+<bibref>Dammer, Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 4: 171 (1905).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Kinetostigma adscendens; Dammer</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Chamai — on the ground, dorea — gift, probably in reference to the usually dwarf habit and elegant form.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Small, sometimes moderate, erect or procumbent, rarely climbing, acaulescent or trunked, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious palms. Stem usually slender, covered wholly or partially in fibrous leaf bases or smooth, green, prominently ringed with leaf scars. Leaves bifid or variously pinnate, very rarely entire, reduplicate; sheath closed or becoming split, short or elongate, sometimes with a marcescent lobe opposite the petiole; petiole short to elongate, flattened adaxially, rounded abaxially, sometimes with a prominent pale green or yellow, abaxial stripe; rachis rounded, angled, or flattened adaxially, rounded abaxially; blade entire, bifid and pinnately ribbed, or regularly or irregularly pinnately divided, leaflets few or many, of 1 or several folds, narrow or broad, often oblique or sigmoid, acuminate, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences among or below the leaves, solitary or several per leaf axil, unbranched or branched to 1(–2) order, sometimes forked; staminate often more branched than pistillate; peduncle short to elongate; prophyll tubular with tapering bifid tip; peduncular bracts 2-several, elongate, tubular, sheathing the peduncle, coriaceous or membranous, persistent, tips short, bifid; rachillae, long or short, slender or fleshy, sometimes ridged, lacking bracts at maturity, bearing closely appressed or rather widely spaced, spirally arranged staminate or pistillate flowers, rarely bearing curved acervuli of staminate flowers. Flowers sessile or partly enclosed in a cavity in the fleshy rachilla, small or minute. Staminate flowers symmetrical; sepals 3, entire, united basally or distinct; petals 3, distinct or variously connate, lobes valvate; stamens 6, filaments short, broad or awl-shaped; anthers dorsifixed, included, oblong or didymous; pistillode various, cylindric or expanded basally, sometimes trilobed. Pollen ellipsoidal, occasionally oblate triangular, bi-symmetric or slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus, occasionally a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, finely rugulate, finely perforate-rugulate, finely reticulate, or reticulate, aperture margin either similar or, more frequently, broad and psilate or scabrate, in reticulate pollen, reticulum often notably finer on proximal face, less frequently proximal face psilate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 20–36 µm; post-meiotic tetrads usually tetrahedral, sometimes tetragonal or rarely rhomboidal [50/108]. Pistillate flower with sepals 3, as in the staminate; petals 3, usually connate, distinct lobes valvate or imbricate; staminodes present and tooth-like or absent, gynoecium ovoid, tricarpellate, syncarpous, trilocular, trilovulate, stigmas small, recurved, ovule campylotropous, laterally inserted. Fruit small, globose or oblong, stigmatic remains basal; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp thin. Seed erect, globose, or ellipsoidal, hilum small, basal, branches of raphe obscure, endosperm cartilaginous; embryo basal to subapical. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid or pinnate. Cytology: 2n = 26, 32.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Approximately 110 species ranging from central Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Roth 1990), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), seed (Roth 1990). Some features of floral anatomy, including vascularisation of the ovule by a strand from each ventral bundle and abundant raphides in styles and stigmas, are characteristic of other genera in Chamaedoreeae and Ceroxyleae (Uhl and Moore 1971). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>Chamaedorea is monophyletic with high support (Thomas et al. 2006, Cuenca and Asmussen-Lange 2007). Most studies resolve Chamaedorea as sister to Gaussia with moderate to high support (Asmussen et al. 2006, Thomas et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.), although a single study resolves Chamaedorea as sister to Wendlandiella (Uhl et al. 1995). For species relationships, see Thomas et al. (2006) and Cuenca and Asmussen-Lange (2007). </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Inflorescences of a few species (e.g., C. tepejilote) are eaten as vegetables, and leaves of some species are used for thatch. Some are used medicinally (Plotkin and Balick 1984). Cut leaves of some species, harvested from the wild, are used as foliage in the cut flower trade. Commercially, several species are extremely important as pot plants, produced in vast quantities. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Hodel (1992). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Fossil leaves from the Eocene of southeastern United States have been described as Chamaedorea danai by Berry (1916b) but correspondence with the modern genus is not certain. Some Monocolpopollenites pollen from the Tertiary of Hungary has been compared to Chamaedorea pollen (Kedves and Bohoney 1966), but the pollen is too general for this suggestion to be convincing. Chamaedorea-like pollen (Graham 1976) is also reported from the Upper Miocene of Mexico (Paraje Solo flora, Veracruz). </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Hodel (1992) published a detailed and beautifully illustrated account of the genus. In it, he recognises 96 species arranged in eight subgenera. Since then, several more taxa have been published making a grand total of 108. The subgenera are defined by characters of the arrangement of the flowers and their form. Henderson et al. (1995) chose to recognise 77 species, reducing some of Hodel’s taxa to synonymy but without discussion.
+There is great diversity in leaf, inflorescence, and flower form in the genus, which is divided into sections on the basis of floral structure. Because there are so many species, and considerable variation in leaf form within some species, identification of species is often difficult.
+Cook (1937a, 1939b, 1943a, 1943b, 1947a, 1947b) and Cook and Doyle (1939) published the following generic names for species of Chamaedorea in the National Horticultural Magazine and in Science; as the names appear without Latin description and postdate 1935, they are invalid and without any botanical standing: Anothea, Cladandra, Discoma, Docanthe, Edanthe, Ercheila, Legnea, Lobia, Lophothele, Mauranthe, Meiota, Migandra, Neanthe, Omanthe, Paranthe, Platythea, and Vadia. </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Parlour palm, Neanthe Bella (Chamaedorea elegans), bamboo palm (C. seifrizii). </p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>All species are plants of the understory. They occur in moist, wet, or mixed forest in lowlands or mountain forest. Some species occur on limestone. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Chamaedorea deneversiana</name>
+<author>Grayum & Hodel</author>
+<citation>Principes 35: 133 (1991)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem to 2 m tall, 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter, often with adventitious roots on the proximal nodes. Leaves erect, bluish metallic green; blade simple 60-80 cm long, 25-30 cm wide. Inflorescences one per node, infrafoliar, often borne close to the base of the stem, 35-40 cm long; branches 5-10, to 10 cm long, those of female inflorescences becoming red in fruit. Fruits elliptic, 10-15 mm long, black.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central America and N Ecuador (until now not recorded in between) in premontane wet and pluvial forest, at 500-1600m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Chamaedorea linearis</name>
+<author>(Ruiz & Pav.) Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 5 (1823)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem solitary, to 10 m tall, 3-8 cm in diameter, green and smooth. Leaf sheaths closed, forming a 30-90 cm long green crownshaft; blade 100-250 cm long, with 25-65 equal pinnae on each side, the central ones 30-85 cm long and 3-12 cm wide, with 4-6 subequal nerves. Inflorescences once branched, 15-100 cm long, with 3-4 swollen, cream coloured peduncular bracts, and 5-55 branches. Male inflorescences up to 18 per node, female ones solitary at the nodes. Fruits orange to red, 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W of the Andes from N Colombia to S Ecuador, and E of the Andes from N Ecuador to Bolivia. In Ecuador it is frequent to common in the W lowlands and on the E and W slopes of the Andes up to 2400 m elevation, both in primary and disturbed forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Chamaedorea pauciflora</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 5 (1823)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem solitary, to 2.5 m tall, 0.5-2 cm in diameter, erect or procumbent, green. Leaf sheath 15-30 cm long, closed for up to 1/3 of its length; blade simple or rarely pinnately divided, 40-80 cm long and 20-35 cm wide. Inflorescences interfoliar, emerging from the closed part of the sheath, to 80 cm long; peduncular bracts 3-4, tubular; male inflorescences to 8 per node, unbranched, erect, green, with orange flowers; female inflorescences single at the nodes, unbranched, erect, first green, later yellow to orange. Fruits black, 10-12 x 7-8 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Throughout the W Amazon region in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and W Brazil. Frequent in the lowlands of E Ecuador at elevations between 300 and 700 m, rarely up to 1000 m, in the understorey of undisturbed and slightly disturbed forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Chamaedorea pinnatifrons</name>
+<author>(Jacq.) Oerst.</author>
+<citation>Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kj�benhavn 1858: 14 (1859)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem solitary, to 4 m tall and 2.5 cm in diameter, green. Leaf sheath closed for at least 4/5 of its length; blade pinnately divided or rarely entire, 25-75 cm long and 15-30 cm wide; pinnae 7-15 on each side, usually conspicuously sigmoid. Inflorescences infrafoliar, one per node, to 80 cm long, once branched; male inflorescences with 3-25 pendulous branches; female inflorescences with 2-15, horizontal to erect branches, orange in fruit. Male flowers with petals united at apex. Fruits black, ca. 9 x 11 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia and Brazil, at up to 2400 m elevation. In Ecuador it is common in the E lowlands and on the E and W Andean slopes, in primary as well as in secondary forest, often on steep slopes.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The species is variable, especially in leaf size, number and size of pinnae, and size and ramification of the inflorescence. It is defined by having male flowers with petals fused at their apex, but variation in vegetative characters within the species is not fully understood. Simple-leaved forms are sometimes found occurring together with the common, pinnate-leaved form, e.g., around Plan de Milagro in the Morona-Santiago province.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Dwarf dioecious fan palm of the Mediterranean region, with stems covered with leaf bases; leaves generally rather stiff; inflorescence with a single large bract. Fruit reddish brown smelling of vomit.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Chamaerops</name>\r
+<author>L.</author> \r
+<citation>Sp. pl. 1187 (1753).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Chamaerops humilis; L.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chamaeriphe</name>\r
+<author>Steck</author>\r
+<bibref>Steck, Sagu 20 (1757)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chamaeriphes</name>\r
+<author>Ponted. ex Gaertn.</author>\r
+<bibref>Ponted. ex Gaertn., Fruct. sem. pl. l: 25 (1788).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Chamai — low, rhops — a bush, referring to the dwarf habit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Dwarf, rarely moderate, clustering, acaulescent or shrubby, armed, pleonanthic, polygamous or dioecious palm. Stem ± erect, clothed with very close, persistent petiole bases and fibrous sheaths, eventually becoming ± bare. Leaves induplicate, palmate, marcescent; sheath disintegrating into a mass of fine fibres; petiole elongate, slender, adaxially flattened or slightly rounded, abaxially rounded or angled, densely covered with caducous white tomentum, armed along the margins with robust, bulbous-based spines pointing toward the leaf tip; adaxial hastula well developed, ± acute, abaxial hastula poorly developed; blade divided to 2/3 – 3/4 the radius into single-fold segments, the segments further divided to ca. 1/2 – 2/3 along the abaxial folds, folds longitudinally striate, tips ± rounded or pointed, abaxially sparsely to densely covered with caducous tomentum, midribs prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, very short, branching to 2 orders, staminate, pistillate, and hermaphroditic inflorescences similar; peduncle very short, oval in cross-section; prophyll conspicuous, tubular, somewhat inflated, laterally 2-keeled, splitting apically into 2 triangular lobes, covered with dense tomentum especially along keels; peduncular bracts absent; rachis short, but longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts inconspicuous, the proximal enclosed within the prophyll; first-order branches bearing minute slender bracts; rachillae short, very crowded, glabrous. Flowers solitary, spirally arranged, borne on short tubercles subtended by minute bracts; abnormalities in all floral parts frequent; sepals 3, triangular, low, glabrous, united at the base; petals 3, similar in staminate, pistillate, and hermaphroditic flowers, imbricate, distally triangular, united at the very base; stamens 6, united by their broad triangular filaments to form a conspicuous staminal ring folded in young stages, much expanded at anthesis, anthers yellow, oblong, medifixed, latrorse; staminodes similar to stamens but less-well-developed filaments and empty anthers; carpels 3, distinct, follicular, glabrous, with conspicuous recurved apical stigmas, ovule hemianatropous, attached basally; pistillodes 1–3 minute carpels, or absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric or slightly asymmetric, or infrequently, oblate triangular; aperture comprising 2 parallel distal sulci, narrowly separated by an ectexinous bridge, less frequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate densely perforate or finely and densely reticulate, outer aperture margins similar, tectum between sulci sometimes similar or psilate-perforate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 27–31 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral [1/1]. Fruit developing from 1–3 carpels, product of each carpel globose to oblong, ellipsoidal, rich brown, pale-dotted, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thin, ± fleshy, rich in butyric acid, endocarp scarcely developed. Seed globose to ellipsoidal, basally attached; endosperm ruminate, also with a conspicuous lateral intrusion of seed coat; embryo lateral. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire, narrow, plicate. Cytology: 2n = 36, or 36 ±1, or 36 ±2.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species, Chamaerops humilis, native to coastal areas of the western Mediterranean, both in Europe and North Africa, becoming rarer eastwards to Malta.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Stem (Schweingruber 1990), leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Chamaerops is resolved as sister to the rest of the Rhapidinae with low or moderate support (Asmussen and Chase 2001, Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Fibre has been used for cordage and woven articles. Forms with abnormal leaves have been selected in cultivation; one such in the garden of R.O. Douglas, California, bears leaves with the blade divided between as well as along the folds.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1931). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Cuticle from the brown coals of Niederlausitz, Upper Tertiary of Germany, is attributed to Chamaerops (Litke 1966). From the Miocene of Poland (Gliwice, Upper Silesia), Szafer (1961) compares a large fragment of a palmate leaf, including details of stomata in the epidermis, and also a somewhat damaged seed, with Chamaerops aff. humilis. After studying the morphology and anatomy of fossil palm leaf remnants from Miocene of Moldavia, Stephyrtza (1972) considered that the fossil material represented C. humilis L. var. fossilis Kolak. Biondi and Filigheddu (1990) describe the results of anatomical studies on a silicified palm fossil from the Lower Miocene of Sardinia, Palmoxylon homeochamaerops. The fossil material comprises part of a stem and surrounding roots, which the authors consider closely related to C. humilis L. Pleistocene leaf subfossils of Chamaerops strongly attached to a short trunk (Lacroix 1896) were discovered in ancient volcanic ash deposits on the island of Phira (Santorini). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The pollination of this familiar palm has only recently been elucidated (Anstett 1998). Anstett and her co-workers demonstrated that derelomid weevils are responsible for transfer of pollen between the staminate and pistillate plants. They are attracted by floral-type odours produced by the leaves subtending the inflorescences rather than by the flowers themselves (see Chapter 8). Floral abnormalities are of frequent occurrence; for example, the following variation may be found within the same inflorescence: petals 2 instead of 3; stamens fewer than 6, and both fertile and infertile anthers within a single flower; carpels 3, 2, or 1 fertile, with or without fertile stamens, and pistillodes present or absent.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>European fan palm, windmill palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Widely cultivated and very variable, particularly in leaf form and fruit shape. It is found on sandy or rocky ground, usually near the sea but up to 600 m altitude or more on coastal hills, usually acaulescent in the wild, but in the absence of burning, producing a well-developed trunk as in cultivated specimens.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate pinnate-leaved tree palms from New Caledonia with broad leathery-textured leaflets and relatively large frut.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Chambeyronia</name>\r
+<author>Vieill.</author> \r
+<citation>Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 2. 6: 229 (1873).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Chambeyronia macrocarpa; (Brongn.) Vieill. ex Becc.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named for Charles-Marie-Léon Chambeyron (1827–1891), French naval officer and hydrographer, who mapped much of the coast of New Caledonia and assisted Vieillard in the exploration of the island.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, ringed with leaf scars, enlarged at the base but roots not prominent. Leaves regularly pinnate, curved, spreading, often red when first exposed; sheath tubular, forming a prominent crownshaft, with or without a shallow notch opposite the petiole, glabrous adaxially, lightly or densely covered in scales abaxially; petiole channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, with scattered small brown scales; leaflets acute to acuminate, single-fold, wide, waxy or glabrous adaxially, small brown scales scattered abaxially, midrib and marginal ribs large, transverse veinlets obscure or evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, protandrous, branched to 2(–3) orders basally, to 1 order distally; peduncle very short; prophyll tubular, completely encircling the peduncle and enclosing the peduncular bract, caducous, dorsiventrally flattened, with 2 wide lateral keels, chartaceous, glabrous adaxially, lightly or densely scaly abaxially; peduncular bract lacking keels and thinner, with a more definite beak, otherwise like the prophyll; rachis longer than the peduncle bearing spirally arranged, low, or prominent pointed, bracts subtending branches or rachillae; rachillae rather stout, tapering, sinuous, lightly or densely scaly; rachilla bracts prominent, spreading or ascending, spirally arranged, subtending triads of flowers basally and paired or solitary staminate flowers distally, the triads rather distant, sometimes appearing as though impressed in the axis; bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flower unequal, not sepal-like, the larger one shorter or exceeding the triad bract. Staminate flowers asymmetrical to subsymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, acute to long pointed; petals 3, distinct, valvate, asymmetrical, angled, and strongly nerved to nearly symmetrical and smooth when dry; stamens 19–55, filaments awl-shaped, briefly inflexed, anthers erect in bud, linear, dorsifixed, bifid basally, emarginate apically, latrorse, the connective elongate; pistillode lacking. Pollen grains ellipsoidal, slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 45–75 µm [2/2]. Pistillate flowers symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, acute; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate with prominently valvate apices; staminodes 3, small, tooth-like, borne at one side of the gynoecium; gynoecium with 3 spreading stigmas, unilocular, uniovulate, ovule laterally attached, hemianatropous. Fruit subglobose to ovoid, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, underlain by a mesocarp of oblique, short, pale sclereids over parenchyma with dispersed tannin cells and stout, flat, longitudinal, anastomosing fibres adherent to the endocarp, endocarp thin, fragile, not operculate. Seed attached by an elongate lateral hilum, raphe branches numerous, anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species in New Caledonia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Uhl and Martens 1980), root (Seubert 1998a,1998b), and fruit (Essig and Hernandez 2002). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Pintaud (1999a) found that Chambeyronia isparaphyletic with respect to Actinokentia, but there is low support for these relationships. Furthermore, they are notcongruent with moderately supported relationships recovered elsewhere, which place the genus as sister to a clade of Actinokentia and Kentiopsis (Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Chambeyronia macrocarpa is probably the most widely cultivated New Caledonian palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore and Uhl (1984) and Hodel and Pintaud (1998). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>In leaf anatomy, Chambeyronia macrocarpa is distinguished from other members of the Archontophoenicinae in New Caledonia by a large fibrous strand of ca. 15 cells between each two vascular bundles. \r
+Chambeyronia lepidota is the only species of the Archontophoenicinae to have thick cuticles on both upper and lower leaf surfaces, and these are perhaps associated with its more exposed habitat. Chambeyronia macrocarpa is very\r
+variable in the wild.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Chambeyronia macrocarpa is found in wet forest or gallery forestnearly throughout New Caledonia, whereas C. lepidota occurson schistose soils only in the north-eastern part of the island.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Solitary or clustered short-stemmed or creeping hermaphroditic fan palms of humid tropical rain forests of Amazonia and western Colombia; leaves often discolorous, often divided by deep and shallow splits; petiole base not split; fruit sometimes corky-warted.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Chelyocarpus</name>\r
+<author>Dammer</author>\r
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 7: 395 (1920).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Chelyocarpus ulei; Dammer.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Tessmanniophoenix</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 397 (1928).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Tessmanniophoenix longibracteata; Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Tessmanniodoxa</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 336 (1941).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Tessmanniodoxa chuco; (Mart.) Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Chelys — tortoise, carpos — fruit, in reference to the cracked surface of the fruit that resembles a tortoise carapace.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palms. Stem erect or procumbent (Chelyocarpus repens), slender, naked except for fibrous remains of leaf sheaths below the crown, closely ringed with narrow leaf scars. Leaves spreading, induplicate, palmate, or shortly costapalmate (C. chuco), sheath fibrous, not splitting opposite the petiole, densely velvety-hairy, golden-brown when young, with a prominent fibrous ligule on each side of the petiole at its apex, this disintegrating into loose fibres in age; petiole elongate, unarmed, not splitting basally, adaxially channelled basally, becoming angled distally, abaxially rounded, margins thin; adaxial hastula often large, erect, deltoid, abaxial hastula narrow, ridge-like; blade flat, thin, divided along the central abaxial fold to well beyond the middle or nearly to the base, each half further divided adaxially into paired or irregularly grouped, rather wide, single-fold segments (C. chuco), or divided to the base into elongate, wedge-shaped, many-fold segments, these again divided into several acute or very briefly bifid, single-fold, 1-ribbed segments, midribs raised abaxially, blade strongly discolorous or concolorous, transverse veinlets evident. Inflorescences interfoliar, pendulous, branching to 1 or 2 orders; peduncle flattened, short; prophyll flattened, tubular, with long fibrous beak, shortly 2-keeled laterally, surfaces and margins covered in dense soft tomentum; peduncular bracts 3(–4), like the prophyll but lacking keels; rachis flattened; first-order branches several, recurved, flattened, basally adnate to the rachis, each subtended by a prominent rachis bract similar to those on the peduncle but progressively smaller distally, at least the lower first-order branches bearing a membranous prophyll (C. chuco), or the lower rachillae sometimes fasciculate or subfasciculate on short branches but the bracts subtending first-order branches, small and not like those on the peduncle; rachillae usually adnate for some distance above an acute, sometimes elongate subtending bract and bearing spirally arranged, small to prominent, acute bracts each subtending a sessile or shortly pedicellate flower. Flowers (at least in C. ulei) strongly scented; sepals 2 or 3, distinct or briefly connate basally, or 4, distinct, and slightly imbricate; petals like the sepals; stamens 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, one opposite each sepal, remainder opposite the petals, filaments erect, distinct, fleshy, thick and broad below, ± abruptly narrowed at the tip, anthers exserted at anthesis, dorsifixed at the middle, bifid at apex and base, latrorse; carpels 3 or 2, rarely 1 or 4, follicular, style short, somewhat recurved, stigma papillose, ovule hemianatropous, attached adaxially at the base, an aril present and basally fused to the locular wall. Pollen ellipsoidal, ± bi-symmetric, or with slight to obvious asymmetry, less frequently, oblate triangular; aperture a distal sulcus or, infrequently, a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate or foveolate-reticulate, aperture margin finely perforate; longest axis 22–36 µm [3/4]. Fruit usually developing from only 1 carpel, globose with eccentrically apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth or coarsely corky-warted, mesocarp thick, dry, endocarp membranous. Seed basally attached, globose, hilum basal, circular, raphe slightly impressed along the length of the seed and with ascending branches, endosperm homogeneous; embryo below or above the middle opposite the raphe. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 36 ± satellite.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Four species in Amazonian Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and western Colombia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Uhl 1972c), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Uhl 1972b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Chelyocarpus is moderately supported as sister to all remaining Cryosophileae (Roncal et al. 2008). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1972) and Kahn and Mejia (1988). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Chelyocarpus has very characteristic distinct carpels and deeply divided palmate leaves. The genus was initially set apart because of the corky-warted surface of the fruit of the type species, which so resembled a turtle’s carapace as to suggest the generic name. Dammer commented on the dimerous or two-parted perianth of C. ulei, but without flowers to examine thought his material perhaps atypical. More complete collections, however, have shown that the perianth is normally dimerous in the species. Within Chelyocarpus, there is apparent simplification of the inflorescence. There are also modifications of the flower that suggest directions of evolution toward connation and reduction in the perianth, elaboration of the androecium, and \r
+reduction of the gynoecium: characters that are found in therelated genus Itaya and in the more specialised group of generathat includes Thrinax and related taxa.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>The species occur at low elevations in areas of high rainfall. It is particularly interesting to note that the distribution of these species corresponds with three of nine refugia — Madeira-Tapajos, East Peruvian, Choco — postulated by Haffer (1969) as regions where rain forest persisted during drier epochs of the Pleistocene. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Chelyocarpus and its Allies Cryosophila and Itaya (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Moore</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.E.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 16: 67-88</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1972</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Chelyocarpus chuco</name>
+<author>(Mart.) H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Principes 16: 73 (1972)</citation>
+<type>; d'Orbigny; 32</type>
+<type_loc>Type BR</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Thrinax chuco</name>
+<author>Mart. in A.D.d'Orbigny</author>
+<bibref>Mart. in A.D.d'Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mér. 7(3): 45 (1844)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Trithrinax chuco</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Walp.</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 1: 1005 (1849)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Acanthorrhiza chuco</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 3(2): 554 (1882)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Tessmanniophoenix chuco</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 400 (1928)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Tessmanniodoxa chuco</name>
+<author>(Mart.) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Mart.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 337 (1941)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Carnaubinha fide Prance et al.; chuco in Itonama, huechichaho in Baures, iriai in Cayuvava, sava in Itenes, choinan in Pacaguara, fide d'Orbigny.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Leaves 10-22 in a crown; sheath more than 3 dm. long, pale (golden?) appressed- villous; petiole elongate, to ca. 1.8 m. long (teste Martius), ca. 2 cm. 3_ Fruits of Chelyocarplls Chuco. Photo by S. Kiem. wide basally, 1 cm. wide apically, with brown furfuraceous scales at first, becoming glabrate; hastula deltoid or truncate-deltoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide at base; blade thin, green, to 1.05 m. long at center, 1.8 m. across, divided centrally to within 1.5-2 cm. of the base, divided laterally one-fourth to nearly three•fourths to the base into 15-24 lanceolate l-ribbed segments on each side, these mostly grouped in pairs toward the margins or irregularly toward the center, the ultimate segments to 50 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, each with a midrib, 2-3 lateral secondary and several finer tertiary nerves on each side more prominent below than above, flexuous cross-veinlets prominent on both surfaces when dry, proximal segments often conspicuously narrowed and "shouldered" toward the acute or very briefly bifid apex, lower surface of blade green but paler than upper surface, very densely beset with minute, shining, translucent dots. Inflorescences 3-4 (teste Martius), to more than 5.5 dm. long; sterile bracts 2 (or more?), densely light brown floccose-lepidote outside, glabrous within, ca. 21 cm. long; branches 5-7, each subtended by a fertile bract similar to the peduncular bracts but progressively smaller, the lowermost branches bearing a membranous prophyll to 12 cm. long, upper branches with incomplete prophylls or prophyll lacking, main axis and branches more or less flattened, branches mostly curved with flattened base to ca. 18 cm. long, 1.3 cm. wide in fruit, fertile portion to ca. 20 cm. long; rachillae to 8 cm. long, subtended by narrowly triangular, membranous, tomentum. tipped bracts to 15-17 mm. long on lowermost branches, shorter above, shortly adnate above the bract and with a short sterile base. Flowers sessile or briefly pedicellate, borne singly in a spiral on the rachillae, bracts short; perianth 2-2.5 mm. long, creamy white, erect at anthesis; sepals 3, connate for ca. 0.5 mm., 2.0-2.5 mm. long, lobes deltoid; petals 3, about as long as the sepals, distinct, imbricate; stamens 6, filaments broad and thick basally, subulate above, anthers exserted and spreading from the narrow mouth of the perianth; carpels 3. Fruit globose or depressed.globose, with persistent thickened perianth, 1.62.0 cm. wide, 1.6-1.8 cm. high; epicarp not tessellate; mesocarp rather thin; endocarp membranous; seed brown, depressed-globose, ca. 1.6 m. wide, 1.4 cm. high; embryo above the middle.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Bolivia and Brazil along banks of rivers, larger in forests than along the banks (fide d'Orbigny), flowering November (Prance et al.) to January (d'Orbigny), fruiting April (d'Orbigny) to July (Prance et al.).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Chelyocarpus chuco stands somewhat by itself in the genus as noted earlier The presence of a prophyll on som~ primary branches is unusual in the alliance, for such have not been observed in Cryosophila nor in Itaya. The less deeply lobed leaf with its green under. surface further sets the species apart from others in Chelyocarpus, from Itaya, and from most in Cryosophila. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BOLIVIA. STATE OF PANDO: west bank of Rio Madeira opposite Abunã in forest on terra firme, 9 July 1968, G. T. Prance E. Forero, L. F. Coelho, J. F. Ramos & L.G Farias 5708 (BH). BRAZIL. Region of Forte principe da Beira, Río Guaporé 1832 d' Orbigny 32 (Hb. Mart, BR, holotype). TERRITORY OF RONDÔNIA: basin of Río Madeira; east bank of Río Madeira between Abunã and Penha Colorado, varzea forest, 20 Nov. 1968, G. T. Prance, W. A. Rodrigues J. F. Ramos & L. G. Farias 8717 (BH). CULTIVATED. Botanical Garden Museu . Emilio Goeldi, Belém, Pani, Brazil: 8 Nov. 19: L. H. Bailey 324 (BH): photographs only 1961, Stanley Kiem s. n. (BH); 1 June 1963 Museu Goeldi 349. R-8 (BH); 1966, Cavalcante s. n. (BH); 20 Mar. 1967, H E Moore, Jr. 9549 (BH).</p></div></treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Chelyocarpus and its Allies Cryosophila and Itaya (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Moore</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.E.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 16: 67-88</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1972</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Chelyocarpus dianeurus</name>
+<author>(Burret) H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Principes 16: 74 (1972)</citation>
+<type>; Archer; 2199</type>
+<type_loc>Type US</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Tessmanniophoenix dianeura</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 499 (1932)</bibref>
+<bibref>Dugand, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias 8:387. 1951</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Tessmanniodoxa dianeura</name>
+<author>(Burret) Burret</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 338 (1941)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Noli fide Archer, but this name is elsewhere applied to Elaeis oleifera fide Dugand; quitasol but this name also used for Mauritia (d. Dugand) and probably other fan palms.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trunk gray, to ca. 5 m. high or more, 6-9 cm. in diam. Leaves ca. 10 or more; sheaths to ca. 3 dm. long, brown.fibrous.margined, the inner ones densely golden appressed. villous; petiole as long as the blade or longer, 1-1.3 m. long, ca. 1.5 cm. wide at base and apex, brown furfuraceous lepidote becoming glabrate; hastula deltoid with incurved margins, ca. 2 cm. high, 2 em. wide; blade green and shining above, silvery below, 0.65-1.12 m. long, to 1.2 m. across, divided centrally to within 15-18 (or 3-5 fide Dugand) cm. of the base, divided laterally to or nearly to the base into 5-7 elongate-cuneate many-ribbed segments 1.2 m. long, 7-25 cm. wide, each again divided into 3-6 acute l-ribbed segments 8-24 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, these with the midrib prominent below, the midrib, a lateral nerve on each side, and numerous oblique cross-veinlets evident above, lower surface covered with a continuous layer of thin white membranous scale3, these rubbing off on contact. Inflorescences several among the leaves, to ca. 8 dm. long; peduncle ca. 5 dm. long, flattened at base, brown tomentose when protected, bearing a prophyll inserted ca. 21 cm. above the base and 2 sterile bracts at intervals of ca. 14. and 10 cm. respectively, these (fide Burret) to 25 cm. long, oblonglanceolate, densely dull gray-whitetomentose outside; rachis ca. 35 cm. long with ca. 50 simple rachillae, the lowest to 16 em. long, upper shorter, each subtended by a small fertile bract. Flowers sessile or on a low tubercle, subtended by a short bract; perianth 2.5 mm. high; sepals 4, ovate or nearly semiorbicular, slightly imbricate, rounded at apex; petals 4, longer than the sepals, ovate-oblong or oblong, rounded; stamens 8 (-9) , filaments flattened, broad basally, narrowed above, nearly filiform at the anthers, these oblong; carpels 2 or rarely 1. Fruit greenish or probably yellowish or whitish at full maturity, globose or subglobose, 1.8-2.0 cm. wide, 1.7-2.0 cm. high; epicarp not tessellate; mesocarp whitish, ca. 1.5-2 mm. thick when fresh: seed depressed-globose, ca. 1.6 cm. wide, 1.3 cm. high, the seed coat thickened and slightly intruded on either side of the hilum; embryo in lower third; germination remote-tubular with 1 scale leaf and bifid eophyll.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Western Colombia at elevations near sea level as an undergrowth palm in low rainforest, usually on slopes.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>According to Archer, local Amerindians make pillows from the indument of sheath and petiole base.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Fresh flowers of other species of Chelyocarpus have been available for study but for C. dianeurus only those of the type have been seen. These are blackened and leave much to be desired in the way of analysis. Fruits collected in late November, 1971, and distributed through the seed bank of The Palm Society were greenish and perhaps had not achieved their fully mature color but seeds began to germinate at Cornell University in late March, 1972. Chelyocarpus dianeurus and C. ulei are very similar in aspect but are clearly different in flower and fruit. The normally tetramerous flowers readily distinguish C. dianeurus from all other palms.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>COLOMBIA. DEPT. CHOCO: headwaters of the Rio Tutunendo, east of Quibdo, May, 1931, W. A. Archer 2199 (US, holotype). DEPT. VALLE: Buenaventura, 23 May 1926, O. F. Coole 132 (US); 26 May 1926, O. F. Coole 146 (US); 29 May 1926, O. F. Coole 158 (US); forests in concession of Carton Colombia, Baja Calima region, north of Buenaventura, 0-50 m. alt., 10 Feb. 1967, H. E. Moore Jr M. V. Parthasarathy & Pablo Orjuela '9458 (BH, CALI); forested slopes in Carton Colombia concession, near Rio San Joaquin Baja Calima region, north of Buenavcntura alt. 0-50 m., 24 Nov. 1971, H. E. Moore, Jr. & M. Gutierrez 9999 (BH, CALI). Another collection cited by Dugand has not been seen_ Dept. Valle: Rio Calima, La Trojita, 5-50 m. alt., 19 Feb.-l0 Mar. 1944, J. Catrecasas 16702 (COL). </p></div></treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A New Species of Chelyocarpus (Palmae, Coryphoideae) From Peruvian Amazonia</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Kahn</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Mejia</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">K.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 33: 69-72</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1988</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Chelyocarpus repens</name>
+<author>F.Kahn & K.Mejia</author>
+<citation>Principes 32: 69 (1988)</citation>
+<type>Peru; Kahn & Mejia; 1974</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus USM; isotypus NY</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Caulis procumbens ad 1 m longus, foliis 10-20. Lamina 0.7 m longa, 1.2 m lata, bipartita, laterilater in 4-6 segmenta elongato- cuneata partita, supra viridis, subtus alba. Inflorescentia erecta, 0.35 m longa, bracteis sterilibus 2; rhachis 5-8 cm longa ad apicem compressa; rami 2 cm longi. Flores 4 mm alti; perianthium uniseriatum plerumque 6•lobatum, 2.5 mm altum; stamina 4-8 plerumque 6; carpella 3-5 raro 1, 2, 6. Fructus globosus, 2.5 cm diametro, epicarpio laevi. Embryo subter dimidium. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trunk pale-brown, procumbent, up to 1 m long and 6-8 cm diam., sometimes erect, up to 0.6 m high. Roots produced at the lower side along the trunk, with secondary, white, short, spiny roots. Leaves 10-20; sheath 0.25-0.3 m long, densely pale-brown appressed villous; petiole up to 1.8 m long, biconvex and rhombic in section with obtuse margins distally, furfuraceous lepidote on the lower side; hastula deltoid, up to 1.5 cm high 1 cm wide; blade green above, white below, lower surface covered with a continuous layer of thin, white, membranaceous scales, these rubbing off on contact, 0.75 m high 1.2 m wide, divided to within 1.5 cm of the base, laterally divided into 4-6 elongatecuneate many-ribbed segments, to 0.75 m long and 0.2 m wide, the external often acute, each many-ribbed segment divided into 2-7 acute I-ribbed segments, 2-8 cm long and 1.5-4 cm wide, these with the midrib prominent below with up to 3 lateral nerves and several finer tertiary nerves on each side. Inflorescence erect, 1 or 2, rarely more, among petiole bases, ca. 0.35 m long, branching to 1 or 2 orders; peduncle 0.24-0.28 m long, strongly flattened, palebrown appressed villous, turning glabrate, bearing a prophyll at 0.18-0.20 m from the base, pale-brown tomentose then glabrate, 9-11 cm long, and a peduncular bract at 0.22-0.28 m from the base, whitish floccose tomentose at anthesis, 5-7 cm long; rachis flattened, 5-8 cm long, 1-2.5 cm wide at base, with 25-35 first order branches, to 0.5 cm long, strongly flattened and wider next to the rachis, each subtended by a slender, flattened, tomentose bract, up to 1.8 cm long; rachillae up to 2 cm long, adnate to the first order branch, densely covered by flowers. Some flowers borne on rachis and branches. Flowers strongly scented, creamy turning dark brown when dry, sessile, 4 mm high, with a slender bract, 2.5 mm long; perianth uniseriate, 2.5 mm high, often irregularly 6-lobed, each lobe irregularly denticulate; stamens 4-8, usually 6, filaments broad and thick basally, tapered to the exserted anthers, often connate basally or throughout; carpels 1-6, most frequently 3, ca. 1.5 mm high; style short, recurved; stigma papillate; perianth in fruit 2.5 mm high. Fruit greenish, globose, 2.5 cm high; epicarp rather smooth, not tessellate, mesocarp whitish, thin. Seed depressed globose to globose, ca. 1.8 cm high; embryo in the lower third. Only one carpel giving fruit, rarely two, then fruits connate basally. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Type locality is near Jenaro Herrera village (4°55'S; 73°40'W) in the lower Ucayali River basin, Loreto, Peru. This species was also collected in Yaguasyacu River (20 40'S; 72°00'W), tributary of Ampiyacu River (Plowman et al., no. 6772), Loreto, Peru.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In the type locality, this understory palm occurs in high density on slopes (206 palms, among them 18 seedlings, were counted on 0.62 ha) in "terra firme" forest on acrisol (FAO), also found in limit with seasonal swamp forest, but in low density.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Chelyocarpus repens differs from the three other species. C. chuco (Martius) H. E. Moore, C. dianeurus (Burret) H. E. Moore, and C. ulei Dammer (Moore 1972) by its uniseriate perianth, its higher number of carpels, its smaller, erect inflorescence with only one peduncular bract and by its procumbent, short stem, creeping in the litter and rooting at the lower side. This character is recorded in the epithet.
+C. repens is a beautiful, elegant palm with slender erect petioles, and palmate blades which are silvery-white below. This procumbent species could have a potential as an indoor ornamental. However, the species is not frequent. It has been collected in only two localities in Peruvian Amazonia. Moreover, fruits are not abundant, with at most 20-50 per infrutescence, and many fruits are perforated by a curculionid beetle which eats the endosperm and destroys the seed. Near Jenaro Herrera village, increasing deforestation by shifting cultivation and pasture extension threatens the type population with extinction. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Kahn & Mejia 1974 (holotype USM, isotype NY), fl. fr., 13 Nov. 1986; K & M 1973 (NY), fl. fr., 13 Nov. 1986; K & M 1972 (BH, K), fl., 13 Nov. 1986; K & M 2049 (P), fl. 6 May 1987; Blanc 825 (USM), fr., Aug. 1985; Mejia 707 (K), fr., Aug. 1985; K & M 2003 (I PA), fr., 15 Dec. 1986; K & M 2004 (MPEG), fr., 15 Dec. 1986; K & M 2005 (AMAZ), fr. 15 Dec. 1986; K & M 2006 (CAY), fr. 15 Dec. 1986; K & M 2008 (AAU), fr., 15 Dec. 1986; K & M 2021 (BH), fr., 20 Mar. 1987; K & M 2068 (P), fr., 21 July 1987. All these vouchers were collected in the type locality. Plowman et al. 6772 (BH), fr., Mar. 1977 </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Chelyocarpus ulei</name>
+<author>Dammer</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 7: 395 (1920)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem solitary, erect, to 5 m tall, 6-8 cm in diameter. Leaves with petiole 1-1.5 m long; blade palmate 1.2-1.6 m in diameter, silverish white below, deeply split into 8-10 segments, that in their turn are partially split for up to half their length into one-ribbed teeth. Inflorescences 60-100 cm long, the basal part covered with bracts with a greyish white waxy tomentum. Flowers 3-5 mm long, first cream coloured, then purplish. Fruits 2-3 cm in diameter, light brown, with corky-warty surface.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Amazon region in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil, usually below 500 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The only native Ecuadorian representative of the Coryphoid palm subfamily.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small clustering palms of southern China and northern Vietnam, distinctive in the leaf lacking a hastula and the tubular membranous rachilla bracts.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Chuniophoenix</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 583 (1937).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Chuniophoenix hainanensis; Burret.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates W.Y. Chun who was director of the Botanical Institute, College of Agriculture, Sun Yatsen University, Canton, China, by combining his name with phoenix — a general name for a palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small, clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic or occasionally polygamo-dioecious palms. Stem slender to moderate, erect, ringed with leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, palmate, apparently marcescent; sheath tubular at first, later splitting opposite the petiole, in Chuniophoenix hainanensis with a triangular cleft at the base of the petiole, usually covered with floccose indumentum; petiole well developed, grooved, margins smooth; hastulae absent; blade irregularly divided almost to the base into single- to several-fold segments with entire or shallowly toothed apices, segments thin, with prominent ad- and abaxial ribs, and sparse floccose indumentum, blade margins decurrent on petiole, midribs prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets abundant. Inflorescences among the leaves, spicate or with up to 2 orders of branching; peduncle well developed, adnate at the base to the internode above the subtending node; prophyll short, persistent, tubular, 2-keeled; peduncular bracts several, persistent, tubular, tightly sheathing, distant; rachis (where present) shorter to much longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts like the peduncular; rachillae erect or spreading, bearing ± imbricate, ± spirally arranged, persistent, tubular bracts with short triangular limbs, each subtending a flower group. Flowers solitary or arranged in a condensed cincinnus of 1–7 flowers, each flower in turn exserted from the rachilla bract on a columnar pedicel, and bearing a 2-keeled tubular (later splitting) bracteole; calyx tubular, somewhat chaffy, shallowly 2–3-lobed, tending to split irregularly in the distal part; corolla with a long stalk-like base and 3 triangular, valvate, later reflexed, fleshy lobes; stamens 6, the antesepalous free, the antepetalous adnate to the base of the petals, filaments elongate, fleshy, the antepetalous ones much wider basally than those opposite the sepals, anthers oval to oblong, introrse; gynoecium tricarpellate, ovary somewhat stalked, elongate, with septal nectaries at the base, style 3-grooved, elongate, trifid at the tip, the stigmas somewhat divergent, ovules anatropous (very rarely 2 present in 1 carpel — ?as a monstrosity), attached to the inner carpel wall at the base; ovary or pollen aborting in polygamodioecious individuals. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 33–45 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral [2/2]. Fruit small, ± rounded, 1-seeded, green when immature, scarlet when ripe, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, lustrous, or somewhat pebbled on drying, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp thin. Seed irregularly globose, basally attached with short hilum, grooved along raphe, and with sparse anastomosing grooves corresponding to the raphe branches, endosperm ruminate or homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination remote-ligular (Chavez 2003); eophyll entire. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species occurring in Vietnam, south China, and Hainan Island.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Chuniophoenix is strongly supported as monophyletic (Bayton 2005), but there is some conflict regarding its position relative to the other three genera of Chuniophoeniceae. There is high support for a sister relationship between Chuniophoenix and Kerriodoxa (Uhl et al. 1995, Bayton 2005), but this conflicts with other studies that place Kerriodoxa as sister to both Nannorrhops with low to moderate support (Asmusen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review) and Tahina with moderate support (Dransfield et al. 2008). Only the study of Dransfield et al. contains all four genera of Chuniophoeniceae, whereas Bayton’s work is based on the largest sampling of DNA regions. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Uses not recorded but certainly desirable ornamentals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Burret (1937). See also Tang and Wu(1977). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Chuniophoenix is a most remarkable genus. The two orthree species are clearly congeneric but they display a range ofvariation in morphology unusual in such a small genus. Therachillae with their completely tubular, conspicuous bracts,have an almost calamoid appearance. The lack of a hastula is also noteworthy. \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Undergrowth palms in forest.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small or moderate solitary pinnate-leaved palms with or without crownshafts, endemic to New Caledonia; staminate flowers have didymous anthers.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Clinosperma</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author> \r
+<citation>Palme Nuova Caledonia 51 (1920); and Webbia 5: 119 (1921).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Clinosperma bracteale; (Brongn.) Becc.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Brongniartikentia</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme Nuova Caledonia 48 (1920); and Webbia 5: 116 (1921).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Brongniartikentia vaginata; (Brongn.) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Lavoixia</name>\r
+<author>H.E. Moore</author>\r
+<bibref>H.E. Moore, Gentes Herbarum 11: 296 (1978).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Lavoixia macrocarpa; H.E. Moore</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Klinein — slant or slope, sperma — seed, perhaps because the seed is inserted obliquely in the immature endocarp.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small or moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, irregularly ringed with prominent broad leaf scars and bases of old inflorescences towards the summit, often not obviously ringed below, sometimes greatly enlarged at the base, internodes elongate, brown. Leaves sometimes in 3 ranks, regularly pinnate, spreading; sheaths split 3/4 to nearly to the base, forming a prominent crownshaft or not, glabrous adaxially, glaucous with brown, membranous, tattered scales or brown tomentum abaxially; petiole short or long, rounded in section, except directly above the sheath where shallowly concave, bearing reddish-brown tomentum or dot-like scales; rachis angled adaxially, abaxially rounded, with deciduous tomentum; leaflets regularly arranged, acute or distally briefly bifid, single-fold, midrib prominent and squared adaxially, prominent abaxially, 2 other veins elevated, all veins often dotted or with small pale scales abaxially, ramenta lacking or present along midrib abaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences interfoliar in bud and at anthesis or becoming infrafoliar at anthesis, branched to 1–3 orders basally, to 1 order distally, erect, curved or pendulous, densely scaly throughout or only in branch axils; peduncle short, or long, sometimes dorsiventrally flattened; prophyll completely encircling the peduncle at insertion, prominently 2-keeled laterally, slightly beaked, chartaceous, enclosing the peduncular bract in bud; first peduncular bract similar, inserted near to or some distance above the prophyll, briefly beaked, sometimes densely scaly, a second, large, open, pointed peduncular bract often present, prophyll and peduncular bract caducous, the latter leaving a ruff-like base, or marcescent; rachis shorter, equal to or longer than the peduncle, bearing spirally inserted sometimes ruffled bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae short to moderate, very slender, bearing low, acute bracts subtending triads in the lower l/3, more rarely in lower l/2 – 5/6, and often rounded bracts subtending paired or solitary staminate flowers distally, the flowers sometimes somewhat sunken; bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flower unequal, brown, somewhat sepal-like, the shorter about as long as the subtending bract, the longer exceeding the bract. Staminate flowers symmetrical, sometimes very small; sepals 3, distinct, basally imbricate, rounded, gibbous dorsally near the apex; petals 3, distinct, valvate; stamens 6, filaments very briefly connate at the base, free part flattened, not inflexed at the apex in bud, anthers nearly as long as the filaments, ± didymous from a short, darkened connective, introrse; pistillode fleshy, as long as or exceeding the stamens, about as wide as high, slightly expanded apically in a 3-lobed cap, lobes rounded. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally oblate-triangular; aperture a distal sulcus, less frequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, perforate and micro-channelled or finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 30–42 µm [3/4]. Pistillate flowers about twice as long as the staminate at anthesis; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, rounded, somewhat gibbous dorsally towards the apex; petals 3, distinct, imbricate except for briefly valvate apices; staminodes 3, at one side of the gynoecium; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, ovule pendulous, probably hemianatropous. Fruit globose, eccentrically globose or ovoid ellipsoidal, sometimes very large, with stigmatic remains lateral at about the middle or basal, red, dark purplish or black; epicarp smooth, mesocarp of pale, fleshy parenchyma over a solid shell of pale sclerosomes underlain by pale parenchyma with flat, slender, ± anastomosing fibres and irregularly flattened tannin cells, endocarp fragile, vitreous, eccentrically globose, with short groove and rounded basal operculum. Seed globose, ellipsoidal or laterally compressed, variously indented or smooth, light brown, hilum short, raphe branches ascending and curved laterally from raphe, anastomosing somewhat abaxially, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Four species in New Caledonia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Uhl and Martens 1980) and fruit (Essig et al.1999).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Clinosperma is highlysupported in several studies as is its sister relationship toCyphokentia (Pintaud 1999b, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. inreview, in prep.).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore and Uhl (1984), Hodel andPintaud (1998), Pintaud and Baker (2008).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Clinosperma is distinctive in its compact inflorescencewith acuminate rachis bracts, triads mostly borne in the lowerone-third of the rachillae, and pistillate flowers larger thanstaminate at staminate anthesis. Indumentum of theinflorescence is variable but characteristic minute, tattered scalesare usually evident at least in axils of the branches. Tannin andfibrous strands are both lacking in leaves. Midribs of leafletshave long narrow extensions of the adaxial fibrous sheath (Uhland Martens 1980). Floral anatomy has not been reported.\r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found in wet forests on serpentine soils and schists.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Elegant tall pinnate-leaved palms of the western Pacific Islands with conspicuous crownshafts and inflorescences with short bulbous peduncles.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Clinostigma</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<citation>Bonplandia 10: 196 (1862).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Clinostigma samoense; H. Wendl.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Exorrhiza</name>\r
+<author></author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 128 (1885).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Exorrhiza wendlandiana; Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Bentinckiopsis</name>\r
+<author></author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme Nuova Caledonia 45 (1920); and Webbia 5: 113 (1921).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Bentinckiopsis carolinensis; (Becc.) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Clinostigmopsis</name>\r
+<author></author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. in Martelli, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa Mem. 44: 161 (1934).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Clinostigmopsis thurstonii; (Becc.) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Klinein — to bend, stigma — mark or, in botany, the point of the gynoecium that receives pollen, perhaps referring to the eccentrically apical stigmatic remains in the fruit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Tall, robust, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, often longitudinally fissured, densely and conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, new internodes glaucous, sometimes with prominent prickly stilt roots. Leaves pinnate; sheaths tubular, forming a prominent crownshaft, ± glaucous; petiole mostly short, concave adaxially, rounded abaxially, glaucous; rachis flat adaxially, rounded abaxially, glaucous when young; leaflets single-fold, regularly arranged, ± arched to pendulous from the rachis, with a prominent elevated midrib and 1–2 secondary ribs on each side above, all the veins rather densely covered abaxially with minute, pale-margined, brown-centred, membranous scales and often with large ramenta on the midrib below, margins nearly parallel, tapering gradually to an acuminate apex, this often frayed and bifid in age. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 3 orders basally, to 2–1 orders distally, or to 1 order only; peduncle short, wide, flat, glaucous, frequently becoming swollen; prophyll tubular, thin, 2-keeled, completely encircling the peduncle, enclosing the thin, beaked peduncular bract; both caducous; rachis longer than the peduncle, tapering, glaucous when young, bearing spirally arranged, conspicuous, pointed bracts each subtending a first-order branch; first-order branches with a short bare portion basally, bearing very small pointed, spirally arranged bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae long, very slender, bearing rather close, spirally arranged acute bracts subtending triads of flowers nearly throughout or only in the lower 1/3 to 1/2, staminate flowers paired or solitary toward the apex, the axis somewhat impressed above the triad; floral bracteoles unequal in size, the third largest, often exceeding the triad bract. Staminate flowers markedly asymmetrical, one ebracteolate, the other subtended by a low spreading bracteole; sepals 3, distinct, basally imbricate, acute, laterally compressed and dorsally keeled toward the base; petals 3, distinct, valvate, asymmetrical, acute, prominently lined centrally but the margins ± veinless and pale when dry; stamens 6, filaments distinct, awl-shaped, equal, or those opposite the sepals inserted lower than those opposite the petals, the filaments inflexed at the apex in bud, the anthers versatile at anthesis, acute to emarginate or deeply bifid at the apex, equally or unequally bifid at the base; pistillode short, broadly conical, trifid. Pollen grains ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally oblate triangular; aperture a distal sulcus, less frequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, perforate and micro-channelled or finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 38–60 µm [6/13]. Pistillate flowers symmetrical, ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, ±boat-shaped, broadly imbricate; petals 3, distinct, slightly longer than the sepals, broadly imbricate with very briefly valvate apices; staminodes (5–)6, membranous, tooth-like; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, with 3, short, recurved stigmas, the ovule laterally or apically attached, form unknown. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoidal and terete to laterally compressed, red when mature, the stigmatic remains eccentrically apical to lateral or rarely basal; epicarp smooth but often drying granulose-wrinkled over fibres, mesocarp with prominent, sometimes greatly thickened (Clinostigma ponapense), longitudinal fibres and a thin layer of red sclerosomes (C. exorrhizum) over a thin, crustaceous, fragile endocarp, this neither angled nor sculptured except for a thickened apical cap opposite the hilum, tapered downward to a narrow operculum opposite the embryo. Seed obovoid to ellipsoidal, sometimes somewhat compressed laterally, hilum rounded to elongate, basal or extending along one side of the seed, raphe branches few, unbranched or loosely anastomosing; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid or entire. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 11 species from the Bonin and Caroline Islands to Samoa, Fiji Islands, Vanuatu (Banks Group), the Solomon Islands and New Ireland.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Fruit (Essig et al. 1999).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Clinostigma is a strongly supported monophyletic genus (Baker et al. in prep.). Clinostigma resolves as sister to Cyrtostachys with moderate support in several studies (Lewis and Doyle 2002, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in prep.), but also as sister to Bentinckia with moderate support elsewhere (Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Split stems are used for house building. All species are very elegant and would make fine ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1969b, 1979) and Dransfield (1982a). \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Niuniu (Fiji).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>The species are found in montane rain forest, usually in dense forests on crests and ridges; Clinostigma harlandii is not known below 1000 m and is almost perpetually in clouds or mist.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Clinostigma in New Ireland</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 26: 73-76</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1982</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Clinostigma collegarum</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Principes 26: 73 (1982)</citation>
+<type>New Ireland; Sands et al.; 2552</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>The specific epithet honors my colleagues at Kew, Messrs. Sands, Pattison, and Wood.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>C. gronophyllo insulae Guadalcanal ut videtur affinis sed foliolis conspicue pendulis, inflorescentia multo robustiore rachillis pluribus, sepalis floris masculi petalas aequan tibus, fructu ovoideo differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Single-stemmed robust, unarmed pleonanthic, monoecious palm with grey stem to 16 m tall, ca. 20 cm diam. at breast height, producing at the base a great mass of pale brown stilt-roots to 4 cm diam., with paler brown patches and conspicuous root caps; stilt-roots apparently at least 1 m long; pith of trunk flesh-colored; other trunk details not recorded; crownshaft to 2 X 0.2 m, scarcely swollen. Leaf sheaths grey-green without, plum-pink with a metallic sheen within, not represented in herbarium material so details of indumentum lacking; ca. 13 leaves in crown; whole leaf to 4 m including petiole 60-70 cm, the rachis only slightly curved; leaflets ca. 56 on each side of the rachis, strictly pendulous, very regularly arranged; basal leaflet on each side without fold, to 5 mm wide, continuing into reins to 2 m or more long, hanging conspicuously in the center of the crown; other leaflets all single fold; midleafleaflets ca. 5 cm distant, to 117 cm long X ca. 2.8 cm wide near the base and very gradually narrowing towards the very acuminate tip; tip split along the fold to ca. 6 cm (? always); adaxial lamina surface ± glabrous, longitudinally striate, drying with scattered prominent, very short transverse ridges 0.5-2 mm long; abaxial surface similar but also bearing conspicuous bifid, brown papery ramenta in dense clusters along the main vein near the base, and scattered to ca. 30 cm above the base, and minute scales all over the surface. Inflorescences infrafoliar, ± scopiform ca. 8 exposed at any time, erect at anthesis, ca. 70 cm long, increasing somewhat with age, and becoming ± horizontal; base of peduncle with 2 wings encircling the stem, to 14 cm wide in all; base of peduncle flattened at anthesis, swelling grossly as the fruit develops, to form a bulbous boss to ca. 4.5 cm thick, pushing the inflorescence away from the trunk; bracts 2 only, the inner partially preserved glabrous; first order branches spirally arranged, ca. 20 in all, the apical unbranched, the basal soon branching to produce up to 48 rachillae; rachillae glabrous, ± pendulous, angular, slightly zig-zag, at anthesis ca. 45 cm long, ca. 3 mm diam. near the base decreasing to ca. 1 mm near the tip, bearing triads each subtended by a minute triangular bract except near the tip where triads replaced by solitary or paired staminate flowers. Staminate flowers drying brown, ca. 6 mm long; sepals 3, free ± to the base, narrow, elongate, ±keeled, to 6 x 1.5-2 mm, tip and margins incurved; petals 3, valvate, free ± to the base, asymmetric, acute, strongly nerved, to 5 x 3 mm; stamens 6, somewhat shorter than the petals, with filaments to 1.5 mm and anthers to 3 X 0.7 mm; pistillode conical to 15 mm. Pistillate flower in bud globular, ca. 5 mm diam.; sepals 3 imbricate, ±rounded, to 3 X 3 mm; staminode minute; ovary somewhat conical. Fruit ripening from yellowish to scarlet, borne on the enlarged perianth whorls; mature fruit ± ovoid, to 12 X 8 mm, bearing the stigmatic remains on a short subapical beak to 2 X 1.5 mm, usually less; epicarp drying ±smooth; mesocarp apparently thin; endocarp thin. Seed ovoid, ca. 9 X 6 mm, with longitudinal hilum; endosperm homogeneous; embryo ± basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a striking and beautiful palm; it is to be hoped that it may eventually be introduced into cultivation.
+Clinostigma with about 13 species has a remarkable distribution occurring in a great arc from the Bonin Islands and Carolines in the north, south, and eastwards through the Western Pacific to the New Hebrides, Fiji and Samoa. The discovery of two new species in the Solomon Islands in 1965 helped to fill in a great gap between the New Hebrides and Ponape; C. collegarum helps further to fill in the arc, at the same time suggesting links between New Ireland and the Pacific rather than the more expected links with New Guinea.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO: NEW IRELAND; Manatanai Sub-Province, Hans Meyer Range, on steep ridge ca. 8 km WNW of Taron on East Coast (152°58'E, 4°26'S), montane forest of Syzygium, Podocarpus, with frequent thickets of bamboo, alt. 1,350 m, 26.10.1975, M. J. S. Sands, G. A. Pattison, J. J. Wood and J. Croft 2552 (holotype K; isotypes BH, BISH, BO, CANB, L, LAE, PNH, USF). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small to moderate, solitary or clustering hermaphroditic fan palms occurring widely in the Caribbean, particularly diverse on Cuba; leaf sheaths very varied, fibrous, sometimes spectacularly so, or even spiny, petiole bases not split; fruit usually purplish black at maturity, rarely pink or white, the seed deeply grooved.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Coccothrinax</name>\r
+<author>Sarg.</author> \r
+<citation>Bot. Gaz. 27: 87 (1899).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Coccothrinax jucunda; Sarg.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Haitiella</name>\r
+<author>L.H. Bailey</author>\r
+<bibref>L.H. Bailey, Contrib. Gray Herb. 165: 7 (1947).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Haitiella ekmanii; (Burret) L.H. Bailey</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Thrincoma</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 539 (1901).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Thrincoma alta; O.F. Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Thringis</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 544 (1901).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Thringis latifrons; O.F. Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derivation not explained but presumably from coccus — a berry, and the palm generic name Thrinax.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary or clustered, unarmed or partly armed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palms. Stem slender, at first covered with fibrous leaf sheaths, then with a regular fibrous network or masses of long slender fibres or stout spines, eventually becoming bare, and closely ringed with narrow leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, palmate, ascending to spreading, marcescent; sheath sometimes long persistent and disintegrating into a regular fibrous network or masses of long slender fibres, or becoming ± spiny, covered with dense, deciduous tomentum (?always); petiole long, slender, flat to ridged adaxially, rounded abaxially, densely tomentose or glabrous; hastula prominent adaxially, triangular to ± rounded, absent or a very narrow ridge abaxially; blade fan-shaped, irregularly folded when large, divided to about the middle into long, rather narrow, pointed segments, tips usually bifid, glabrous adaxially, silvery, punctate, with hairs or glabrous abaxially; midribs prominent, lateral ribs sometimes conspicuous, transverse veinlets evident or inconspicuous on one or both surfaces. Inflorescences shorter than the leaves, slender, branched to 2 orders; peduncle rather short, slender; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled, pointed, opening apically; peduncular bracts several, like the prophyll but lacking keels, closely sheathing and overlapping; rachis longer than the peduncle, slender, bearing spirally arranged, tubular, overlapping, pointed bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae rather short, slender, bearing very small, spirally arranged, thin, pointed bracts (?bracts appear to be borne on the floral stalk where seen), each subtending a flower. Flowers solitary, sessile(?) or usually pedicellate; perianth broadly and shallowly cup-shaped with several (5–9) short points; stamens 9 (6–13), filaments slender, flat, shortly connate basally, not inflexed at the apex, anthers oblong or sometimes sagittate, dorsifixed near the base, latrorse, apically acute to briefly bifid; gynoecium of 1 carpel, unilocular, uniovulate, globose basally, attenuate in a long style terminating in a cup-like, ± laterally compressed stigma, ovule basal, erect, nearly orthotropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight to obvious asymmetry, aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 31–44 µm [3/50]. Fruit globose, purplish-black at maturity, rarely pink or white, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth or rough, mesocarp thin or somewhat fleshy with flat, slender, anastomosing fibres next to the membranous endocarp. Seed globose, attached basally, deeply grooved, hilum rounded, basal, endosperm homogeneous except for grooves; embryo apical or subapical. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire, very narrow. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 50 species occurring from Florida south to Colombia, mostly on islands of the West Indies, with the greatest diversity (about 34 species) in Cuba.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961) for Coccothrinax barbadensis and C. argentea but identification questioned, roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Uhl and Moore 1977a), fruit (Murray 1973). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Coccothrinax is resolved as monophyletic with high support within a clade that also includes Hemithrinax and Leucothrinax (Roncal et al. 2008). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Used for thatch and for making brooms, also grown as ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>A new treatment is much needed. See Bailey and Moore (1949), Leon (1939, 1946), Muñiz and Borhidi (1982), Quero (1980) and Read (1980). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>O.F. Cook published the generic names Antia, Beata and Pithodes, based on species of Coccothrinax, in the National Horticultural Magazine Volume 20. The names appear without Latin descriptions and postdate 1935, and are thus invalid and lacking any botanical standing. \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Broom, silver, and thatch palms</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Restricted to limestone or serpentine rocks, usually in dry and often exposed highlands, sometimes in valleys and on coasts. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Coccothrinax readii, A New Species From the Peninsula of Yucatan, Mexico</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Quero</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 24: 118-124</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1980</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Coccothrinax readii</name>
+<author>H.J.Quero</author>
+<citation>Principes 24: 118 (1980)</citation>
+<type>Mexico. Quintana Roo: 1/2 km N of Xel-Ha; Quero; 2755</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype MEXU; isotypes BH, US, NY, F, GH; topotype Quero 2747</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named in honor of Dr. Robert W. Read of the Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Knacás.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Truncus simplex, caule gracili usque ad 4 m alto, plerumque minus quam 5 em lato; folia palmata ambitu orbicularia, pagina supra atroviridi infra argentea et non punctulata, lamina in 39-54 segmenta divisa, segmentis centralibus usque ad 65 em longis apice bifurcatis, ad 3.8 cm latis supra sinus, hastula apiculata bifida 0.9-2.5 cm longa, vagina linguiformi, parte libera usque ad 6.8 cm longa; in florescentie non elongatae 4-7 (-9)-partitae plerumque 5, floribus eburneis, fragrantibus, pedicellis 1.5-4 mm longis, perianthio 5-6-partito, segmentis subulatis, staminibus 9-13, antheris 2-3.7 mm longis, basi in forma sagittis; inflorescentiae fructificantes arcuatae, fructibus subglobosis purpureo-nigris, 5-12.5 mm diam., pedicellis fructiferis 2-6.5 mm longis, semine 3.5-10 mm diam.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Coccothrinax readii is a small, solitary palm 1-4 m high, with a very slender, brownish or grayish trunk 3-5 (-5.5) cm in diam. bearing a small open crown of 9-16 palmate leaves. Leaf blades are 40-110 cm in diam., dark green above and silvery on the abaxial surface, with 39-54 segments connate in a palman 13-30 cm long, the free portion triangular, generally tapering to a bifid apex to 3 cm deep, sometimes abruptly constricted in the middle of the free portion, middle segments 40-65 (-71) cm long from hastula to apex, the widest point always over the sinus, 2-3.8 cm wide; petioles 25-110 cm long, 6-11 mm wide at the most slender point and 815 mm wide at the union with the sheath, biconvex to narrowly rhombic in cross section and flattened adaxially toward the base; sheath linguiform, free portion 3-6.8 (-9.5) cm long from the union with the petiole, woven of fine fibers and forming a looser net with age; hastula narrowly triangular, sometimes only slightly retuse apically, but mostly very deeply bifid to 7.5 mm, free portion 9-25 mm long, sometimes tubular; abaxial hastula 1.7-4 mm long. Inflorescence interfoliar, arcuate in fruit, (37-) 40-84 cm long, bearing 4-7 (-9), usually 5, primary branches, the lowermost branch 9-25 cm long with 6-20 (-25) rachillae (3-) 4.5-11 cm long. Flowers fragrant, creamy-white; perianth in a single series with (4-) 5-6 unequal, subulate lobes; stamens (8-) 9-11 (-13) longer than pistil, filaments connate at the base in a ring around the base of the ovary, anthers retuse to bifid at the apex, sagittate at the base, longer than filaments, thecae unequal 2-3.7 mm long; pedicels 1.5-4 mm long. Fruit subglobose, purple-black and juicyfleshed at maturity, 5-12.5 mm in diam. with persistent perianth and filaments; fruiting pedicels 2-6.5 mm long; seed brownish, subglobose, cerebriform, 3.5-10 mm in diam. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>The species is endemic to the Peninsula of Yucatan, from the southern region of the state of Quintana Roo to near Sisal on the northwestern coast of the state of Yucatan.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Coccothrinax readii is a very abundant palm where it grows, occurring in Median or Low Tropical Rain Forests near the coast and in Sandy Coastal Dunes. In the Median Forest, this palm is an important element of the physiognomy. It is very abundant in the median stratum under the shade of species such as Manilkara zapota, Metopium brownei, Caesalpinia gaumeri, etc. It grows under conditions of high humidity and on shallow soils with abundant humus not more than 10 to 15 cm deep where it reaches its best development. It is common to find it with brownish trunks usually tall (4 m), but very slender, not more than 4 cm in diameter. Leaves are large, 80-110 cm in diameter, with petioles 70-110 cm long. The hastula can be slightly bifid and is frequently tubular on account of the expansion of the blade. This kind of forest with knacas is exclusively found in Quintana Roo, from the south to the environs of Cancun: it is in the southern region that C. readii grows farthest inland (30 km), while it is never found more than 2 km inland in the environs of Cancun. The Low Forest where this palm is found is in the transition zone between the Median Forest and the Sandy Dunes. These forests grow in the middle region of Quintana Roo (environs of Tulum) near the coast where the humidity is also high but soils are poorer and very rocky, with coralline limestone outcrops. The habit of C. readii is similar to that of specimens of Median Forest, but it is generally smaller, the mean height being 2.5 m. The palm is associated with Metopium brownei, Thevetia thevetioides, Acacia gaumeri, Pithecellobium platylobum, Beaucarnea pliabilis, and Pseudophoenix sargentii. This species grows on Sandy Dunes from the coast of Tulum in Quintana Roo to Sisal in Yucatan, where it is exposed to the sun and sea breezes, and it is here that C. readii presents its widest variations. It is generally smaller, but trunks are wider and grayish, the hastula is deeply bifid, the inflorescences are shorter and frequently the terminal primary branches are not well developed. In the dunes of Tulum, humidity is high: this zone is exposed to frequent rainfall, as well as to the strong sea breezes. Here, C. readii is very vigorous, more than 2 m high with trunks 5 cm in diameter, and leaves are large, to no cm in diameter, with segments to 3.8 cm wide and petioles 1 m long. Other species growing in these dunes are Thrinax radiata, Chrysobalanus icaco, Metopium brownei, Coccoloba uvifera, Cordia sp., etc. In the dunes of Punta Sam, this palm grows 2 m high, although it is generally smaller, the width of trunks reaches 5.5 cm, the leaves are smaller- 40-70 cm in diameter, petioles 25-50 cm long, hastula to 2.5 cm long and deeply bifid (to 7 mm}-and the inflorescence is 30-50 cm long. Associates are Pithecellobium keyense Chrysobalanus icaco, Sophora tomentosa, Coccoloba uvifera, and Thrinax radiata. The region of EI Cuyo on the northern coast of Yucatan limits a coastal lagoon, therefore the humidity is high. Coccothrinax readii is found here growing 2 m high, the leaves are larger than those of Punta Sam, to 90 cm in diameter, the petioles are to 60 cm long, and the inflorescences to 50 cm long. Other associated species are Pseudophoenix sargentii, Thrinax radiata, Metopium brownei, Agave sp., and several species of cactus. The environs of Chelem, on the northwestern coast of Yucatan, near Sisal, are one of the driest regions of the Peninsula and they are the limit of distribution of the species. This palm is there represented by depauperate individuals 1-1.5 m high, with slender trunks to 4 cm in diameter, leaves 4050 cm diameter, petioles to 40 cm long. The inflorescences are very short and the branches are not well developed. The species grows with Thrinax radiata, Metopium brownei, Gossypium hirsutum, Malvaviscus arboreus, and different kinds of cactus. There are three islands near the northeastern coast of the Peninsula: Cozumel, Isla Mujeres, and Contoy. It is interesting to emphasize that scattered individuals of this species are found only in Cozumel, none on the other islands. </p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The trunks are used in the construction of rustic houses and fences.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>MEXICO. QUINTANA ROO: 1/2 km N of Xel-Ha, Quero 2755 (holotype, MEXU; isotypes BH, US, NY, F, GH; topotype, Quero 2747); 5 km S of Cancun, Quero 2318, 2494, 2495, 2661, 2742, 2743, 2744; Cancun, Quero 464; 1.5 km SW of Xel-Ha, Quero 2647, 2723, 2746, Lopez-Franco 1137; 1 km S Ruins of Tulum, Quero 2395, 2645, 2722; 5-10 km S Town of Tulum, Quero 2370, 2396,2754; 17 km NE Carrillo Puerto, Quero 2642; 6 km E Limones, Quero 2536; Punta Sam, Quero 2320, 2397, 2496, 2497, 2745, 2756, Grether 451; Cozumel Island, Quero 2489, 2490; Puerto Morelos, Quero 2435. YUCATAN: road from EI Cuyo to Lagartos, Quero 2405, 2668, 2738, 2739, 2740, 2741; road from Telchac to Progreso, Quero 2410, 2748, 2749, 2751, 2752; road from Progreso to Sisal, Quero 2474, 2682, 2753. </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>The often slanting stems and graceful crowns of the coconut are largely responsible for palms being considered the hallmark of the tropics. Furthermore, the coconut, one of the ten most important crop trees, is the mainstay of many people.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Cocos</name>\r
+<author>L.</author> \r
+<citation>Sp. pl. 1188 (1753).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Cocos nucifera; L.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calappa</name>\r
+<author>Steck</author>\r
+<bibref>Steck, Sagu 9 (1757)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Coccus</name>\r
+<author>Mill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mill., Gard. Dict. abr. ed. 4. (1754)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Latinization of the Portuguese word, coco, originally used for a bugbear or ape, in reference to the face-like appearance of the partially dehusked endocarp.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm, sometimes flowering while still without an emergent trunk. Stem erect, often curved or slanting, becoming bare and conspicuously ringed with leaf scars. Leaves numerous, pinnate, neatly abscising; sheath fibrous, forming a woven supportive network with a conspicuous, tongue-like extension opposite the petiole, eventually disintegrating and becoming open; petiole short to long, adaxially channelled, abaxially rounded, bearing caducous tomentum abaxially; rachis elongate, curved or straight, adaxially angled near the tip, abaxially rounded, with caducous tomentum abaxially; leaflets very numerous, single-fold, regularly arranged in one plane, usually rather stiff, linear, acuminate, usually bifid with slightly asymmetrical tips, adaxially glabrous, abaxially with abundant, dot-like scales and very small ramenta along the midrib, midrib prominent adaxially, transverse veinlets evident. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, axillary, branched to 1 order, protandrous; peduncle ± elliptic in cross-section, robust, elongate, bearing scattered scales; prophyll tubular, 2-keeled laterally, opening apically, becoming fibrous, tomentose, persistent, ± obscured by the leaf sheaths; peduncular bract inserted near the prophyll, very large, tubular, entirely enclosing the inflorescence until shortly before anthesis, splitting abaxially, becoming boat-shaped, beaked, thick, woody, adaxially smooth, abaxially with longitudinal, shallow grooves and caducous tomentum; rachis ±equalling the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged rachillae, each subtended by an inconspicuous triangular bract and with a swollen base; rachillae robust, ± pendulous at first, later spreading with a basal bare portion and none or a few basal triads and pairs or solitary staminate flowers distally; rachilla bracts and floral bracteoles inconspicuous. Staminate flowers ± asymmetrical, narrowly ovoid, moderate, sessile; sepals 3, distinct, rather unequal, imbricate, triangular, ± keeled; petals much longer than the sepals, thick, rather leathery, distinct, valvate, irregularly boat-shaped, acute; stamens 6, filaments rather short, distinct, awl-shaped, fleshy, ± erect, anthers deeply sagittate basally, shallowly so at the apex, elongate, medifixed, ± versatile, latrorse; pistillode with 3, slender, pointed lobes. Pollen ellipsoidal, frequently elongate and/or pyriform, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 62–70 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers very large, globose in bud, becoming very broadly ovoid at anthesis; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, ± rounded; petals similar to and somewhat longer than the sepals, lacking valvate apices, very leathery; staminodal ring low, membranous, not lobed; gynoecium trilocular at the very base, triovulate, broadly ovoid, obscurely 3-angled, extremely fibrous distally, stigmas 3, very short, borne in a slight depression, ovule anatropous, very small, laterally attached. Fruit very large (except in unusual forms), ellipsoidal to broadly ovoid, indistinctly 3-angled, dull green, brown, brilliant-orange, yellow, to ivory-coloured when ripe, perianth enlarging in fruit, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp very thick and fibrous, dry, endocarp thick and woody, ± spherical to narrow ovoid, indistinctly 3-angled, with 3 longitudinal ridges, and 3, large, slightly sunken, basal pores, each with an operculum. Seed almost always 1 only, very large, with a narrow layer of homogeneous endosperm, and a large central cavity partially filled with fluid; embryo basal, opposite one of the endocarp pores. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll entire, broadly lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>A single species widely cultivated throughout the tropics and warmer subtropics. Origin uncertain but said to be western Pacific (Harries 1978, Gruezo and Harries 1984, Buckley and Harries 1984) (but see below). </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, stems, root (Tomlinson 1961), phloem (Parthasarathy 1974, 1980), wood (Chen 1995), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), megasporogenesis (Reddy and Kulkarni 1989), fruit (Roth 1977, Reddy and Kulkarni 1985). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Cocos is moderately supported as sister to Parajubaea (Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>One of the most important tropical crops with a multiplicity of uses both local and commercial. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Glassman (1987) and Harries (1978, 1992).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Fruit or, more often, endocarps are the most frequently recorded fossils. The endocarps are distinguished by usually 3, sometimes more, well-defined pores. However, encocarps as large as those of Cocos nucifera are unknown. This suggests that the fossils may represent other genera within subtribe Attaleinae. Berry (1926b) first described Cocos zeylandica, a small endocarp (ca. 3.5 cm long), from Pliocene brown coal Cocos-bearing Beds in New Zealand (Mangonui, North Island); it was one of a number of specimens recovered. The endocarps are usually well-preserved and commonly washed up on the beach. Couper (1952), in his record of the pollen and spores of the Cocos-bearing Beds, notes that the rich flora of these beds had been recognised by geologists as early as 1872. From two pollen- and spore-rich samples, Couper (1952) records 4% and 8% abundance for Rhopalostylis/Cocos-type pollen (the two genera have closely similar pollen). Couper (1953) claims there can be little doubt that the commonly encountered palm pollen in the Cocos-bearing Beds is associated with Cocos zeylandica. However, although pollen of the two genera is closely similar in exine and size range (60–70 µm), whereas the pollen of other cocosoid palms with similar exine characteristics is smaller (<58 µm), it seems more reasonable to associate the fossil pollen with Rhopalostylis, a New Zealand palm. Further specimens of carbonised Cocos zeylandica were recovered from Miocene turbidites (possibly the result of a tsunami) at a different site in North Island by Ballance et al. (1981). From South Island, New Zealand (Otago Peninsula and Canterbury), Campbell et al. (2000) describe fossil endocarps (5–14.5 cm long) that have distinctive cocosoid pores, with the records from South Island ranging from mid-Eocene (45 million years ago) to Lower Oligocene (ca. 35 million years ago). Other records of fruits and seeds include silicified fruit (10 cm long x up to 9.5 cm wide) from the latest Pliocene of Australia (Queensland), which Rigby (1995) considers most resemble Cocos nucifera. Palmocarpon cetera, recorded from the Middle Oligocene of Puerto Rico, is compared with Cocos and Astrocaryum, although there is insufficient detail to make a satisfactory comparison (Hollick 1928). From the upper Cenomanien of France, Sainte Menehould area, Fliche (1894) describes an endocarp that bears a strong resemblance to cocosoid endocarps (6 cm in length, a thick testa 8 mm), to which he gives the name Cocoopsis. He also describes Cocoopsis ovata and C. zeilleri endocarps from the Lower Cenomanian of France (Fliche 1896); these have a diameter ranging from 41–60 mm, with a thick testa (8–12 mm). From India, Eocene (Rajasthan State), Cocos sahnii was described by Kaul (1951); large Cocos nucifera-like petrified fruit, 13 x 10 x 6 cm, with a thin epicarp, wide and fibrous mesocarp, and well-developed hardened endocarp are described from the Deccan Intertrappean deposits of Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh (Tripathi et al. 1999) (although the age span of these volcanic deposits is controversial, see Chapter 5). A much smaller oval fruit (5 x 3 cm) with a smooth epicarp, fibrous mesocarp and stony endocarp, Cocos intertrappeansis, is recorded from the Tertiary of Mohgaonkalan (Madhya Pradesh) (Patil and Uphadhye 1984). An almost-complete Cocos-like palm stem, Palmoxylon sundaram, has been described from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of India by Sahni (1946). Although stem wood is difficult to identify to generic level, this is an interesting fossil and probably worth further study. Mahabalé (1978) discusses the fossil history and origins of the coconut. Harries (1978) comments, “... if the smaller-fruited coconuts identified in the New Hebrides Islands are taken into consideration, together with the (small) coconut fossil(s) in New Zealand, it may be suggested that the centre of origin was in the region of the submerged continental fragment of the Lord Howe Rise–Norfolk Ridge complex ... isolated from Australia about 80 my ago and apparently submerged below sea level about 15 my ago ...” However, it must be emphasised that determining the generic affinity of these fossils on the basis of their endocarps alone is problematic, as most of the genera of the Attaleinae are distinguished on morphological features unlikely to be preserved in the fossil record. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Cocos differs from other genera in Attaleinae in having large pistillate flowers with rounded sepals and petals, in the large fruit with thick fibrous mesocarp, and in the endosperm. Gruezo and Harries (1984) and Buckley and Harries (1984) record the presence of “wild-type” coconuts in apparently natural coastal forest in the Philippines and Australia, and argue that these areas are exactly where Cocos might be predicted to be native. Gunn (2004), however, in her phylogenetic analysis of Cocoseae, suggests a South American origin of the lineage that eventually gave rise to the coconut (see Chapter 7).</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Coconut</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Cocos nucifera is often regarded as a strand plant but it will flower and fruit in humid equatorial regions at altitudes up to 900 m above sea level. Its natural habitat may well have been strand vegetation.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Cocos nucifera</name>
+<author>L.</author>
+<citation>Sp. Pl.: 1188 (1753)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, erect, 25-40 cm in diameter. Leaves numerous, 3-6 m long; pinnae to 100 on each side, regularly inserted in one plane, straight, the central ones to 1 m long and 5 cm wide. Inflorescences 60-100 m long, once branched, overhung by a large, boat shaped, persistent peduncular bract; the basal part of each inflorescence branch with a few large female flowers, these yellow or greenish, 3-5 cm long; the distal part of the branches with numerous cream coloured male flowers, these 5-8 mm long. Fruits rounded to triangular, green or yellow, 20-30 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Planted in lowland areas, particularly along the coast. Found in all provinces that contain areas below 1000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary hermaphroditic fan palms native to Cuba and Central America, closely related to Pritchardia but the petals either open long before anthesis or open and are not shed at anthesis. </p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Colpothrinax</name>
+<author>Griseb. and H. Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Bot. Zeit. 37: 148 (1879).</citation>
+<type>Lectotype; Colpothrinax wrightii; Griseb. & H.Wendl. ex Voss</type>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combines kolpos — swelling, with the palm generic name Thrinax, in reference to the swollen trunk of Colpothrinax wrightii.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic, tree palms. Stem erect, at first covered with persistent fibrous leaf sheaths, later bare, columnar (Colpothrinax cookii) or strongly ventricose (C. wrightii), marked with close leaf scars. Leaves induplicate, shortly costapalmate; sheath disintegrating into a coarse fibrous network or into long fine, pendulous fibres, densely tomentose; petiole long, flattened or slightly channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, margins acute, densely scaly; adaxial hastula conspicuous, triangular or irregularly lobed, abaxial hastula absent; blade orbicular, irregularly divided sometimes beyond the middle into linear, single-fold segments, these shortly bifid at apex, thick, glabrous and waxy adaxially except along ribs where caducously scaly, abaxially densely covered with minute scales, midribs prominent, transverse veinlets very short, evident abaxially or invisible. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, several present at the same time, shorter than the leaves, branched to 4 orders; peduncle long, rounded in cross-section, enclosed in overlapping bracts, densely tomentose; prophyll short, tubular, 2-keeled laterally, splitting apically, densely scaly; peduncular bracts 4–9, tubular, with single keel, splitting apically to give a long triangular limb, densely tomentose; rachis equalling the peduncle, tomentose; rachis bracts like the peduncular, several (4–7); first-order branches with a conspicuous, somewhat inflated, brown-tomentose, 2-keeled prophyll and a similiar empty bract, subsequent bracts, membranous, triangular, very small and inconspicuous; rachillae spreading, densely hairy or glabrous, bearing spirally arranged, minute bracts each subtending a low spur bearing a solitary, sessile flower. Flowers with calyx cup-like, fleshy, not striate, with 3 short points; corolla considerably exceeding the calyx, fleshy, tubular at the base, divided distally into 3, ± elongate, valvate lobes, forming a deciduous cap at anthesis, adaxially grooved or petals slightly shorter than calyx, not enclosing stamens in bud and persistant; stamens 6, filaments basally connate into an epipetalous cup, adnate to and equalling or only slightly exceeding the corolla tube, free filaments broad basally, attenuate above, anthers elongate, dorsifixed near the base, connectives very narrow, light in colour, latrorse; carpels 3, follicular, ovarian parts distinct, the styles elongate, connate, stigma dot-like, ovule basal, erect, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, reticulate, coarsely reticulate, or coarsely foveolate, aperture margin psilate, or scabrate and usually finely perforate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 34–66 µm [2/3]. Fruit globose, usually developing from 1 carpel with apical stigmatic and abortive carpel remains, perianth usually persistent; epicarp thin, smooth, mesocarp fleshy with longitudinal anastomosing fibres adjacent to the crustaceous endocarp. Seed subglobose, free from the endocarp except at the small basal hilum, the raphe as long as the seed, rather broad and ± sculptured, lacking noticeable branches, endosperm homogeneous without intruded seed coat below the raphe; embryo lateral towards the base on the antirapheal side. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll simple. Cytology unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species, Colpothrinax wrightii endemic to Cuba, C. cookii in Belize, Guatemala and Honduras and C. aphanopetala in Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama.</p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Read 1998), roots (Seubert 1997), floral (Morrow 1965). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Colpothrinax has not been tested and its phylogenetic placement is unclear. Colpothrinax is resolved as sister to all other Trachycarpeae with low support (Baker et al. in review), sister to a clade of Pritchardia and Copernicia (Uhl et al. 1995), or sister to a clade of Rhapidinae, Acoelorrhaphe, Serenoa and Brahea with low support (Asmussen et al. 2006).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The trunks of C. wrightii are used for making canoes, its leaves as thatch and the fruit is eaten by pigs. All species would make handsome ornamentals. </p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Evans (2001). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>See entries for Cryosophila and Brahea. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Similar to Pritchardia but differing in petals only rarely shed as a cap (Colpothrinax wrightii) and in a more shallow stamen tube. The inflorescence seems striking in the length and massiveness of the peduncle and rachis, with the branches very small in comparison.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Cuban belly palm, barrel palm (Colpothrinax wrightii).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Colpothrinax wrightii occurs mostly in semi-dry savannahs and grasslands on white sand, whereas C. cookii and C. aphanopetala occur in wet premontane and lower montane rain forests up to 1,600 m above sea level.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Monograph of Colpothrinax</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 45(4): 177-195</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2001</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Colpothrinax cookii</name>
+<author>Read</author>
+<citation>Principes 13: 13 (1969)</citation>
+<type>GUATEMALA, Alta Verapaz: Sepacuite coffee estate, north of Panzós, on the northern slope of the principal range of mountains crossed leaving the Polochic Valley, 1200 m, 22 March 1902; Cook & Griggs; 116</type>
+<type_loc>holotype US!; isotype BH!</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Read (1969) named Colpothrinax cookii in honor of Orator Fuller Cook, who, along with R. F. Griggs, first collected this species (Cook & Griggs 115, 116, 117) and also first recognized that it represented a new taxon.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Guanu (Belize); xan ("Kekchi", Guatemala), shan (Guatemala); suyate, suyate colorado, caral, guano (Honduras).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trunk (5-)10-20 m tall, erect, 15-25 cm dbh, columnar, usually naked, sometimes, particularly in closed forest, upper portion partially or completely enclosed in a mat of persistent leafsheath fibers; trunks of juveniles less than ca. 6-8 m tall usually completely enclosed in this mat; mat, when present, usually 20-30 cm thick. Leaves IS-ca. 30; petiole (1-)1.5-2.5(-3) m long, 2.3-3.4 cm wide at attachment to blade; sheath tomentose, the trichomes of two intermixed types: 1) soft, stellate trichomes, ca. 0.5 mm long, basally ferruginous, with free, white distal ends and 2) coarser, longer, wavy, twisted, compressed trichomes, these larger trichomes sparsest, shortest (ca. 1.5 mm long), and lightest in color (± tannish) on the basal portion of the sheath, becoming progressively denser, longer (to 9 mm long), and darker (rufous) distally; sheath disintegrating and fraying into fine, loosely woven, pendulous, filiform, typically ± terete fibers, 0.3-0.5 mm diam.; hastula appressed to or slightly elevated above the blade, 2.3-3.4 x 2.4-3.9 cm, 0.7-1.4 times as wide as long, broadly to very broadly triangular, usually cuspidate apically; costa 16.5-38.5 cm long; blade 131-170 cm long centrally, 62-136 cm long laterally, divided into single-fold segments, except for lateral-most segment of each blade half, composed of 2(-4) folds; central division extending to within 46-67 cm of (1/2-2/3 to) base, the lateral-most division extending to within 11.5-19.0 cm of (ca. 4/5 to) base; folds per blade half 25-35; widest single-fold segment 4.3-5.0 cm wide. Inflorescences with flowers or fruit to ca. 5(-8), plus ca. 5(-7) marcescent; primary-axis 1.2-2.1 m long; inflorescence bracts Ianate, with trichomes 2-8 mm long; peduncle 0.2-0.8 m long; prophyll ca. 25 x 8.0-10.0 cm; peduncular bracts 6-7,27.0-45.0 cm long; rachis 0.9-1.4 m long; rachis bracts 14.0-47.0 cm long; first-order branches 9-12; axes creamy yellow, their primary-axes 12.0-58.5 cm long, with unbranched proximal portion 2.5-37.0 cm long, the branched distal portion 6.0-32.0 cm long; prophyll 10.5-40.5 cm long; rachillae typically 40-50 per basal first-order branch, 10-20 per apical first-order branch, 3.0-15.5 cm long, tomentose, the trichomes (tannish to) ferruginous, 0.2-0.3 mm long; flower-bearing spurs 0.2-0.8(-1.2) mm long, the subtending bracteole 0.7-2.0 mm long, 0.4-1.0 mm wide basally. Floral receptacle 0.7-1.7 mm long; calyx 3.5-5.4 mm long, free distally from corolla for 1/2-2/3 its length, creamy yellow, the lobes 0.5-0.8 mm long; corolla 4.0-6.0 mm long, connate basally for 1/5-1/3 its length, mostly creamy yellow, the lobes valvate, with parallel sides and mucronulate apices, fleshy, adaxially furrowed with involute or thickened margins, forming a hood apically, persistent; filaments 2.1-4.0 mm long, connate basally for 1.1-2.0 mm (2/5-3/5 their length), cream-colored, stamen-cup shorter than or ± same length as calyx-cup, 1.5-2.2 mm diam., anthers 2.3-3.5 x 0.9-1.3 mm; pollen 25-30 x 20-30 pm, tectum on non-apertural face coarsely perforate to reticulate; gynoecium 2.5-3.4 x 1.1-1.6 mm, carpels 1.1-1.6 x 0.7-1.3 mm, cream-colored, styles 1.5-2.2 mm long, cream-colored. Fruit 1.6-2.1 cm diam. Seed 1.0-1.2 x 1.3-1.5 cm. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras, 700-1,200(-1,600) m; typically in premontane, sometimes lower montane, wet forests on the Caribbean slope.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Colpothrinax cookii is restricted to the upper slopes and crests of ridges of premontane wet forests above 700 m elevation and, like C. aphanopetala, often occurs in association with Euterpe precatoria Mart.
+Both staminate and pistillate anthesis in the strong-smelling, creamy yellow flowers of C. cookii appear to occur while the reproductive parts are still enclosed within the unopened corollas, suggesting beetle pollination (Henderson 1986).</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The leaves of C. cookii are sometimes used for thatching and for making brooms. Local people in Honduras and Belize (Gerrit Davidse, pers. comm.) have admitted to setting fire to the mat of highly flammable leaf-sheath fibers enclosing the trunks of some individuals merely for the pyrotechnic display.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Colpothrinax cookii differs from C. wrightii in its cylindrical, non-swollen trunk, larger fruits and seeds, and more persistent corolla lobes which do not have a basal line of abscission. Its large, fleshy, yellow petals and yellow higher-order inflorescence branches differentiate it from C. aphanopetala. Colpothrinax cookii cannot, however, be differentiated from C. aphanopetala when sterile. Although C. cookii often has larger leaves (blades and petioles) than C. aphanopetala, this tendency is not useful for identification purposes (see discussion under C. aphanopetala). </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BELIZE. Cayo. Vicinity of Doyles Delight, southern Maya Mountains, 16°30'N, 89°03'W, Allen 15220 (MO). Toledo. Vicinity of Doyles Delight, southern Maya Mountains, 16°29'N, 89°02'W, Allen 15450 (MO, US); southern Maya Mountains, Bladen Nature Reserve, ridge just south of the main divide of the Maya Mountains, 16°29'40"N, 88°59'33"W, Davidse & Holland 36808 (BH, F, MEXU, MO); southwestern Maya Mountains, Columbia River Forest Reserve, Little Quartz Ridge, 16°24'25"N, 89°06'07"W, Holst 4333 (MO, US); Columbia Forest Reserve, Little Quartz Ridge, slopes on SW end, 16°23'56"N, 89°06'55"W, Holst & Meadows 5747 (BH, K, MO, NY). GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz. Sepacuite, Cook & Doyle 156 (US), 163 (US), 166 (US), 174 (US); near the Finca Sepacuite, Cook & Griggs 115 (US), 117 (US). HONDURAS. Atlantida. narrow crest of ridge leading up to Pico Bonito from the NE (from near the Rio Bonito at its confluence with large quebrada), 15°38', , 86°52'W, Evans 2547 (MO); Cordillera Nombre de Dios, fila de la Lora, between Quebrada EI Manch6n and Quebrada San Jose, ca. 2 km N of EI Manch6n, 15°28'N, 87°07'30"W, Evans et al. 2743 (BH, MO). Yoro, ridgetop above Rio Texiguat, near Cerro Cabeza de Negro, along trail from San Jose de Texiguat (at the Rio Guan Guan) to Campo Nuevo, 15°28'N, 87°26'30"W, Evans 2312 (BH, COL, EAP, F, FTG, GH, INB, K, MO, NY, PMA, US). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Monograph of Colpothrinax</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Evans</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 45(4): 177-195</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2001</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Colpothrinax wrightii</name>
+<author>Griseb. & H.Wendl. ex Voss</author>
+<citation>Vilm. Blumengärtn. ed. 3, 1: 1147 (1895)</citation>
+<type>CUBA. Pinar del Rio, pinales and savannas, September 1865 or 1866; Wright; 3964</type>
+<type_loc>Neotype GH!; isoneotypes B (destroyed, photo at BH!, FI-B), GOET (photo at MO!), K!, NY!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Pritchardia wrightii .</name>
+<author>(Griseb. & H.Wendl. ex Voss)</author>
+<bibref>(Griseb. & H.Wendl. ex Voss) Becc., Webbia 2: 203. 1907</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Barrigona, palma barrigona ("pot-bellied palm"), palma barrigona de la Vuelta Abajo [to distinguish from (palma) barrigona de sierra, Gastrococos crispa (Kunth) H. E. Moore, another Cuban endemic] (Sauvalle 1871, 1873; Roig y Mesa 1928).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trunk 6-12(-15) m tall, erect, 15-20 cm dbh, swollen beginning 2-3 m above ground, 30-40(-50) cm diam., naked; trunks of juveniles less than ca. 3-5 m tall usually enclosed in a mat of persistent leaf-sheath fibers, 5-10 cm thick. Leaves usually 10-20; petiole ca. 1-1.5 m long, 3.7-4.6 cm wide at attachment to blade; sheath glaucous, disintegrating and fraying into a coarse, fibrous, nonpendulous network, the individual fibers somewhat serpentine and twisted, typically compressed, 0.6-0.8 mm broad; hastula elevated above the blade, 1.7-2.8 x 4.8-5.8 cm, 2.1-2.8 times as wide as long, depressed to very depressedtriangular, obtuse and ± notched apically; costa 19.5-25.0(-38.5) cm long; blade 142-171 cm long centrally, 39-44 cm long laterally, divided into single-fold segments; central division to within 76-111 cm of (1/3-1/2 to) base, the lateral-most division extending to within 1.5-2.5(-3.5) cm of (> 90% to) base; folds per blade half 36-45; widest single-fold segment 3.4-5.0 cm wide. Inflorescences with flowers and fruit to ca. 5, plus ca. 10 marcescent per individual; primary axis ca. 1.5 m long; inflorescence bracts lanate, with trichomes 2-3 mm long; peduncle ca. 0.4 m long; prophyll ca. 20 x 5 cm; peduncular bracts ca. 6, 22.0-54.5 cm long; rachis bracts 10.5-65.5 cm long; firstorder branches 6-10; axes creamy yellow initially, becoming orange in fruit, their primary-axes 3.073.0 cm long, with unbranched proximal portion 2.0-54.5 cm long, the branched distal portion 1.0-27.0 cm long; prophyll 8.5-44.5 cm long; rachillae typically 20-50 per basal first-order branch, < 10 per apical first-order branch, 3.5-17.5 cm long, tomentose, the trichomes whitish (to ferruginous), 0.4-0.5 mm long; flower-bearing spurs 0.2-0.4 mm long, the subtending bracteole 0.8-1.7 mm long, 0.5-0.9 mm wide basally. Floral receptacle 0.8-1.2 mm long; calyx 2.3-3.3 mm long, free distally from corolla for 1/4-1/2 its length, yellow, with lobes 0.2-0.7 mm long; I corolla 5.3-6.2 mm long, yellow, the lobes valvate, with parallel sides and mucronulate apices, fleshy, adaxially furrowed with involute or thickened margins, forming a hood apically, deciduous, with a clear line of abscission; filaments 3.2-4.5 mm long, connate basally for 2.0-2.7 mm (1/2-3/4 their length), stamen-cup much longer than calyxcup, 1.5-2.7 mm diam., anthers 2.2-3.9 x 0.8-1.2 mm; pollen 30-40 x 25-35 pm, tectum on nonapertural face foveolate; gynoecium 3.5-4.9 x 1.2-2.0 mm, carpels 1.1-1.6 x 0.7-1.3 mm, styles 2.2-3.4 mm long. Fruit 1.1-1.6 cm diam. Seed 0.7-0.9 x 0.9-1.1 cm. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Southwestern Cuba and the nearby Isle of Youth (formerly Isle of Pines), O-ca. 200 m; semidry savannas and grasslands (formerly pine forests) on white sand.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>The climate where C. wrightii occurs is classified as dry tropical (Borhidi 1996). The area has a 5-6 month dry season with an annual precipitation of only 750-1,600 mm. However, during the rainy season (approximately April to September) some lands are periodically inundated (Zona et a1. 2000). Colpothrinax wrightii originally occurred on white sand in open pine (Pinus tropicalis Morelet) forests, in association with the understory palm Acoelorraphe wrightii (Griseb. & H. Wend1.) H. Wend1. ex Becc. (Borhidi 1996). These forests have now virtually all been converted to savannas or pastures as a result of logging and subsequent burning and/or grazing. It was usually the pines in the original forest that were targeted by loggers.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Despite the elimination of its natural habitat and its exploitation C. wrightii has continued to survive in populations of scattered individuals in the shrub and grasslands and the species was recently given special protection regulating its use (Moya and Leiva 2000).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>C. wrightii has also been much exploited locally, the swollen "pot-belly" of the trunk being used for such things as water containers, furniture, and even beehives (Alain 1961; Moya & Leiva 2000). Non-destructive uses include removing leaves for thatching and gathering fruits for feeding pigs (Moya & Leiva 2000; Zona et a1. 2000).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Colpothrinax wrightii is characterized by its swollen trunk. This feature, in combination with its costapalmate leaves, distinguishes C. wrightii from all other Cuban palms. The only other Cuban "pot-belly" palm, Gastrococos crispa (Kunth) H. E. Moore has pinnate leaves. Within Colpothrinax, the small fruits and seeds of C. wrightii are also diagnostic, as are the clear line of abscission at the base of the deciduous corolla lobes and the relatively long stamen-cup. The deciduous corolla lobes and long stamen-cup of C. wrightii flowers are also characteristics of the flowers in Pritchardia, suggesting these to be the ancestral Colpothrinax states and therefore the persistent corolla lobes and short stamen-cup of C. aphanopetala and C. cookii flowers are derived. Charles Wright collected plants for Asa Gray at Harvard University, throughout the island of Cuba, during the years 1856--1867 (Howard 1988). In September 1865 or 1866, he collected a palm (Wright 3964) known locally as "palma barrigona" in the Vuelta Abajo area of western Cuba. A specimen of this palm was sent to Hermann Wendland, Director of the Royal Gardens in Herrenhausen, Germany for determination. Apparently, Wendland considered this palm to belong to a new species and genus and informally assigned to it the name Colpothrinax wrightii. Wright was given this information, and he, in turn, forwarded it to Francisco Sauvalle, a rich landowner and amateur botanist. Sauvalle included the name (attributing it to Wendland and A. H. R. Grisebach) without description, along with the local Cuban name, in his Flora Cubana (1871) [entry 2382 (2381 in the 1873 edition)]. This list was essentially an update and revision of Grisebach's Catalogus Plantarum Cubensium (1866) that incorporated new taxa collected by Wright during his last two years in Cuba, and not seen by Grisebach. Subsequently, O. C. de Kerchove de Denterghem also used the name Colpothrinax wrightii in his Les Palmiers (1878), but again without description. The genus Colpothrinax was not formally established until the following year (Wendland 1879), and the first valid publication of Colpothrinax wrightii (misspelled as "wightii") did not appear for another 16 years (Siebert and Voss 1895). Although Siebert and Voss ascribed the name to Grisebach and Wendland, they cited no specimens as the basis for their description. Quite possibly they never saw a specimen, their description being based solely on information provided by Wendland and/or Grisebach. The most likely specimen they might have seen was formerly deposited in the Krug and Urban Herbarium in Berlin, where both Siebert and Voss resided at the time of their publication of Colpothrinax wrightii. Although this specimen was destroyed, it was photographed by Beccari (photo at BH, which indicates the negative as being at FI-B). Andreas Voss was formerly University Gardener at G6ttingen (1882-1890), so he potentially could have seen the specimen of Wright 3964 in Wendland's herbarium in nearby Herrenhausen. However, there are no annotations by either Siebert or Voss on any known extant specimens of Wright 3964 (nor on the sheets photographed at B). Therefore, unless new information becomes available that clearly demonstrates Siebert and Voss based their description on Wright 3964 at B, or GOET (where the Wendland Herbarium is now housed), or some other herbarium (it is certain they did not see the sheets of Wright 3964 kept by Gray at Harvard University), lectotypification is not possible. Therefore Glassman's (1972) designation of the GH specimen as type is interpreted as neotypification. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CUBA. Cienfuegos. Harvard Botanical Garden, Soledad, Bailey 12366 (BH), 12367 (BH), Jack 8269 (BH, GH, US), Moore 6092 (BH). La Habana. Isla de Pinos [Isla de la Juventud], San Pedro, Britton & Wilson 14548 (BH, NY, US); Isla de Pinos, near Nueva Gerona, Curtiss 364 (BH, GH, K, MO, NY, US).Pinar del Rio. Consolacion del Sur, Bailey 12504 (BH), Bailey 12504x (BH), Bailey 12516 (BH), Roig s.n. (BH); vicinity of Herradura, Britton et al. 6464 (NY); between Pinar del Rio and Coloma, Britton et al. 9675 (K, NY); Herradura, van Hermann 301 (NY), Leon 14651 (GH), Leon 15934 (GH), Shafer 424 (BH, NY); near Consolacion del Sur, Moore 6807 (BH). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate to massive usually solitary hermaphroditic fan palms, native to Cuba, where there is a great radiation of species, and to Hispaniola and South America; the highly branched inflorescence usually has rachillae with completely tubular bracts and the endosperm is ruminate.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Copernicia</name>\r
+<author>Mart. ex Endl.</author> \r
+<citation>Gen. pl. 253 (1837).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Copernicia cerifera; (Arruda) Mart.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Arrudaria</name>\r
+<author>Macedo</author>\r
+<bibref>Macedo, Notice palm. Carnauba 5 (1867).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Arrudaria cerifera; (Arruda) Macedo</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Coryphomia</name>\r
+<author>Rojas Acosta</author>\r
+<bibref>Rojas Acosta, Bull. Acad. Intern. Géogr. Bot. 28: 158 (1918).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Coryphomia tectorum; Rojas</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates the Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to tall, solitary (rarely clustered), slow-growing, armed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palms. Stems covered with persistent leaf sheaths for part or all their length, sometimes becoming bare with age, the naked portion roughened and often with close, rough, ± evident leaf scars, basally expanded or not (Copernicia berteroana). Leaves induplicate, palmate to shortly costapalmate; sheath fibrous, petiole lacking or very short to elongate, channelled or flattened adaxially, rounded abaxially, the margins armed with stout teeth; adaxial hastula short to very long, coriaceous, triangular, unarmed or spinose margined or erose, sometimes persisting after the lamina has disintegrated, abaxial hastula absent; blade wedge-shaped or orbicular, divided 1/4 to 1/3 to the base into single-fold pointed segments, outermost bifid at the apex, segments often spiny margined, thick, very stiff, major ribs with caducous tomentum, midribs prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences interfoliar, often exceeding the leaves, frequently densely tomentose, branched to 6 orders; peduncle elongate, narrow, elliptic in cross-section; prophyll tubular; peduncular bracts 0–1, apparently 2-winged, irregularly split apically; rachis about as long as or longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts tubular, closely sheathing, first-order branches each bearing a prophyll, subsequent bracts tubular, tightly sheathing, split apically, gradually reduced and lacking on rachillae or present and conspicuous through to the flowers, usually densely tomentose; rachillae of medium length to very short, stout or slender, often recurved, bearing spirally inserted, membranous bracts, each subtending a solitary flower or groups of 2–4 flowers, distant or very crowded, the group and each flower subtended by a membranous bracteole. Flowers with 3 sepals united in a thick-based, 3-lobed cup, lobes usually acute; corolla tubular below with 3 thick-tipped, valvate lobes, prominently pocketed and furrowed within; stamens 6, united by their broad filament bases into a cupule, borne at the mouth of the corolla tube, distinct filament lobes abruptly narrowed to short slender tips, these not inflexed in bud, antesepalous lobes sometimes larger than antepetalous ones, anthers usually small, ovate or oblong, dorsifixed near their bases, latrorse; carpels 3, follicular, distinct basally, styles wide basally, tapering, connate, stigma dot-like, ovule erect, basal, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 24–38 µm; post-meiotic tetrads usually tetrahedral, occasionally tetragonal or, rarely, rhomboidal [5/21]. Fruit ovoid or spherical, usually developing from 1 carpel, carpellary remains basal, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, drying minutely roughened, mesocarp slightly fleshy with longitudinally anastomosing fibres, endocarp moderately thick, crustaceous. Seed ovoid or globose, basally attached, with large ovate basal hilum, raphe indistinct, narrow, branching, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo subbasal. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Twenty-one species, three in South America, two in Hispaniola, the remainder in Cuba and several described naturally occurring hybrids.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), roots (Seubert 1997), flower (Morrow 1965). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Copernicia has not been tested. Uhl et al. (1995) and Baker et al. (in review) found it to be sister to Pritchardia. However, Asmussen et al. (2006) resolved the genus as sister to the Livistoninae with low support. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Copernicia prunifera is of great economic importance as the source of high quality carnauba wax (Johnson 1985). Other parts of all species are also used locally as leaves for thatching, stems for building, and fibres for brushes and rope. Starch from stems and fruits is edible; seedlings are used for fodder. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dahlgren and Glassman (1961, 1963). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Monocolpate pollen from the Lower Miocene of Poland (Macko 1957) has been compared to Copernicia pollen, but the pollen is of too general a coryphoid type to be conclusive. See also entry for Serenoa. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>There is considerable diversity in the genus, especially in Cuba. The very large hastulae of some species, e.g., Copernicia macroglossa, are most remarkable but their functional significance, if any, has yet to be explained. Another unusual feature is the presence in some species of completely tubular rachilla bracts subtending the flower clusters. Some of the largest species, such as C. baileyana, make most imposing ornamentals but these are notoriously slow growing. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Carnauba (Copernicia prunifera), petticoat palm (C. macroglossa), caranda palms. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In the Caribbean, the species occur in savannahs or woodlands in the lowlands in relatively dry situations. The South American species occur in pure natural stands. Copernicia prunifera is found in vast natural stands in Brazil and grows in areas prone to seasonal flooding. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Spectacular massive solitary hapaxanthic hermaphroditic fan palms of South and Southeast Asia, Malesia to Australia, with huge leaves that have spiny petioles with a distinctive triangular cleft at the base of the petiole, and huge suprafoliar compound inflorescences.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Corypha</name>\r
+<author>L.</author> \r
+<citation>Sp. pl. 1187 (1753).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Corypha umbraculifera; L.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Codda-Pana</name>\r
+<author>Adans.</author>\r
+<bibref>Adans., Fam. pl. 2: 25, 541 (1763)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Corypha umbraculifera; L.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Taliera</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Palm. fam. 10 (1824).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Taliera bengalensis; Spreng.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Gembanga</name>\r
+<author>Blume in T. Nees</author>\r
+<bibref>Blume in T. Nees, Flora 8 (2): 580, 678 (1825).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Gembanga rotundifolia; Blume</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Koryphe — summit, peak, perhaps referring to the immense compound inflorescence at the stem tip.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Massive, solitary, armed, hapaxanthic, hermaphroditic, tree palms. Stem erect, closely ringed with leaf scars sometimes in distinct spirals. Leaves induplicate, costapalmate, marcescent in immature individuals, tending to abscise under their own weight in trunked individuals; sheath sometimes with lateral lobes, later sometimes with a conspicuous triangular cleft below the petiole, the margins tending to erode into fibres; petiole massive, long, covered with caducous indumentum, adaxially deeply channelled, abaxially rounded, margins with well-defined teeth; adaxial hastula well developed, abaxial hastula rather irregular; blade regularly divided to ca. 1/2 its radius into single-fold segments, these in turn shallowly divided along the abaxial folds, filaments present at upper folds in young leaves, segments with prominent longitudinal veins, abundant transverse veinlets and caducous floccose indumentum along the folds, indumentum more abundant abaxially. Inflorescences above the leaves, subtended by reduced, scale-like leaves, forming a massive, compound inflorescence-like structure; individual inflorescences emerging from the mouths of the bract-like leaves or through an abaxial split, branched to the third order, all branches ending as rachillae; prophyll of inflorescences 2-keeled, empty; bracts tubular, the proximal 0–several empty, other bracts inconspicuous, triangular, each subtending a first or higher order branch; rachillae bearing spirally arranged, adnate cincinni of up to 10 flowers; floral bracteoles minute. Flowers borne on short stalks formed by the base of the calyx and the receptacle; calyx tubular basally, with 3 low, triangular lobes; petals ± boat-shaped, basally imbricate, the margins usually inrolled, stamens 6, the 3 antesepalous free, the 3 antepetalous adnate basally to the petals, filaments tapering from a fleshy base; anthers short, somewhat sagittate basally, medifixed, latrorse; gynoecium tricarpellate, syncarpous, triovulate, ovary globose, distinctly 3-grooved, style elongate, slightly 3-grooved, stigma scarcely differentiated, ovule hemianatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, reticulate or foveolate-reticulate, aperture margin psilate or scabrate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 28–40 µm [3/8]. Fruit globose, single-seeded with basal stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp thin, usually remaining attached to the seed. Seed globose, with basal hilum, and shallow grooves corresponding to the rapheal bundles, endosperm homogeneous, with or without a central hollow; embryo apical. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Six recognised species, but probably fewer, ranging from southern India and Sri Lanka, to the Bay of Bengal, and from Indochina through Malesia to northern Australia; distribution probably much influenced by man. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1997), floral (Uhl and Moore 1971). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Corypha is a strongly supported monophyletic group (Bayton 2005, Asmussen et al. 2006). For relationships, see Corypheae.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1931) and Basu (1988). A new critical revision is much needed. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Corypha has a wide range of uses and is intensively exploited. Leaves are used for thatch, writing material, umbrellas, buckets, etc. The stem has been used as a source of starch.</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Two species of fossil palm fruits are described (C. umbraculifera). Corypha has a wide range of uses and is from exposed Lower Palaeocene (Danian) deposits in the intensively exploited. Leaves are used for thatch, writing interior of Nûgssuaq, West Greenland: Coryphoides poulsenii material, umbrellas, buckets, etc. The stem has been used as a B.E. Koch and Coryphoicarpus globoides B.E. Koch (Koch source of starch. 1972), but their affinity needs reassessment. From the Lower Eocene (London Clay flora) of southern England, a palm-like seed, Palmospermum pulchrum (Chandler 1961b, 1961c), and an internal cast of a seed, Corypha wilkinsoni (Chandler 1978), were said to resemble present-day Malayan ‘Corypha olivaeformis’, especially C. wilkinsoni. However, as ‘C. olivaeformis’ has never been described, the identity of the modern equivalent is not known. From the Indian Deccan Intertrappean of Madhya Pradesh (although the age span of these volcanic deposits is controversial, see Chapter 5), Ambwani and Mehrotra (1989) record a new fossil palm wood, Palmoxylon toroides, which they consider has affinities with Corypha (although comparisons of palm stem wood to generic level should always be viewed with caution). Monocolpate pollen from the Lower Miocene of Poland (Macko 1957) has been compared to Corypha pollen, but the pollen is of too general a coryphoid type to be conclusive. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinguished by toothed petiole margins, flowers in adnate cincinni, and syncarpous ovaries. Species of Corypha are most striking palms because of their massiveness. The compound terminal inflorescence is the largest among seed plants; the number of flowers has been estimated as 23.9 million (Fisher et al. 1987). See Tomlinson and Soderholm (1975) for a discussion of flowering, fruiting, and inflorescence structure. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Gebang (Corypha utan), talipot (C. umbraculifera).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Corypha species are frequently associated with human settlements, but in the wild, they are probably a feature of open seral communities, such as alluvial plains, or submaritime storm forest; they are not found in climax tropical rain forest. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Very spiny solitary or clustering pinnate-leaved palms from South America and the Caribbean, instantly recognisable by the praemorse concolourous leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Aiphanes</name>\r
+<author>Willd.</author>\r
+<citation>Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Hist. (Berlin) 1804:32 (1807).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Aiphanes aculeata; Willd.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Marara</name>\r
+<author>H. Karst.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Karst., Linnaea 28: 389 (1857).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Marara erinacea; H. Karst.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Curima</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 561 (1901).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Curima colophylla; O.F. Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Tilmia</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 565 (1901).</bibref> \r
+<type>Lectotype; Tilmia caryotifolia; (Kunth) O.F. Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Martinezia</name>\r
+<author>of many authors (non Martinezia Ruiz and Pav. [1794] = Prestoea).</author>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derivation not explained by author, but possibly from aeiphanes – ever-shining or ever-appearing.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary or clustered, sometimes stoloniferous, spiny, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem often very short, the plant then ± acaulescent, or erect, rarely branching aerially, becoming bare, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars and usually bearing horizontal rows or rings of robust black spines. Leaves few to numerous, pinnate or entire bifid, spirally arranged, distichous or tristichous (Aiphanes leiostachys) neatly abscising; sheaths tubular at first, soon disintegrating into a weft of fibres and broad shreds, usually densely spiny and/or tomentose, distally prolonged into a tubular, tattering ligule; petiole short to long, adaxially channelled in proximal part, flattened or angled distally, abaxially rounded or angled, usually variously golden-yellow to black-spiny and sometimes also tomentose, the spines themselves often bearing caducous tomentum; rachis (or axis of entire leaf) adaxially ± angled, abaxially rounded, often variously spiny and/or tomentose or glabrous; blade where undivided, with a shallow to deep apical notch, the margins praemorse, the main ribs unarmed or spiny on abaxial and/or adaxial surfaces, leaflets, where blade divided, narrow lanceolate to broad rhomboid, regularly arranged or grouped, held in one plane or twisted into several planes, proximal margins entire, the apical praemorse, shallowly or deeply lobed, variously tomentose or bristly or glabrous, variously armed with short to long spines along veins on one or both surfaces and along margins, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary or rarely multiple, interfoliar, spicate (rarely) or branching to 1 order only, very rarely to 2, apparently protandrous; peduncle elongate, curved to pendulous, ± elliptic to circular in cross-section, unarmed or sparsely to fiercely armed with spicules and spines, glabrous or tomentose; prophyll usually lanceolate, ± beaked, flattened, 2-keeled, tubular, enclosing the inflorescence in bud, splitting longitudinally and tattering apically, but persistent, variously glabrous or tomentose, unarmed or spiny; peduncular bract inserted near the prophyll, much longer, ± terete, sometimes beaked, unarmed or variously spiny, persistent; rachis (where inflorescence branched) shorter than the peduncle, proximally often armed, distally usually unarmed, often scaly or tomentose, bearing spirally arranged, evenly spaced rachillae each subtended by a small triangular bract; rachillae slender, usually elongate, often spreading, straight or flexuous, with a short to long, basal bare portion, the whole glabrous or more usually scaly or tomentose, flowers borne spirally in triads proximally, distally the rachillae bearing solitary or paired staminate flowers, rarely the rachillae bearing staminate flowers only, very rarely flowers borne in tetrads of 2 pistillate and 2 staminate (according to Read 1979), flower groups superficial or sunken in pits, the rachilla bracts forming the lower lips of the pits; floral bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers usually small, sessile or with a brief stalk; sepals 3, distinct, or connate and spreading in a 3-lobed ring, triangular, membranous; petals 3, distinct or minutely connate basally, valvate, triangular, rather fleshy, much longer than the calyx, ± ovate to triangular, adaxially with impressions of the stamens; stamens 6, filaments short, fleshy, wider and minutely connate basally and/or briefly epipetalous, anthers orbicular, ± rectangular, or linear, medifixed, versatile, latrorse; pistillode minute, conical or trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, micro-channelled and rugulate; infrequently coarsely perforate and spinose or, coarsely perforate and verrucate, aperture margin usually slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 24–34 µm [11/23]. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate, sessile; sepals 3, distinct, broad, imbricate; petals 3, exceeding the sepals, fleshy, connate in the basal ca. 1/2, apically with 3, triangular, valvate lobes; staminodal ring 6-toothed, adnate to the corolla tube; gynoecium ovoid, trilocular, triovulate, stigmas 3, becoming reflexed at anthesis, ovules ?orthotropous, laterally attached. Fruit 1-seeded, ± globose, brilliant red at maturity, stigmatic remains small, apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thick, fleshy, fibrous, endocarp thick, very hard and woody, usually uneven, with 3, usually equatorially placed pores, surrounded by radiating fibres. Seed irregularly globose, basally attached, endosperm homogeneous with a central cavity; embryo lateral, opposite one of the pores. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll very shallowly to deeply bifid with praemorse tips, frequently densely spiny. Cytology: 2n = 30.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Twenty-four species: a few in the West Indies, the rest in northern South America, especially diverse in Colombia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Borchsenius and Bernal 1996), root (Borchsenius and Bernal 1996, Seubert 1998a, 1998b), flowers (Borchsenius and Bernal 1996).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Aiphanes is monophyletic with high support (Gunn 2004). For relationships, see Acrocomia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Fruits of A. horrida are eaten; many species are very decorative. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Borchsenius and Bernal (1996). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Two monosulcate palm pollen types have been recovered from the Pliocene, Gatun Lake Formation, Panama (Graham 1991). The first of these types, asymmetrical and scabrate tectate, is a very common arecoid pollen type and difficult to place. It has been compared with pollen of Manicaria, Reinhardtia, Astrocaryum and also Aiphanes. However, the size range of Aiphanes pollen (24–34 µm, long axis) is much smaller than that of the fossil pollen (47–58 µm, long axis); Reinhardtia is the most probable comparison. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Aiphanes is unlikely to be confused with any other genus. The only other member of the Bactridinae that has praemorse leaflets is Bactris caryotifolia, which has a very different inflorescence with connate sepals in flowers of both sexes. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ruffle palm, coyure (Aiphanes acanthophylla).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found in a variety of habitats in the undergrowth of tropical rain forest at low elevations to montane forest.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes chiribogensis</name>
+<author>Borchs. & Balslev</author>
+<citation>Nordic J. Bot. 9: 386 (1989 publ. 1990)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem solitary, to 3 m tall, 3-6 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 50-120 cm long; pinnae 10-20 on each side, narrowly wedge shaped or strap shaped, 10-25 cm long and 2-7 cm wide, nearly regularly inserted or in groups of 1-3, the central ones 10-25 cm long and 2-7 cm wide, usually oblique and coarsely dentate at apex. Leaf sheath often conspicuously violet inside. Inflorescence 50-150 cm long; branches 1-30, nearly glabrous, more or less pale violet, often pendulous and with a long basal flowerless part. Flowers purple. Fruits ca. 1 cm in diameter, red.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to W Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Lower risk/near threatened (Borchsenius & Skov 1999).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A variable species including several morphological forms. The typical form, growing in pre-montane and montane wet forest on the west- Andean slopes, has black spines, narrowly wedge shaped, usually grouped pinnae, and pendulous inflorescence branches with a long basal flowerless part. Plants from premontane moist forest in NW Ecuador have yellow spines and inflorescence branches with a short flowerless part. Finally, plants from lowland wet forest in NW Ecuador have almost strap shaped, regularly inserted pinnae, inflorescences with many thin branches and tiny flowers.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes eggersii</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 563 (1932)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, to 10 m tall and 8 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 120-220 cm long; pinnae 50-65 on each side, narrowly wedge shaped, inserted in groups of 4-14 and spreading in different planes, the central ones 20-45 cm long and 5-10 cm wide, often abrubtly widening and irregularly toothed at apex. Inflorescence 0.7-1.5 m long, with 35-75 branches. Flowers yellow. Fruits ca. 2 cm in diameter, bright red.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to the dry forest zone in W Ecuador and adjacent NW Peru.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable (Borchsenius & Skov 1999). Criteria A1c, B1, B2c</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Closely related to Aiphanes aculeata, but different in its more numerous, narrower pinnae, and clustered habit.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes erinacea</name>
+<author>(H.Karst.) H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem</author>
+<citation>Palmiers: 230 (1878)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, to 5 m tall and 3-5 cm in diameter. Leaf spines yellow. Leaf blade 80-160 cm long; pinnae 10-20 on each side, wedge shaped, inserted in groups of 2-4 and spreading in different planes, usually with conspicuous small folds longitudinally, the central ones 15-40 cm long and 5-15 cm wide, with a V-shaped incision at apex. Inflorescence 100-200 cm long; branches 15-180, slender and spreading, densely covered with small, brown to purple bristles. Flowers white. Fruits less than 1 cm in diameter, red.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW Ecuador and adjacent SW Colombia, in premontane wet forest, with a single isolated population east of the Andes in the Cordillera de Huacamayos. Frequently seen in pastures.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes gelatinosa</name>
+<author>H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Gentes Herb. 8: 227 (1951)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem solitary, to 8 m tall, 5-10 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 150-250 cm long; pinnae 15-30 on each side, narrowly wedge shaped, regularly inserted in one plane, the central ones 45-60 cm long and 5-15 cm wide, with a V-shaped incision at apex. Inflorescences 3 per node, each one 90-150 cm long, with 15-30 thick, adpressed branches. Flowers white. Fruits 1-1.5 cm in diameter, red with black apex.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Colombia and NW Ecuador, in wet and pluvial premontane forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Two forms of A. gelatinosa are known. The typical form has strap shaped, slightly grouped pinnae, and only one inflorescence per node. The other form, which is the one that occurs in Ecuador, has narrowly wedge shaped, regularly inserted pinnae, and three inflorescences per node sharing a common prophyll.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes grandis</name>
+<author>Borchs. & Balslev</author>
+<citation>Nordic J. Bot. 9: 388 (1989 publ. 1990)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy to canopy palm. Stem solitary, to 20 m tall, 10-20 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 200-250 cm long; pinnae ca. 40 on each side, lanceolate, briefly jagged at apex, inserted in groups and pointing in all directions, the central ones 60-80 cm long and 5-8 cm wide. Inflorescence 1-1.5 m long, with up to 200 spreading branches. Flowers white to pale yellow. Fruits 2-3 cm in diameter, dull green and covered with brown, loosely attached bristles.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Wet premontane forest on the west-Andean slopes in Ecuador. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered (Borchsenius & Skov 1999). Criteria A1c, B1</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes hirsuta</name>
+<author>Burret </author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 573 (1932)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems clustered, up to 20 in a clump, 2-10 m tall, 2.5-10 cm in diameter, armed with black spines to 25 cm long. Leaf blade 85-200 cm long, with 9-40 pinnae on ech side, variable in size, shape and arrangement, depending on the subspecies, the central ones 11-65 x 5-22 cm. Inflorescence erect or curving, 60-250 cm long, branched to one order; rachillae 9-100, densely covered with light brown, purple or black spinules, the basal part of the rachillae which bear the female flowers often markedly thickened in fruit. Male flowers purple to white, 2-4 mm in diameter; female flowers brown to violet, 3-7 mm long. Fruits dark red to purple, occasionally white, 7-20 mm in diameter, endocarp in some cases deeply pitted.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Panama to Ecuador, W of the Andes.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A variable species divided into four subspecies.Notes for Ecuador. The Ecuadorian plants belong to subsp. fosteriorum (H. E. Moore) Borchs. & R. Bernal, distributed from Ecuador to Valle del Cauca in Colombia, characterised by its large, wedge shaped pinnae, and smooth fruits with a deeply pitted endocarp.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes hirsuta subsp. fosteriorum</name>
+<author>(H.E.Moore) Borchs. & R.Bernal</author>
+<citation>Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 70: 65 (1996)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, usually only one or a few large ones in each clone, to 10 m tall, 6-10 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 200-275 cm long; pinnae 15-25 on each side, inserted in groups of 3-4 and spreading in different planes, the central ones 35-60 cm long and 15-25 cm wide, rough below; pinna apex oblique, with a large blunt lobe around the midrib. Inflorescence 150-250 cm long, with 50-100 spreading, slender branches. Flowers pale violet. Fruits ca. 2 cm in diameter, pinkish red; endocarp deeply pitted.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Premontane wet and pluvial forest in SW Colombia and NW Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable (Borchsenius & Skov 1999). Criteria B2c</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Diagnosed by its large size and wedgeshaped, grouped pinnae with a blunt lobe around the midrib. Fruits have deeply pitted endocarp.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes hirsuta subsp. hirsuta</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>See species</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes macroloba</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 576 (1932)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem adscending or erect, to 3 m long, 2-3 cm in diameter, often with suckers at the basal nodes. Leaf blade simple, 30-85 x 15-40 cm, with the outer margin jagged, densely covered below with light brown bristles. Inflorescence unbranched; peduncle 40-100 cm long; spike 10-30 cm long, 4-10 mm in diameter. Flowers greenish yellow to orange in bud, white at anthesis. Fruits elliptic, ca. 10 x 7 mm, orange to red.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Colombia and NW Ecuador, in tropical and premontane wet and pluvial forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The only species in the genus with simple leaves.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes tricuspidata</name>
+<author>Borchs., M.Ru�z & Bernal</author>
+<citation>Brittonia 41: 156 (1989)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem solitary, to 4 m tall, 3-5 cm in diameter, often spineless with age. Spines on leaf sheath and leaf axis usually yellow. Leaf blade 80-130 cm long; pinnae 10-15 on each side, broadly wedge shaped, inserted in remote groups of 2-3 and spreading in different planes, the central ones 10-30 cm long and 10-20 cm wide, with three-pointed apex. Inflorescence 80-150 cm long, with 10-60 spreading branches. Flowers purple. Fruits less than 1 cm in diameter, speckled brown and red.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Colombia and Ecuador, in tropical and lower premontane moist to wet forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The tricuspidate pinnae arranged in groups of 2-3 make this species easy to recognise</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes ulei</name>
+<author>(Dammer) Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 568 (1932)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem solitary, short and subterranean, or well developed, to 5 m tall, 2.5-5 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 60-180 cm long; pinnae 9-15 on each side, wedge shaped, inserted in groups of 2-3 and spreading in different planes, grey-silverish green below, the central ones 15-35 cm long and 8-20 cm wide, with a sinuously V-shaped incision at apex. Inflorescence 75-150 cm long, with 30-40 thick, adpressed branches. Flowers white or yellow. Fruits less than 1 cm in diameter, bright red, often angled from mutual pressure.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Moist to wet tropical and premontane forest in the W part of the Amazon basin in Colombia, Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Two forms of this species appear to exist. The first is acaulescent and has white flowers, the other has a well developed aerial stem and yellow flowers.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes verrucosa</name>
+<author>Borchs. & Balslev</author>
+<citation>Nordic J. Bot. 9: 389 (1989 publ. 1990)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stems clustered, to 5 m tall, 4-5 cm in diameter. Leaves distichous. Leaf blade 100-130 cm long; pinnae 50-70 on each side, narrow, lanceolate, inserted in groups and pointing in all directions, the central ones 35-40 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm wide, only slightly jagged at apex. Inflorescence 80-120 cm long; branches 50-70, spreading, with a short, thick proximal part, and a slender distal part. Flowers creamish yellow. Female flowers 1 cm long or more. Fruits 2-2.5 cm in diameter, greenish white, with brown warty spots.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Endemic to the Andes of SE Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered (Borchsenius & Skov 1999). Criteria B1</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In Colombia, this species is replaced by the closely related A. lindeniana (H. Wendl.) H. Wendl., which differs in its smaller female flowers, and red, smooth fruit.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Aiphanes weberbaueri</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 565 (1932)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem solitary, to 1.5 m tall, rarely adscending, with suckers at base. Leaf blade 50-140 cm long; pinnae 6-24 on each side, strap shaped to narrowly wedge shaped, almost regularly inserted or grouped, held more or less in one plane, the central ones 12-30 cm long and 2-7 cm wide, often densely bristly on both sides, with oblique apex. Inflorescence 40-150 cm long; branches 5-35, spreading, usually somewhat thickened in the basal part. Flowers purple. Fruits less than 1 cm in diameter, red to purple.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Amazon basin in Ecuador and Peru.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A species complex that covers a wide variation in size and shape of pinnae.Notes for Ecuador. Two forms are known from Ecuador. The typical form, which has a short solitary stem, and bristly, nearly strap shaped pinnae, is known from the Morona-Santiago province around 1800 m elevation. A second form with adscending stem, sucker shoots at the basal nodes, and narrowly wedge shaped, nearly glabrous pinnae is known from the Pastaza and Morona-Santiago provinces around 1200 m elevation. The latter is characteristic in having erect inflorescences with horizontal branches that have the flowers arranged in two rows on their upper side.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Solitary moderate hermaphroditic fan palms of humid and monsoon tropical rain forests of Central America and northern South America; stems are often covered with root spines and the leaves are discolorous, with the blade divided by a central deep split and the petiole base not split.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Cryosophila</name>\r
+<author>Blume</author>\r
+<citation>Rumphia 2: 53 (1838 [‘1836’]).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Cryosophila nana; (Kunth) Blume</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Acanthorrhiza</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl., Gartenflora 18: 241 (1869).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Acanthorrhiza aculeata; (Liebm. ex Mart.) H.Wendl.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derivation obscure; crios — goat, phila — loving, but this meaning seems absurd.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, armed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palms. Stem slender to rather stout, bearing often-branched root spines, prickly stilt roots sometimes developed. Leaves induplicate, palmate; sheath fibrous, densely floccose-tomentose, becoming split basally and splitting opposite the petiole, margins fibrous; petiole elongate, unarmed, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, margins sharp throughout their length; adaxial hastula deltoid, elevated, sometimes grooved, abaxial hastula narrow or lacking; blade divided centrally to or nearly to the base (?except in C. williamsii), each half further deeply divided into elongate, wedge-shaped, many-fold segments, these again divided into 2 or more, single-fold, acute or briefly bifid segments, white-tomentose abaxially, interfold ribs prominent adaxially, midribs prominent abaxially, transverse veinlets evident. Inflorescences interfoliar, curved or pendulous, branching to 2 orders; peduncle short, terete, tomentose; prophyll short, tubular, pointed, 2-keeled, tomentose; peduncular bracts several (to 6 or more), much larger than the prophyll, tubular at base, inflated distally, splitting laterally, densely tomentose; rachis about as long as the peduncle, somewhat angled, bearing several to many, recurved, first-order branches, only the proximal or all (in C. guagara) subtended by prominent bracts like those of the peduncle but progressively smaller, or the upper branches with reduced bracts only; first-order branches usually with obvious, not, or only slightly adnate bases, but rarely (C. cookii) the peduncle and rachis very short and rachillae fastigiately grouped along the rachis; rachillae little or not adnate above an acute subtending bract, spirally arranged, flowers borne on brief pedicels each subtended by a small, acute bract. Flowers small; sepals 3, narrowly ovate to deltoid, briefly connate basally; petals 3, distinct, scarcely longer than sepals, imbricate, rounded at apex; stamens 6, filaments flat, connate basally in a tube 1/2 their length or more, apically distinct and strap-shaped or terete, anthers exserted and spreading at an angle of 90°, dorsifixed near the base, briefly bifid at base and apex, latrorse; carpels 3, distinct, narrowly follicular, styles elongate, exserted, stigma scarcely expanded, ovule campylotropous, inserted adaxially at the base, with a small aril on the funicle. Pollen ellipsoidal, less frequently oblate triangular, with slight to obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus, or a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate or semitectate, foveolate or reticulate on proximal face, perforate, or coarsely perforate on distal face, including aperture margins; infratectum columellate; longest axis 22–36 µm [3/9]. Fruit developing from 1 carpel, white at maturity, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp somewhat fleshy, endocarp membranous. Seed globose, not adherent to the endocarp, with round basal hilum, raphe branches impressed, ascending and anastamosing from the base, endosperm homogeneous with slight intrusion of seed coat adaxially at the base; embryo lateral, at or below the middle. Germination adjacent-ligular or remote-tubular (Chavez 2003); eophyll simple, entire, white abaxially. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Ten species from western Mexico to northern Colombia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, root (Tomlinson 1961), leaf (Uhl 1972c),roots (Seubert 1997), flower (Uhl 1972b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Cryosophila is weakly supported as sister toSchippia (Roncal et al. 2008). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>.Widely cultivated as ornamentals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Evans (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Two monosulcate palm pollen types arerecovered from the Pliocene, Gatun Lake Formation, Panama(Graham 1991). The second of these types, bisymmetrical andfinely reticulate, is compared with Colpothrinax, Cryosophilaand Neonicholsonia. Of these, Cryosophila is the most probable. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The branched root spines on the trunk are distinctive. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Palma de escola, root spine palms</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Species occur at moderate to low elevations in dry woods (Cryosophila nana) to rain forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary pinnate-leaved palms with striking white-waxy crownshafts, endemic to New Caledonia; the staminate flowers have elongate anthers.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Cyphokentia</name>\r
+<author>Brongn.</author>\r
+<citation>Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad.Sci. 77: 399 (1873).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Cyphokentia macrostachya; Brongn.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Dolichokentia</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme Nuova Caledonia 45 (1920); and Webbia 5: 113 (1921).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Dolichokentia robusta; (Brongn.) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Moratia</name>\r
+<author>H.E. Moore</author>\r
+<bibref>H.E. Moore, Gentes Herb. 12: 18 (1980).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Moratia cerifera; H.E. Moore</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combining kyphos — hump, with the generic name Kentia, named for William Kent (1779–1827), one-time curator of the botanic gardens at Buitenzorg, Java (now Kebun Raya Bogor), referring to the lateral to subbasal stigmatic remains.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary (or exceptionally with 2–3 stems), unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, faintly to prominently ringed, enlarged at the base, yellow or whitish, brown-spotted. Leaves regularly pinnate, gracefully spreading; sheaths tubular, forming a prominent, white-waxy crownshaft; petiole short, concave adaxially, rounded abaxially, glabrous or brown scaly; rachis concave adaxially near base, becoming angled distally, rounded abaxially, often somewhat curved, glabrous or scaly as the petiole; leaflets regularly arranged, acute, slightly arched from rachis, single-fold, stiff, waxy on both surfaces but particularly so abaxially, midrib and a lateral vein on each side elevated and prominent adaxially, secondary veins numerous, large ribs clothed basally with ramenta, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 2–3 orders basally and fewer distally, branches pendulous, protandrous; peduncle very short, stout, ± recurved; prophyll wide, tubular, broadly 2-keeled laterally, completely encircling the peduncle and enclosing the peduncular bract; first peduncular bract similar, briefly beaked, both it and the prophyll caducous, a second peduncular bract usually present; rachis longer than the peduncle, bearing very low and rounded or acute to scarcely evident bracts subtending branches and rachillae; rachillae long, slender, variously compressed in bud, tapering, pendulous, distant, bearing low, rounded, lip-like bracts subtending flowers in triads nearly throughout the rachillae, and paired or solitary staminate flowers distally; bracteoles surrounding pistillate flowers sepal-like, imbricate, about as high as bracts of the triad. Staminate buds ± symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, slightly imbricate basally, small, rounded, gibbous at base and keeled dorsally; petals 3, distinct, valvate, broadly ovate in outline or subacute, not markedly fibrous, grooved on inner surface; stamens 6–12, filaments incurved, awl-shaped, briefly inflexed at the apex in bud, about as long as the anthers, anthers oblong in outline, dorsifixed, briefly bifid at base and apex, latrorse; pistillode as long as the anthers in bud, somewhat 3-angled and expanded into a 3-angled, flat apex. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally lozenge-shaped; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-channelled or finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 37–56 µm [2/2]. Pistillate flowers not seen at anthesis; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate basally in fruit; petals 3, distinct, imbricate except briefly for the valvate tips, distinctly tanniniferous, nerved in fruit; staminodes 3–5, rarely 6, tooth-like; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, ovule pendulous, probably hemianatropous. Fruit depressed globose to ellipsoidal, dull orange to red at maturity, with stigmatic remains at or below the middle; epicarp smooth or minutely roughened, drying somewhat wrinkled but not regularly pebbled, thin, not tanniniferous, overlying a shell of very short sclereids external to a fleshy layer of mesocarp, mesocarp with longitudinal flat fibres, and a tanniniferous layer adjacent to the endocarp, endocarp vitreous, rather thick, with a round or spathulate, basal operculum and lateral beak. Seed subglobose to nearly ellipsoidal, hilum near the base, round, raphe branches ascending from the base, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species in New Caledonia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Uhl and Martens 1980), root (Seubert 1998a,1998b) and fruit (Essig et al. 1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Cyphokentia is recovered innumerous studies with moderate to high support (Pintaud1999b, Asmussen et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. inreview, in prep.). The genus is resolved as sister to Clinospermawith high support (Pintaud 1999b, Norup et al. 2006, Bakeret al. in review, in prep.).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore and Uhl (1984), Hodel andPintaud (1998), Pintaud and Baker (2008).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Asymmetric monosulcate pollen with a distinctive irregularly columellate infratectum, Palmaepollenites sp., from the Middle Eocene of Central Java (Nanggulan Formation) is compared with pollen of Moratia (= Cyphokentia) and with that of Actinorhytis, Cyphosperma and Cyphophoenix (Harley and Morley 1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>These are beautiful palms of montane forest in New Caledonia, often with striking white-waxy crownshafts. \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Cyphokentia macrostachya is a somewhat variable species that occurs over a wide range on soil derived from both serpentines and schists, while C. cerifera is restricted to schistose soils.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="genus">
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate solitary pinnate-leaved palms from rain forest in New Caledonia, one species with spectacular stilt-roots, all with infrafoliar inflorescences with incomplete prophylls, and fruit with smooth or irregularly sculptured endocarp.</p></div>
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Cyphophoenix</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Hook.f. in Benth. and J.D. Hook.f.</author>
+<citation>Gen. pl. 3: 893 (1883).</citation>
+<type>Lectotype; Kentia elegans; Brongn. & Gris</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Campecarpus</name>
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Becc.</author>
+<bibref>H. Wendl. ex Becc., Palme Nuova Caledonia 28 (1920); and Webbia 5: 96 (1921).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Campecarpus fulcitus; (Brongn.) H.Wendl. ex Becc.</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Veillonia</name>
+<author>H.E. Moore</author>
+<bibref>H.E. Moore, Gentes Herb. 11: 299 (1978).</bibref>
+<type>Type; Veillonia alba; H.E.Moore</type>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Kyphos — bent, humped, phoenix — a general name for a palm, perhaps in reference to the prominent terminal stigmatic remains in the fruit.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stems erect, prominently ringed, smooth, yellowish, green or grey, sometimes enlarged at the base, sometimes with a very conspicuous cone of long stilt roots or with exposed adventitious roots. Leaves regularly pinnate, straight or arched, spreading or erect; sheaths forming a sometimes prominently and diagonally ribbed, somewhat inflated crownshaft, covered outside and inside with pale, grey, brown or red tomentum and persistent or deciduous scales, or white waxy; petiole short to elongate, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, tomentose to glabrous adaxially, with tomentum and scales abaxially; rachis flat to angled adaxially with broad margins basally, becoming nearly deltoid in section apically, rounded abaxially, minutely dotted adaxially, tomentose and scaly abaxially; leaflets single-fold, coriaceous when dry, obliquely acute to acuminate or rarely briefly bifid, margins not thickened, abaxially with medifixed ramenta with tattered and twisted margins, prominent toward the base on the midrib, sometimes present throughout and sometimes on two lateral veins, with or without small brown scales, midrib prominent and elevated adaxially, secondary veins scarcely prominent, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, stiffly branched to 1 or 2(–3) orders basally, fewer orders distally, protandrous; peduncle short, ± dorsiventrally compressed, sometimes white-waxy; prophyll incompletely encircling the peduncle, open abaxially, 2-keeled laterally, tomentose, sometimes splitting into 2 halves, rather thin, sometimes white-waxy, caducous; peduncular bract completely encircling the peduncle and enclosing the inflorescence in bud, slightly exceeding the prophyll, sometimes ± woody, also caducous and tomentose; rachis much exceeding the peduncle, angled, minutely striate when dry, bearing spirally arranged, low rounded or acute bracts subtending several divaricate branches, the lower ones with a prominent bare base; rachillae long, curved, often pendulous, slender or stout, bearing prominent, rounded or acute, lip-like bracts subtending triads in the lower 1/3–2/3of each rachilla, and paired or solitary staminate flowers distally; bracteoles about the pistillate flower prominent, marginally imbricate, 1/2 the length of the sepals. Staminate flowers symmetrical, borne on very short, strap-like pedicels in triads, but ± sessile in the distal pairs; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, broadly rounded or becoming crenulate apically, keeled dorsally and ± compressed laterally toward the base; petals 3, distinct, about twice as long as the sepals, valvate, scarcely acute at apex, ± lined when dry; stamens 6, filaments distinct, awl-shaped, the slender apex inflexed in bud, anthers versatile at anthesis, emarginate apically, bifid ca. 1/2 their length basally, basifixed but appearing dorsifixed; pistillode shorter or longer than stamens, narrowly pyramidal or nearly columnar, angled and grooved, at least when dry, very briefly 3-lobed at apex. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, less frequently oblate triangular; aperture a distal sulcus, occasionally a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, psilate-perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 47–60 µm [4/4]. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate, symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate and rounded, nearly as high as the petals; petals 3, distinct, longer than the sepals, strongly imbricate except for the very briefly valvate or subvalvate apices; staminodes 3, distinct, awl-shaped, flat; gynoecium ovoid when fresh, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, recurved, short, the ovule pendulous, probably hemianatropous. Fruit ovoid, oblong-ellipsoidal or eccentrically ovoid, sometimes slightly curved at tip, yellow with black tip at maturity to dull brownish red, stigmatic remains apical or eccentrically apical; epicarp smooth, sometimes drying densely pebbled over a layer of short, pale, obliquely oriented fibres, mesocarp ± dry or fleshy, with numerous slender, elongate, red tannin cells intermixed with the fibres and beneath the fibres against the endocarp, endocarp thin, crustaceous, fragile, oblong-ellipsoidal, circular in cross-section, or with a longitudinal ridge on one side, or highly sculptured with an adaxial ridge and basal operculum framed by lateral, ± flat areas, and with 2 lateral and 2 abaxial irregular crests and a dorsal groove, operculum circular, basal. Seed oblong-ellipsoidal, circular in cross-section, or sculptured like the endocarp, hilum obovoid or elongate, apical, tapered toward the base, raphe branches weakly or strongly anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Four species, three in New Caledonia and one in the adjacent Loyalty Islands. </p></div>
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Uhl and Martens 1980), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), and fruit (Essig et al. 1999). </p></div>
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Cyphophoenix is resolved in two studies, but with low support (Pintaud 1999b, Baker et al. in review). One study suggests that the genus is not monophyletic, but this resolution is also poorly supported (Baker et al. in prep.). The precise relationships of the genus within the Basseliniinae are unclear. </p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore and Uhl (1984), Hodel and Pintaud (1998), Pintaud and Baker (2008). </p></div>
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Asymmetric monosulcate pollen with a distinctive irregularly columellate infratectum, Palmaepollenites sp., from the Middle Eocene of Central Java (Nanggulan Formation) is compared with pollen of Cyphophoenix as well as with that of Cyphosperma, Actinorhytis and Moratia (= Cyphokentia) (Harley and Morley 1995). </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Cyphophoenix elegans and C. nucele, are each confined to a particular edaphic situation and the two are separated by a long distance. Seed of C. nucele has been introduced into cultivation in the United States, where it may be expected to do especially well on the coral rocks of southern Florida. Cyphophoenix has the following distinctive features of leaf anatomy: vascular bundles in uneven rows, many small vascular bundles present, and lower bundle sheaths crescentic and wider than upper sheaths. It is the only genus in New Caledonia, having two-layered upper and lower hypodermal layers (Uhl and Martens 1980). </p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Cyphophoenix elegans and C. alba occur in forest on schistose rocks in northeastern New Caledonia. Cyphophoenix fulcita grows in New Caledonia in wet forest on serpentine rocks, often occurring perched on rocks on its stilt roots; C. nucele is restricted to the raised coral of Lifou Island.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate to large solitary pinnate-leaved palms from rain forest in New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Fiji, with interfoliar inflorescences with incomplete prophylls, and fruit with irregularly sculptured endocarp.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Cyphosperma</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Hook.f.in Benth. and Hook.f.</author> \r
+<citation>Gen. pl. 3: 895 (1883).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Cyphokentia balansae; Brongn.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Taveunia</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Occas. Pap. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 11:12 (1935).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Taveunia trichospadix; Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Kyphos — bent, humped, sperma — seed, probably referring to the irregular humps and ridges on the seed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, ± prominently ringed with irregular leaf scars. Leaves regularly pinnate, or bifid or irregularly divided, ± 3-ranked, spreading or ± erect; sheaths split opposite the petiole, not forming a crownshaft, glabrous; petiole short, stout, channelled to ± flat adaxially, rounded abaxially; rachis adaxially channelled above the base, becoming nearly triangular in section with a narrow ridge toward the apex, rounded abaxially, with scales and tomentum; leaflets when present, acute, single-fold, with elevated midrib, adaxially with 2 lateral veins and many secondary veins with or without linear scales, prominently veined abaxially with deciduous tomentum, ramenta sometimes present, transverse veinlets inconspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar but persisting below the leaves, arched in flower, pendulous in fruit, branched to 2 orders basally, to 1 order distally, branches and rachillae with a prominent pulvinus at the base, protandrous; peduncle somewhat dorsiventrally compressed and elliptical in cross-section, elongate, much exceeding the bracts at anthesis; prophyll tubular, short, incompletely encircling the peduncle abaxially, 2-keeled laterally, chartaceous, open apically, ± glabrous, marcescent; peduncular bract with tubular base, much longer than the prophyll, beaked, covered with deciduous tomentum, also marcescent; rachis bearing low, acute to rounded bracts subtending branches and rachillae; rachillae distant, slender, moderate, tomentose throughout or glabrous except for patches of stiff, pale brown hairs in the upper and lateral parts of pit cavities, bearing acute or rounded bracts subtending partially sunken triads nearly throughout the rachillae, with paired or solitary staminate flowers in the upper 1/4 or less; bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flower nearly equal, imbricate, nearly as long as the bract subtending the triad. Staminate flowers symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate, gibbous basally and centrally keeled; petals 3, distinct, valvate; stamens 6, filaments flattened, inflexed at the apex in bud, erect at anthesis, anthers oblong, dorsifixed, briefly emarginate at the base and apex; pistillode overtopping the stamens in bud, nearly columnar, apex expanded, 3-grooved. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally lozenge-shaped; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate and micro-channelled or finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 29–43 µm [1/3]. Pistillate flowers larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate; petals 3, distinct, imbricate except for briefly valvate apices; staminodes 3, distinct, tooth-like at one side of gynoecium; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, ellipsoidal, stigmas 3, recurved, ovule pendulous, form not known. Fruit broadly ellipsoidal, with stigmatic remains lateral in upper 1/4 –1/3; epicarp smooth when fresh, drying pebbled, mesocarp fleshy, with short fibre bundles nearly perpendicular to the epicarp, whitish parenchyma with dispersed, elongate, irregular tannin cells and thin, flat fibres, near but not adnate to the endocarp, endocarp thin, vitreous, fragile, irregularly sculptured, ridged, and grooved. Seed irregularly sculptured like the endocarp, hilum linear, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Four species, two in Fiji, one in New Caledonia and one in Vanuatu. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Uhl and Martens 1980), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), and fruit (Essig et al. 1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Cyphosperma has not been tested. DNA sequence data reveal a moderately supported relationship with Physokentia (Lewis and Doyle 2002, Asmussen et al. 2006), whereas morphological data suggest that the genus is sister to a clade of Basselinia, Burretiokentia and Cyphophoenix (Pintaud 1999b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari and Pichi-Sermolli (1955), Moore (1979), Moore and Uhl (1984), and Hodel and Pintaud (1998). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Asymmetric monosulcate pollen with a distinctive irregularly columellate infratectum, Palmaepollenites sp., from the Middle Eocene of Central Java (Nanggulan Formation) is compared with pollen of Cyphosperma as well as with that of Cyphophoenix, Actinorhytis and Moratia (= Cyphokentia) (Harley and Morley 1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>In leaf anatomy, Cyphosperma balansae is distinguished by small fibrous strands in both upper and lower hypodermal layers. A two-layered upper and single-layered lower hypodermis is shared with Clinosperma (Uhl and Martens 1980).</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>On schists, graywackes, and peridotites in northeastern and northwestern New Caledonia, in dense forests at elevations from 600 m or less to 900 m in Fiji and in rain forest on volcanic soils at 900–1100 m in Vanuatu.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Solitary or clustered, moderate to very robust pinnate-leaved palms of West Malesia and New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, with conspicuous crownshafts, inflorescences with short peduncles and flowers generally borne in pits; fruits have apical stigmatic remains.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Cyrtostachys</name>\r
+<author>Blume</author>\r
+<citation>Bull. Sc. Phys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 66 (1838).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Cyrtostachys renda; Blume</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Cyrtos — curved, stachys — ear of grain or spike, perhaps referring to the curved rachillae.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustered, moderate to tall, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stems erect, bare, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, often bearing a mass of adventitious roots at the base, where clustering, the clump rather close, or more rarely diffusely spreading by stolons. Leaves pinnate, neatly abscising; sheaths tubular, forming a well-defined crownshaft, brilliantly orange-red coloured in 1 species (Cyrtostachys renda), glabrous or scaly; petiole short to long, adaxially channelled or flattened, abaxially rounded or angled, glabrous or scaly; rachis like the petiole but angled adaxially; leaflets always single-fold, acute or acuminate, regularly arranged, often stiff, sometimes ascending, sometimes slightly paler beneath, ± glabrous adaxially, abaxially often with ramenta along the midvein and sometimes minutely dotted between the veins, transverse veinlets conspicuous or obscure. Inflorescence apparently protandrous, infrafoliar, highly branched to 3 orders, rather diffuse and spreading; peduncle usually very short, ± oval in cross-section; prophyll enclosing the inflorescence until leaf fall, borne just above the winged base of the peduncle, tubular, 2-keeled, ±lanceolate, with winged margins, splitting, soon caducous; peduncular bract borne just above the prophyll, completely enclosing the inflorescence, splitting longitudinally like the prophyll, caducous; subsequent bracts very inconspicuous, incomplete, low, triangular; rachis longer than the peduncle; first-order branches robust, spreading, with a short bare portion at the base, then branching to produce diverging rachillae or second-order branches; second-order branches, when not rachillae, also with short bare portion and then branching to produce rachillae; rachillae elongate, cylindrical, rather robust, glabrous, papillose, minutely roughened or indumentose, often brightly coloured, expanding long before anthesis; rachilla bracts low, triangular, spirally arranged, rather crowded, each partially enclosing a shallow pit bearing a triad of flowers, triads borne throughout the length of the rachillae; floral bracteoles membranous, very small and inconspicuous. Staminate flowers with 3, distinct, imbricate, broad, strongly keeled sepals with minutely toothed margins (?always); petals about twice as long as sepals, united at the very base to ca. 1/3 their length, globose or ellipsoidal, apically attached, the hilum orbicular, endosperm distally with 3 triangular, valvate tips; stamens 9–15, the filaments awl-homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid shaped, connate basally, apically inflexed in bud, anthers apically and basally with narrow lobes. Cytology: 2n = 32. slightly bilobed, dorsifixed, latrorse; pistillode almost as long as filaments, narrow, elongate, trifid. Pollen ellipsoidal, less frequently, oblate triangular, symmetric or slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate rugulate, in some species with verrucate or gemmate supratectal processes, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 27–56 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral [2/11]. Pistillate flowers about the same size as or slightly larger than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate, the margins minutely toothed (?always); petals 3, slightly larger than the sepals, distinct, imbricate proximally, asymmetrical, rounded with short triangular valvate tips; staminodal ring membranous, very low, bearing short truncate or irregularly triangular teeth; gynoecium unilocular, ellipsoidal with 3 short recurved stigmas, ovule pendulous from the apex of the locule, form unknown. Fruit 1-seeded, broad to narrow-ellipsoidal, usually black, the perianth whorls persistent, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, contrasting with the rachilla, mesocarp thin, oily, with abundant longitudinal fibre bundles, endocarp thin, closely adhering to the seed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Seven species: Cyrtostachys renda in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo, and very widely cultivated; all other species in New Guinea and Melanesia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961) and root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Cyrtostachys is strongly supported as monophyletic (Heatubun et al. in press) Cyrtostachys resolves as sister to Clinostigma with moderate support in a number of studies (Lewis and Doyle 2002, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in prep.). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>This species is a commercially important ornamental. Locally, its trunk is also used as a source of laths for supporting Nypa leaf thatch. The larger New Guinea species may supply timber. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Heatubun et al. in press. </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Pollen referable to Cyrtostachys has been recorded from Upper Miocene deposits in Borneo (Muller 1972); furthermore, Morley (2000) found Cyrtostachys pollen from a Middle Miocene coal from Berakas, Brunei. Unfortunately, these fossil records have no supporting illustration of the pollen. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sealing wax palm, pinang rajah (Cyrtostachys renda).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Cyrtostachys renda is exclusive to peat swamp forest, usually near the coast, where it can be a conspicuous component of the vegetation; other species may be found in lowland rain forest and at altitudes of up to about 500 m. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A monograph of Cyrtostachys (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Heatubun</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">Ch.D.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Mogea</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.P.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.M.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Tjitrosoedirdjo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 64: 67-94</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Cyrtostachys elegans</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 472 (1937)</citation>
+<type>Cultivated in Bogor Botanic Garden, II.F. 17. ex New Guinea, April – May 1936; Furtado; SFN 3/1/28</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype K!, L!, SING</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Nibung (Indonesian dialect in Papua, also used for other tree palms).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, clustering tree palmto 15 (– 20)m, with up to c. 3 adult stems and 4 – 6 or more suckers at the base, crown hemispherical in outline. Stem 15 – 30 cm diam., greyish green apically, greyish brown to black near base; internodes c. 25 cm long. Leaves 9 in crown, curved, 300 – 350 cm long (including petiole); sheath tubular, c. 33 cm wide, forming a distinct crownshaft, c. 250 cm long, light green to pale yellow; petiole short to 10 cm long, 3.5 – 4 cm wide and 1.5 – 2.5 cm thick at the base, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially; leaflets pendulous, regularly arranged, leathery, 100 – 102 leaflets on each side, middle leaflets 100 – 126.5 × 3.5 – 4.5 cm, apical leaflets c. 33.5 × 1 cm, briefly pointed and sometimes notched at apices, green, discolorous when dried, light brown adaxially, pale brown to whitish abaxially, fine brown ramenta discontinuous along midvein on abaxial surface. Inflorescence 75 – 100 cm long, c. 160 cm wide, branched to 4 orders, creamy to yellowish green, brown when dried; prophyll c. 65 × 24 cm, leathery, peduncular bract similar to prophyll; peduncle very short to 7.5 cm; rachillae 34 – 61.5 cm long; 17 – 19 pits per 1 cm rachilla length (at fruiting stage), pits 2 – 4 mm diam. Staminate flowers 2 – 2.5 × 2 – 2.7 mm, asymmetrical; sepals 1.8 – 2.3 × 1.5 – 2 mm; petals 1.4 – 2 × 1.3 – 1.5 mm; stamens 9; filaments 0.5 – 1.5 × 0.1 – 0.3 mm; anthers 0.5 – 1 × 0.3 – 0.7 mm; pollen size long axis 31 – 42 μm, short axis 24 – 42 μm, proximal wall thickness 1 – 3 μm, distal wall thickness 1 – 2 μm, tectum surface verrucate, less frequently gemmate, trichotomosulcate grains present; pistillode 0.8 – 1.3 × 0.3 – 0.5 mm, trifid. Pistillate flowers 2 – 5.2 × 1.3 – 4.5 mm; sepals 1.6 – 4.8 × 1 – 3.5 mm; petals 1.2 – 3.8 × 0.5 – 3.9 mm; gynoecium 0.9 – 4.5 × 0.4 – 2.5 mm (including stigma); staminodes 4 – 5, membranous. Fruits 12 – 17 × 5 – 6 mm, ellipsoid to sickle-shaped, green to black (when mature); beak 1 – 2 mm long, perianth persistent, forming a narrow cylinder at the base or leaving a different coloured scar, ⅓ – ½ length of fruit. Seeds 6 – 7 × 4 – 5 × 4 mm, ellipsoid, rounded apical and flatted basally. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Cyrtostachys elegans is a Central-West New Guinean species and is known only from lowlands in Nabire and Timika in the Indonesian Province of Papua.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>This palm grows in swampy areas in lowland rain forest at an altitude 10 – 300 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Near Threatened (NT). The resettlement and relocation of Nabire town after being hit by a large earthquake recently, and the development in the Timika area to support PT. Freeport Indonesia (the world biggest copper and gold mining company) mining activities will affect the population of this palm. Large areas of forest in the lowlands will disappear.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Cyrtostachys elegans is similar to C. loriae in being a robust tree palm with pendulous leaflets and short petiole, but differs from the latter in its clustering habit, the hemispherical crown and elongate inflorescence branched to 4 orders, rather than solitary habit, spherical crown and robust inflorescence branched to 3 orders. This species also differs from the other New Guinean robust tree palm C. bakeri in the presence of curved leaves and hemispherical crown, rather than erect leaves and shuttle-cock crown; however, both species have pendulous leaflets. This species was described by Burret in 1937 based on a herbarium specimen made by C. X. Furtado from a plant cultivated in the Bogor Botanical Garden.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA. Papua Province, Nabire distr.; Wanggar, Bumi R., Satuan Pemukiman Transmigrasi C (SP-C), c. 10 m a.s.l., Feb. 2001, Heatubun et al. 341 (K!, AAU!, MAN!); Bivak Kanehira, 10 km inward from mouth of Bumi R., c. 100 m a.s.l., March 1940, Kanehira & Hatusima 12851 (A!); Bumi R., 40 km inward of Nabire, c. 300 m a.s.l., March 1940, Kanehira & Hatusima 12747 (A!). Mimika distr., Timika area, PT. Freeport Indonesia Concession area, East levee by drowned forest, 5 km S of Kampung Kali Kopi, alt. 20 m a.s.l., Feb. 1998, Heatubun et al. 194 (AAU!, BH!, BO!, K!, L!, MAN!). CULTIVATED. Bogor Botanic Garden origin from New Guinea, II.F.17, May 1936, Furtado SFN 3/1/28 (K!, L!, SING isotypes); XII. E.40, April – May 1936, Furtado SFN 3/1/06 (K!, L!, SING). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A monograph of Cyrtostachys (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Heatubun</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">Ch.D.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Mogea</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.P.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.M.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Tjitrosoedirdjo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 64: 67-94</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Cyrtostachys glauca</name>
+<author>H.E.Moore</author>
+<citation>Principes 10: 86 (1966)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Morobe district, forested slopes along logging road just beyond bridge over Markham R. on the road to Bulolo, March 1964; Moore; 9272</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BH!; isotype LAE</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Vekintambu (Lababia dialect; Morobe), Hek (Madang dialect).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender to moderate, clustering tree palm to 5.5 – 15 (– 21.6)m, withup to c. 3 adult stems andup to4ormore suckers at base, crown spherical in outline. Stem 5 – 15 cm diam., bright green and becoming grey in age, nodal scars conspicuous; internodes 3.5 – 7.5 cm long. Leaves 6 – 8 in crown, leaves spreading, 172 – 410 cm long (including petiole); sheath tubular, 66 – 130 cm long, 8 – 22 cm wide, forming a distinct crownshaft, 70 – 240 cm long, bright glaucous, sparsely and minutely lepidote with membranous brown scales; petiole green, elongate, 25 – 88 (– 100) cm long, 2 – 3 cm wide and 1 – 1.6 cm thick at the base, rounded and rather densely and minutely brown lepidote below, concave and similarly lepidote or puncticulate above; leaflets regularly Slender to moderate, clustering tree palm to 5.5 – 15 (– 21.6)m, withup to c. 3 adult stems andup to4ormore suckers at base, crown spherical in outline. Stem 5 – 15 cm diam., bright green and becoming grey in age, nodal scars conspicuous; internodes 3.5 – 7.5 cm long. Leaves 6 – 8 in crown, leaves spreading, 172 – 410 cm long (including petiole); sheath tubular, 66 – 130 cm long, 8 – 22 cm wide, forming a distinct crownshaft, 70 – 240 cm long, bright glaucous, sparsely and minutely lepidote with membranous brown scales; petiole green, elongate, 25 – 88 (– 100) cm long, 2 – 3 cm wide and 1 – 1.6 cm thick at the base, rounded and rather densely and minutely brown lepidote below, concave and similarly lepidote or puncticulate above; leaflets regularly </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Cyrtostachys glauca is a Papua New Guinean species. This palm is distributed in Morobe, Milne Bay and Central Provinces.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Growing in primary forest or secondary forest with scattered subsistence gardens in lowlands to sloping terrain or hill forest at an altitude 30 – 400 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Data Deficient (DD). Although this palm has a relatively wide distribution in SE Papua New Guinea, suggesting the category “Least Concern”, more accurate data related to distribution of, and the threats to, this species are still needed to assess its conservation status.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Stem for building purposes.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Cyrtostachys glauca is easily distinguished from all other species by its spherical crown, glaucous leaf sheath and crownshaft, slender and elongate petioles of more than 50 cm long (– 100 cm), papery leaflets, slender inflorescence and rachilla with sparse superficial pits, and by the unique presence of trichotomosulcate pollen grains. This is a very peculiar species within Cyrtostachys because of the nature of the pits along the rachilla. The pits are very shallow or even lacking in a few specimens (Kjaer & Magun 512 and Barfod 454) and together with the tiny flowers (in bud) the species may be superficially confused with Heterospathe or Rhopaloblaste. However, the generic characters such as presence of a crownshaft, connate petals and stamens in staminate flowers, and fruit and seed morphology still clearly indicate it as a species of Cyrtostachys. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central Province; Yamu road, c. 15 km NE of Cape Rodney, 30 m a.s.l., Sept. 1969, Pullen 8212 (L!, LAE); Pullen 8231 (BH!, CANB, L!, LAE); Yamu village near Mori R., Sept. 1969, Pullen 8198 (BH, CANB, L!, LAE,). Milne Bay Province; along Kabawawa highway, 0 m a.s.l., March 2000, Barfod et al. 454 (AAU!, BRI, CANB, K!, LAE); Esa’ala, Ferguson Island, E of Lake Lavu, 100 m a.s.l., Nov. 1976, Croft et al. LAE 68805 (BRI, L!, LAE); Maiyu R., c. 16 km WNW of Biniguni airstrip, c. 280 m a.s.l., June 1972, Pullen 8409 (A, CANB, L!, LAE,). Morobe Province; forested slopes along logging road just beyond bridge over Markham R. on the road from Lae to Bulolo, March 1964, Moore 9272 (holotype BH!); Lae, Garagos logging road, Katik LAE 62219 (BRI, L!, LAE); Bulili Ridge, near Lababia guest house, 50 – 400 m a.s.l., Kjaer & Magun 512 (AAU!, BRI, CANB, K!); just before Gwabadik on the 4WD track, 275 m a.s.l., Feb. 1993, Takeuchi 8770 (A!, L!, LAE); NW of Waria R., Buttress Ridge above Wara Pao, near Yai Village, c. 200 m a.s.l., July 1999, Takeuchi et al. 13217 (A!); Lae, 60 m a.s.l., Sept.1971, Essig & Katik LAE 55009 (CANB, L!, LAE,); LAE 62219 (L!, LAE). CULTIVATED. Lae Botanic Garden, main palm collection, Nov. 2006, Baker & Fazang 1309 (K, LAE). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A monograph of Cyrtostachys (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Heatubun</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">Ch.D.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
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+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Mogea</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.P.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.M.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Tjitrosoedirdjo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 64: 67-94</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Cyrtostachys loriae</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>Webbia 1: 303 (1905)</citation>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Owen Stanley Range Province, 1887; Hartmann; s.n</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype FI!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cyrtostachys kisu</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 4: 289 (1914).</bibref>
+<type>The Solomon Islands, Faro island; Guppy; 235</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cyrtostachys peekeliana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52: 28 (1914).</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, New Ireland; Peekel; 106</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype FI!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cyrtostachys brassii</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 328 (1935).</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Kubuna, Nov. 1933; Brass; 5600</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype A!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cyrtostachys phanerolepis</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 324 (1936).</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Sattleberg, July 1935; Clemens; 1353</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B†; isotype L!, K, photo!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cyrtostachys microcarpa</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 203 (1939).</bibref>
+<type>Papua New Guinea, Western Province, Fly R., Lake Daviumbu, Sept. 1936; Brass; 7757</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype A; isotype L!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Papua Indonesian: tnang nyi (Sentani, Jayapura); gap (Marap, Tami R.); terep/terrip (Yei/Je, Merauke); Nibung (Indonesian dialect in Papua, also used for other tree palms). Papua New Guinea: yomberi (Timbunke, Sepik); yowoh (Waskuk, Sepik); hek/he-ek (Amele, Madang); terep (Jal, Madang); apaku (Mekeo, Maipa); flim (Mianmin); lobu (Wapi, Marok); mun (Orme, Walwali); wai’eba (Kutubu); toono-i (Bougainville Island); a ikul (New Ireland Island). Solomon Islands: kwara’ae (Aatarae). </p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary tree palm to 10 – 30 m. Stem 11.5 – 30 cm diam., brownish-grey to whitish below and green to olive-green above, nodal scars conspicuous, internodes 3 – 30 cm long, crown hemispherical in outline. Leaves 8 – 14 in crown, leaves spreading, 250 – 480 cm long (including petiole); sheath tubular, 112.5 – 180 cm long, 25 – 68 cm wide, forming distinct crownshaft, 125 – 200 cm long, pale yellow to light green; petiole almost missing to short (1 – 10 cm long), 3 – 5.5 cm wide and 1 – 2.8 cm thick at the base, with thin or thick brown to whitish-purple lepidote indumentum; rachis with similar indumentum as the petiole; leaflets regularly arranged, leathery, 76 – 189 leaflets on each side, middle leaflets 80 – 152 × 3.4 – 6.8 cm, apical leaflets 14 – 50 × 0.8 – 2 cm, briefly pointed and sometimes notched at apices, green, discolorous when dried, glaucous adaxially, glaucous to whitish abaxially, fine brown ramenta discontinuous along mid-vein on abaxial surface. Inflorescence infrafoliar, strongly divaricate, 43 – 150 cm long, up to 250 cm wide, branched to 3 orders, green to pale yellow, light brown to black when dried; peduncle very short to 10 cm; rachillae 25 – 88.5 cm long; 6 – 9 mm diam., brown to rusty brown, calyx persistent after fruits fallen; 8 – 16 pits per 1 cm rachilla length (in various stages), pits 2 – 6 mm in diam., deep. Staminate flowers 2.5 – 4 × 2 – 3 mm; sepals 1.2 – 2.2 × 1.5 – 2.9 mm; petals 2 – 3 × 1.2 – 2.5 mm; stamens 9 – 13; filaments 0.7 – 3.5 × 0.1 – 0.2 mm; anthers 1 – 1.5 × 0.5 – 0.8 mm; pollen size, long axis 27 – 56 μm, short axis 25 – 48 μm, proximal wall thickness 1.5 – 5 μm, distal wall thickness 1 – 5 μm, tectum surface sparsely verrucate and gemmate, trichotomosulcate grains present; pistillode 0.7 – 1.7 × 0.2 – 1 (1 – 1.5 at the base) mm. Pistillate flowers 2 – 6 × 2.2 – 5.5 mm; sepals 2.5 – 5.2 × 2.1 – 6.2 mm; petals 1.5 – 5.2 × 1 – 5 mm; gynoecium 1 – 5 × 0.5 – 3.5 mm (including 3 recurved stigmas); staminodes triangular (3 – 4) to circular, membranous. Fruits 8 – 16 × 4 – 5 mm, ellipsoid to sickle-shaped, green to black; beak 0 – 2 mmlong. Seeds 5 – 8 × 2 – 5 × 2 – 5 mm, ellipsoid to ovoid, rounded apically and flattened basally. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Cyrtostachys loriae is a widespread species in the Papuasian region, distributed from Kepala Burung (Bird Head’s Peninsula) in the west to Solomon Islands in the east.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Least Concern (LC). Cyrtostachys loriae is widespread in the Papuasian region, and as yet the conservation status of this species seems not to be a cause for concern. However, land conversion for oil palm plantations or other purposes, including illegal logging activities in West New Guinea (Indonesian Provinces of Irian Jaya Barat and Papua) could have a severe effect on the populations of the palm. Detailed population studies are still needed to assess its conservation status more precisely.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Cyrtostachys loriae is one of the more useful species in the genus froman ethnobotanical point of view. It has been used traditionally by people native in both New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The stems and leaves are used as building materials for traditional houses, e.g. piles, flooring, water pipes, thatch and mattresses. The palm heart or “cabbage” is also eaten fresh or cooked. </p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Cyrtostachys loriae was the first species of the genus to be published from the Papuasian region (Beccari 1905). This palm is easily distinguished by its solitary and robust habit, spherical crown, pendulous leaflets, very short (– 10 cm long) or missing petiole and an inflorescence more robust than in other species, branched to 3 orders, with robust rachillae bearing large and deep pits. Re-examination of the type specimens of Cyrtostachys brassii, C. kisu, C. loriae, C. microcarpa, C. peekeliana and C. phanerolepis revealed no significant differences among them except those caused by differences in developmental stages, despite the inadequate nature of the specimens. Morphological variation among them is continuous, especially after comparison with more adequate specimens from recent collections. No disjunctions in variation occur that would allow the consistent separation of six species as recognised by previous authors. The narrow species concept used in the past reflects limited information obtained from single collections. Moore (1966) pointed out his suspicions that the five taxa above might not be distinct; they all have a solitary habit and 12 stamens except for Cyrtostachys phanerolepis — six stamens, pits in 9 series and larger fruits (Burret 1936). Burret did not realise that the specimen Clemens 1353 (the type of C. phanerolepis) had been mixed with some male flowers of Licuala, and he described C. phanerolepis with staminate flowers from Licuala. Cyrtostachys loriae is the most widespread species of the genus in the Papuasian region, and also occupies a wide range of ecological conditions from swampy areas in the lowlands to heath forest in lower montane vegetation, from evergreen rain forest to dry areas in savannah lands and from the main island of New Guinea to small off-shore islands and the Solomons. The adaptation to various habitats is reflected in the very variable appearance, a plasticity that occurs not only in size and shape, but also the number of certain organs, such as number of stamens. In some specimens, different numbers of stamens can be found within one inflorescence or in different collections from the same locality. There are two collections from savannah areas in Merauke, Indonesian Province of Papua, Maturbongs 654 and van Royen 4734, which look quite distinct in the appearance of their leaves. The petiole and rachis are covered by scaly indumentum, and the leaflets are slender with discolorous surfaces (glaucous adaxially, purplish-brown abaxially). Other characters such as habit, stem, inflorescence and flowers, fruits and seeds fit with Cyrtostachys loriae. The variation in leaf character may reflect different ecological conditions in savannah areas. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>INDONESIA. West Papua Province: Manokwari distr.; Ransiki subdistr., Ransiki, Kostermans s.n. (BO!). Papua Province: Yapen distr.; Yapen Island, Yapen Tengah Mts. Natural Reserves, near base camp at Mananayang R., c. 500 m a.s.l., Feb. 2005, Heatubun et al. 546 (BO!, K!, MAN!); Trans Yapen road, first slope from Mananayang R. to Serui, c. 550 m a.s.l., Feb. 2005, Heatubun et al. 547 (BO!, K!, MAN!). Mimika distr., Timika, mile 50 on road to Tembagapura, forest to W of container depot, 545 m a.s.l., Feb. 1998, Heatubun et al. 208 (BH!, BO!, K!, L!, MAN!). Sarmi distr., Mamberamo R., Idenburgh R., Bernard Camp, 55 m a.s.l., April 1939, Brass 13807 (A!, L!); Bernard Bivak (Camp), 50 m a.s.l., Meijer Dress 501 (BO!, L!). Jayapura distr., Cyclops Mts, N Cyclops Mts. Natural Reserves, 50 – 700 m a.s.l., Jan. 2001, Desianto 01 (AAU, K!, MAN!); foot path to Raveni summit, c. 790 m a.s.l., Aug. 1998, Heatubun et al. 279 (BO!, FTG!, K!, L!, MAN!). Keerom distr., Arso, Tami R., Treferer, 100 – 150 m a.s.l., March 2002, Gusbager et al. 23 (K!, LAE!, MAN!); Workwana village, Yumseyus, 50 – 100 m a.s.l., Feb. 2005, Heatubun et al. 527 (BO!, K!, MAN!); Heatubun et al. 532 (BO!, K!, MAN!); Heatubun et al. 533 (BO!, K!, MAN!). Merauke distr., Kwell village, 60 m a.s.l., Sept. 2000, Maturbongs 654 (BO!, AAU, K!, MAN!); Bot R., about half-way between Bupul and Lake Wam, 60 m a.s.l., Aug. 1954, van Royen 4734 (A!, BO!, L!). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Sandaun Province: Miwaute, Nov. 1996, Barfod et al. 395 (AAU!). Western Province: Palmer R., 2 miles below junction Black R., July 1936, Brass 7162 (A!, L!); Middle Fly R., Lake Daviumbu, Sept. 1936, Brass 7757 (A, L!); c. 2 miles N of Kiunga, Upper Fly R., c. 300 m a.s.l., Sept. 1967, Pullen 7305 (BH, CANB, L!, LAE,). East Sepik Province: Sepik distr.; along the Sepik R. between Ambunti and Malu, 50 m a.s.l., May 1966, Hoogland & Craven 10114 (A!, BH, CANB, K!, L!, LAE); Anggoram subdistr.; Wewak – Anggoram area, 4 miles N of Timbunke mission, 30 m a.s.l., Sept. 1959, Pullen 1692 (CANB, K!, L!, LAE). West Sepik Province: Sepik distr., Aitape subdistr.; along Pieni R. near Walwali Village, 30 m a.s.l., June 1961, Derbyshire & Hoogland 8020 (A, K!, L!). Telefomin distr.; Carpentaria Exploration Co. Frieda R. Camp, 60 m a.s.l., April 1978, Essig & Young LAE 74052 (CANB, L!, LAE); Hak Valley, c. 900 m a.s.l., Morren & Frodin 3189 (K!). Southern Highlands Province: Lake Kutubu, near Tage, 90 m a.s.l., Sept. 1961, Schodde 2248 (CANB, K!,). Gulf Province: Kikori distr.; TFI logging concession, near Morare village, 20 km NE of Kikori, 130 m a.s.l., Nov. 2000, Baker et al. 1110 (AAU, BRI, K!, L, LAE, NY); logging camp on Vailala R., 0 m a.s.l., March 2000, Barfod 478 (AAU!, BRI, K!, LAE); Barfod 482 (AAU!, BRI, K!, LAE, CANB). Morobe Province: Sattleberg, 700 m a.s.l., July 1935, Clemens 1353 (K (photo)!, L!). Milne Bay Province: Mullins bay road, 0 m a.s.l., March 2000, Barfod et al. 463 (AAU!, BRI, K!, LAE, CANB). Central Province: Kuriva, 300 m a.s.l., March 2000, Barfod 467 (AAU!, BRI, K!, LAE, CANB); Koitaki, 50 m a.s.l., Carr 12253 (A, BM, L!); Kairuku subdistr.; c. 15 miles W of Maipa Village on Akaifu R., Sept. 1962, Derbyshire 867 (CANB, L!, LAE). New Ireland Province: New Ireland Island, Peekel 444 (FI!, K (photo)!). North Solomon Province: Bougainville Island, Marmarromino, 50 m a.s.l., Oct. 1930, Kajewski 2220 (A!). THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. Fauro island; Guppy 235 (holotype K!); Eastern Peninsula; 200 m a.s.l., April 1964, Whitmore BSIP 3945 (BSIP, K!); New Georgia group; Baga Island, April 1964, Whitmore BSIP 4210 (BSIP, K!). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>A monograph of Cyrtostachys (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Heatubun</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">Ch.D.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Mogea</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.P.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.M.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Tjitrosoedirdjo</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.S.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin 64: 67-94</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Cyrtostachys renda</name>
+<author>Blume</author>
+<citation>Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 66 (1838).</citation>
+<type>Indonesia, Sumatra, East Sumatra, around Indrapura; Korthals; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype L!; isolectotype K!</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Areca erythropoda</name>
+<author>Miq.</author>
+<bibref>Miq., J. Bot. Néerl. 1: 6 (1861).</bibref>
+<type>Indonesia, Sumatra, Bangka Island, Djebus; Teisjmann; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype BO!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Cyrtostachys lakka</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 141 (1885)</bibref>
+<type>Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, Kuching, Nov. 1866; Beccari; PB 2674</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FI!</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Thailand: kap daeng, mark-dang (Thai). Malay Peninsula: pinang rajah (Malay). Sumatra: pinang renda or rende’ (Indrapura); pinang rimbou (Sibolga); pinang lempiauw or pinang lepiaw (Bangka island). Borneo: malawaring, raring (Brunei). Trade names: pinang merah, palem merah, (Malay/Indonesia); sealing wax palm, lipstick palm (English); hsing hsing yeh tzu (Chinese); rode palm (Dutch).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, clustering tree palm with up to c. 3 or more adult stems up to 15 (– 20) m high. Stem c. 6 – 10 cm diam., green with greyish stripes or yellow with somewhat greenish and purplish stripes, internodes 15 – 24 cm long, crown appearing shuttle-cock shaped. Leaves 7 – 10 in crown, erect, stiff, to 150 cm long; sheath tubular, c. 100 cm long, forming distinct crownshaft, scarlet to bright red, with scattered black thick scales; petiole elongate, 5 – 50 cm long, 1.5 – 2.5 cm wide and 1 – 2 cm thick at the base, channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, red, indumentum as sheath; leaflets regularly arranged, leathery, 26 – 40 leaflets on each side, 56 – 107 × 3 – 6 cm at middle portion, apical leaflets 10 – 20 × 1 – 2 cm, briefly pointed with long tip and sometimes notched at apices, green, discolorous when dried, glaucous adaxially, waxy white abaxially, mid-vein with discontinuous membranous brown scales. Inflorescence strongly divaricate, to 90 cm long, branched to 2 (possibly 3) orders, creamy, green to dark purplish-red; peduncle 5 – 8 cm long; rachilla 27 – 73.5 cm long and 4 – 6 mm diam., calyx persistent on rachillae when fruits fallen off; pits 2 – 5 mm diam., 5 – 7 pits per 1 cm rachilla length. Staminate flowers 2 – 2.5 × 2 – 3 mm, asymmetrical; sepals 1.8 – 2 × 2 mm, imbricate, rounded, strongly keeled; petals 1 – 2 × 1 – 1.8 mm, triangular, brown at apex and base; stamens 12 – 15; filaments 0.7 – 1 × 0.2 – 0.3mm; anthers 1 – 1.5 × 0.5 – 0.8mm; pollen size, long axis 36 – 43 μm, short axis 27 – 33 μm, proximal wall thickness 1.5 – 2 μm, distal wall thickness not observed, tectum surface microfossulate-rugulate, trichotomosulcate grains present; pistillode 0.7 – 1 × 0.2 – 0.5 mm, trifid. Pistillate flowers 4 – 5 × 3 – 4 mm; sepals 3 – 4 × 2 – 3 mm, imbricate, strongly keeled, dark brown to black; petals 3 – 3.5 × 2 – 2.5 mm; gynoecium 3.5 × 1.5 mm (including three recurved stigma 0.5 – 1 mm); staminodes circular, 0.5 – 1 mm height. Fruits 7 – 10 × 4 – 7 mm, ellipsoid to ovoid, light green becoming black when ripe. Seeds 4 – 5 × 3 – 5 × 3 – 5, ellipsoid to ovoid. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>This is the only species found to the west of Wallace’s Line, occurring in the southern part of Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Cyrtostachys renda grows in lowland peat swamp forest, especially in coastal areas, but more rarely occurs in peat swamps in uplands from 0 – 500 m above sea level.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable (VU). See Dransfield & Johnson (1991), Kiew (1991), and Mogea (1991) for conservation status assessment.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>This palm has limited traditional uses; stems are used for flooring and leaves for thatch. It is, however, a highly desirable and widely cultivated ornamental for tropical regions.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Cyrtostachys renda differs from all other species in the bright red crownshaft and leaf sheath, the lowest number of leaflets (26 – 40 on each side), the leaflets being waxy white abaxially, the inflorescence branched mostly to 2 orders (possibly up to 3), the tectum surface of pollen rugulate, and its preferred habitat in lowland peat swamp forest in southern Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. In the protologue of Cyrtostachys renda, no material is cited although a reference is made to Blume’s account in Rumphia, published some years later, in which the Korthals specimen is mentioned (Blume 1838, 1843). We formally designate this specimen as lectotype. In the case of C. lakka, Beccari (1885) cited two specimens, Beccari PB 2674 and 4038, both of which are extant at FI. Harold E. Moore annotated Beccari PB 2674 (FI) as lectotype in 1956, but to our knowledge did not publish this lectotypification. We have formalised this typification here. The transfer of Cyrtostachys lakka to a synonym of C. renda has already been made by Whitmore (1982). The bright green stems and brilliant red to orange crownshafts make Cyrtostachys renda a highly desirable and widely cultivated ornamental. Infraspecific taxa have been described from cultivation and the number of these could increase in parallel to horticultural demand. Ellison & Ellison (2001) introduced two cultivars, C. renda ‘Apple’ and C. renda ‘Orange Crownshaft’, followed by Waddel (2002) with his C. renda ‘Theodora Buhler’. Before them, Tucker (1992) reported, that in Singapore Botanic Garden grew C. renda ‘Ruby’ and that it was one of the most treasured specimens of all, and he also discussed a strange brown crownshafted form of C. renda in Florida. All the cultivars of C. renda were described based on different stem and crownshaft colours. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>THAILAND. Narathiwat Province: Tak Ban, Phru Kok Daam, March 1985, Niyondham 852 (BKF, K!); Tho daeng, c. 30 km SE of Narathiwat, 50 – 100 m a.s.l., Nov. 1990, Barfod & Ueachirakan 41772 (AAU, BKF, K!, PSU); to Daeng, 75 m a.s.l., Oct. 1996, Barfod et al. 43888 (AAU!, BKF, PSU). N of Sritamerat, Ta Samet, c. 50 m a.s.l., Jan. 1928, Kerr 14332 (K!). SUMATRA. Aceh, Asdat 171 (BO!); Asahan, Polak s.n. (BO!); Bangka Island, Djebus Teysmann s.n. (BO!); Bengkalis, Selat panjang, 3 m a.s.l., Nov. 1919, Bequin 457 (L!, BO!); near Indrapura, Korthals s.n. (L!, K!; the type); Riau, Widyatmoko 399 (BO!); Widyatmoko 400 (BO!); South Sumatra, Dransfield JD 1252 (BO!); Natuna Island, Mogea 2990 (BO!). MALAY PENINSULA. Selangor: Telok swamp forest, Klang, March 1968, Dransfield 713 (K!). SINGAPORE.”cultivato nel giardino del Sig. Whampoa”, Anon. (holotype FI!). BORNEO. SABAH: Kudat distr., Pulau Balembangan, NE inner side Telok Lung, 10 m a.s.l., BCS-EFA-LM et. al. SAN 86702 (K!, KEP, L!, SAR, SING); Sandakan, Jan. 1921, Wood 1111 (A!, PNH, SAN). SARAWAK: Kuching, Nov. 1866, Beccari PB 2674 (FI!); 1865 – 1869, Beccari PB 3438 (K!); Bintulu, Sept. 1867, Beccari PB 4038 (FI!); 1929, Clemens 21377 (A!, BO!, K!); Miri distr., Rian road, 50 m a.s.l., April 1959, Saleh 1214 (K!, L!, S, SAR). BRUNEI DARUSSALAM: Belait, Labi, km 20 Labi road, burnt over white sand forest, level land, 50 m a.s.l., March 1992, Dransfield JD 7279 (K!); Bukit Bakong, Oct. 1992, Bernstein 278 (K!); Maruntungan, May 1932, Keith 2491 (K!). CULTIVATED. Indonesia: North Sumatra, Sibolangit Botanic Garden, 500 m a.s.l., Sept. 1927, Lörzing 12083 (L!); West Java, Bogor Botanic Garden, origin from Banka Island, loc. V. K. 37, April – May 1936, Furtado SFN 3/1/68 (BO!, K!, L!, SING); loc. V. G. no. 4., May 1903, Schoute s.n. (L!); Jan. 1906, n.n. (L!); n.n. (BO!). Malaysia: Penang Botanic Garden, Sept. 1900, Curtis 3527 (K!). UK: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Palm House, May 1998, 1982-5882 (K!). Seychelles: Victoria, Mali, Dec. 1971, Elizabeth 111 (K!). Singapore: Singapore Botanic Garden, Lawn K, Sept. 1929, Furtado s.n. (K!, SING). Thailand: Peninsular Botanic Garden Khao Chong, Trang, Barfod s.n. (AAU (photo)!). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Variable genus of mostly climbing palms, some acaulescent and erect, found in Himalayan foothills to south China, throughout Southeast Asia to New Guinea; sheaths, petioles and rachis are usually densely armed and the leaf usually terminates in a cirrus; pleonanthic (rarely hapaxanthic) and dioecious, the inflorescences are either short, with all bracts splitting but remaining enclosed in the prophyll, or longer, with bracts splitting to their bases and mostly caducous.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops</name>\r
+<author>Blume in J.J. Roemer and J.A. Schultes</author> \r
+<citation>Syst. Veg. 7: 1333 (1830).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Daemonorops melanochaetes; Blume</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Daemon — malignant spirit, rhops — bush, in reference to the often vicious armature.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustered, spiny, acaulescent, erect, or high-climbing, hapaxanthic or pleonanthic, dioecious, rattan palms. Stem eventually becoming bare, with short to long internodes, branching at the base from axillary or leaf-opposed buds. Leaves pinnate, very rarely bifid, usually with a terminal cirrus except in a few acaulescent species and in juvenile individuals; sheath splitting in acaulescent species, in the exposed area densely armed with spines, these frequently organised into whorls and in a few species forming interlocking galleries occupied by ants, scaly or floccose indumentum often abundant between the spines and along their margins; ocrea rarely present; knee present in climbing species; flagellum absent; petiole usually well developed, grooved to rounded adaxially, rounded abaxially, variously armed; rachis and cirrus, except in acaulescent species, armed with grouped reflexed grapnel spines and scattered caducous tomentum; leaflets single-fold, entire, linear to broadly lanceolate, regularly arranged or grouped, rarely fanned within the groups, variously armed with bristles along the longitudinal veins and margins, midribs prominent, 1 pair of lateral veins sometimes large, transverse veinlets short, often conspicuous. Inflorescences axillary but adnate to the internode and leaf sheath of the following leaf, very rarely several inflorescences produced simultaneously from the axils of the most distal leaves, the stem then hapaxanthic, branching to 2–3 orders, staminate and pistillate inflorescences superficially similar, but the staminate usually branching to 1 order more than the pistillate; peduncle absent or present, sometimes very long, erect or pendulous, variously armed; prophyll conspicuous, 2-keeled, woody, coriaceous, membranous or papery, variously armed, tubular at first, later splitting along ±its entire length; peduncular bracts usually absent; rachis bracts ±distichous, similar to the prophyll, also splitting along their entire length, sometimes with the tips remaining enclosed within the tip of the prophyll to form a beak, the flowers at anthesis thus enclosed, or with the tips free, and all bracts but the prophyll normally falling at anthesis, the flowers then exposed or very rarely the bracts persisting; prophyll often empty, sometimes subtending a first-order branch as the other rachis bracts; first-order branches usually covered with abundant floccose indumentum, and bearing very small, truncate, ± distichous bracts, more rarely bracts larger and tattering, each bract subtending a second-order branch adnate to the first-order branch above the node; second-order branches in pistillate inflorescence bearing dyads, in staminate inflorescence branched a further time to give 3 orders of branching, each branch subtended by a bract, staminate inflorescence with flowers sometimes strictly distichous and crowded, or ± distant and subdistichous, sometimes arranged distantly along one side of the rachilla, each flower subtended by a small triangular scale-like bract, more rarely by a short tubular bract, the bracts then ± imbricate. Staminate flowers bearing a short, tubular, 2-keeled prophyll (the involucre of Beccari) sometimes ± stalk-like, frequently very inconspicuous; calyx cupular, striate, shallowly 3-lobed; corolla exceeding the calyx, usually at least twice as long, divided almost to the base into 3 narrow triangular petals; stamens 6, borne at the mouth of the tubular corolla base, usually ± equal, rarely of 2 sizes, filaments slender to rather broad, fleshy, terminating in slender to broad connectives, anthers narrow elongate to broad and somewhat sinuous, introrse; pistillode short, trifid to elongate, slender and unlobed, or absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; apertures equatorially disulcate or, rarely, equatorially or subequatorially di-porate; ectexine tectate or semi-tectate, psilate, finely to coarsely perforate, foveolate, rugulate, finely to coarsely reticulate, or densely spinulose or clavate or, rarely, ectexine intectate with long spines on a thick foot layer, aperture margins usually similar to surrounding ectexine; infratectum columellate, longest axis 16–55 µm [56/101]. Pistillate inflorescences like the staminate but with more robust rachillae, pistillate flowers borne in a dyad with a sterile staminate flower; dyad prophyll (involucrophore) usually conspicuously angular, stalk-like; prophyll of pistillate flower (involucre) inconspicuous or cup-like, forming a cushion bearing the flower. Sterile staminate flower quickly shed, as the fertile but with empty anthers. Pistillate flowers only slightly larger than the staminate; calyx cupular, striate, shallowly 3-lobed; corolla ± twice as long as the calyx, divided to ± 1/2 into 3 triangular valvate petals; staminodes 6, borne at the mouth of the corolla tube, with empty anthers; gynoecium incompletely trilocular, triovulate, ovary variable in shape, scaly, stigmas 3, recurved, fleshy, ovules basally attached, anatropous. Fruit variously rounded, obpyriform, turbinate, cylindrical or oblate with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp covered in neat vertical rows of reflexed, sometimes resinous scales, mesocarp thin, endocarp not differentiated. Seed, usually only 1 reaching maturity, angular or rounded, covered with thick, sweet or sour and bitter sarcotesta, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll usually pinnate, sometimes with congested leaflets and appearing almost palmate. Cytology: 2n = 26.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>101 species; distributed from India and south China through the Malay Archipelago to New Guinea where represented by one species; the greatest morphological diversity and number of species is in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, petiole, stem, and root (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1996a). Leaves often distinguished from Calamus by structure of guard cells, by more frequent and longer fibres around the transverse veinlets and by presence of large tannin cells.</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Calamus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The canes of many species are of good quality and enter the rattan trade as well as being used locally. The apices of several species are sought after for food. In the past, red resin from the fruits of species related to and including Daemonorops draco and D. rubra was collected as ‘dragon’s blood’ for medicinal or dyeing purposes. At one time, ‘dragon’s blood’ was an item of trade between Borneo, Sumatra and Malay Peninsula, and China. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1911), Furtado (1953) and Dransfield (1979a).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>From the Neogene of the Landes (France), a number of spiny leaf sheaths associated with flattened stems were described by Huard (1967) under the new genus and species Spinophyllum lepidocaryoides. From anatomical comparison, he suggested that their affinity is calamoid, possibly Calamus or more probably Daemonorops. From the Miocene of Czech Republic, Czeczott and Juchniewicz (1975) described spiny fragmentary bracts which, in their opinion, compare most favourably with modern D. geniculata. Zetter and Hoffmann (2001) revive the controversy over whether Diporoconia iszkaszentgyoergyi Kedves has an affinity with the diporate pollen of D. sparsiflora and D. verticillaris, a topic previously discussed by Frederiksen et al. (1985). They present new finds of D. iszkaszentgyoergyi from the Lower Eocene of Krappfeld, Austria, which they compare with modern diporate Daemonorops. However, based on pore size, ectexine detail around the pore perimeter, and wall thickness, the data are not entirely convincing; ultra-thin sections would be of great value in resolving the proposed affinity. See also under Metroxylon and Calamus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The genus is divisable into two sections based on the arrangement and persistence of the rachis bracts of the inflorescence. Palynologically, so-called section ‘Cymbospatha’ (correctly section Daemonorops) is very uniform, whereas section Piptospatha shows a truly remarkable diversity in pollen form. Fossil record, see under Calamus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rattan, rotan; for local names see Dransfield (1979a).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Species are mostly confined to primary tropical rain forest on a great variety of soils, some species with narrow ecological requirements. A few are of a rather more weedy nature, abundant in forest habitats with high-light intensities such as riverbanks; one species in Borneo, Daemonorops longispatha, grows on the landward margin of mangrove forest. Some species are strictly montane, occurring at altitudes up to ca. 2500 m above sea level. Several species in Borneo are confined to heath forest, or to limestone or serpentine rock. With so many species, it is difficult to give more precise ecological data.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops acamptostachys</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 209 (1911)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Stiff spikes</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>widuduk (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, stemless rattan; stem very short, subterranean or erect, without sheaths, c. 20 mm diam., with sheaths to 50 mm diam. or more, internodes very short. Sheath splitting opposite the petiole for much of its length, dull green, armed with neat whorls of large brown flattened spines, 1-3 cm long, brown indumentum abundant between the spines; knee absent. Leaf ecirrate or with a very short cirrus scarcely exceeding 30 cm long, the whole leaf c. 2 m long including the petiole 70 -100 cm long; petiole fiercely armed with large golden-yellow spines to 8 cm long, borne laterally, singly or in groups of 2 or 3; leaflets 15 - 25 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, or rarely somewhat irregularly, stiff, rather thick, linear, the longest to c. 40 x 2 cm, the tips somewhat asymmetrical, sparsely armed with short bristles along the main vein on the undersurface; transverse veinlets close, sinuous. Inflorescences usually erect at anthesis, very stiff, up to 1 m long, the male more highly branched than the female; peduncle to 50 cm, unarmed; prophyll dull dirty-brown to 50 x 6 cm, usually much less, rather thick and coriaceous, bearing sparse groups of slender spines along the wings or ± unarmed, and bearing abundant pale indumentum; subsequent primary bracts similar to the prophyll but smaller, soon falling or rotting; partial inflorescences 7-8, usually very crowded, especially in the male, erect, stiff; male rachillae dark brown, to 20 (40) x 3 mm, bearing strictly distichous crowded flowers; female rachillae to 40 x 3 mm bearing distichous flower pairs. Mature fruit rounded, c. 15 mm diam., beaked, covered in 16 vertical rows of mid brown scales with darker margins. Seed rounded, c. 10 mm diam.; endosperm ruminate. Seedling not known (Fig. 34).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from 1st, 3rd and 4th Divisions. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. acamptostachys is exclusively found in kerangas and peat swamp forest where it may sometimes be gregarious. The stemless habit, usually ecirrate leaves and the strange erect, stiff dirty-brown inflorescences should distinguish it; it may be confused with D. collarifera but the leaf sheath armature is very different.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops angustifolia</name>
+<author>(Griff.) Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm 3 (1850) 329</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 464</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 69</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 58</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops carcharodon</name>
+<author>Ridley</author>
+<bibref>Ridley in Mat, Fl. Mai. Pen. 2 (1907) 178</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 40</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops hygrophilus</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<bibref>Griff., in Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm 3 (1850) 204</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops angustispathus</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Str. Sett. 9 (1937) 161</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtadoin Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14(1953) 61</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Angustis-narrow, folium - leaf</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan getah</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderately robust high climbing rattan producing dense thickets, ultimately climbing to 40 m. Stem without sheaths to about 2.5 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 4 cm; internodes to 35 cm. Sheaths dull greenish brown densely armed with triangular black spines to 2.5 cm long by 5 mm wide, and abundant red-brown to dark brown indumentum. Knee conspicuous. Ocrea poorly developed. Whole leaf to 3.5 m long including petiole to 30 cm and cirrus to 1.25 m. Petiole armed with black spines along edges and near edges on upper surface, and along the mid-line below. Leaflets up to about 100 on each side regular, narrow crowded, up to 35 cm long by 1.5 cm wide, armed with bristles on three nerves above and main nerve below. Inflorescences male and female very similar, sessile ± erect to 35 cm long by 15 cm wide, terminating in a beak to 15 cm long, all inner bracts enclosed within the outermost; outermost bract rather evenly and not very densely armed with spines similar to those on the leaf sheath to 3 cm long by 4 mm wide. Ripe fruit rounded to 1.8 cm in diameter, shortly beaked, covered in 15-18 vertical rows of reddish brown scales with darker tips. Seed rounded but somewhat flattened on two sides, to 1.3 cm in diameter; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with about 10 crowded pinnae.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout the lowlands of Malaya but not recorded for Perlis or Penang.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a coarse cane, useful for rather low quality furniture, and also used rather extensively for core.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>"Rotan getah", so-called because of the abundant white latex exuding from cut surfaces (not a diagnostic character) is an abundant rattan of the lowlands, growing especially along streams and at edges of swamps. It is rather rarely found on dry land except where disturbed. We may suppose its natural habitat to be riverbanks. From D. grandis, D. angustifolia may be distinguished by its very narrow leaflets, bright green and usually shiny and from D. melanochaetes by its broad triangular bract spines.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops asteracantha</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 227 (1911)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 67 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Star spine</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering rattan climbing to 10 m tall; stem without sheaths c. 7 mm diam., with sheaths to 15 mm diam., internodes 6-10 cm long. Sheath dull green, armed with very slender black spines and broad, flatter spines to 12 mm, arranged in whorls or partial whorls, sometimes conspicuously radiating, dull brown indumentum abundant between the spines, spines around the sheath mouth rather large, erect; knee present, armed as the sheath. Leaf cirrate, to 1 m including the petiole to 25 cm and cirrus to 45 cm long; petiole armed laterally with rather regular spines 5-7 mm long; leaflets 10-12 on each side of the rachis, arranged in rather distant pairs, within the pairs the leaflets inserted close together and diverging, the longest to 20 × 1.7 cm, in exposed plants much smaller, lower leaflet surface bearing abundant minute brown scales, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences erect or ± pendulous, shorter than the leaves, 20-30 cm long, with up to 5 partial inflorescences; peduncle 5-10 cm long; prophyll and primary bracts thin, dull brown, covered in brown indumentum, soon falling; male rachillae not known; female rachillae rather crowded, to 35 mm long, bearing conspicuously stalked flowers. Mature fruit broadly ellipsoid, c. 10 × 7 mm, beaked, covered in 12 vertical rows of pale brown scales with darker margins. Seed ellipsoid, 8 × 5 mm, deeply pitted; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling not known. (Fig. 21).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>In Brunei known only from G. Pagon and Bt. Retak. Elsewhere in Sarawak (G. Mulu) and Kalimantan (type collection). Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. asteracantha is a rattan of ridges in lower montane forest at altitudes up to 1,600 m. we have equated the Brunei and Sarawak material with the type collected by Teysmann in W Kalimantan because of the grouped leaflets and whorled spines; however it has to be admitted that the spine arrangement is not quite the same. Unfortunately the type is sterile and there are no recent collections of this taxon from Kalimantan.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Johns 6521; Amo, Ashton A 251; Amo, Ashton A 259; Amo, Bt.Pagon, Wong 1762; Amo, Bt.Retak, Wong 449; Amo, Bt.Retak, Wong 791.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops atra</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 15 (1980)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 63 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Blackish</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering rattan climbing to c. 6 m only, often much less; stem without sheaths c. 15 mm diam., with to c. 30 mm diam., internodes c. 10 cm long. Sheath bright green, armed with partial or rarely complete whorls of slender, flattened or horse-hair-like, reflexed black spines, 5-40 mm long, borne on low collars, spines around sheath mouth mostly erect, to 70 mm long, pale brown hairs abundant between the spines; knee inconspicuous, armed as the sheath. Leaf cirrate, to 2.5 m including the cirrus to 1 m and petiole to 35 cm; petiole armed laterally with rather distant long spines to 25 mm, and very much smaller spines on the upper surface; leaflets 25-30 on each side of the rachis, stiffly held, arranged in distant groups of 3-7, arranged regularly within the groups in one plane, narrow, linear, acuminate, the longest to c. 42 × 2 cm, bristly on 3-5 nerves on the lower surface, transverse veinlets crowded, easily visible. Inflorescences much shorter than the leaves, rarely more than 70 cm long; peduncle c. 10 cm long, in the female elongating in fruit; prophyll and other primary bracts chestnut brown, papery, covered in pale brown indumentum and sometimes also bearing fine bristles or spines, the bracts soon falling or becoming tattered; partial inflorescences up to c. 9; secondary bracts rather conspicuous, becoming tattered; male rachillae crowded, to 2 cm long, bearing strictly distichous crowded flowers; female rachillae up to 7 cm long. Mature fruit rounded, c. 20 mm diam., beaked and covered in 15-17 vertical rows of matt blackish-brown scales. Seed spherical with sweet sarcotesta; endosperm ruminate, embryo basal. Seedling not known. (Fig. 19).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a single collection from Ulu Tutong. Elsewhere in Sarawak and S and E Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. atra is a plant of rather poor soils on ridges in hill dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to about 200 m above sea level. It is related to D. collarifera but differs in the smaller size of all its parts, the more crowded slender leaflets, the less well developed collars on the sheaths, the conspicuous secondary bracts on the inflorescences and the matt black fruit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TUT: Johns 7578.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops aureus</name>
+<author>Renuka and Vijayakumaran</author>
+<citation>Rheedea 4 : 122, 1994</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, large diameter rattan. Stem 20 m long or more, with sheaths 3.5 cm in diameter, without sheaths 2 cm in diameter. Leaves 2 m long, cirrate; sheath yellowish green, very sparingly armed, 8-10 spines on a sheath below the knee; knee very stout and prominent; ocrea not seen; petiole 30 cm long, spiny along the margins, spines 1 cm long; leaflets regular, the largest co. 45 x 2.5 cm, lateral veins ciliate, cilia 0.5 cm long. Inflorescence erect, 30 cm long, all inner bracts enclosed in the outermost; outer most bract armed with black spines; spines 3 cm long. Fruit globose, 1.5 cm in diameter, scales in 18 vertical rows, golden yellow even in younger stages, deeply channelled in the middle; endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>In evergreen forests of Shoal Bay, South Andamans.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering not known. Fruiting April - May.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used in furniture industry.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Shoal Bay, South Andamans, 2.4.1993, fr., Renuka and Vijayakumaran 7050 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops banggiensis</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 813 (1982)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>From Pulau Banggi, the type locality</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust clustering short-stemmed rattan with stems rarely more than 3 m long; stem without sheaths up to 25 mm diam., with sheaths to 40 mm diam.; internodes 8-12 mm. Leaf sheaths usually split opposite the petiole, pale yellowish green, densely armed with dull grey spines of varied length, scattered or arranged in horizontal or oblique partial whorls, reflexed or erect, generally to 40 x 3 mm except by leaf sheath mouth where to 120 x 4 mm, erect and ± papery; caducous chocolate-brown scales present on young sheaths. Knee hardly developed. Ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf cirrate rather massive to 2.5 m including short cirrus to 40 cm and petiole to 40 cm; petiole armed near the base with marginal groups of pale grey spines to 60 x 3 mm, and much shorter vertical spines, armature decreasing distally; leaflets c 60 on each side of the rachis, close, regularly arranged, stiff, bright green, the longest to 35 x 2.4 cm, armed with short marginal teeth; sparse bristles on 3 nerves on upper surface and a conspicuous row of bristles to 1.5 mm on lower surface of main vein; transverse veinlets crowded, somewhat sinuous, rather obscure. Male and female inflorescences superficially similar, to 70 cm, borne on short basal peduncles to 5 cm; bracts ± woody textured, the basal persistant and more densely armed than the rest, with abundant grey black spines to 25 mm pointing in all directions and a few papery spines to 60 mm at the tip, and abundant brown indumentum; partial inflorecences c 10, to c 10 cm; male rachilla c 4 mm, very slender; female rachilla c 25 x 2 mm. Fruit rounded c 10 mm diam.; other details not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from Kerakit on P. Banggi; endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. banggiensis grows in lowland forest developed on the soft reef limestone at the southern end of Banggi Is.; here it is abundant, and one of the very few species of rattan in this forest type. It is probably closely related to D. curranii of Palawan. Its robust size, and fierce armature distinguish it from other members of the complex of species related to D. hystrix.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops brachystachys</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<citation>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Str. Sett. 8 (1935) 344</citation>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 96</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Brachus - short, stachus - shoot</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotanjernang</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Very robust short-stemmed rattan with stem to 1 m tall, ± erect. Stem without sheaths to 4 cm in diameter with sheaths to 6 cm in diameter. Internodes to 5 cm only. Sheaths armed with unequal flattened blackish based spines from 0.5 - 7 cm in length and abundant brown indumentum, the spines sometimes arranged in partial whorls. Knee absent, ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf with a very short cirrus, or ecirrate, to 3.5 m long with petiole massive to 1 m long by 1.5 cm wide armed with large spines to 5 cm long and red brown indumentum. Leaflets to about 30 on each side, only slightly irregular in arrangement, the longest to 60 cm long by 6 cm wide with short bristles confined to the upper surface and margins near the tip. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar with peduncle to 40 cm; partial inflorescences 3-5 rather condensed in female, elongate in male. Ripe fruit to about 2.5 cm long by 2 cm wide ovoid or obovoid, covered in 18-20 vertical rows of reddish brown, dragons blood encrusted scales. Seed rounded or angular about 1.5 cm in diameter. Endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kelantan, Kedah, Perak, Selangor. N. Sumatra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Useless except as a source of dragon's blood.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a massive acaulescent species associated with stream-sides in lowland forest. It is rare and not well known; it may be conspecific with D. propinqua (q. v.).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops calicarpa</name>
+<author>Griff.) Mart.</author>
+<citation>in Hist. Nat. Palm 3 (1850) 326</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 446</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 94</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 37</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 61</bibref>
+<bibref>Dransfield in Principles 20 (1976) 29</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops microthamnus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 2 (1902) 221</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops petiolaris</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<bibref>Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1850) 326</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Calos - beautiful, carpos - fruit</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>lumpit</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering thicket-forming + acaulescent hapaxanthic rosette palm. Leaves in the vegetative phase ecirrate, very large, to 4 m long with petiole to about 1.5 - 2 m long. Petiole including lower sheathing area rich dark brown armed with close oblique whorls of short black laminar spines and brown scaly indumentum. Leaflets 80-100 on each side in the mature vegetative phase, closely crowded, regular, the longest near the base to 40 m long by 1.5 cm wide, decreasing in size in upper part of leaf; leaflets bristly on upper side of the two main lateral nerves, and very densely bristly on underside of main nerve. Inflorescences produced ± simultaneously, crowded together in the axils of very small reduced cirrate leaves at the stem apex, forming a club like head of inflorescences, the stem then dying. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar the largest to about 25 cm long by 5 cm wide longly beaked with all bracts and flowers enclosed in the outer most bract. All exposed parts of bracts densely covered with very fine pale to dark spines and grey fluff-like indumentum. Flowers of both sexes creamy brown, heavily sickly scented. Mature fruit rounded, tipped by a short beak, to 2 cm in diameter covered in 15-18 vertical rows of rich light brown scales with dark brown margins. Seed mostly rounded, somewhat flattened on two sides, about 12 mm in diameter without the sweet transparent sarcotesta. Endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf pinnate with numerous fine regular leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore. N. Sumatra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The leaves are used for thatch and the leaf rachis cleaned of thorns for some forms of basketry.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Daemonorops calicarpa is a very common palm in the southern half of the Peninsula. It is distinguished from the other hapaxanthic Daemonorops species also called "lumpit" by the dark green leaflets and the inflorescence bracts very densely covered with fine spines. It is usually found in lowland Dipterocarp forest in valley bottoms and lower hillslopes; it appears to avoid steep ridgetops</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops collarifera</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 227 (1902)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 183 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 45: 75 (1990)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 63 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops acanthobola</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 228 (1902)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 192 (1911)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Bearing collars</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering rattan climbing to 7 m, rarely more, sometimes flowering when still ± stemless; stems without sheaths to c. 15 mm diam., with sheaths to c. 35 mm diam., internodes short, rarely more than 12 cm long. Sheaths bright green, armed with yellowish and blackish reflexed and upward-pointing spines arranged in partial or complete whorls, at least 1 whorl of spines being borne on a conspicuous pale green collar, pale brown indumentum abundant between and on the spines, spines around the sheath mouth ± erect, to 6 cm long, pale yellowish-green; knee absent or very poorly developed. Leaf to c. 2.5 m long including the petiole to c. 40 cm and cirrus to 1 m; cirrus sometimes very short or absent; leaflets c. 30 on each side of the rachis, subregular (rarely) or arranged in groups of up to 7, the longest to 40 × 2 cm. Inflorescences shorter than the leaves, up to c. 75 cm long; peduncle up to c. 20 cm long, usually unarmed; prophyll and primary bracts up to c. 25 cm long, dull brown, thin, bearing pale indumentum, tattering and soon falling, the prophyll usually bearing a few spine groups, otherwise the bracts usually unarmed; subsequent bracts not conspicuous; male rachillae rather short, to 2 cm long, bearing strictly distichous crowded flowers to 4 × 1 mm; female rachillae up to c. 9 cm long, bearing distichous but rather distant flower pairs, the female c. 5 × 2 mm. Mature fruit rounded, c. 20 mm diam., beaked, covered in 15-17 vertical rows of pale brown, sometimes dark-edged scales. Seed rounded, c. 15 mm diam.; endosperm ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 18).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread and common throughout Brunei. Also in Sarawak. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. collarifera grows in a wide range of habitats from kerangas to mixed dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to c. 800 m above sea level. For differences between it and D. atra see the latter. D. collarifera is very closely related to D. geniculata from Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Andulau F.R., Ashton S 21574; Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Jacobs 5658; Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Wong 550.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops cristata</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Nelle Foreste di Borneo 608 (1902)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 288 (1902)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 190 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 60 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Crested</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate clustering rather variable short-stemmed rattan climbing to about 3-4 m tall only; stem without sheaths to c. 15 mm diam., with sheaths to 30 mm diam., usually less, internodes to 20 cm long. Sheath green, armed with partial whorls of brown to black spines and spicules, the longest to c. 20 mm long, and abundant deciduous tomentum; knee inconspicuous. Leaf usually briefly cirrate, to 2 m long including the petiole to 40 cm, and cirrus to 80 cm, usually less; petiole usually bearing very conspicuous large, close, flattened, ± erect spines at the base and by the leaf sheath mouth, the longest to c. 12 cm, usually much less; leaflets c. 45 on each side of the rachis, dark green, regularly arranged, gradually tapering at both ends, the longest to c. 35 × 2 cm, usually very bristly on all nerves, but particularly on the main vein on the undersurface, transverse veinlets rather conspicuous. Inflorescences ± erect at first, the female rather lax, the male more condensed, in all up to c. 50 cm long; prophyll and other bracts thin, unarmed; male rachilla c. 15 mm long with crowded flowers; female rachilla 7-12 cm long with very distant flowers, the flower cushions oblique. Mature fruit rounded to ± oblate, c. 14 × 18 mm, with a short beak and covered with c. 16-20 vertical rows of yellowish brown scales. Seed ± rounded or oblate, c. 10 mm diam.; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf pinnate with 3-4 pairs of narrow leaflets. (Fig. 17).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Rather local on ridges and slopes in lowland forest. Also in Sarawak. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. cristata is a rattan of hill slopes and ridges in mixed dipterocarp forest. The poorly developed knee, crests of spines, the large erect spines at the petiole base, the regular bristly leaflets and the fruit with numerous yellowish-brown scales help to distinguish it.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6618. Without prov.: BRUN 15092.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops didymophylla</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Hooker f., Fl. Br. India 6: 468 (1893)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 123 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 90 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 53 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 43 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops mattanensis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo 608 (1902)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops motleyi</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2:224 (1902)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Paired leaves, referring to the usual arrangement of the leaflets</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Jerenang (Ib.), Wi Darum (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate clustering rattan rarely more than 15 m tall, often fertile when only 3 m tall; stem without sheaths c. 12 mm diam., with sheaths to 30 mm diam., internodes to 15 cm long. Sheaths dark green, armed with scattered, somewhat reflexed, variable, grey to black triangular spines, 4-25 mm long with yellow bases; knee prominent. Leaf cirrate to c. 2.5 m including the petiole to 40 cm long and cirrus to 1 m long; petiole usually ± rounded in cross section, armed with sparse spines on the yellowish lower surface and rather dense groups of short spines on the dark green upper surface; leaflets to c. 20 on each side of the rachis, usually arranged in divergent opposite or alternate pairs but sometimes arranged ± regularly in the proximal portion and paired in the distal portion only, or subregularly throughout, the leaflets usually rather broad, to 35 × 3.5 cm, rarely narrow lanceolate 40 × 2 cm, bristly along the margins, otherwise unarmed. Inflorescence to 20 cm, rarely to 50 cm, with all but the first bract quickly falling at anthesis; peduncle and first bract densely armed with partial whorls of short triangular spines to 5 mm; partial inflorescences up to c. 5. often 1 or 2 only; rachillae and flowers covered in red-brown indumentum. Ripe fruit ovoid to 25 × 20 mm, covered in 12-15 vertical rows of rather swollen red-brown scales densely covered with dragon&rsquo;s blood. Seed ovoid with slight flattening; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with 4-6 broad leaflets. (Fig. 11, Pl. 7A).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout the lowlands of Brunei. Elsewhere throughout Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and S Thailand.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a medium quality cane; dragon&rsquo;s blood formerly used.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. didymophylla is found at altitudes up to 1000 m above sea level, tending to favour lower hill slopes and valley bottoms, being most characteristic of the bottoms of small valleys in hill dipterocarp forest. It is not found in swamp forest or kerangas. \r
+For differences between this species and D. maculata see under the latter. Apart from possible confusion with D. maculata, D. didymophylla is usually easily identified but the presence of forms with subregular leaflets is likely to cause confusion. However, the leaf sheath armature coupled with the cirrate leaf and petiole rounded in cross section are fairly consistent.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TUT: Lamunin, Ladan Hills F.R., Wong 513.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops draco</name>\r
+<author>(Willd.) Bl.</author>\r
+<citation>Rumphia 3: 8 (1849)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12(1): 105 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus draco</name>\r
+<author>Willd.</author>\r
+<bibref>Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: 203 (1799)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>A dragon</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wiondo (Selak.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering rattan climbing to 15 m tall; stem without sheaths c. 15 mm diam., with sheaths to 30 mm diam., internodes c. 15 cm long. Sheath bright green, bearing chocolate-coloured indumentum when young, armed with rather irregular short partial whorls of black spines andspinules, to 20 mm long, usually much less; knee well developed, armed with scattered black spines; ocrea absent. Leaf cirrate, to 2.5 m long including the petiole to 30 cm and cirrus to 1 m long; petiole armed laterally with groups of short spines to 6 mm long; leaflets c. 20 on each side of the rachis, ± regularly arranged, rather distant, linear-lanceolate, long acuminate, the longest to 40 x 2.5 cm, armed with long bristles on the main vein and 2 laterals on the undersurface; transverse veinlets minute but easily visible. Inflorescences pendulous, much shorter than the leaves, c. 45 cm long with c. 3 partial inflorescences; bracts rather thick and woody, falling at anthesis; rachillae very short. Mature fruit (not known in Sarawak) ± ovoid, 28 x 20 mm, covered in 16 vertical rows of scales, heavily encrusted with dragon's blood. Seed ± rounded; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling not known (Fig. 17).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known in Sarawak from a single collection from Pueh Forest Reserve, 1st Division. Elsewhere known (in the sense of Beccari's interpretation) from a few collections from S Sumatra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane appears to be of good quality.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. draco was collected in Sarawak in a valley bottom in lowland dipterocarp forest at 50 m altitude. This specific name has been applied in several senses; Beccari's interpretation (Beccari 1911) is followed here. D. draco approaches D. micracantha but the leaf sheath spines are more robust and the leaflets fewer and larger; the inflorescence bracts of D. draco are also very much thicker than those of D. micracantha.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops elongata</name>\r
+<author>Bl.</author>\r
+<citation>Rumphia 3: 16 (1847)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutt 139(1911)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Elongate, probably referring to the peduncle</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate clustering rather short-stemmed rattan with stems rarely exceeding 4 m; stem without sheaths c 1 cm diam., with sheaths to 2 cm diam.; internodes rarely exceeding 6 cm. Leaf sheaths dark green rather densely covered with chocolate-coloured indumentum and armed with abundant scattered or partially whorled black reflexed or erect spines to 30 mm, usually much less, with pale bases; spines around leaf sheath mouth erect papery to 12 cm. Knee poorly developed. Leaf to 1.2 m, usually with a short cirrus to 30 cm with only a vestige, petiole to 40 cm, armed with distant, regular, large later to 5 cm, sometimes much shorter, and scattered shorter spines along the mid line of the abaxial surface; leaflets up to c 20 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged below, irregularly arranged above; largest leaflets to 40 x 2 cm, armed with 3 rows of bristles on the upper surface, one row beneath, and along margins. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar, with rusty tomentose axes in very short stemme individuals with a long stalk to 30 cm, in climbing individuals with a much shorter stalk; all bracts quickly falling except for the first which may persist, to c 12 x 3 cm, brown, armed with distant groups of spines; male rachillae to 1 cm, female rachillae to 5 cm. Mature fruit relatively small, usually ± globose, up to 10 mm diam., covered in 15-19 vertical rows of straw-coloured scales (green when immature); seed globose, c 6 mm diam.; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Scattered throughout the lowlands of Sabah; elsewhere throughout endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. elongata is found in lowland Dipterocarp forest, usually on hill-slopes. D. elongata is usually separable on the basis of the irregularly arranged leaflets, the short stature, the long petiole spines and the usually rounded fruit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops fissa</name>\r
+<author>Bl.</author>\r
+<citation>Rumphia 3: 17 (1847)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 65 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 51 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 43 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Split</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate to robust rattan climbing to 30 m, frequently producing thickets; stem without sheaths to 25 mm diam., with sheaths to 35 mm diam., internodes to 20 cm or more; white latex exuding from cut surface. Sheath dull greenish-brown, rather densely armed with shiny flattened black spines, 10-20 mm long, solitary or grouped, brown indumentum abundant between the spines; knee conspicuous armed as the sheath; ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf cirrate, to 3.5 m including the petiole to 40 cm and cirrus to 1 m; petiole usually armed with groups of short triangular spines along the margins; leaflets c. 80-100 on each side of the rachis, close, regular, narrow, the longest to 40 × 1.5 cm, bristly along the margins and up to 5 nerves on upper surface and along the mid nerve on the undersurface. Inflorescences usually produced in abundance, stiffly erect at anthesis, to 50 cm including the terminal beak to 20 cm, all inner bracts enclosed within the outermost, the tips of the inner bracts included within the beak, bracts usually persisting though splitting longitudinally, very rarely disintegrating, outermost bract usually heavily armed with spines similar to those on the sheath and abundant indumentum. Mature fruit spherical, to 20 mm diam., tipped with a short beak to 3 mm, and covered with c. 15 vertical rows of cinnamon-brown scales with darker margins. Seed rounded or slightly depressed, c. 13 mm diam.; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf pinnate with c. 6-8 leaflets on each side of the rachis. (Fig. 10).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout the lowlands of Brunei; rare in the uplands. Elsewhere throughout Borneo. Endemic (but see below).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a coarse medium-sized cane; the apex can sometimes be found for sale as a vegetable.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. fissa is common in disturbed lowland sites, being particularly frequent in secondary forest on alluvial sites; however it does occur in the hills up to 850 m altitude. \r
+This is the only species which we recognise in Borneo belonging to the group defined by Furtado as section Cymbospatha. In Peninsular Malaysia it is possible to recognise eight taxa within this section, but the whole complex is a difficult one; there does seem to be less variation in Borneo than in Peninsular Malaysia. Until this section can be revised throughout its range, it seems best to retain the name D. fissa for the Bornean plant. This is an easily identified species as it is the only one in Brunei with an inflorescence in which all the primary bracts are enclosed within the outermost and remain so.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Bukit Sawat, Kpg.Sungei Mau, Dransfield J. 7291; Kuala Balai, K.Balai, BRUN 15643. TEM: Amo, Bt.Belalong, Dransfield J. 7145.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops formicaria</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Nelle Foreste di Borneo 608 (1902)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 226 (1902)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 170 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 69 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Pertaining to ants</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Singkurung (Dus.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender to moderate, solitary or clustered ant rattan, climbing to 20 m; stem without sheaths 8-10 mm diam., with sheaths to 20 mm diam., internodes c. 15 cm long. Sheath shiny green, reddish-brown tinged when young, bearing several collars with long horse-hair-like black spines to 8 cm long, 2-4 pairs of collars interlocking to form ant galleries, the spines bearing deciduous brown indumentum. Leaf cirrate, to 1.5 m (usually less), including petiole 25-40 cm and cirrus to 60 cm; petiole bearing groups of short spines to 4 mm, at the base intermingled with longer horsehair like spines; leaflets c. 20-50 on each side of the rachis, very close and regular, stiff, ± parallel-sided and abruptly narrowed at the base, the longest to c. 22 × 1.5 cm, usually narrower, conspicuously bristly on 3 veins and the margins on the upper surface, very sparsely bristly beneath. Inflorescences short or of moderate length, 15-30 cm long, peduncle short, unarmed or only very sparsely armed; prophyll and primary bracts deciduous, usually bearing horse-hair-like spines; flowers rather conspicuously stalked. Mature fruit rounded or slightly obovoid, c. 14 mm diam., very briefly beaked, covered in c. 15 vertical rows of pale brown scales with darker margins (pale green with reddish-brown margins when immature). Seed rounded, c. 10 mm diam.; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf pinnate with very fine close leaflets. (Fig. 22, Pl. 4A, 7B).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in Brunei. Also in Sarawak. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane is of good quality and is used split in basketry. The fruit can be eaten.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. formicaria is an elegant ant rattan found in a variety of habitats from valley bottoms to the tops of ridges in the lowlands at up to about 250 m above sea level. The ant galleries combined with the close rather stiff, very regular leaflets make this species easily distinguishable.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6573; Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Wong 323. TUT: Ulu Tutong, Bukit Bahak, Kirkup 470; Rambai, Tasek Merimbun, Bernstein 487.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops geniculata</name>
+<author>(Griff.) Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1850) 329</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Br. Ind. 6 (1893) 470</bibref>
+<bibref>Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 186</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 44</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 110</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus geniculatus</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<bibref>Griff. in Calc. J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1845) 67</bibref>
+<bibref>Griff., Palms Br. India (1850) 77</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Geniculus - a little knee, referring to the highly characteristic but only slightly swollen knee.</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotanjahaca</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Extremely variable moderate sized rattan with stem, usually solitary, apparently rather rarely clustering, to 20 m tall, usually much less, and frequently flowering when only 1 or 2 m tall. Stem without sheaths to 2 cm in diameter with internodes to 10 cm long, usually very much less, stem with sheaths to 3.5 cm. Sheaths dark shiny green with abundant grey-brown indumentum, armed with oblique almost diagonal partial whorls of reflexed flattened black spines mixed with fine spines, the longest spines to about 4 cms long, the spines joined at their bases to form a low collar which persists long after the spines have eroded away, on the old leaf sheaths; all spines covered in brown indumentum. Spines around leaf sheath mouth greatly enlarged and obliquely upward pointing, to 10 cm long and frequently paler in colour than the other leaf sheath spines. Knee only very slightly developed, bright green, ± unarmed and hence very conspicuous. Leaf very variable, often to 3 m long. Petiole to 1 m long, sometimes much less, armed below with large horizontal straw-coloured spines to 7 cm long. (These sometimes not greatly developed), armed above with scattered groups of 2-3 reflexed spines. Leaflets up to 40 on each side of the rachis, usually irregularly arranged in groups of 3-10 leaflets, sometimes ± regular, dark green, to 35 cm long by 2.0 cm wide newly emerged leaf with abundant white indumentum which quickly falls. Cirrus 40 to 100 cm long. Very variable. Inflorescence pendulous about 60 cm long with conspicuous peduncle to 40 cm armed with short lateral spines to 1.5 cm long. Bracts thin, almost papery very quickly disintegrating, armed with groups of fine almost horse-hair-like spines. Male inflorescence with densely crowded flowers; female inflorescence more lax with fewer, scattered flowers. Ripe fruit rounded, tipped with a short beak, to about 2.2 cm in diameter, covered in vertical rows of pale straw-coloured scales tinged with red fleckings. Seed rounded, somewhat flattened on one side, finely pitted. Seedling leaf with 4-6 leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kedah, Perak, Penang, Kelantan, Trengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore, Singapore. Sumatra. ? Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>A more or less useless species with poor quality cane.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Daemonorops geniculata is one of the commonest rattans in Malaya and because it often flowers while still small, and is very conspicuous when in flower, it is often collected and herbaria have disproportionately large samples of this and one or two other short rattans. It grows in a wide range of habitats from near sea-level up to 1000 m or more in the mountains. It has been found in valley bottoms, in peat swamp forest, lower and upper hillslopes and ridgetops and must hence be considered about the most catholic Malayan rattan in its ecological requirements. Bornean D. collarifera of Beccari is closely related if not conspecific.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops grandis</name>
+<author>(Griff.) Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm 3 (18SO) 327</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 463</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcultta 12 (1911) 58</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 38</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 65</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops intermedia</name>
+<author>(Griff.) Mart</author>
+<bibref>(Griff.) Mart Hist. Nat. Palm 3 (1850) 327</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 464</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 173</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 69</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops laciniata</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 75</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Grandis - large</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan sendang</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering robust rattan climbing to 20 m tall. Stem without sheaths to about 3 cm in diameter, with sheaths to about 5 cm, occasionally very much thinner; internodes to about 25 cm long. Sheaths pale green to pale brownish armed with scattered or partially whorled blackish spines to 5 cm long, usually less, and scattered dark brown indumentum. Knee conspicuous; ocrea poorly developed. Whole leaf to 3.5 m long, occasionally even more; petiole to 40 cm armed with short grouped spines along the edges; rachis and petiole tinged crimson when young; cirrus to 1.75 m. Leaflets about 30 cm each side of the rachis, rather distant, broad dull bluish green, not shining, when young, very dark green when old, the longest to 50 cm long by 4.5 cm wide, very sparsely bristly or unarmed. Inflorescences male and female very similar, sessile ± erect, to 40 cm long by 15 cm wide, terminating in a beak to 15 cm long, all inner bracts enclosed in the outermost; outermost bract rather densely armed with black spines scattered and grouped, and dense chocolate-coloured indumentum. Ripe fruit rounded to 2.5 cm in diameter, shortly beaked, covered in 14-16 vertical rows of pale yellowish brown scales with dark margins (greenish when immature). Seed rounded or somewhat angular, to about 2 cm in diameter, deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with about 6 broad pinnae, dull, bluish green in colour.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Singapore: Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Poor quality cane sometimes collected for coarse work.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>"Rotan sendang" is a plant of dryland - generally of steep slopes in the foothills to about 900 m altitude. At higher altitudes populations often consist of a plethora of forms of different sizes varying from very slender (about 1.5 cm in diameter) to very robust; yet the range of intermediates allows the extremes to be identified as D. grandis.
+
+ This rattan is easily distinguished in the field by its broad leaflets with bluish green colour, and the crimson tinge to the young petiole and rachis. In the herbarium, identification is more difficult, but leaflet size is ± diagnostic.
+
+ I have included in D. grandis, D. laciniata and D. intermedia: though both these taxa have narrower leaflets than typical D. grandis their leaflets are still broad and of the same texture as those of the typical plant.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops ingens</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 20 (1980)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 87 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 88 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Huge</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Podowon (Dus.), Wi Baloboh (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Massive clustering stemless palm with short decumbent subterranean stems to 15 cm diam. and very crowded nodes. Leaf ecirrate, to 6 m including the sheath and petiole; sheath open throughout its length, to 12 cm wide, tapering into the petiole; petiole together with sheath to 2 m long, armed with whorls of huge, slightly reflexed pale straw-coloured spines to 11 × 1 cm, with few scattered solitary spines, the petiole surface marked with the indentations of the spines in bud, and covered with deciduous pale to cinnamon-brown indumentum; rachis armed as the petiole but spines smaller and sparser; leaflets c. 35 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, c. 6 cm distant, the largest to 75 × 4.5 cm, dark green, concolorous, acuminate in a bristly drip-tip and armed with sparse bristles along the margins and along 3 veins on the undersurface, transverse veinlets obscure. Young leaves tinged pink. Inflorescences arching out of the crown on peduncle to 2 m or more long, frequently the inflorescence tips developing into new vegetative shoots and rooting in contact with the ground; primary branches to 12, crowded at the tip of the peduncle, subtended by tattering, brown hairy bracts to 50 cm, secondary and tertiary axes bearing conspicuous tattering bracts; male flowers relatively large, to 7 × 4.5 mm; rachillae of female inflorescence to 8 × 0.5 cm; female flower to 11 × 6 mm, dull dirty-brown except for conspicuous pink stigmas. Mature fruit very large, rather variable in shape, from ovoid to obpyriform, to 45 × 20 mm, tipped with a short beak and covered in 15-16 vertical rows of matt chestnut brown, rarely paler brown, dark margined scales. Seed irregularly grooved and angled; sarcotesta yellowish, sweet; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with 4 spreading leaflets. (Fig. 31, Pls 3, 5A, 6A, 7D).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from several collections from throughout Brunei. Elsewhere in Sarawak, Sabah and once recorded in Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The leaves may be used as thatch and the fruit eaten.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. ingens is a spectacular species, characteristic of damp slopes near valley bottoms, or along spring lines on slopes up to 800 m altitude. D. ingens could easily be confused with a species ofSalacca; in fact it looks more like a salak than a rattan. However, the inflorescence and floral details show indeed that it is a species of Daemonorops. Furthermore, in Salacca the terminal leaflet pair is always compound and lobed, whereas D. ingens has single-fold terminal leaflets; asam paya or kelubi (Eleiodoxa conferta (Griff.) Burret) also has single-fold terminal leaflets, but its flowers and fruits are held in a huge club-like mass at ground level in the centre of the leaf rosette, the petiole spines are much finer than those of D. ingens and it is only found in peat swamp forest where D. ingens has never been found. D. ruptilis var. acaulescens is a much smaller plant and the fruit is only a fraction of the size of that of D. ingens. In a few of the populations of D. ingens in Brunei, the inflorescences tip over, and when in contact with the ground, root, develop shoots and grow into new plants.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Batu Patam, Wong 1093; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6612. TEM: Amo, Wong 1893; Amo, Ulu Belalong, Dransfield J. 7403; Amo, Ulu Belalong, Dransfield J. 7406. TUT: Lamunin, Dransfield J. 6891; Lamunin, Ladan Hills F.R., Sands 5706; Lamunin, Ladan Hills F.R., Sands 5707; Rambai, Tasek Merimbun, Bernstein 183. Without prov.: BRUN 15414.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Rattans (canes) in India. A Monographic Revision</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Basu</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">S.K.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Research Institute, Malaysia</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops jenkinsiana</name>
+<author>(Griff.)Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm 3 :31850</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6:462. 1893</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari inAnn. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12 :41. 1911, p1. 1. part n. 1911</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus jenkinsianus</name>
+<author>Griff</author>
+<bibref>Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 81. 1845</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Golak bet, Cheka bet, Dudhia bet, Dangri bet, Golla bet.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>High climbing rattan; stem with lealshcath 3 - 4 cm in diameter; intemodes 15-20 cm long, longitudinally striatc. Leaves cirrate; leafblade excluding cirrus to 3 m long; leafsheath pale yellow to yellowish green, covered with brown scurf and armed with thin flattened, deep brown to blackish needle-like spines in series or scattered; petiole 15 - 20 cm long, 5 cm broad at widest part; scurfy outside, flat to slightly convex above, armed below with strong digitate claws and straight spines at margins; leaflets equidistant, alternate to suboppos-ite; largest leaflets little above the base, 40 - 50 cm long or in some vigorous specimens 50 - 70 cm long, 2 - 4 cm broad at widest part; ultimate leaflets rudimentary. Inflorescence sub-axillary or inserted above the mouth of their sheaths, not very broadly fusiform after opening; peduncle 3 - 6 cm long; outer bract tapering into a long beak, reddish to reddish brown in colour. Flower branches densely scurfy at base. Male flowers oblong in bud, 5 x 2.5 mm; calyx cupular, hairy at tips; corolla with 3-obIanceolate petals; stamens 6, anthers subulate, connate and thickened at base. Rachillae in female inflorescence upto 8 cm long, sinuous; female flowers 6 - 7 in number on each side; each 5 - 5.5 mm long; calyx cupular, truncate; corolla distinctly veined, with deeply divided lanceolate petals; ovary ovoid to globose, stigmas 3, pappillose inside. Fruit globose, 1.8 cm in diameter; fruit scales in 18 longitudinal series, yellowish brown in colour with distinct darker marginal lines; seed globose, about 10mm in diameter, minutely pitted; pits filled with dark subresinous substances; endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>INDIA (West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya), BANGLADESH, BHUTAN.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In the eastern Himalaya it is common in the mixed forests up to 1000m.</p></div>
+<div type="cultivation"><p>Experimental cultivation exists in north Bengal. Cultivated in the Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah and in Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bangladesh.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane is mainly used for making rough baskets, chair frames etc. Tribal people use it for tying fences and for making canes bridges.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops korthalsii</name>\r
+<author>Bl.</author>\r
+<citation>Rumphia 3: 23 (1847)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 148 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 63 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 53 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>P. W. Korthals, 1807-92, Dutch botanist</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Taram (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderately robust rattan climbing to 15 m; stem without sheaths to 15 mm diam., with sheaths to 30 mm diam., internodes to 12 cm or more. Leaf sheaths dull green, rather sparsely and evenly armed with black spines to 30 mm, tending to be rather uniform in length in any given plant, deciduous brown indumentum abundant on young sheaths, spines around the sheath mouth erect and larger than the rest but generally rather few in number; knee conspicuous, armed as the rest of the sheath; ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf cirrate, to 3 m including the petiole to 50 cm and cirrus to 1 m; petiole evenly armed with scattered spines on the upper surface and sometimes with a row of larger regular spines on either edge; leaflets c. 60 on each side of the rachis, neatly and regularly arranged, the longest to 35 × 1.5 cm, armed with bristles on 3 nerves on the upper surface, usually rather densely bristly on the undersurface. Inflorescences pendulous, to 40 cm, cylindrical in bud, primary bract quickly falling at anthesis, armed with grouped triangular spines to 5 mm; female rachillae to 6 cm long, usually stiff and ± divaricate, bearing inconspicuous bracts; male rachillae very slender to 3 cm long. Mature fruit ovoid to somewhat oblong, to 15 × 10 mm, covered in c. 18 vertical rows of pale brown scales (greenish when immature). Seed ovoid, somewhat flattened on two sides; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf pinnate with c. 6 leaflets on each side of the rachis. (Fig. 14).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout the lowlands of Brunei. Elsewhere widespread throughout Borneo. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not specifically known, but the cane appears to be of medium quality.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. korthalsii is a member of the complex of rattans related to D. hystrix (Griff.) Mart. - a complex which has proved to be taxonomically difficult. D. korthalsii is perhaps most distinctive in the scattered spines on the sheath and the relatively few spines around the sheath mouth. It is found in lowland and hill mixed dipterocarp forest at elevations up to 700 m above sea level.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Stockdale 39; Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6655; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 36; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 48. TUT: Lamunin, Kpg.Lamunin, Wong 65.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops kunstleri</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6(1893) 469</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 151</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 43</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 119</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops vagans</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 465</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 153</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in R. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 43</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>H.H. Kunstler - collector for Sir George King</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan buloh landak</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering rattan varying from almost stemless rosette plants to plants climbing to 5 m tall. Stem without sheaths to 3.5 cm, less in climbing forms, with internodes 5-10 cm long. Sheath dull brownish green densely covered with reddish brown or dull dark brown indumentum and armed with dark brown to blackish spines to 4 cm long some erect, some reflexed, borne in oblique or horizontal partial whorls, the larger thorns frequently inter-sperced with much smaller spines. Knee absent in non-climbing forms. Spines around leaf sheath mouth usually erect and much larger than the other spines. Leaf shortly to longly cirrate, in extreme small forms ecirrate; petiole up to 1 m long armed with lateral spines. Leaflets about 65 on each side of the rachis regularly arranged, rather stiff, to 35 cm by 2.5 cm wide, armed with brown bristles to 5 mm long on 3 nerves above, and only on the mid-nerve below. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar borne on a spiny arching peduncle to 50 cm long (less in climbing forms). First bract densely spiny, persistent. Partial inflorescences crowded, each to about 10 cm long. Mature fruit rounded, to about 1.8 cm in diameter, very shortly beaked covered in 15-18 vertical rows of rich brown scales. Seed rounded to 1.2 cm in diameter. Endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with 4-6 equal leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>All states except Perlis and Malacca. ? Sumatra, Borneo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not used except for thatch by "Orang Asli".</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Daemonorops kunstleri is an extremely variable plant. The climbing forms were separated by Beccari as D. vagans. Originally I agreed with Beccari's treatment, but now have found so many intermediates that I follow Furtado's concept of one very variable species. The variation would, however, merit intensive study.D. kunstleri is found in a wide range of habitats from the lowlands (on dry ground and at swamp margins) to the mountains up to 1,400 m altitude. The climbing forms seem to be commonest above 1000 m, but they do grow intermixed with acaulescent forms. This species in the stemless form is unlike any other rattan in Malaya; in the climbing form it could be confused with D. hystrix; however D. hystrix has oblong not rounded fruit, has giant pale not dark papery spines around the leaf sheath mouth, and has leaflets densely bristly on the underside.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops kurzianus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 463. 1893</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 : 60. 1991</bibref>
+<bibref>Basu, Rattans in India Monogr. Rev.: 44. 1992</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sanka beth</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering large diameter rattan. Stem 20 m long or more, with sheaths 5 cm in diameter, without sheaths 4 cm in diameter. Leaf 3 m long or more, cirrate; sheath yellowish green, densely armed with spines; spines brown, dimorphic, larger ones 2.5 cm long,, base 0.8 cm broad, flat, triangular, papery, brownish with upraised base, smaller ones 1.5 x 0.2 cm, spines above the knee uniform, 1.5 x 0.2 cm, mouth of the sheath with numerous, papery spines, spines to 6 cm long; knee prominent; ocrea riot seen; petiole long, margins spiny; spines to 1 cm long, 3 cm broad; rachis with a single row of reflexed spines at the lower side, upper side with small spines, spines to 0.5 cm long; leaflets regular, the largest to 50 x 3 cm, margins with bristles, midrib prominent, lateral veins ciliate above towards the distal end. Inflorescence erect, covered by an armed sheath; partial inflorescence to 15 cm long; primary sheath long, broad, free, unarmed; rachilla to 7 cm long. Fruit globose, ca. 1.7x 1.5cm; scales in 18 vertical rows, orange yellow on ripening, border dark brown, deeply channelled in the middle; endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Common species of cane in evergreen forests at South Andamans.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering November-December. Fruiting April-June.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Extensively used in furniture industry.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tharmugali, Wondoor, South Andamans, 8.4.1988, fr., Renuka 4062 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops leptopus</name>
+<author>(Griff.) Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm 3 (ed. 2) (1849) 206</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 128</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 42</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 124</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus leptopus</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<bibref>Griff. in Calc. J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1844) 73</bibref>
+<bibref>Griff. in Palms Br. Ind. (1850) 82</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Leptos - slender, pous - foot, allusion not obvious</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan bacap</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust rattan, clustering but with few stems, reaching about 15m. Stem without sheaths up to 2.5 cm in diameter, usually less. Internodes to 18 cm long, much less in upper parts of mature flowering individuals. Stem with sheaths usually about 3 cm diameter exceptionally up to 6 cm. Sheath dull green, mottled with yellow and black, armed with scattered reflexed very rigid spines, these particularly below the knee in groups of 3-8. Largest spines about 4 cm, usually less than 2 cm. Knee conspicuous, with a rounded protrusion, hardly wrinkled below as in most species, the two lateral faces inerm, but armed along the mid-line with scattered or grouped spines like the sheath. Leaf very large, often up to 5 m in length with petiole to 50 cms long and cirrus to 2 m. Petiole yellowish green with grey mottling surrounding each spine, this distinctive colouration continuing along length ofrachis. Leaflets up to about 40 on each side ± regularly arranged pendulous rather distant, bright green, to about 35 cm long by 2 cm wide. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar with up to 13 partial inflorescences, bracts all but the first quickly falling, the first bract to 25 cm or more long by 6.5 cm wide, with 2 keels armed with distant spines to 2 cm long, all bracts extremely tough and leathery, almost woody. Mature fruit to 18 mm long by 10 mm wide, ovate oblong, covered with 15 vertical rows of dull brown scales, with darker margins. Seedling unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Kelantan, Trengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore, Singapore. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane for restricted local use. Leaflets of the swordleaf, dried, used by Temuan Orang Asli as cigarette papers.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>"Rotan bacap" is a rattan widespread in Malaya but nowhere very common, usually occurring as isolated individuals. It can be found from lowlands near sea-level right up to upper hill Dipterocarp forest at 1000 m. It can be found in swampy valley bottoms, steep hill slopes and ridgetops, hence appearing to be very catholic in its ecological requirements. The coloration of the sheath and petiole and rachis is highly diagnostic - the curious mottling of the area around each spine on the petiole and rachis is of unknown origin but persists even on herbarium material.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops lewisiana</name>
+<author>(Griff.) Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm 3 (1850) 327</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 465</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 77</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 38</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 78</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops pseudosepal</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 465</bibref>
+<bibref>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12 (1911) 79</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 40</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 87</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops tabacina</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Hook, f., FL Br. India 6 (1893) 446</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12 (1911) 93</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 94</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>T. Lewis - administrator in Malacca during the time of W. Griffith</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>lumpit kecil</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering thicket-forming, very short-stemmed apparently hapaxanthic palm, with stems rarely more than 2 m tall, ± stemless in vegetative state. Rosette leaves ecirrate to about 4 m long with petiole to 2.2 m; sheaths pale greeny brown armed with scattered black spines to 3 cm long and chocolate-coloured indumentum; knee absent in rosette leaves. Leaflets about 80 on each side of the rachis, regular, rather narrow, the largest to about 45 cm long by 1.5 cm wide, sparsely armed with bristles on the 3 nerves above, along the margins, and on the main nerve beneath. Sheaths of flowering stem with slight knee, armed as other sheaths. Upper leaves short, rarely more than 40 cm long including a cirrus to 15 cm and petiole to 10 cm; leaflets about 15-20 on each side. Inflorescences decreasing in size from below upwards, the lower inflorescences about 15cm long by 7 cm wide, the uppermost to 5 cm long by 1.5 cm wide; beak varying from about 2-7 cm long. Outermost bract enclosing all the others, with black spines to 3 cm long by 3 mm wide in lower inflorescences, in upper inflorescences almost unarmed; bract often densely chocolate-coloured indumentose. Ripe fruit rounded or somewhat oblong about 2 cm in diameter covered in 15-16 vertical rows of scales, bright green, later turning yellowish brown to cinnamon brown, variously with pale or dark margins. Seed rounded about 1.2 cm in diameter. Endosperm deeply ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kedah, Penang, Perak, Johore, Singapore. Sumatra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This very short-stemmed species approaches D. calicarpa but the inflorescences are not nearly so crowded, and have quite different armature. The great decrease in size of inflorescences from below upwards is highly suggestive of hapaxanthy. In Penang this species is found on ridgetops and steep slopes from near sea level to about 700 m alt.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops longipes</name>\r
+<author>(Griff.) Mart.</author>\r
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (ed.2): 205 (1845)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 202 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 117 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 809 (1982)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 77 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 77 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus longipes</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author>\r
+<bibref>Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 68 (1844)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops virescens</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philipp. 47 (1904)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 201 (1911)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops sabensis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. ex Gibbs, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42: 169 (1914)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops calothyrsa</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Str. Settlements 8: 345 (1935)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops longipedunculata</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Str. Settlements 8: 353 (1935)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Long foot</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering rattan with short to long, moderate to robust stems, sometimes forming low thickets, rather rarely high-climbing, very variable in all its parts; stems without sheaths to 30 mm diam., with sheaths to 50 mm diam., internodes usually short, c. 5 cm long, rarely up to 12 cm. Sheath bright green, armed with large brownish-black, flattened, reflexed spines arranged in horizontal to slightly oblique groups, those around the sheath mouth sometimes crowded and erect, usually c. 4 cm long, more rarely up to 8 cm, occasionally with black spicules between the spines, and usually with dense brown indumentum; knee absent; ocrea short, rather densely covered with black spicules. Leaf sometimes ± ecirrate, usually with a short cirrus, occasionally very robust to 4.5 m including the petiole to 50 cm and cirrus to 1.25 m, but usually much less, c. 2 m long; leaflets 30-60 on each side of the rachis, usually irregularly arranged, rarely subregular, frequently aggregated in neat groups of up to 5, rarely divergent within the groups, the longest to 50 × 3 cm, usually bristly along the margins and along the mid vein on lower surface. Inflorescences borne on laterally flattened peduncle, the female tending to continue to elongate after fertilisation, the peduncle to 1 m, usually less, unarmed, or armed with few lateral spines; bracts very narrow, papery, unarmed, quickly falling; male flowers close, strictly distichous, female flowers more distant. Fruit usually ovoid, more rarely ± oblong or spherical, to 25 × 8 mm, usually less, covered in 15 vertical rows of straw-coloured or dull brown scales. Seed to 16 × 10 mm, oblong; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with 4 leaflets held in a fan. (Fig. 26, Pl. 7C).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Very widespread throughout Brunei. Elsewhere throughout Borneo, Sumatra and the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia; also in Palawan.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a very confusing rattan; it is very variable and is found in a wide variety of habitats from sea level up to c. 1,600 m (in Sabah). Part of the variation may perhaps be correlated with the wide ecological range; the very robust montane forms from Sabah were in fact described by Furtado as two separate species but they fit into the variation of D. longipes. Some of the variation, however, is difficult to link with habitat differences. This rattan is also one of the most frequently collected species, and it is the wide range of material which has forced us to recognise a single variable taxon.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Labi, Dransfield J. 6549; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6581; Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6582. TEM: Amo, Stockdale 21; Amo, Stockdale 42; Amo, Stockdale 44; Amo, Batu Apoi Forest Reserve, Poulsen 42; Amo, Bukit Belalong, Stockdale 57; Amo, Bukit Belalong, Stockdale 59; Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6713; Amo, K. Belalong, Stockdale 16; Stockdale 61; Amo, Kerangan Maritim, BRUN 15279. TUT: Lamunin, Kpg.Lamunin, Wong 62; Rambai, Bt.Bahak, Coode 7073. Without prov.: BRUN 15400; BRUN 15415.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops longispatha</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Rec.Bot. Surv. India 2: 230 (1902)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 206 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 85 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 85 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Long bracts</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Belubu (Br.,Dus.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust clustering, thicket-forming rattan with stems climbing to about 5 m only; stem without sheaths to 25 mm diam., with sheaths to 50 mm, internodes to 25 cm long, frequently less. Sheath bright yellowish-green, on young parts densely covered with red-brown indumentum and long yellowish spines, varying in length up to 7 cm, the spines tending to point in different directions, spines around the sheath mouth particularly large, erect, to 16 cm; knee absent; ocrea to 5 mm, irregularly tattering. Leaf large, cirrate, to 3 m including petiole to 50 cm and cirrus to 60 cm; petiole yellowish brown, covered in deciduous reddish-brown scales and armed with lateral rows of long yellowish spines to 4 cm, and densely armed with scattered short erect spines on the upper surface, the lower surface very sparsely armed; leaflets c. 35 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, though rather distant, shiny green, the longest to 45 × 3 cm, ± unarmed except for marginal bristles, transverse veinlets conspicuous, and undersurface dotted with minute brown scales. Inflorescence to 50 cm, the male with crowded rachillae, the female with rather lax, ± divaricating branches, up to 9 partial inflorescences in both sexes; primary bracts thin, coriaceous, sparsely spiny, soon falling; secondary and tertiary rachilla bracts conspicuous, irregularly tattering; male rachilla to 8 cm with crowded, strictly distichous flowers; female rachilla to 12 cm with conspicuous overlapping bracts and less crowded distichous flowers. Mature fruit relatively small, rounded or ovoid, to 13 × 11 mm, shortly beaked, covered in 15 vertical rows of rich brown shiny scales. Seed to 10 × 10 × 6 mm, deeply pitted and ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 28, Pl. 6B).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in coastal areas. Elsewhere in coastal areas of Sabah and Sarawak, not yet recorded for Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a large cane of medium quality, but the cane is rarely of any length.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. longispatha seems to be strictly a maritime species, growing on poor coastal soils such as on sand banks behind beaches where the water table is high, at the margins of coastal peat swamp forest and in some facies of mangrove. D. longispatha is very distinctive in its coloration, lack of knee, thicket-forming habit and bracteate inflorescence.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TUT: Telisai, Wong 148. Without prov.: BRUN 15305.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops longistipes</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 798 (1943)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 36: 810 (1982)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 68 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 57 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops elongata var. montana</name>\r
+<author>Becc. ex L. S. Gibbs</author>\r
+<bibref>J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42: 169 (1914)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops pleioclada</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 797 (1943)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>With a long stalk</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering to moderate montane rattan climbing to 10 m, usually less, rarely flowering when ± stemless; stem without sheaths to 10 mm diam., with sheaths to 30 mm diam., internodes short, generally not exceeding c. 8 cm. Sheaths yellowish-green, covered with dark brown indumentum and very abundant black spines to 1-20 mm, in short lateral groups, the spines fragile and breaking off, leaving short stubs on old sheaths, spines around the sheath mouth erect and papery, to 6 cm; knee well developed. Leaf cirrate to 2.5 m long (much less in slender forms) including cirrus to 80 cm and petiole to 40 cm; petiole armed with horizontal spines to 1.5 cm; leaflets regularly arranged, to c. 45 on each side of the rachis, the longest to 35 × 2 cm, armed with scattered bristles or unarmed on the upper surface, armed with a row of bristles along the main vein beneath. Inflorescences arching, to 30 cm, with a peduncle 5-15 cm long; bracts closely tubular at first, splitting and falling at anthesis; male rachilla rusty tomentose to 1 cm, female similarly tomentose, to 8 cm. Mature fruit ovoid or depressed globose, to 13 × 15 mm, covered in 15-21 vertical rows of reflexed straw-coloured scales. Seed globose, c. 10 mm diam.; endosperm ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 15).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Abundant in lower montane forest G. Pagon and Bt. Retak. Elsewhere in Sabah and Sarawak. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a strong cane; it is not known whether it is of any commercial significance.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is one of the most conspicuous rattans of montane forest in the headwaters of the Temburong River at altitudes of 1,200-1,800 m above sea level. It is variable, some forms being very slender. It is closely related to D. korthalsii and other members of the complex of D. hystrix.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Amo, Wong 1914; Amo, Bt. Pagon, Wong 1756; Amo, Bt. Retak, Wong 789.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops macrophylla</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 470</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta. 12 (1911) 185</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 46</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 130</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Makros - large, phullon - leaf, referring to the very broad unusually large leaflets</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan cincin</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate-sized high climbing rattan reaching to 20 m or more in the canopy. Stem without sheaths to 1.5 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 3 cm, internodes to 10 cm in length. Sheaths bright green very densely armed with green collars and black and brown horse-hair-like spines of varying length, mostly about 2 cm long, or 5 cm long at least 1 pair of collars interlocking to form an ant tunnel (these usually 2-3 each sheath); pale to dark brown indumentum abundant between spines. Knee present, obscured by the spines. Ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf to 2.25 m long including the petiole and the 1.25 m long cirrus. Petiole rather long, to 50 cm or more armed with reflexed groups of tiny black spines and larger yellowish spines. Leaflets up to about 10 on each side, much fewer in juveniles, irregularly arranged, the lowermost 2 very large and broad, to 60 cm long by 10 cm wide, the upper leaflets much narrower to 50 cm long by 2.5 cm wide in pairs or 3's or 4's with sparse marginal bristles. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar, the prophyll usually long persisting, very heavily armed with collars and black bristles as the leaf sheath, the other bracts quickly falling at anthesis; whole inflorescence to 60 cm and more. Mature fruit ovoid 2.1 by 1.5 cm, very briefly beaked, covered in 16-18 vertical rows of yellowish brown reflexed scales. Seed ovoid, about 1.5 cm long by 1.1 cm wide, slightly flattened on one side, densely pitted. Endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Trengganu, NegriSembilan, Pahang, Selangor, Johore: Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a cane of moderate quality, sometimes collected and mixed in with "rotangetah".</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Daemonorops macrophylla is immediately recognized among the rattans with ant tunnels by the very large broad lowermost leaflet^. Daemonorops sabut is closely related but differs mainly in the very narrow leaflets.Daemonorops macrophylla is widespread but found mostly on slopes near valley bottoms, from 50 to 800 m altitude. It does not usually occur in lowland swamps, where D. sabut seems to replace it.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops maculata</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 76 (1990) and Ratt. Sarawak 46 (1992)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Blotched</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender to moderate solitary rattan with stems rarely longer than 5 m, usually only 2 m; stem without sheaths to c. 11 mm diam., with sheaths to 20 mm diam., internodes c. 8 cm long, sometimes much less. Sheaths bright green when fresh, bearing scattered, straight black spines to 15 mm with yellowish bases and abundant deciduous scales; knee conspicuous, the sheath pale creamcoloured above the knee; ocrea absent. Rosette leaves ecirrate, to c. 1.5 m long, long-persisting, with 8-10 regularly arranged leaflets on each side of the rachis, petiole and rachis conspicuously yellow blotched. Leaves on climbing stems cirrate, to 2 m, but usually c. 75 cm, petiole very short, 2-5 cm only, cirrus to 75 cm; rachis sparsely armed, bright green, conspicuously blotched with yellow; leaflets 8-10 on each side, regularly arranged, broad, hooded and abruptly narrowed at the tip, very thick in texture, the largest to c. 25 × 6 cm, the basalmost 1-2 pairs very much smaller and narrower; transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences short, rarely more than 20 cm, rather congested; peduncle very spiny; prophyll c. 14 × 4 cm, ± woody; partial inflorescences c. 5; male rachilla c. 15 × 1.5 mm, female c. 25 × 3 mm, both densely covered in brown hairs. Mature fruit rounded, c. 20 × 16 mm, somewhat beaked, covered in 15 vertical rows of brown scales very heavily encrusted in dragon&rsquo;s blood. Seed c. 14 × 10 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 12, Pl. 4C).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from two collections in Brunei. Elsewhere in Sarawak. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known with certainty but this must be one of the richest producers of dragon&rsquo;s blood.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. maculata appears to be confined to kerangas forest in the lowlands; it may be distinguished from D. didymophylla by the solitary habit, very short petiole, regular leaflets with very thick texture and abundant transverse veinlets, the basalmost leaflets being much shorter than the rest, and the peculiar blotches along the rachis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6557. TUT: Rambai, Bt.Bahak, Coode 6987.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops manii</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 463, 1893</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12:45. 1911, Pl. 2. Part II, 1911</bibref>
+<bibref>Basu, Rattans in India Monogr. Rev.: 42. 1992</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, medium diameter rattan. Stem 20 m long or more, with sheaths 3 cm in diameter, without sheaths 1.5-2 cm in diameter. Leaves 3 m or more, cirrate; sheath light yellow, armed with spines, spines black, triangular, flat, unequal, 3 cm long, scattered or subseriate; knee prominent; petiole 30 cm long, armed with straight, unequal, black spines at the margins: rachis armed with series of solitary or seriate black Dipped claws; leaflets regular, 30 x 1.5 cm, closely set, veins ciliate from the middle upwards, margin spinulous. Female inflorescence erect, 30 cm long with a rigid unarmed peduncle; all the inner bracts enclosed within the outermost, outer most bract with black spines, inner ones glabrous: partial inflorescence 8-10 cm long, rachilla very rigid with zig-zag sinuous axis. Fruit spherical, 1.5 cm across; scales in 18 vertical rows, brown, channelled in the middle; endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>South Andamans. (Map. 9).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering not known. Fruiting April - June.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves are used for thatching.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Wright Myo, South Andamans, 2-4-1992, fr., Vijayakumaran 6632 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops melanochaetes</name>
+<author>Bl.</author>
+<citation>in Roem and Schult., Syst. Veg. 7 (1830) 1, 333</citation>
+<bibref>Martius in Hist. Nat. Palm 3 ed 1 (1836) 198., ed. 2 (1850) 203 and 326</bibref>
+<bibref>Blume and Rumphia 3 (1847) 3</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12 (1911) 47</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 81</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Melanos - black, chaete - bristle</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan getah</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderately robust high climbing rattan producing dense thickets, ultimately climbing to 30 m. Stem without sheaths to about 2 cm in diameter, with sheaths to about 3.5 cm; internodes about 30 cm long. Sheaths dull brownish green, very densely armed with slender black horizontal or slightly erect spines to 3.5 cm long and abundant chocolate-coloured indumentum. Knee conspicuous. Ocrea poorly developed. Whole leaf to about 3 m long including petiole to 30 cm long and cirrus to about 1.25 m. Petiole densely armed with black spines along underside and edges, and rather sparsely armed on the upper surface. Leaflets up to about 80 on each side of the rachis, regular, narrow and crowded to about 45 cm long by 1.5 cm wide, armed with bristles on three nerves above, along margins and on mid-nerve on under surface. Inflorescence to 35 cm long by 12 cm wide sessile, erect, with beak to about 10 cm all inner bracts included within the outermost; outermost bract densely armed with narrow black spines to 4 cm long, usually less. Ripe fruit rounded, about 1-7 cm diameter covered in 18-21 vertical rows of dull cinnamon-brown reflexed scales. Seed rounded, somewhat angular; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with about 8 crowded pinnae.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore. Sumatra, Java.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>AsD. angustifolia.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. melanochaetes is found principally on dry ground near the coast, sometimes forming thickets in seashore forest. This rattan is very closely related to D. angustifolia and is possibly not distinct. It can be distinguished by the much finer and denser black spines on the leaf sheath and outermost bract of the inflorescence and the chocolate-coloured rather than reddish-brown indumentum. Ecologically it is possibly distinct being found on dry ground near the sea rather than on river banks and swamp margins.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops micracantha</name>\r
+<author>(Griff.) Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>in Hooker f., Fl. Br. India 6: 467 (1893)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12(1): 110 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 96 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah53(1984)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus micracanthus</name>\r
+<author>Griff</author>\r
+<bibref>Griff, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 62 (1844)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Griff, Palms Br. India 72 (1850)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops draconcella</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo 608 (1902)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Very small spines</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>wijerenang (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate clustering rattan climbing to 20 m or more; stem without sheaths to 12mm diam., when juvenile very much less, with sheaths to 25 mm diam., internodes to 20 cm long, much less in exposed aerial portions. Sheaths of slender juvenile stems dull green, armed with scattered horizontal ridges bearing minute easily detached black spicules', sheaths of mature stems bright yellowish green covered in rather dense grey brown indumentum and armed with low ridges bearing minute black spicules, interspersed with golden-coloured spines to 15 mm, both spicules and spines easily detached', knee conspicuous, armed as the sheath; ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf cirrate, to 2 m including the petiole to 45 cm and cirrus to 80 cm; leaflets 25 - 40 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, rather narrow, dark shiny green, to 30 x 1.2 cm, sparsely bristly on main vein on upper surface and conspicuously bristly on 3 veins beneath. Inflorescences pendulous, to c. 50 cm, usually about 4 nodes producing inflorescences simultaneously, followed by several nodes without; bracts bright brown, armed with ridges and spicules, all but the first bract quickly falling; partial inflorescences 3-6; rachillae densely covered in red-brown indumentum. Ripe fruit ovoid c. 20 - 25 x 18 - 20 mm, covered in 18 - 22 vertical rows of rather deeply channelled scales encrusted with dragon's blood. Seedling leaf not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread but rather local. Elsewhere in Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Cane of moderate quality but too local to be of much importance; dragon's blood used formerly in dyes and medicine.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. micracantha is found in lowland forest up to c. 500 m altitude, occasionally in forest transitional with kerangas. The minute, easily detached black spicules on the sheaths are very distinctive. D. micracantha somewhat resembles D. draco; for differences between the two, see under the latter.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops microstachys</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 225 (1902)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 135 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 65 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 57 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Small spike</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Duduk (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering ± stemless rattan with a decumbent or short erect stem not exceeding 1 m tall; stem without sheaths c. 20 mm diam., with sheaths to 50 mm diam., frequently less, internodes short, c. 2 cm long. Sheaths dull green with abundant mid to dark brown indumentum and armed with upward-pointing or horizontal spines from 3-30 mm long, those at the base of the petiole generally upward-pointing and much longer; knee absent. Leaf ecirrate to 2 m long, rarely more, usually much less; petiole to 35 cm, armed with abundant long horizontal spines, scattered or in whorls, to 3 cm; leaflets to 35 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, the longest to 27 × 2.5 cm, usually less. Inflorescences usually borne on a slender peduncle arching out of the crown, to 20 cm long; partial inflorescences usually ± congested into a head at the end of the peduncle; female rachillae rusty tomentose, to 4 cm, male similar, to c. 2 cm. Mature fruit globose or top-shaped, to 10 × 8 mm and covered in 15-16 vertical rows of green turning straw-coloured or brown scales. Seed globose, c. 7 mm diam.; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 16).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Found scattered throughout Brunei. Elsewhere throughout Borneo. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. microstachys is often found on unusual soil types, such as poor ridge top soils and forest marginal to kerangas. There is a great range in size, and within individuals, inflorescences may vary in size according to age. The &ldquo;stemless&rdquo; habit, lack of knee and the arching inflorescence with rusty-brown rachillae and green young fruit should help in its identification.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Labi, Bt.Teraja, Sands 5457; Labi, Bt.Teraja, Simpson 2127; Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Ashton S 21572. TEM: Amo, Bt.Belalong, Wong 1390; Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6670; Amo, K. Belalong, Stockdale 53; Stockdale 62; Stockdale 63; Amo, Ulu Belalong, Dransfield J. 7380. TUT: Ulu Tutong, Bukit Bahak, Kirkup 468.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Two new species of Daemonorops (Arecaceae) from Vietnam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 661-667</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2001</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops mollispina</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 56: 662 (2001)</citation>
+<type>Vietnam, Annam; Poilane; 4945</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus P; isotypus K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops longispatha Conrard non Becc. var. mollispina Conrard</name>
+<author>Conrard</author>
+<bibref>Conrard in Gagnepain and Conrard, Fl. G6n. de l'Indochine 6: 1053 (1937)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Robusta, bracteis rhachidum et rhachillarum conspicuis D. ruptili Becc. et D. longispathae similis sed vaginis foliorum spinis dense et conspicue molle-indumentosis fructibus orculiformibus distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Robust rattan climbing to 8 m tall. Stem without sheaths probably c. 25 mm diam., with sheaths 35 - 50 mm diam.; internodes apparently short, c. 10 cm long. Leaves cirrate, to 4 m long; sheath dull red brown, densely armed with straw- coloured flattened black-tipped triangular spines 10 - 45 x 2 - 4 mm, the surface of the spines frequently obscured by a very dense layer of pale grey or brown tomentum c. 1 mm thick, spines around leaf sheath mouth apparently erect, some to 150 - 180 mm long; knee absent; petiole to 50 cm long, 25 x 13 mm in section, adaxially flattened near the base, slightly convex distally, abaxially rounded, armed with scattered or abundant spines on all faces, those on adaxial surface generally short, to c. 10 mm or less, those on abaxial surface and margins to 85 x 4 mm, the spines solitary or in groups of 2 - 4, all spines bearing the same thick tomentum as that on the leaf sheath spines; rachis armed distally with grapnels of 3 - 4 reflexed black-tipped yellowish spines to 10 mm long and scattered single shorter spines, caducous pale grey or brown tomentum abundant on rachis surface; leaflets 60 on each side of the rachis, c. 3 - 4 cm distant, regularly arranged, 35 - 45 x 2 cm, armed with 2 rows of black bristles adaxially, abaxially apparently unarmed, the margins sparsely bristly. Inflorescence (only fragments of pistillate known in almost mature fruit), probably very large; peduncle, prophyll and rachis bracts not preserved; distal portion of infructescence with 10 partial inflorescences preserved in two herbarium sheets (K, P), c. 75 cm long, the partial inflorescences c. 8 - 9 cm distant, each with a dark red brown pulvinus at the base, the lower partial inflorescences to 18 cm long with 6 rachillae to 8 cm long, 2 - 3 mm diam.; bracts subtending rachillae reddish-brown, papyraceous, c. 10- 15 x 8 mm, splitting irregularly; rachilla bracts triangular, acute, brown, papyraceous, c. 5-7 mm long with dense grey tomentum near the base, distally glabrous. Staminate and pistillate flowers unknown. Calyx of pistillate flower persisting in fruit, irregularly split, c. 4 mm long; petals persistent, c. 7 x 4 mm. Immature fruit barrel-shaped, 13 x 11 mm, including a conspicuous beak 3 x 2 mm, tipped with the remains of the reflexed stigmas to 3 x 1 mm; pericarp covered in 15 vertical rows of pale brown scales to 1.75 x 1.75 mm exposed, with deep central grooves and darker brown margins. Seed very immature in available material.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This seems to be a handsome, robust rattan with unusual leaf sheath armature. The dense almost woolly indumentum of the spines is known in no other species. The inflorescence with its conspicuous bracts subtending the rachillae and flower clusters, suggests a relationship with D. ruptilis Becc. and D. longispatha Becc. D. mollispina differs in sheath armature and in the squat, barrel-shaped fruits.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>VIETNAM. Annam: Nui Han Heo, near Nhatrang, rocky soil, alt. 600 m, 21 April 1923, Poilane 4945 (K, P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops monticola</name>
+<author>(Griff.) Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm 3 (1850) 328</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 465</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12(1911)84</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 37</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull., Singapore 14(1953) 83</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Monticola - dwelling on mountains</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan getah lumpit</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering rattan climbing to 5 m tall Stem without sheaths 2cm, with sheaths to 3.5 cm, with internedes to 20 cm. Sheaths pale green armed with pale brown indumentum and oblique whorls of black spines. Knee poorly developed. Ocrea inconspicuous. Whole leaf to 3 m; petiole to 60 cm; cirrus to 75 cm. Leaflets about 60 on each side of the rachis, very fine and regular, the longest to 40 cm long by 1.5 cm wide, armed with bristles on 3 nerves above, and on mid-vein only beneath and along margins. Inflorescences tending to be somewhat crowded on stems, probably not hapaxanthic, but stems relatively short-lived; inflorescences male and female similar, to 40 m long by 15 cm wide, longly beaked, the outermost bract enclosing all the inner; the outermost bract very densely armed with fine grey black spines to 3 cm long and dense chocolate-coloured indumentum. Ripe fruit rounded to 1.5 cm in diameter covered in 15 vertical rows of cinnamon brown scales. Seed about 1.3 cm in diameter; endosperm deeply ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Penang, Johore. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is possibly not distinct from D. lewisiana and may represent an extremely robust form. However the armature of the bracts is much finer and denser and the leaf sheath spines are more clearly whorled than in D. lewisiana. In Penang I have observed it growing in a valley bottom at 600 m altitude.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops oblata</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 18 (1980)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 70 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 72 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Spherical but flattened at the poles</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate clustering short-stemmed rattan to 10 m tall, usually less; stems without sheaths to 20 mm diam., with sheaths to 40 mm diam., internodes c. 8 cm long. Sheaths of a very thick texture, dull to bright yellowish-brown, covered in reflexed triangular black-tipped spines to 3 cm long, and abundant black scales; knee present but only slightly swollen, armed along the mid line with a row of reflexed spines continuing up the petiole. Leaf cirrate to 2 m including the cirrus to 75 cm and petiole to 40 cm; petiole yellowish green armed laterally with ± regularly arranged bulbous-based horizontal or slightly reflexed spines to 2 cm; leaflets acuminate, very stiff and coriaceous, up to 15 on each side of the rachis, regular but distant, the longest at the base to 50 × 2 cm, decreasing to 28 × 2 cm near the tip, slightly plicate, unarmed but with short distant teeth along the margins, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescences to 50 cm long; bracts to 25 × 5 cm, pale brown, extremely tough and almost woody; 1st order branches c. 5, in the female up to 10 cm long; secondary bracts inconspicuous. Mature fruit very large, to 2 × 2.5-2.8 cm, distinctly oblate, shortly beaked, pale green to ivory-coloured when fresh, straw-coloured on drying, covered in 20-24 vertical rows of scales. Seed dull brown, oblate, to 1 × 2.2 cm; sarcotesta sweet; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 24).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a few collections from kerangas in Temburong and Belait Districts. Elsewhere in Sarawak (4th and 5th Divisions) and Sabah. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. oblata is a rare rattan, apparently confined to certain facies of kerangas at low elevations. The strange tough texture and yellowish colour of the sheaths, the poorly developed knee and the very distant leaflets are of diagnostic value for sterile material. The large oblate fruit is very distinctive, but immature fruit have a distinctly conical beak.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>TEM: Batu Apoi, Dransfield J. 6954. TUT: Telisai, Wong 147. Without prov.: BRUN 15380.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops oligophylla</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 470</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 182</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 132</bibref>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Oligos - few, phullon - leaf</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan ?</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender rattan. Stem without sheaths about 7 mm in diameter with sheaths to 12 mm. Sheaths armed with 3 complete reflexed collars tipped with long black horsehair-like spines and many incomplete collars armed with smaller spines. Leaves to 90 cm long including cirrus to about 30 cm long. Petiole to about 30 cm long, armed along margins with small spines and solitary reflexed claw-like spines. Leaflets about 6 on each side of the rachis arranged in 2 groups of 2 to 4 leaflets, the groups ± opposite. Largest leaflet to 16 cm long by 2 cm wide, armed with bristles along margins and the upper surface of mid-vein. Other parts unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak: only known from the type locality (G. Tambang Batak) collected by Scortechini.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This very slender ant rattan is known only from the type. A similar plant occurs of G. Bunga Buah in Selangor, and at Eraser's Hill in lower montane forest but there are more leaflets on each side of the rachis.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops oxycarpa</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Nelle Foreste di Borneo 607 (1902)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 225 (1902)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 131 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 56 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 51 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Sharp fruit</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Bintango (Dus.), Wi Tedong (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate clustering rattan climbing to 15 m; stem without sheaths to 20 mm diam., with sheaths to 30 mm diam., internodes rarely more than 10 cm long. Sheaths dull green but almost completelycovered in thick purplish-brown indumentum and sparse groups offlat papery, laciniate, hairy-margined dull brown spines to 2 cm, the groups often arranged in partial whorls; knee very conspicuous, narrow and swollen, but scarcely wrinkled; ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf cirrate to 3 m including cirrus to 1.2 m and petiole to 40 cm; petiole margins armed with a regular row of conspicuous long rigid golden-yellow spines to 7 cm; leaflets regularly arranged, c. 60 on each side of the rachis, 2-3 cm distant, the longest to 27 × 1.5 cm, rather limp, the upper surface with up to 5 rows of bristles, the margins bristly, but the lower surface with only the main vein bristly. Inflorescence pendulous, to 50 cm, with primary bracts dull brown tomentose, armed with papery spines, the whole bracts quickly falling at anthesis; partial inflorescences c. 6, rather lax, to 15 cm. Mature fruit ovoid, sometimes rather sharply pointed, to c. 1.5 × 1 cm, rarely more, covered in 16 vertical rows of pale brown to chestnut-brown, rather convex scales. Seed ovoid to oblong, to 12 × 7 mm; sarcotesta sweet; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 13).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout Brunei. Elsewhere in Sarawak, Sabah and W Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The shoot and fruit are eaten; the cane is used for weaving baskets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. oxycarpa is commonly found in the lowlands at altitudes up to about 900 m above sea level; it seems to be quite tolerant of disturbance and is particularly abundant on alluvial soils. It has also been collected in kerangas. \r
+The armature and coloration of the sheaths of this species are so characteristic that it should easily be identified. The strange bulbous, scarcely wrinkled knee, the purplish brown colour, the papery, grouped spines and the golden-yellow petiole spines are diagnostic. Beccari described the fruit as being rather narrow and pointed, and indeed the type specimen has such fruit; other populations from the 1st Division also have pointed fruit while those from eastern Sarawak and Sabah have ovoid fruit.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R., Wong 81. TEM: Amo, Belalong, Stockdale 9; Amo, Bt.Belalong, Wong 1418. TUT: Rambai, Tasek Merimbun, Bernstein 65. Rambai, Bt.Bahak, Coode 7045.Without prov.: BRUN 15083; BRUN 15313; BRUN 15407.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops periacantha</name>\r
+<author>Miq.</author>\r
+<citation>Prodr. Fl. Sum. 256, 592 (1861)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1) 197 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 117 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 80 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 45: 76 (1990)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 81 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops dissitophylla</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo 608 (1902)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops florida</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 230 (1911)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="el"><p>Spines all round</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Uwai Lambat (Br.,Dus.), Wi Empunok (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust clustering rattan with stems climbing to 10 m tall, rarely more, sometimes very short-stemmed; stem without sheaths 15-30 mm, with sheaths 30-80 mm diam., internodes to 35 cm long, very rarely much shorter in short-stemmed forms. Sheath bright green, but very densely covered with bright yellow brown, black-tipped spines of varying length, the longest to 6 cm, pointing in several directions, and dense brown indumentum, spines around the sheath mouth upward pointing, to 8 cm long; knee usually prominent (absent in short-stemmed forms), armed as the sheath but spines reflexed. Leaflets to 45 on each side of the rachis, irregularly arranged in rather distant groups of 2-7, the longest leaflets to c. 40 × 3 cm, bristly near the tip. Inflorescences to 1 m, including the peduncle to 50 cm, each bearing up to 10 partial inflorescences, each subtended by a leathery, bristly, brown hairy bract, falling at anthesis, the bracts to 30 × 4 cm; rachillae conspicuously brown tomentose. Mature fruit rounded or very slightly obpyriform, to 22 mm diam., covered in 15 vertical rows of pale straw-coloured to pale brown pink-tinged scales. Seed rounded to 15 mm diam.; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 27).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout Brunei. Elsewhere throughout Borneo, also in Sumatra and Johor.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a coarse cane.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. periacantha is found in lowland and hill dipterocarp forest up to c. 800 m above sea level, preferring the rather better soil types such as alluvial flats and valley sides rather than ridges. The abundant yellowish spines, generally robust habit and the grouped leaflets make this an easily recognised species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Labi, Sg. Rampayoh, Coode 7280; Melilas, Sg.Ingei, Wong 609; Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Wong 321. TEM: Amo, Belalong, Stockdale 3; Amo, Belalong, Stockdale 5; Amo, Belalong, Stockdale 7; Amo, K.Belalong, Wong 224; Amo, Kuala Belalong, Stockdale 2.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Two new species of Daemonorops (Arecaceae) from Vietnam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 661-667</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2001</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops poilanei</name>
+<author>J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 56: 663 (2001)</citation>
+<type>Vietnam, Annam, massif de Cô Inh, Nhatrang; Poilane; 2715 </type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops geniculata</name>
+<author>Conrard, non (Griff.) Mart.</author>
+<bibref>Conrard, non (Griff.) Mart., in Gagnepain and Conrard, Fl. Gen. de l'Indochine 6: 1054 (1937)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Statura mediocris fructu et forma inflorescentiae D. geniculatae (Griff.) Mart. similis sed collis spinarum vaginae folii carentibus, petiolo spinis elongatis carenti et rachillis conspicue fractiflexis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>edium-sized rattan climbing to 3 - 4 m tall; stem without sheaths 12 mm diam., with sheaths 20 - 23 mm diam.; internodes 13 - 15 cm long. Leaves cirrate, 2.8 m long including the cirrus; sheaths densely armed with solitary and grouped, but not whorled spines of various sizes, the longest reflexed, pale straw colour, flattened, 20 - 45 x 5 mm often with wavy margins and scarcely swollen bases, intermingled with much smaller spines, slightly reflexed or horizontal, to 3 - 10 x 1 - 2 mm, caducous brown indumentum present between spines; knee only slightly swollen, armed as the rest of the leaf sheath; thin membranous caducous auricles to 10 x 5 mm present on emerging leaf-sheaths; petiole to 70 cm long, 11 - 12 mm wide near the base, tapering very slightly distally, ± flattened adaxially near the base, slightly concave distally, abaxially rounded, abaxially armed with scattered large spines 10 - 20 mm long near the base and much shorter spines to 3 x 1 mm, adaxially very densely armed with short thick spines to 3 x 1 mm particularly near the base, distally very sparsely armed abaxially and with rather regular single or paired spines to 10 mm towards the margins, scattered brown scales also present; rachis sparsely armed with reflexed groups of 1 - 3 spines; leaflets linear-lanceolate, 28 - 36 on each side of the rachis, arranged in groups of 2 - 5, 3 - 5 cm distant within the groups, the longest to 40 - 60 x 3 - 3.7 cm, very sparsely armed along margins, transverse veinlets numerous, sinuous, conspicuous. Inflorescences (only pistillate known), to 65 cm long; peduncle 11 - 15 cm long, c. 8 - 10 x 4- 5 mm in section, armed along the margins with regularly arranged reflexed or horizontal spines 5 - 15 mm long with swollen bases, sometimes accompanied by much shorter spines, caducous brown indumentum also present; prophyll 30- 33.5 cm long, 2.7 - 3.4 cm wide, 2-keeled, adaxially unarmed, abaxially near the base armed with pale straw-coloured spines 5 - 20 mm long along the keels, distally armed with rather dense spines to 3 mm all over the abaxial face, also bearing dense caducous brown indumentum; subsequent bracts not 2-keeled and bearing much sparser armature, the distalmost bracts scarcely armed; partial inflorescences up to 7, the longest near the base to 12 cm long, bearing 6 - 8 zigzag rachillae 2 - 5 cm long, 1 - 3 mm diam., dense caducous brown indumentum abundant between flowers, especially in bud. Sterile staminate flower 6.5 x 2 mm; calyx tubular, 2.5 mm, shallowly 3-lobed, striate, sparsely scaly; petals 6 x 1.5 mm, very sparsely scaly; filaments 3 x 0.4 mm, empty anthers 2.5 x 0.3 mm. Pistillate flower 9 x 4 mm; calyx truncate, 4.5 mm high, very shallowly 3-toothed, striate, membranous, with sparse grey indumentum; corolla tubular in basal 4 mm, lobes 5 x 4 mm, striate, sparsely scaly; staminodes borne at the mouth of the corolla tube with empty anthers 2 x 0.4 mm; ovary c. 4 mm diam., stigmas 4 x 1.5 mm. Mature fruit spherical, c. 20 - 24 mm diam, with a conspicuous beak to 3 x 3 mm; scales arranged in 15 vertical rows, pale brown, shining, with dark margins, and deep central grooves. Seed spherical c. 15 - 17 mm diam; endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The species is somewhat reminiscent of D. geniculata but differs in the armature of the leaf sheaths, in the markedly zigzag rachillae and the more robust distally explanate perianth of the pistillate flowers. In D. geniculata the sheaths have a distinctive armature consisting of slender spines that are borne on distinct collars; furthermore there are strikingly long, slender golden spines along the margins of the lower part of the petiole that help to trap litter falling into the crown of the palm - these are lacking in D. poilanei. A sterile collection in K, made by Mark Newman in 1990 (Newman 227) 2 km NW of Cat Bin [a forest police substation in Cam Xuyen District, Nghe Tinh Prov. (now split into two provinces)] is almost certainly this species. </p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>VIETNAM. Annam: massif de C6 Inh, Nhatrang, rocky gravelly soil, alt. 700 m, 16 Sept. 1922, Poilane 4586 (P); 5 March 1922, Poilane 2715 (P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops rarispinosus</name>
+<author>Renuka and Vijayakumaran</author>
+<citation>Rheedea 4:125, 1994</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, medium diameter rattan. Stem 20 m long or more,with sheaths 2.5 cm in diameter, without sheaths 2 cm in diameter. Leaves to 1 m long, cirrate: sheath light yellow, sparingly armed with downwardly directed spines, spines 1.5 cm, triangular, flat; knee prominent; ocrea not seen; petiole spiny at margins, spines 1 cm long; rachis with a row of reflexed spines at the adaxial side; leaflets narrow, regular, 40 x 1.7 cm., green,midrib prominent, margins with bristles, lateral veins ciliate above. Inflorescence erect, 40 cm long, covered by a primary armed bract. Fruit globose, 1.3 cm in diameter; scales in 18 vertical rows, golden yellow, channelled; endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Common species of Daemonorops at Little Andaman Island. (Map 6).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering not known. Fruiting April- June.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used in furniture industry and also for making 'lathies'.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>20th km, Little Andamans, 14.4.1992, fr., Vyoyo/cu-moron 6637 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops ruptilis var. acaulescens</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 23 (1980)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 82 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 85 (1992)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Stemless</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Tulang (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Stemless clustering rattan with short decumbent subterranean stem to c. 40 mm diam. without sheaths, with sheaths to 60 mm diam., internodes very short. Leaf ecirrate, to 3.5 m long including the petiole and sheath; sheath to 40 cm long, without knee, armed with oblique whorls of flattened pale brown spines to 30 × 4 mm, and densely armed with reddish-brown indumentum; petiole to 1 m, armed with scattered or partially whorled spines to 4 cm; leaflets c. 40 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged, to 60 × 3 cm, ± unarmed except for a few marginal bristles and a few bristles on the lower surface of the mid vein. Inflorescences up to c. 1 m long, with up to 5 partial inflorescences, the male with crowded rachillae, the female with lax ± divaricating rachillae; peduncle to 60 cm or more; primary bracts dull brown, quickly falling; secondary and tertiary bracts all conspicuous, persistent, irregularly splitting; male rachillae to 8 cm, bearing crowded, strictly distichous flowers; female rachillae to 15 cm with rather more distant flowers. Mature fruit rounded to short cylindrical, to 14 × 12 mm, tipped by a beak to 5 × 2 mm, and covered with 15 vertical rows of pale brown scales. Seed 11 × 7 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known. (Fig. 30).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>In Brunei widespread in Belait district. Elsewhere known only from 4th Division, Sarawak and parts of Sabah.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The fruit and habit of this variety are consistently different from those of the type variety. D. ruptilis var. acaulescens is a plant of ridges in lowland dipterocarp forest at altitudes up to c. 350 m above sea level.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Labi, Bt.Telingan, Dransfield J. 6829; Sungai Liang, Andulau F.R, Wong 494.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops ruptilis var. ruptilis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 230 (1902)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 211 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 80 (1984)</bibref>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Breaking up irregularly, referring to the rachilla bracts</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Very massive, clustering rattan with stems to 10 m , often flowering when much less; stem without sheaths to 30 mm diam., with sheaths to 60 mm, internodes to c. 30 cm. Sheath dull green, but surface almost entirely obscured by abundant flat brittle black or pale-tipped spines, generally upward pointing (though smaller spines pointing in several directions), of lengths varying from 1-8 cm, and abundant reddish brown indumentum; spines around leaf sheath mouth erect, particularly large, almost papery, to 12 × 0.5 cm; knee present but obscured by the spines; ocrea inconspicuous. Leaf cirrate, very large, to 4 m, including petiole to 50 cm and heavily armed cirrus to 1.5 m; petiole densely armed with partial whorls of straw-coloured spines to 4 cm long, pointing in several directions and covered with pale to dark brown indumentum; leaflets c. 50 on each side of the rachis, regularly arranged but rather distant (to 10 cm), stiff, shiny dark green, usually longitudinally folded, the longest to 60 × 3 cm, unarmed except for a few marginal bristles near the tip. Inflorescences massive, to 2 m long, with up to 9 partial inflorescences to 45 cm, the male with very crowded rachillae, the female with lax ± divaricating rachillae; primary bracts dull brown, almost woody, to 70 cm, quickly falling at anthesis, armed with scattered black spines to 1.5 cm and abundant red brown indumentum; rachilla bracts all conspicuous, persistent, irregularly splitting giving a very characteristic bracteate appearance to the whole inflorescence; male rachilla to 8 cm bearing crowded strictly distichous flowers; female rachilla to 18 cm with rather distant subdistichous flowers. Immature fruit pale green, borne on reddish brown flower remains; mature fruit pale brown, ± oblong, to 22 × 14 mm with a conspicuous beak to 5 × 2 mm, the fruit covered in 15 vertical rows of shiny scales. Seed oblong, to 18 × 8 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with 4 divergent, thick, dark green leaflets. (Fig. 29, Pl. 5C, 5D).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from one collection in Brunei. Elsewhere in Sabah and Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a large reddish cane of moderate quality, rarely very long.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. ruptilis var. ruptilis was found in lowland dipterocarp forest in Ulu Ingei at about 150 m elevation. This is an abundant and conspicuous rattan in Sabah and its rarity in Brunei and absence from Sarawak is remarkable. It is one of the most heavily armed of all rattans, the sheaths completely covered with fierce dark spines.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6577.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops sabut</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Hooker f., Fl. Br. India 6: 469 (1893)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 181 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14: 137 (1953)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 109 (1979)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 59 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 69 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops annulata</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 227 (1902)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 174 (1911)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops pseudomirabilis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 179 (1911)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops turbinata</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 225 (1911)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>From a local name</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Lepoh (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate-sized rattan climbing to 40 m; stem without sheaths c. 15 mm diam., with sheaths to 30 mm diam., internodes to 15 cm long. Sheaths bright green, bearing complete and partial collars to 10 mm, tipped with black and brown horse-hair-like spines, 1-6 cm long, the longesttending to be paler in colour and all bearing abundant dark grey, caducous indumentum, at least some of the collars interlocking to produce ant galleries; knee conspicuous, usually less heavily armed than the sheath. Leaf cirrate, to 2.5 m long including the petiole to 40 cm and the cirrus to 1 m; petiole armed near the base with low collars bearing black spines, distally with scattered or grouped triangular spines; leaflets very variable in arrangement, to c. 20 on each side of the rachis, rarely subregular, usually grouped in 3&rsquo;s to 6&rsquo;s, the basal 2 groups being congested and the leaflets pointing in several directions, the longest usually the most basal, to 40 × 2.5 cm, unarmed except for short marginal bristles. Inflorescences pendulous, to 60 cm long, primary bracts densely armed with fine black spines, all except the prophyll quickly falling at anthesis, other bracts inconspicuous. Mature fruit ovoid, very shortly beaked, c. 16 × 12 mm, rarely spherical, covered with 14-17 vertical rows of yellowish-brown scales. Seed c. 12 × 9 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with divergent leaflets. (Fig. 23, Pl. 4B).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout Brunei. Elsewhere throughout Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Produces a good quality cane.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. sabut is a frequent rattan usually found in moist soils in valley bottoms and lower hill slopes at altitudes up to c. 500 m above sea level. It and D. formicaria are the only species of Daemonorops in Brunei with complete interlocking collars forming ant galleries; D. formicaria is easily distinguished by the narrow linear close, regularly arranged leaflets. We have included three other names as synonyms of D. sabut; although the types of these names appeared to represent distinct species, we now have a range of specimens that are intermediate and we are unable to recognise more than one variable taxon.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Sg.Ingei, Wong 637. TUT: Johns 7600; Lamunin, Kpg.Lamunin, Wong 66; Rambai, Bt.Bahak, Coode 7037.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops scapigera</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 228 (1902)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 195 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Kew Bull. 45: 75 (1990)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sarawak 65 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops lasiospatha</name>\r
+<author>Furtado</author>\r
+<bibref>Furtado, Gard. Bull. Str. Settlements 8: 351(1935)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Man. Ratt. Malay Pen. 114 (1979)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus bifacialis</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 809 (1943)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Bearing a scape</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Wi Empunok Ruai (Ib.)</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, stemless or erect rattan with stem rarely more than 2 m tall, sometimes ± creeping; stem without sheaths to 20 mm diam., with sheaths to 40 mm diam., internodes very short, rarely exceeding 1 cm. Sheath dull green, covered in brown hairs and armed with brownish spines, solitary or arranged in horizontal or oblique groups, the longest c. 30 mm, except near the sheath mouth where much longer; knee absent. Leaf ecirrate, to 2 m, often less; petiole to 50 cm long, armed with regular, very conspicuous, lateral, slightly upward-pointing spines to 9 cm, 2-4 cm distant, smaller spines sometimes paired with the larger; leaflets about 30-50 on each side of the rachis, very regular, close, slightly curved, the longest to 35 × 2.5 cm, usually less, bristly along the margins and mid nerve on upper surface, densely bristly on all nerves on lower surface, especially the mid nerve where bristles smaller and more frequent. Inflorescences usually with a long, slender, eventually pendulous peduncle to 30 cm, unarmed or armed with short regular spines along the margins; bracts crowded at the peduncle tip, about 5 in number, the largest c. 10 × 2 cm, papery, unarmed or more usually armed with shaggy hairy soft pale brown spines to 1 cm long; partial inflorescences short; flowers unusually large, to 5 × 2 mm. Mature fruit rounded, relatively very large, up to 30 mm diam., briefly beaked, covered in 13-15 vertical rows of strawcoloured scales, marked with purplish-black at the tip or purplish-black throughout. Sarcotesta thick, sweet; seed rounded, c. 15 mm diam., deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf with 4-6 leaflets. (Fig. 20, Pl. 4D).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a single collection. Also in Sarawak, Johor and Natuna Islands in the South China Sea.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The fruit is good to eat; stems may be used for walking-sticks.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species has a wide altitudinal range, occurring from sea level to up to c. 1,000 m or more in Borneo. The only record from Brunei was at about 80 m above sea level in forest transitional between mixed dipterocarp forest and kerangas. The large petiole spines, regular leaflets with unusual bristle arrangement, together with the slender peduncle, large flowers and fruit, make this short-stemmed species most distinctive.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Melilas, Bt.Batu Patam, Dransfield J. 6595.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops sepal</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<citation>in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 465</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 77</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mai. Pen. 5 (1925) 36</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 91</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>? Daemonorops scortechinii</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 81</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 89</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops imbellis</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. in Rec. Bot. Survey Ind. 2 (1902) 220</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 80</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 41</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 69</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops kiahii</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 73</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops nurii</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 85</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p>Sepal - origin unknown</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan getah gunung</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering moderate rattan climbing to 10 m tall, often less, sometimes producing thickets. Stem without sheaths about 2 cm in diameter, with sheaths to about 3.5 cm. Inter-nodes about 20 cm long. Sheaths dull green very densely armed with dull brown spines to 3 cm long, these sometimes grouped, and very dense chocolate-coloured indumentum, the spines often paler than the indumentum. Knee well developed; ocrea inconspicuous. Whole leaf to about 2.5 m long; petiole to 30 cm long armed with scattered spines along edges. Leaflets close, regular rather narrow, about 80 on each side of the rachis the longest to about 35 cm long by 1.5 cm wide, armed with bristles on three nerves above, along margins, and on mid-nerve below. Inflorescences male and female very similar, sessile or with a short peduncle to 3 cm long, erect or sometimes nodding when fruiting, to 30 cm long by 10 cm wide, with a relatively short beak to 10 cm, all inner bracts enclosed within the outermost; outermost bract very densely armed with slender black spines to 3.5 cm and dense chocolate-coloured indumentum. Ripe fruit rounded relatively large to about 3 cm in diameter covered in 15-18 vertical rows of bright green, turning rich brown, pale margined scales. Seed to 2.5 cm in diameter somewhat angular. Endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Perak, Pahang, Trengganu, Kelantan, Selangor: Endemic. Closely related to D. singalana of Sumatra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Coarse rattan rarely used.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Daemonorops sepal is a common rattan of ridgetops and steep slopes in lower and upper montane forest. It can occasionally produce dense thickets. It is distinguished from D. angustifolia and D. melanochaetes by its very much denser covering of spines, the generally much larger fruit, and the often pedunculate inflorescence. It may be regarded as a montane replacement to these two species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1984</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Sabah Forest Department</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops serpentina</name>\r
+<author>J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Kew Bull. 36: 810 (1982)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Growing on serpentine rock</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering "stemless" rattan, with very short erect subterranean stem to 4 cm diam. Leaves ecirrate held very neatly and stiffly giving the whole plant a shuttle-cock like appearance, the whole leaf to 2.2 m including the sheath to 25 cm and petiole to 50 cm; leaf sheath pale buff tinged greenish, densely covered in reddish brown indumentum and armed with oblique ± reflexed partial whorls of narrow triangular laminar dark spines to 20 x 4 mm, and few partial whorls of spicules. Knee absent. Ocrea to 3 cm, ciliate hairy, disintegrating. Petiole armed with spine whorls as the sheath. Leaflets c 40 on each side of the rachis, very regular, neat, and stiffly held, coriaceous. The longest to 50 x 3 cm, acuminate in drip tips, the leaflet surfaces armed with black bristles along the main vein; transverse veiniets inconspicuous. Male and female inflorescences superficially similar, erect to 100 cm, with peduncle to 80 cm unarmed or very sparsely armed along the two lateral edges, densely reddish-brown indumentose; primary bracts papery, soon falling at anthesis; partial inflorescences 2 - 3 only; male rachillae crowded to c 25 mm only, ± zigzag; female rachillae to 60 mm with collar-like bracts. Fruit ovoid to 25 x 20 mm, beaked covered in pale brown scales; no seed details available. Seedling leaf unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread on ultrabasic rock in Sabah. Endemic to the State.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. serpentina is confined to rather exposed areas of forest on ultrabasic rock in the lowlands - areas such as ridgetops and steep slopes where the light intensity reaching the forest floor is high. In the field the shuttlecock appearance of the whole plant is very distinctive.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Brunei Darussalam</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1997</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Ministry of Industry and primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops sparsiflora</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 224 (1902)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 126 (1911)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Ratt. Sabah 75 (1984)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield,Ratt. Sarawak 74 (1992)</bibref>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops sparsiflora var. sarawakensis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 221 (1911)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Daemonorops sparsiflora var. crassifolia</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+ <bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 223 (1911)</bibref>\r
+ </synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Sparse flowers</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender to moderately robust clustering rattan with stems to 20 m, frequently flowering when much less; stem without sheaths 8-18 mm diam., with sheaths to 27 mm diam., internodes to c. 20 cm long. Sheaths dull to bright green, armed with scattered rather broad-based, triangular yellowish-brown or green spines, rarely exceeding 15 mm, and brown indumentum; knee conspicuous. Leaf cirrate to c. 2 m including petiole to 20 cm and cirrus to 80 cm; leaflets c. 50 on each side of the rachis, stiff, to 25 × 1 cm, usually very close and regular, parallel-sided, abruptly and neatly narrowed at the base and acuminate in drip-tips to 2 cm long, upper surface with main rib bristly and a row of bristles on each side, margins bristly, lower leaflet surface sparsely to densely covered with minute brown scales and only mid rib bristly. Inflorescences bright reddish-brown at anthesis, arching away from the stem to 40 cm only, primary bracts soon falling, other bracts very inconspicuous; flowers borne on distinct short stalks; first order branches c. 6, each to c. 12 cm, crowded, covered with brown indumentum. Mature fruit rounded (immature occasionally ovoid), rarely exceeding 1 cm diam., covered in 14-16 vertical rows of dull brown scales. Seed ± rounded, c. 6 mm diam.; sarcotesta sweet, thin; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf pinnate with c. 6 leaflets on each side of the rachis, very neatly and stiffly held. (Fig. 25, Pl. 5B).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Throughout Brunei. Elsewhere a few records from Kalimantan, abundant in Sabah and Sarawak. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Of moderate quality, the cane shrinking somewhat on drying.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. sparsiflora is a common rattan usually found associated with richer soils in primary and disturbed forest, in valley bottoms, lower hill slopes and riverside alluvium at altitudes up to about 1000m above sea level. It is an unmistakable rattan with its very neat leaflets and sparsely spiny sheaths; the sudden and neat contraction of the leaflets is highly diagnostic. Seedlings are exquisite and would make fine ornamentals; but for the sparseness of fine bristles they could be confused with seedlings of rattans related to Calamus hispidulus.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>BEL: Bukit Sawat, Sg.Mau-Sg. Belait confluence, Wong 1621; Kuala Balai, K.Balai, BRUN 15649; Labi, Wong 69. TEM: Amo, Bt.Belalong, Wong 1420; Amo, Bt.Retak, Wong 832; Amo, K.Belalong, Dransfield J. 6656. TUT: Lamunin, Kpg.Lamunin, Wong 54. Without prov.: BRUN 15095; BRUN 15200</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops spectabilis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12(1): 228 (1911)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Striking, remarkable</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustered, rather massive erect rattan', stem very short, not exceeding 2 m, without sheaths c. 20 mm diam., with sheaths c. 50 - 60 mm diam., internodes very short. Sheath splitting opposite the petiole, bright green, armed with large flattened golden-yellow spines to 40 x 5 mm, scattered or arranged in groups, brown indumentum abundant between the spines; knee absent. Leaf massive, ecirrate, to 2.75 m including the petiole; petiole to 1 m, armed laterally with large triangular flattened spines to 40 x 5 mm, arranged singly or, near the base, in groups, interspersed with scattered much smaller spines; leaflets c. 17 on each side of the rachis, arranged in pairs, the leaflets of each pair inserted very close together and ± diverging, lanceolate, ± acute, the longest to 55 x 3 cm, apparently unarmed, transverse veinlets slender, sinuous, not very conspicuous. Inflorescence arching or pendulous, much shorter than the leaves, to 50 -100 cm long, the peduncle slender, armed with slender spines, partial inflorescences 2-4, crowded at the peduncle tip; prophyll and primary bracts dull brown rather papery, soon shed; partial inflorescences rather lax with short rachillae, the male to 25 mm bearing large dull brown flowers to 7 x 5 mm; female rachillae to 3 cm, the flowers to 8 x 6 mm. Mature fruit very large, ovoid, c. 35 x 30 mm, beaked, covered in 15 vertical rows of light brown (green when young) scales with darker margins. Seed ovoid, c. 24 x 20 mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling not known (Fig. 36).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>In Sarawak known from three collections from the Mulu National Park, 4th Division. Otherwise known only from the type from W Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This spectacular palm was collected in wet kerangas forest at c. 1 - 200 m elevation in the Mulu National Park. Beccari described the species from a single collection made by Hallier in W Kalimantan; the type material is incomplete and Beccari concluded that Halliefs plant was a robust climbing palm, even though no cirrus is present in the type. However, the Mulu collections match the type in every respect. D. spectabilis is easily distinguished from D. ingens by the paired leaflets and the very slender peduncle.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Rattans of Sarawak</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1992</mods:dateIssued>\r
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK</mods:publisher>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Daemonorops unijuga</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 24 (1980)</citation>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>One pair</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender rattan with stems climbing to 20 m tall; stem without sheaths to c. 5 mm diam., with sheaths to c. 9 mm diam., internodes to 18 cm long. Sheath dull green, bearing rather sparse horizontal groups of minute black easily detached spicules knee conspicuous, unarmed. Leaf cirrate, to 70 cm long including the short petiole to 8 cm and the cirrus to 65 cm; leaflets comprising a single pair only, to 35 x 7 cm, usually less, rather stiff, the tips ± hooded, unarmed except for a few bristles along the margins near the tip, both surfaces mid green, transverse veinlets inconspicuous. Inflorescences usually sparsely produced, pendulous, slender, to 50 - 55 cm long; peduncle to c. 20 cm, rather sparsely armed with short spines; prophyll (known only in the male) to 9 x 1.5 cm, sparsely armed; partial inflorescences 5 - 6, to 6 cm in male, to 15 cm in the female. Mature fruit relatively large, ovoid, strongly beaked, to 30 x 20 mm, covered in 17 vertical rows of greenish brown scales. Seed c. 20 x 13 mm. irregularly ovoid; endosperm deeply ruminate. Seedling leaf not known (Fig. 31).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from four collections from limestone hills near Kg Belimbing, Padawan, in the 1st Division. Endemic.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cane appears to be of good quality.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. unijuga is one of the rarest and perhaps most threatened of Sarawak's rattans. It is an extraordinary, very distinctive species, known only from forest on limestone at low elevations. The single pair of leaflets combined with a cirrus, the black spicules on the sheaths and the large fruit make this a very easily distinguished species, without close relatives.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Recirds 29.</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1979</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemonorops verticillaris</name>
+<author>(Griff.) Mart.</author>
+<citation>in Hist. Nat. Palm 3 (ed 2) (1850) 206 and 329</citation>
+<bibref>Beccari in Hook, f., Fl. Br. India 6 (1893) 470</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calcutta 12 (1911) 166</bibref>
+<bibref>Ridley in Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 45</bibref>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns. Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 144</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Calamus verticillaris</name>
+<author>Griff.</author>
+<bibref>Griff., in Calc. J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1845) 63</bibref>
+<bibref>Griff., Palms Br. Ind. (1850) 73</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops stipitata</name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 142 </bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Daemonorops verticillaris (Griff.) Mart. var. stramineus </name>
+<author>Furtado</author>
+<bibref>Furtado in Gdns' Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 147</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang="la"><p>Verticillaris - whorled, referring to the spine whorls</p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>rotan sabong</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Very variable, usually solitary rotan with stems rarely exceeding 15 m in length, often flowering when much less. Stems without sheaths to 2 cm in diameter, with sheaths to 3 cm or more. Internodes rather short rarely more than 12 cm long. Sheaths bright green densely armed with interlocking pairs of collars and single collars of short black horse-hair-like spines, rarely more than 2 cm long intermingled with large laminar yellowish green to blackish spines to 6 cm long; interlocking collars forming galleries inhabited by ants. Dark brown indumentum abundant on young sheaths. Knee present but mostly obscured by spines. Leaf to 3 m long with petiole to 40 cm and cirrus to 1 m. Petiole armed with large reflexed spines in whorls and minute bristles in small groups. Leaflets very regular, close ± 45 to 60 on each side of the rachis, longest leaflets to about 40 cm long by 2.3 cm wide, sparsely bristly on mid-vein and some lateral veins below. Inflorescences male and female superficially similar but male more highly branched. Peduncle short to long, very sparsely armed bracts thin finely black bristly. Male flowers tightly packed, distichous; female flowers much larger but also markedly distichous. Fruit rounded sessile or shortly stalked, at maturity to 15 mm in diameter very shortly beaked, covered in 15 vertical rows of pale straw to red-brown scales, with dull brown marginal lines. Seed rounded, somewhat pitted. Endosperm ruminate. Seedling leaf pinnate with few close-set leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Kelantan, Trengganu, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore. Thailand. Sumatra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Rarely used as a source of a rather poor quality cane.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>"Rotan sabong" is one of the commonest Malayan rattans, though absent from the N.W. of the Peninsula. It is found in a wide range of habitats from the margins of swamps in the lowlands to ridgetops at 1000 m or more altitude in the highlands, being found both on hillslopes and in valley bottoms.
+Furtado separated the populations from Kelantan and Trengganu as a separate species, D. stipitata on the distinguishing characters: fruit shortly pedicellate, large thorns on sheath blackish and with 3-5 rows of bristles on the leaf underside. However, I have found a whole range of intermediates between the two extremes and feel I cannot justify retaining two species. The variety stramineus was separated from D. verticillaris by Furtado based on the presence of dirty straw coloured rather than reddish fruit scales - here again, such a range of colours is found that the variety is not regarded here as being sufficiently distinct.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A Manual of the Rattans of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Renuka</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Kerala Forest Research Institute, India</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Daemenorops wrightmyoensis</name>
+<author>Renuka and Vijayakumaran</author>
+<citation>Rheedea 4: 125, 1994</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, large diameter rattan. Stem 20 m long or more, with sheaths 4.5 cm in diameter, without sheaths 3 cm in diameter. Leaf 3 m or more, cirrate; sheath yellow at the knee, armed with spines; spines dimor-phic.spines below the knee brown, to 4 x 0.5 cm, triangular, flat.base upraised, spines above the knee black, to 0.2 x 1 cm; knee prominent; ocrea not prominent, mouth of the sheath with few papery spines, spines to 6 cm long; petiole armed below and margins with a row of spines; leaflets regular, to 55 x 2 cm, white powdery beneath, midrib prominent, margins with bristles, lateral veins ciliate above except at the basal portion. Inflorescence erect; all inner bracts enclosed within the outermost; male inflorescence 60-80 cm long, ultra- decompound, male flowers 4 mm long; female inflorescence 30 cm long. Fruit oblong, cal x 1.5 cm; scales in 18 vertical rows, brown with dark brown tips, slightly channelled: endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Evergreen forests at Wright myo. South Andamans. (Map. 9).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowering not known. Fruiting April-June.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used in furniture industry.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Wrightmyo, South Andamans, 5.4.1988, fr., Renuka 4055 (KFRI). Wrightmyo, South Andamans, 5.4.1988, male fls., Renuka 4057 (KFRI).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Handsome solitary spiny pinnate-leaved palms, native to the Seychelles,with conspicuous crownshafts and seed with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Deckenia</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. ex Seem.</author> \r
+<citation>Gard. Chron 1870: 561(1870).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Deckenia nobilis; H. Wendl. ex Seem.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken (1833–1865), explorer, who was one of the first Europeans to climb Mt Kilimanjaro.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust, solitary, spiny, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, tall,spiny when juvenile, becoming distally unarmed at maturity,conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, slightly swollen at the base, withabundant adventitious roots. Leaves pinnate, neatly abscising; sheathstubular, forming a well-defined crownshaft, densely spiny when young,unarmed or minutely roughened near the petiole at maturity, denselywhite-tomentose; petiole relatively short, flattened or channelled adaxially,abaxially rounded, bearing abundant, caducous, shaggy hairs, also spiny injuveniles; rachis robust, gradually tapering, hairy and, in juveniles, spinylike the petiole; leaflets numerous, all single-fold, regularly arranged, ratherstiff, elongate, acuminate, somewhat plicate, adaxially bearing caducoustomentum when young, abaxially densely covered with minute, dot-likescales and abundant, conspicuous ramenta along the major longitudinalveins, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, erect inbud, branching to 2 orders at the base, to 1 order distally, protandrous;peduncle relatively short, winged at the base, elliptic in cross-section,glabrous; prophyll inserted just above the base of the peduncle, tubular,elliptic, very briefly beaked, 2-keeled, splitting along one face, caducous,usually very densely armed with erect, rather soft, short to long, golden-coloured spines; peduncular bract very similar to the prophyll, but lessprominently 2-keeled, also caducous; rachis longer than the peduncle, itand its branches twisted in bud, becoming straight, rachis and peduncleremaining erect, the branches becoming pendulous; first-order branchesnumerous, rather crowded, spirally arranged; rachillae numerous, elongate,pendulous, flexuous, bearing rather crowded, spirally arranged, superficialtriads throughout their length except at the extreme tips. Staminate flowers ± globular, open early in development; sepals 3, narrow, triangular, keeled, joined briefly at the base; petals 3, triangular, sometimes briefly connate in a somewhat stalk-like base; stamens 6–9, filaments very short and broad, adnate to the petals, anthers medifixed, tightly recurved and/or twisted, latrorse; pistillode columnar longer than the petals, trifid, very conspicuous at first, becoming less conspicuous at anthesis. Pollen ellipsoidal bi-symmetric, occasionally lozenge-shaped; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine semitectate, coarsely angular striate clavae, separated or coalesced into short or long horizontal elements, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 27–34 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers globular; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate; petals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate, with minute, triangular, valvate tips; staminodes 6, minute, tooth-like; gynoecium globular or ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, reflexed, ovule laterally attached, ?hemianatropous. Fruit relatively small, narrowly ovoid, black at maturity, perianth whorls persistent, the stigmatic remains conspicuous as an eccentric, basally rounded pad; epicarp smooth, drying longitudinally ridged, mesocarp thin, with few, large, longitudinal fibres corresponding to the ridges when dry, endocarp thin, cartilaginous, with a basal circular operculum. Seed very narrowly ovoid, basally attached, with a small circular hilum, and sparse raphe branches only rarely anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species confined to the Seychelles Islands. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, petiole, root (Tomlinson 1961) and fruit (Essig et al. 2001). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Oncosperma. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The cabbage is eaten and the leaf sheaths used for making containers. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Bailey (1942). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The staminate flowers are unusual in opening early in development and in their globular shape, also in more-or-less connate petals with adnate stamen filaments and curved or twisted anthers. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Cabbage palm, palmiste. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Deckenia nobilis occurs at altitudes from sea level to nearly 600 m, but grows gregariously mostly on knolls and ridges at about 300 m altitude; its massive litter prevents regeneration and there is usually no undergrowth under dense stands. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Clustering spiny climbing palms of Central and South America, with reflexed acanthophylls borne on a whip at the end of the leaf.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Desmoncus</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author> \r
+<citation>Palm. fam. 20 (1824)</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Desmoncus polyacanthos; Mart.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Atitara</name>\r
+<author>Kuntze</author>\r
+<bibref>Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2: 726 (1891).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Atitara polyacantha; (Mart.) Kuntze</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Desmos — band, ogkos — hook, referring to the acanthophylls at the leaf tip.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, clustering (?always), spiny, pleonanthic, monoecious climbing palms. Stem covered with leaf sheaths, eventually becoming bare, with long internodes and conspicuous nodal scars, the first stem slender, not usually reaching a great height before being replaced by more robust sucker shoots (?always). Leaves pinnate, marcescent; sheath tubular, tightly sheathing, elongate, often tomentose and densely armed with spines in the distal exposed areas or glabrous and/or unarmed; ocrea well developed, armed or unarmed like the sheath, entire or disintegrating into a fibrous network; petiole very short to elongate, adaxially channelled, abaxially angled, usually with reflexed, bulbous-based spines; rachis elongate, usually curved, usually armed with swollen-based, reflexed spines, apically extended into a long cirrus armed with spines and pairs of small to robust, reflexed acanthophylls, acanthophylls absent on juvenile leaves, very rarely absent on adults; leaflets usually ovate, acuminate, often much narrowed at the base into a brief stalk, rather distant, ± regularly arranged or grouped, thin to coriaceous, with a conspicuous midrib and several more slender lateral veins, in Desmoncus cirrhiferus the main rib extended into a long flexuous tendril, margins smooth or armed with short spines, the main rib sometimes bearing spines, indumentum sometimes present in bands and along veins, transverse veinlets sometimes conspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, emerging through the leaf sheath mouths, branching to 1 order, becoming ± pendulous, apparently protandrous; peduncle elongate, slender, semicircular in cross-section; prophyll inserted some distance above the base of the peduncle, thinly coriaceous, 2-keeled, tubular, splitting longitudinally on the abaxial face and tattering, only partially exserted, persistent; peduncular bract 1, longer than and inserted far above the prophyll, thick, coriaceous to subwoody, tubular, enclosing the rachillae in bud, later splitting longitudinally, ± persistent, variously unarmed or spiny, adaxially smooth, often pale cream at anthesis, tomentose or ± glabrous abaxially; rachis shorter than the peduncle, bearing few to numerous, ± spirally arranged, flexuous, slender, short to elongate, often somewhat zig-zag rachillae, each subtended by a minute, triangular bract; rachillae very few to numerous, bearing rather distant, spiral, or subdistichous triads except in the distal ca. 1/3–1/5 where bearing paired or solitary staminate flowers, each flower group subtended by an inconspicuous triangular bract; bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers somewhat asymmetrical; calyx cupular, short, ± membranous with 3, low or acuminate, triangular lobes; petals 3, distinct, ± fleshy, ovate-lanceolate, much exceeding the calyx, acute or acuminate; stamens 6–9, filaments irregularly adnate to the petals, the free portion very short or moderate, very slender at the tip, anthers ± rectangular, basifixed, sagittate at the base, latrorse; pistillode minute, conical, or absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually with slight asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, and rugulate, aperture margin may be slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 19–41 µm [5/12]. Pistillate flowers ± globular or ovoid, usually smaller than or equalling the staminate; calyx cupular or tubular, sometimes ± flattened, ± membranous, very briefly trilobed; corolla much exceeding the calyx, tubular, ± membranous, shallowly trilobed or truncate, sometimes minutely ciliate along the margins; staminodes 6, minute, tooth-like, epipetalous; gynoecium ovoid or columnar, trilocular, triovulate, only slightly exceeding the corolla, stigmas 3, fleshy, reflexed, ovule laterally attached, ?orthotropous. Fruit 1-seeded, ± ovoid or spherical, bright red, deep purple, or black, with apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thin, fleshy, endocarp stony with 3 pores slightly distal to the equator. Seed ovoid, with 3 surface hollows, basally attached, hilum basal, circular, raphe branches densely anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid with rather broad, acute segments or pinnate (2 pairs of leaflets in D. costaricensis). Cytology: 2n = 30.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Sixty-one species have been described but there are probably far fewer. Henderson et al. (1995) accept only seven species. Desmoncus is distributed from Mexico southwards to Brazil and Bolivia, and is absent from the West Indies except for Trinidad. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), stem (Fisher and French 1976, Tomlinson and Zimmermann 2003), and root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Desmoncus has not been tested. For relationships, see Acrocomia. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Locally, Desmoncus species may provide cane for cordage or rarely for inexpensive furniture; they are not, however, utilised to the same extent as the Asiatic rattans. See also Hübschmann et al. 2007. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Taxonomy of this genus is in disarray. A critical revision is greatly needed. In the interim, see Henderson et al. (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The genus represents the New World counterpart of the Asiatic and African calamoid rattans. The parallel development of grapnel acanthophylls on the cirrus of Desmoncus and of the calamoid genera Eremospatha, Oncocalamus and Laccosperma is a remarkable parallel development. Floral biology has been studied by Listabarth (1994). \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>For common names, see Glassman 1972. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Most species are palms of the lowlands, often found in open areas, swamps, on riverbanks, and more rarely in the undergrowth of tropical rain forest. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Desmoncus cirrhiferus</name>
+<author>A.H.Gentry & Zardini</author>
+<citation>Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 1436 (1988 publ. 1989)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy reaching liana. Stems clustered, to 10 m long, 1-2 cm in diameter. Leaves 1-2 m long; rachis in adult plants armed with numerous short, recurved spines used in climbing; pinnae 5-9 on each side, regularly spaced, elliptic, thin, nearly glabrous, to 20 cm long and 7 cm wide, distally extended into an up to 10 cm long filament; distal part of the leaf axis with a few pairs of pinnae transformed into climbing hooks. Inflorescence 30-50 cm long; branches 15-20, each 15-20 cm long. Fruits yellow to red, elongate, 1.5-2.5 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Colombia and Ecuador, in tropical and pre-montane moist and wet forest up to 900 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The species is easily recognised by the long tail at the apex the leaflets</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Desmoncus giganteus</name>
+<author>A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Palms Amazon: 225 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy reaching liana. Stem solitary, to 30 m long and 5 cm in diameter, usually covered with persistent leaf sheaths. Leaves 2-3 m long, the axis with slender, black spines, distally often unarmed; pinnae 9-10 on each side, evenly spaced, elliptic, 25-45 cm long and 6-12 cm wide; distal part of the rachis with 8-9 pairs of pinnae transformed into climbing hooks. Inflorescence 40-50 cm long; branches numerous, to 10 cm long or more. Fruits red, elongate, ca. 40 x 20 mm, rostrate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>W Amazon region in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil, below 600 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Desmoncus mitis</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 90 (1824)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey liana. Stem solitary, to 10 m long, ca. 1 cm in diameter. Leaves 60-70 cm long; rachis armed with short, recurved spines; pinnae 15-20 on each side, inserted in groups of 1-5, but spreading more or less in the same plane, lanceolate, 9-13 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide; distal part of the rachis with 3-5 pairs of pinnae transformed into climbing hooks, each hook 1.5-3 cm long. Inflorescence ca. 40 cm long, spineless, with 5-7 distichous branches, these to 7 cm long. Fruit red, elliptic, ca. 10 x 7 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in the W Amazon region, from Venezuela to Bolivia, below 1000 m elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>A polymorphic species divided into five varieties.Notes for Ecuador. The Ecuadorian plants belong to var. mitis.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Desmoncus mitis var. mitis</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Distinguished from the other varieties by having leaves with 10-11 leaflets per side</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Desmoncus orthacanthos</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 87 (1824)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy reaching liana. Stems clustered, to 10 m long, ca. 2 cm i diameter, usually covered with persistent sheaths. Leaves 1.5-2 m long, the axis with numerous black, slender spines, distally often unarmed but with a number of pinnae modified into climbing hooks; pinnae to 25 on each side, more or less evenly spaced, narrowly elliptic, to 20 cm long and 2-5 cm wide. Inflorescence 30-40 cm long, with 20-50 branches. Fruits red, elongate, 1.5-2 cm long</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in tropical America, from Mexico to Bolivia, below 1000 m elevation, often in coastal areas.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Easily recognised by its straight leaf rachis spines and unarmed cirrhus. Otherwise a highly variable species in need of thorough revision.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Desmoncus polyacanthos</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 85 (1824)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy reaching liana. Stems solitary or clustered, to 10 m long, 1-2 cm in diameter. Leaves 1-2 m long; rachis with numerous short, recurved spines; pinnae 8-13 on each side, more or less evenly spaced, ovate-elliptic, 15-35 cm long and 3-6 cm wide; the distal half of the rachis with 4-7 pairs of pinnae transformed into climbing hooks, each hook 3-7 cm long. Inflorescence 70-80 cm long, with ca. 15, short branches. Fruit red, obovate, flat at apex, 15-20 mm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in W South America, from Venezuela to Bolivia, at low elevations.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The species is recognised by its recurved, hook-like spines on the leaf rachis and cirrhus, and entire, spiny leaf sheathes (net-like tattering in D. giganteus). Two varieties are recognised. The Ecuadorian plants belong to var. prunifer (Mart.) A. J. Hend., distributed in the W part of the Amazon region. It differs from var. polyacanthos in its larger fruits, 15-23 mm long.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
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+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
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+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
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+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
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+<role>
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+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Desmoncus polyacanthos var. polyacanthos</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Distinguished by its small fruits, 1-1.4 cm long and 0.8-1 cm in diameter</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread in S America east of the Andes.
+Distribution in Ecuador. Not found in Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Desmoncus polyacanthos var. prunifer</name>
+<author>(Poepp. ex Mart.) A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Palms Amazon: 233 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Distinguished from var. polyacanthos by its larger fruits, 1.5-2.2 cm long and 1.3-1.8 cm in diameter</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small acaulescent or moderate erect palms native to eastern South America, with spicate inflorescences; the staminate flowers are very densely packed and with 6 to over 100 stamens, fruit tending to be rather irregularly shaped because of close-packing.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Allagoptera</name>\r
+<author>Nees in M.A.P. Wied-Neuwied</author> \r
+<citation>Reise Bras. 2: 335 (1821).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Allagoptera pumila; Nees</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Diplothemium</name>\r
+<author> Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref> Mart., Palm. fam. 20 (1824).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Diplothemium maritimum; Mart.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Polyandrococos</name>\r
+<author>Barb. Rodr.</author>\r
+<bibref>Barb. Rodr., Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 1: 7 (1901).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Polyandrococos caudescens; (Mart.) Barb. Rodr.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Allage — other, different, pteron — wing, perhaps referring to the leaflets held in different planes in Allagoptera arenaria.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small, moderate or tall, acaulescent or erect, solitary or clustered, armed or unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, or very short and subterranean, occasionally branching dichotomously, rough and closely ringed with leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, marcescent; sheath short to long, tubular but splitting adaxially when young, becoming woody or soft fibrous, slightly expanded at the base to the petiole, sometimes finely striate and covered with whitish, rusty spotted tomentum; petiole short to long, slender to robust, deeply channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, margins smooth or roughly toothed to spiny, tomentose abaxially like the sheath; rachis arched or straight, adaxially channelled, distally flattened, abaxially rounded, or triangular in cross-section, glabrous or scaly; leaflets single-fold, inserted regularly or in groups, long, narrow, tapering, pointed, or 2-lobed and split apically, a midrib evident on both surfaces, large scales present or absent abaxially along the midrib, glabrous or glaucous throughout, or silvery beneath, transverse veinlets apparent adaxially. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar, erect or pendulous, unbranched; peduncle short to very long, circular in cross-section; prophyll tubular, thin, dorsiventrally flattened, 2-keeled laterally, glabrous or scaly, becoming fibrous, opening apically; peduncular bract 1, long, basally slender, sometimes appearing stalked, inflated above, tapering to a beak, woody, ± plicate, splitting abaxially; rachis bearing close triads throughout the lower 1/2 or more of its length and pairs of staminate flowers distally, staminate flowers shed early, leaving a long, bare, pointed tip on the rachis at pistillate anthesis, bracts subtending triads ovate, pointed, those subtending staminate flower pairs with longer pointed tips, bracts adnate laterally to the rachis and to the bases of adjacent bracts, forming a curved depression surrounding the flower pairs, floral bracteoles inconspicuous. Staminate flowers large, asymmetrical, ovoid to obovoid, angled, those of the triads sometimes borne on long, ± flat pedicels curved around the pistillate flower, distal, paired staminate flowers sessile; sepals 3, narrow, connate basally for ca. 1/4 their length, widely separated, pointed, keeled, margins entire or crenate; petals 3, distinct, irregular, angled, triangular, valvate, slightly–4 times longer than the sepals, the tips thickened; stamens 6–ca. 100, filaments awl-shaped, ± united at the base, erect, sometimes flexible and variously bent and curved, anthers somewhat irregular, short to elongate, curved but not twisted, dorsifixed near the base of a prominent connective or toward the middle, sometimes versatile, latrorse or introrse; pistillode lacking or slender, conical, ca. 1/2 as long as the stamens. Pollen ellipsoidal, may be elongate and/or pyriform, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, or perforate-rugulate, aperture margin may be slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 20–50 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetrahedral, rarely tetragonal or rhomboidal [4/5]. Pistillate flowers smaller or slightly larger than the staminate, globose; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, tips valvate in bud; petals 3, distinct, about as long as the sepals, broadly imbricate, tips valvate; staminodes connate in a low, shallowly lobed cupule; gynoecium ovoid or obovoid, trilocular, triovulate, stigmas narrow, recurved between the petal apices at anthesis, ovules laterally attached, anatropous. Fruit obovoid, angled by mutual pressure, greenish-yellow or brown, usually 1-seeded, stigmatic remains represented by an apical knob, perianth enlarged and persistent; epicarp glabrous or with woolly scales, mesocarp fibrous and fleshy, endocarp hard but relatively thin, or thick and bony, smooth, with 3 pores near the base, internally with 3, broad, shining lines. Seed obovoid or elongate, basally attached, hilum small, raphe wide with large curved and small anastomosing branches, endosperm hard, with or without a central hollow, homogeneous or shallowly ruminate; embryo basal to subbasal. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire or briefly bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Five species in Brazil and Paraguay.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Moraes 1996a), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), stamen development (Uhl 1988). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Allagoptera is monophyletic with high support (Gunn 2004). The genus is resolved as sister to a clade of Attalea, Lytocaryum and Syagrus with low support by Baker et al. (in review) and sister to Cocos and Attalea with low support by Hahn (2002b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moraes (1996a). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Easily recognisable by the striking spicate inflorescence bearing closely appressed pistillate flowers basally and staminate flowers distally. The large unbranched inflorescence of Allagoptera caudescens at anthesis entirely covered by stamens has a striking resemblance to that of some species of Phytelephas, though there is no relationship.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>For common names, see Glassman (1972).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In loose sand on beaches, on dunes, in open tree and scrub woodland, among rocks on sandstone hills, in dry grassy or shrubby vegetation zones (cerrado) or in open areas in the mountains.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Usually robust solitary or clustered pinnate-leaved tree palms of the Andes and foothills, the stems with stilt roots; leaflets are rhomboid, praemorse and are usually longitudinally divided to give the whole leaf an ostrich-feather appearance; fruit has basal stigmatic remains and embryo.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dictyocaryum</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<citation>Bonplandia 8: 106 (1860).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Dictyocaryum lamarckianum; (Mart.) H. Wendl.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Dahlgrenia</name>\r
+<author>Steyerm.</author>\r
+<bibref>Steyerm., Fieldiana, Bot. 28: 82 (1951).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Dahlgrenia ptariana; Steyerm.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Dictyon — a net, karyon — nut, referring to the net-like branching pattern of the raphe on the surface of the seed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, or very rarely clustered, moderate to robust, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious tree palms. Stem erect, slightly or rarely markedly ventricose, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, with stilt roots bearing short somewhat sharp or cylindrical, lateral roots. Leaves few, pinnate, neatly abscising; sheath forming a conspicuous crownshaft, bearing scattered small scales (?always); petiole short or very short, adaxially channelled at the base, rounded or angled distally, rounded abaxially, sometimes densely tomentose; rachis angled to convex adaxially, rounded abaxially; leaflets massive with numerous ribs, longitudinally divided between the ribs to the base into narrow segments displayed in many planes giving the whole leaf a dense plumose appearance, each segment praemorse at the apex, blade strongly discolorous, abaxially green or densely covered in white indumentum and abundant unbranched hairs and/or dot-like scales, usually 1 large rib per segment, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, erect or pendulous and curved, branched to 2 orders, in bud sometimes horn-shaped, protandrous; peduncle winged or not at the base, elongate, rounded in cross-section, massive; prophyll short, 2-keeled, tubular, soon opening at the tip, eventually shed, tomentose; peduncular bracts up to 9, tubular with pointed tips, completely sheathing at first, then splitting apically to allow elongation of the peduncle, proximal few rather short, middle to distal much longer, conspicuously beaked, all shed at anthesis, prophyll and peduncular bracts coriaceous to woody; rachis ± equalling to much longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts spirally arranged, triangular, proximally conspicuous; first-order branches spreading, swollen at the base with a long bare portion, the proximal bearing about 3–4 rachillae, distal unbranched; rachillae slender, elongate, flexuous, very numerous, bearing rather distant, spirally arranged triads proximally, paired and solitary staminate flowers distally. Staminate flowers fleshy, sessile, ± symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded, strongly gibbous basally; petals much longer than the sepals, 3, slightly connate at the base, ± lanceolate, valvate; stamens 6, filaments short, broad, fleshy, anthers elongate, basifixed, latrorse; pistillode short, broad, columnar, rounded or minutely trifid at the apex. Pollen ellipsoidal, ± bi-symmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine intectate, coarsely granular to gemmate, granulae/gemmae often coalesced into larger irregular units, aperture margin similar; longest axis 24–30 µm [3/3]. Pistillate flowers smaller than the staminate, sessile; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate, thick; petals ca. 3 times as long as the sepals, ± triangular, imbricate; staminodes 6, minute, strap-like or tooth-like; gynoecium tricarpellate, triovulate, rounded, tipped with 3 low stigmas, ovule probably anatropous. Fruit developing from 1 carpel, globose or ellipsoidal, with basal carpel and stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, usually yellow at maturity, dark brown when dry, mesocarp thick with outer layer of sclereids and inner layer of tannin and fibres, endocarp very thin, scarcely differentiated. Seed spherical, basally attached, seed coat thick with a conspicuous network of raphe fibres, hilum rounded, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species described in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana and Panama. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf and seed (Roth 1990), and root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Dictyocaryum has not been tested. For relationships, see Iriartella. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Specific uses have not been recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson (1990). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Small monosulcate grains, Palmaemargosulcites insulatus, from palm flower compression fossils, recovered from the Middle Eocene oil shales of Messel, Germany, are compared with pollen of Dictyocaryum and Dypsis (Harley 1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>There are two very different inflorescence habits within the genus; the inflorescence may be more-or-less erect with wide spreading rachillae, or pendulous and curved in bud with pendulous rachillae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Araque, palma real. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Usually in montane rain forest at medium elevations, on very steep slopes, often occurring in great numbers, and forming a conspicuous component of the forest canopy. Dictyocaryum ptarianum also rarely grows in the lowlands of the Amazon basin. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dictyocaryum lamarckianum</name>
+<author>(Mart.) H.Wendl.</author>
+<citation>Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 21: 131 (1863)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, erect, to 25 m tall and 40 cm in diameter, often swollen in the central part. Base supported by a 1-2 m tall, dense cone of black stilroots, these with numerous short, whitish root spines. Leaves 3-6, to 5 m long, strongly bushy; pinnae numerous, longitudinally split, jagged at the apex, silverish green below. Inflorescence to 2 m long, erect, with numerous long, pendulous branches, creamish yellow in flower. Fruit greenish yellow, globose, ca. 3 cm in diameter.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Patchily distributed from Panama to Bolivia along the Andes, in premontane moist to wet forest, often very abundant in a certain (variable) altitudinal range. In Ecuador it is found on both sides of the Andes.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Closely related to Iriartea which it resembles in flower structure and protandrous flowering pattern.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Beautiful moderate solitary pinnate-leaved palm native to Mascarene Islands, with conspicuous crownshaft, and inflorescence shaped like a horse’s tail.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dictyosperma</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude</author> \r
+<citation>Linnaea 39: 181 (1875).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Dictyosperma album; (Bory) Scheff.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Dicrosperma</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude ex Watson</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl. and Drude ex Watson, Gard. Chron. series 2, 24: 362 (1885).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Linoma</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 7: 123 (1917).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Linoma alba; (Bory) O.F.Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Diktyon — net, sperma — seed, referring to the net-like raphe branches on the surface of the seed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Stout, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem erect, sometimes enlarged at the base, brown or grey, often vertically fissured. Leaves pinnate, spreading with arched, ±pendulous leaflets; sheath tubular, forming a prominent crownshaft, thinly to densely white, grey or brown tomentose; petiole very short, nearly flat to slightly rounded adaxially, abaxially rounded, tomentose marginally and adaxially, the scales with blackish centres and pale, tattered-twisted margins, deciduous, leaving dot-like scars; rachis adaxially angled with scales as on the petiole, abaxially rounded; leaflets lanceolate, acute, single-fold, subopposite, regularly arranged, abaxially with pale to dark brown, twisted, basifixed or medifixed membranous ramenta on the midrib, midrib conspicuous adaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, protandrous, as many as 6 present below the crownshaft, erect in bud, branched to 1 order, branches stiff, ascending, ± unilateral; peduncle very short, dorsiventrally compressed, grey-brown tomentose; prophyll tubular, bluntly pointed, rather wide, shortly 2-keeled laterally, glabrous or with deciduous grey tomentum, splitting adaxially, caducous; peduncular bract like the prophyll, lacking keels, beaked, rather thin, fibrous; rachis longer than the peduncle, stout, tapering, ± densely covered with twisted hairs or glabrous, bearing acute or low rounded bracts subtending rachillae on 3 sides, lacking rachillae adaxially, at least toward the base; rachillae moderate, tapering, stiff, ascending, becoming recurved, glabrous or hairy only at the base, bearing triads in the lower 1/2–4/5, and paired staminate flowers distally; floral bracteoles low, flattened, not sepal-like. Staminate flowers sessile or briefly pedicellate, yellow to maroon, asymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, slightly imbricate at the base only, acute, keeled and ± gibbous towards the base; petals 3, distinct, valvate, ovate, acute, with an outer layer of thick fibres and tannin cells; stamens 6, filaments stout, inflexed at the apex in bud, anthers dorsifixed near the middle, becoming versatile, linear-lanceolate, briefly bifid at the apex, more deeply bifid basally, the locules in bud separated by a very narrow sterile portion, latrorse; pistillode nearly as long as the stamens, tapered to a slender tip from a broad base. Pollen ellipsoidal symmetric or slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, psilate and sparsely perforate (in some collections with small sparsely distributed club-shaped spinulae) aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 40–60 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers ovoid, smaller than the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, broadly rounded; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, very briefly valvate at the apex; staminodes 3, small, triangular, at one side of the gynoecium; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas scarcely differentiated, not exserted or recurved, ovule large, prominently vascularised, attached laterally in upper part of locule, hemianatropous. Fruit ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoidal, black or purplish at maturity, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth when fresh, wrinkled but not pebbled when dry, mesocarp with an external and an internal layer of elongate, vertically oriented parenchyma cells with some flat, thin, longitudinal fibres between the layers, cells of the inner layer longer and overlying a layer of contiguous thickened fibres and a thin layer of ± isodiametric tannin cells adherent to the endocarp, endocarp horny, with round basal operculum and scar of seed attachment extending the length of the adaxial side to the acute apex. Seed ovoid-ellipsoidal, acute, brown, with elongate hilum and only slightly anastomosing raphe branches descending from the apex, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species in the Mascarene Islands.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961) and fruit (Essig et al. 1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Dictyosperma is moderately supported as sister throughout both surfaces visible in fresh material, transverse veinlets not to Rhopaloblaste (Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in evident. Inflorescence infrafoliar, branched to 2 (rarely 3) orders, protandrous, prep.). somewhat deflexed at anthesis, divaricate, with sparse to densely matted, \r
+brown, stellate scales throughout inflorescence axes, bracts and bracteoles;</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Peduncle relatively slender, elongate, elliptical in cross-section; prophyll \r
+Frequently grown as an ornamental.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore and Guého (1980, 1984).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a very isolated genus in both distribution andrelationships.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Princess palm, hurricane palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>It grows from sea level to 600 m or more, nearly extinct in the wild state, cultivated on Mauritius, Reunion and elsewhere. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small to moderate, solitary pinnate-leaved palms, native to Moluccas, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands and Samoa, with crownshaft and praemorse leaflets, elongate peduncles and seed rounded in cross section; the endosperm can be ruminate or homogeneous.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Drymophloeus</name>\r
+<author>Zippel</author>\r
+<citation>Alg. Konst-Lett.-Bode 1829 (19): 297 (1829).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Drymophloeus oliviformis; (Giseke) Mart.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Coleospadix</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 90 (1885).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Coleospadix litigiosa; (Becc.) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Saguaster</name>\r
+<author>Kuntze</author>\r
+<bibref>Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2: 734 (1891).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Saguaster oliviformis; (Giseke) Kuntze</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Rehderophoenix</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 86 (1936).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Rehderophoenix pachyclada; Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Drymos — wood, phloios – bark, but the reason for the choice of name was not explained and remains obscure.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary or rarely weakly clustering, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, slender, ringed with rather widely spaced leaf scars, sometimes short stilt roots present basally. Leaves pinnate, arching slightly, few in crown; sheath rather thick, forming a slender crownshaft, glabrous adaxially, abaxially densely covered with whitish tomentum and small red-brown scales, becoming minutely brown-dotted; petiole absent or short, slender, adaxially deeply channelled, abaxially rounded, covered with deciduous tomentum and pale or dark scales; rachis long, slender, adaxially often sharply pointed or ridged and rounded, abaxially rounded, densely covered with brown tattered scales or tomentum; leaflets subopposite to alternate, in one plane, single-fold, broadly or narrowly wedge-shaped, or broadly lanceolate to narrowly obovate, distal pair sometimes broader and united or small and narrow, leaflets distally variously lobed or oblique, raggedly praemorse, adaxially glabrous except for a few scales near bases of major veins, abaxially densely covered with small scales on minor veins, major veins with ramenta toward the base, or lacking scales except on midrib, midvein and a pair of large veins along or close to the margins prominent, margins densely covered with caducous tomentum and scales, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 1 or basally to 2–3 orders, protandrous; peduncle relatively slender, elongate (except Drymophloeus subdistichus), elliptical in cross-section; prophyll deciduous, tubular, slender, dorsiventally flattened, with 2, narrow, lateral keels, pointed, splitting apically and for a short distance abaxially to release the peduncular bract, densely covered with multibranched or pale-margined brown scales; peduncular bract tubular, slender, much longer than the prophyll, with a long rather flat, pointed tip, densely covered with scales like the prophyll, a few small incomplete peduncular bracts sometimes also present; rachis shorter than the peduncle, angled, tapering, bearing rather few, distant, spirally arranged branches; rachis bracts low, rounded; rachillae short, tapering, bearing spirally arranged triads of flowers basally, and pairs of a pistillate and one staminate, or a single staminate flower distally; floral bracteoles low, rounded or truncate. Staminate flowers borne laterally toward the lower side of the pistillate flower in rounded indentations in the rachillae; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, irregularly but strongly keeled, margins thin, variously notched; petals 3, distinct, ovate, valvate, evenly thickened, adaxially grooved, reflexed at anthesis; stamens numerous, 24 to more than 320, filaments moderate, awl-shaped, anthers elongate, sagittate basally, uneven, sometimes divided apically, medifixed, versatile, latrorse; pistillode with 3 short, rounded, 3-angled lobes or ovoid attenuate to 2/3 as long as the stamens, usually shortly trifid apically. Pollen ellipsoidal or oblate triangular, asymmetric to pyriform; aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate or perforate-reticulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 50–63 µm [2/7]. Pistillate flowers broadly ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, hooded, edges minutely toothed or variously notched; petals 3, twice as long as the sepals in late bud, distinct, ovate, imbricate, lateral margins shortly fringed, tips thick, valvate; staminodes 3, shortly joined basally, wide, truncate and bifid or uneven distally; gynoecium symmetrical, ovoid, tapering distally, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, recurved, ovule attached laterally or pendulous from the top of the locule, form unknown. Fruit fusiform to ovoid, red at maturity, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp thin, smooth, becoming pebbled when dry, mesocarp fleshy, fibrous, with stinging crystals, fibres adherent to the thin, rather smooth endocarp, endocarp usually circular in cross-section, 5-lobed in D. hentyi and D. subdistichus). Seed ovoid, surface smooth, hilum apical, raphe much branched, branches somewhat sunken, endosperm homogeneous or ruminate; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid, or entire, ovate, margins toothed. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Eight species extending from the Moluccas and New Guinea, through the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands to Samoa. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig 1977). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Lewis et al. (in prep.) resolved Drymophloeus as polyphyletic. Drymophloeus litigiosus and D. oliviformis are resolved in a clade with Normanbya, Carpentaria and Wodyetia with low support. Drymophloeus hentyi is resolved as sister to Ponapea with high support. Norup et al. (2006) resolve a clade with low support comprising D. litigiosus and Normanbya.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The black wood of the trunk is used for making spears, arrowheads, and other items. Some species are grown as ornamentals in moist tropical areas. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Zona (1999b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Zona (1999a) demonstrated good evidence for removing Drymophloeus samoensis and returning it to the genus Solfia and some evidence for dividing the genus into two groups: undergrowth species (Drymophloeus) and emergent species (Rehderophoenix). However, Drymophloeus in the broader sense is retained here. Zona (1999a) suggested that Drymophloeus is closely related to Brassiophoenix, Balaka and Solfia, with Balaka as the sister genus. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Understory palms in rain forest in areas of high rainfall, variously occurring from sea level to 1200 m. </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>A complex and highly variable genus of pinnate-leaved palms that has radiated spectacularly in Madagascar and Comores, with an outlier on Pemba off the coast of Tanzania; the genus includes towering forest giants, bottle palms, litter-trappers, stemless palms, some of the most slender of all palms, and even two climbing members; all have fruit with basal stigmatic remains.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis</name>\r
+<author>Noronha ex Mart.</author> \r
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 180 (1838)</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Dypsis forficifolia; Noronha ex Mart.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author>\r
+<bibref>H. Wendl., Bot. Zeit. 36: 117 (1878)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Chrysalidocarpus lutescens; H.Wendl.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phloga</name>\r
+<author>Noronha ex Hook.f.</author>\r
+<bibref>Noronha ex Hook.f., Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. pl. 3: 877, 909 (1883)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Phloga nodifera; (Mart.) Pic.Serm.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neodypsis</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 148: 1172 (1894)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Neodypsis lastelliana; Baill.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 1173 (1894)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Neophloga commersoniana; Baill.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Haplodypsis</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 1167 (1894)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Haplodypsis pervillei; Baill.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Haplophloga</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 1168 (1894)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Haplophloga poivreana; Baill.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Dypsidium</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 1172 (1894)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Dypsidium catatianum; Baill. </type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phlogella</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 1174 (1894)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Phlogella humblotiana; Baill.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Trichodypsis</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 1174 (1894)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Trichodypsis hildebrandtii; Baill.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Vonitra</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38, Beibl. 87: 18 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Vonitra fibrosa; (C.H.Wright) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Adelodypsis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38, Beibl. 87: 18 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Adelodypsis gracilis; (Bory ex Mart.) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Macrophloga</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme Madagascar 47 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Macrophloga decipiens; (Becc.) Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Antongilia</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (2): 19 (1928)</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Antongilia perrieri; Jum.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Derivation obscure.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Very small to very large unarmed pleonanthic monoecious palms. Stems solitary or clustered, very short, subterranean, creeping-rhizomatous, erect, in one species climbing, sometimes branched aerially by apparent dichotomy. Leaves pinnate or pinnately ribbed, neatly abscising or marcescent; sheath tubular, rarely almost open, usually forming a well-defined crownshaft, sometimes fibrous, in a few species with abundant pendulous piassava, sheath surface variously scaly and/or waxy or glabrous, auricles sometimes present; petiole absent or short to long, variously glabrous, scaly or hairy; blade entire, entire-bifid, or divided into single or multi-fold reduplicate leaflets, regularly or irregularly arranged, sometimes fanned within groups to produce a plumose appearance, leaflets usually entire, rarely praemorse, very rarely discolourous, often with abundant minute punctiform scales on both surfaces and ramenta along the main rib abaxially. Inflorescences mostly interfoliar, more rarely infrafoliar, spicate or branched to 1–4 orders, apparently protrandrous (?always); peduncle usually elongate, basal branches not sharply divaricate; prophyll often borne above the base of the peduncle; peduncular bract usually conspicuous, exserted and caducous; rachillae variously glabrous or scaly and hairy; rachilla bracts low, generally inconspicuous, sometimes conspicuous; flowers borne in triads of a central pistillate flower and two lateral staminate flowers, triads superficial or slightly sunken in shallow pits. Staminate flowers symmetrical, ± rounded to bullet-shaped, sometimes very small; sepals imbricate; petals valvate, basally briefly connate; stamens 3 (antesepalous or antepetalous) or 6 (very rarely 1, 4 or 5 as monstrosities), 3 staminodes sometimes present, these either antesepalous or antepetalous, very rarely adnate to the pistillode; pistillode present or absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, elongate ellipsoidal, pyriform or oblate triangular, with slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture usually a distal sulcus, occasionally a trichotomosulcus; ectexine usually tectate, occasionally semi-tectate, perforate, perforate and micro-channelled, perforate-rugulate, reticulate,muri of reticulum occasionally coarsely granular (rarely granularcrotonoid) or spinulose, aperture margin similar or slightly finer;infratectum columellate; less frequently ectexine intectate with coarselygranular structures, sometimes coalesced into larger elements with orwithout spinulae, aperture margin similar; longest axis 17–65 µm; post-meiotic tetrads usually tetrahedral, rarely tetragonal or rhomboidal[30/140]. Pistillate flowers about the same size as the staminate; sepalsrounded, broadly imbricate; petals imbricate with triangular valvate tips;staminodes usually present, minute, tooth-like, usually 3 or 6 at one sideof the ovary; pistil pseudomonomerous, often strongly asymmetrical(especially in smaller species), stigmas 3, apical, sometimes eccentric,ovule form unknown. Fruit borne with persistent calyx and corolla,spherical, ellipsoid, fusiform or rarely curved, stigmatic remains basal,often obscured by perianth; epicarp often brightly coloured or jet blackor rarely dull green or brown; mesocarp thin, fleshy or fibrous; endocarpusually thin, fibrous. Seed closely adhering to the endocarp, endospermhomogeneous, sometimes deeply pentrated by regular grooves, orweakly to strongly ruminate; embryo subbasal. Germination adjacentligular; eophyll bifid or pinnate. Cytology: 2n = 32, 34.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Approximately 140 species confined to Madagascar, the Comores and the island of Pemba off the coast of Tanzania. At least 20 more are currently undescribed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Achilli 1913, Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and floral (Rudall et al. 2003). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Dypsis has never been resolved as monophyletic in any study (Lewis and Doyle 2002, Baker et al. in prep.). A wide range of relationships have been recovered between Dypsis, Marojejya, Masoala and Lemurophoenix (and sometimes other Areceae), but these remain poorly supported (Lewis 2002, Lewis and Doyle 2002, Loo et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.). Further data are required to facilitate a revision of the limits of Dypsis. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>For local names and uses see Dransfield and Beentje (1995b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield and Beentje (1995b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>From the Palaeocene-Lower Eocene, Deccan Intertrappean of India (Madhya Pradesh) (although the age span of these volcanic deposits is controversial, see Chapter 5) a petrified palm stem, Palmoxylon ghuguensis, is compared with Chrysalidocarpus (= Dypsis) (Ambwani and Prakash 1983). The affinity of the fossil is inconclusive. Small monosulcate grains, Palmaemargosulcites insulatus, from palm flower compression fossils, recovered from the Middle Eocene oil shales of Messel, Germany, are compared with pollen of Dictyocaryum and Dypsis (Harley 1997). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is an astonishingly variable genus. Dransfield and Beentje (1995b) found the circumscription of the genera Chrysalidocarpus, Neophloga, Phloga, Vonitra, Antongilia and Neodypsis to be based on highly unreliable characters, and decided to sink them all into the single genus Dypsis. It may well be that after a rigorous phylogeny is produced based on both molecular and morphological characters, the circumscription of groups within Dypsis at the generic level may be possible and desirable. \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>For local names and uses see Dransfield and Beentje (1995b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>The genus displays an extraordinary range of ecological adaptations, occurring from sea level to over 2200 min the mountains, from rain forest to forest transitional with spiny xeromorphic scrub. Many species are palms of the forest canopy whereas others are among the smallest of all palms. Dypsis crinita is a rheophyte, at least as a juvenile, while D.aquatilis grows in relatively deep water, paralleling the remarkable Ravenea musicalis that grows in a nearby river system.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis acaulis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 409 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Antalaha, Masoala, Marambo; Perrier; 12044</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus P; isotypus K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A very distinctive stemless palm, known only from a single herbarium specimen collected by Perrier de la Bâthie on the Masoala Peninsula. This is one of the very few palms in Madagascar that has whitish undersides to the leaves. This combined with the habit, the undivided blade and the spicate inflorescence should make it easy to identify. Despite this, it has not been refound. The species name (Latin for stemless) refers to the habit of this palm.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Acaulescens, procumbens, foliis bifidis pagina inferiore laminae indumento griseo tecta, inflorescentia spicata, longe pedunculata, floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antepetalis bene distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Acaulescent forest undergrowth palm. STEM probably solitary, procumbent, 5 cm long, c. 18 mm diam., circular in cross section, drying pale buff; roots cylindrical, c. 3 mm diam. at insertion. LEAVES entire, bifid; sheath open to the base, 6 x 3 cm (opened out at the base), pale brown covered with reddish brown tomentum and dark brown punctiform scales; petiole c. 26 x 0.4 cm, triangular in cross section, adaxially shallowly channelled, the margins quite sharp, ± glabrescent, pale buff or with sparse reddish brown tomentum; costa of leaf 18 cm long, outer leaf margins 45 cm long, inner margins c. 28 cm, the two lobes 4.5-5.5 cm wide, the tips irregularly dentate or subpraemorse; lamina with c. 8-9 major adaxial folds, adaxial surface drying grey, transverse veinlets conspicuous but short, abaxially covered in dense grey indumentum and red-brown punctiform scales. INFLORESCENCE spicate to c. 22 cm; peduncle c. 13 cm, c. 2 mm diam.; prophyll tightly tubular, 9 x 0.3 cm; peduncular bract c. 15 x 0.3 cm, both covered in scattered brown lacerate scales; spike to 9 x 0.3-0.4 cm, cylindrical, densely covered in thick red-brown tomentum entirely obscuring bracts and flowers, only very faintly showing impressions of bracts; bracts scarcely 1 mm high forming pits. STAMINATE FLOWERS 0.7 mm high; sepals 3, c. 0.25 mm, margins ciliate, chaffy, buff-coloured; petals 3, dark, c. 0.7 x 0.3 mm, longitudinally striate; stamens 3, antepetalous, anthers didymous, staminodes 3, dentiform, between the fertile stamens; pistillode minute, pyramidal. FRUIT (lost), said to be bright red, fusiform, 20 x 6 mm. (Plate: see next page).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>NE Madagascar, Masoala Peninsula.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; 40 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Presumed extinct. Not collected for more than eighty years.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Known only from material with very young staminate flower buds.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Antalaha: Masoala, Marambo, towards Antalaha, Aug. 1912 (buds), Perrier 12044 (Holotype P; isotype K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis acuminum</name>
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 211 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Manongarivo; Perrier; 15801</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus acuminum</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 10, 3: 16 (1922)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 7 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 109 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A rare species, which may well be the same as D. onilahensis. The Latin name means 'of the peaks'.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Lafaza (Manongarivo).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, moderate palm. STEMS 4-6 m tall, 8 cm diam.; internodes dark green to greyish, nodal scars forming obvious rings. LEAVES 5-6, arching, 1-1.5 m long; sheath 30-32 cm long, when flattened 8-10 cm wide, adaxially dark reddish purple, abaxially pale brown distally with scattered black scales, waxy, without ligules but with rounded shoulders; petiole 11-16 cm, proximally c. 1.2 x 0.6 cm, distally 0.8-1.3 x 0.6-0.7 cm diam., channelled with sharp edges, red-brown with blackish scales; rachis with dense to scattered blackish scales, in mid-leaf 0.6-1.2 x 0.6-0.7 cm diam.; leaflets regular, c. 30 on each side of the rachis, acuminate, proximal 35- 36 x 0.3-1 cm, median 27-39 x 1.2-1.8 cm (interval 1.5-3 cm), distal 6-30 x 0.3-1.4 cm, main veins 1, glabrous but for 3-4 scattered ramenta. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar at anthesis, infrafoliar in fruit, branched to 1 or 2 orders; peduncle 28-41 cm long, proximally c. 2 x cm, distally 1.2 x 0.6 cm, glabrous; prophyll 30-35 cm long, borne at 6-9 cm above the base of the peduncle, with scattered scales but glabrescent, open for the distal 10 cm; peduncular bract inserted at 18-20 cm from the base of the peduncle, 36-37 cm long, split over its whole length or except for the distal 3-4 cm, beaked for 3-4 cm, with dense but scattered scales; non-tubular peduncular bracts 1-1.3 cm, near the apex of the peduncle; rachis 12-34 cm, with 15-18 unbranched first order branches, in the type with one of the branches bifurcate; rachillae 10-25 cm long, 2.5-4 mm diam., glabrous, with quite dense triads, slightly sunken in pits; rachilla bract c. 2 mm long, acute to acuminate. STAMINATE FLOWERS unknown. PISTILLATE FLOWERS only known from the young fruiting stage, with the sepals 2.8- x 3-4 mm; petals 3.5-5.2 x 4-6 mm; staminodes 0.5-1 mm; gynoecium probably c. 4 mm high. FRUIT ellipsoid, 9-10 x 6-7 mm., rounded at apex; endocarp fibrous, with few anastomations. SEED ellipsoid, 8-8.5 x 5.5-6 mm, the base with a slight bump and a sub-basal depression corresponding to the embryo, the apex rounded; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>N Madagascar: Manongarivo and Marojejy Mountains.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Montane forest; alt. 700-1900 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown. Only known from a single recent collection, but it is possible this taxon occurs on more high mountains of the north, most of which are not well known botanically.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The altitude on the type is indicated as 2000 m, but the highest point in the Manongarivo Mts., Antsatrotro, is 1876 m. This taxon is probably the same as D. onilahensis; only the branching pattern of the inflorescence is distinct, being much less branched in</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja: Manongarivo, probably Antsatrotro, May 1909 (y.fr.), Perrier 15801 (P, type). Andapa: Marojejy, Feb. 1989 (y.fr.), Miller & Lowry 3941 (P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis ambanjae</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 299 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Sambirano; Perrier; 12070</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phloga sambiranensis</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 5, 1 (3): 18 (1933)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 23 (1938)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>One of the mysteries of the genus, only known from the type, and not seen for over eighty years. The species name comes from the town of Ambanja.
+NOTE: The epithet sambiranensis is predated in Chrysalidocarpus in the same publication (Jumelle, 1933), but in an earlier fascicle (later combined as Dypsis sambiranensis, a synonym of D pinnatifrons) The new epithet derives from the nearest large town and administrative unit in which the type was found</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm. Stems 4-5 m tall, 5-6 cm diam.; internodes distally 2.5-3.5 cm long, nodal scars c. 0.2 cm, distal diameter of stems c. 2.3 cm. LEAVES pinnate; sheath c. 32 cm, proximally glabrous and waxy, distally with scattered scales, with rounded opening, auricles absent; petiole 13-27 cm long, proximally (in a young leaf) 8 x 7 mm, distally 4 x 6 mm, channelled adaxially; rachis slender, in a young leaf 1 m long, in mid-leaf 3-5 mm wide, slightly keeled, almost glabrous; leaflets c. 47 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-6, the group interval 4-5 cm, rather stiff, linear, in a young leaf the proximal 38-40 x 0.3-0.5 cm, median 34-36 x 0.6-0.8 cm, distal 8-23 x 0.3-0.6 cm, main vein 1, ramenta few, 1-3 mm long, or absent, rest of leaf glabrous, apices unequally bifid, attenuate. INFLORESCENCE branched to 2 orders; peduncle c. 42.5 cm long, distally curved, proximally c. 8 x 3 mm diam., distally c. 7 x 4 mm diam.; prophyll c. 52 cm long, 3 cm wide, borne at c. 23 cm above the base of the peduncle, waxy, glabrous, open in its upper 20 cm; peduncular bract inserted at c. 35 cm from the base of the peduncle, 29-40 cm long, opening over its length except for the beak of 5 mm; rachis c. 18 cm long, glabrous with c. 8 branched and 13 unbranched first order branches, the proximal of these with a secondary rachis up to 2.5 cm long and proximally 4 x 2 mm diam., with up to 4 rachillae; rachillae 4-11 cm long, c. 1.5 mm diam., glabrous, sinuous, with distant superficial triads; rachilla bracts c. 1 mm, acute. STAMINATE FLOWERS unknown. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.8-2.2 x 2.8-3 mm; petals 3-3.3 x 3.3-3.6 mm; staminodes 0.6-0.7 mm; ovary 2.5-3.3 x 1.8-2 mm. FRUIT ellipsoid or slightly obovoid, 11-14 x 8-11 mm, the apex rounded; endocarp very fibrous, with interwoven fibres. SEED ellipsoid, 11.5-12.5 x 9.5-10 mm, pointed at the base with a sub-basal depression, rounded at the apex; endosperm ruminate, the ruminations distant and c. 1 mm deep.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the type, from the upper Sambirano River.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rain forest; c. 500 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>?Extinct. Not collected for over 80 years.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>According to the Flore de Madagascar, this is synonymous with P. gracilis (now D. oreophila), and the description is a hotchpotch - the small fruit of D. oreophila is not mentioned, nor is the type of D. sambiranensis. The look of the plant is different, and the inflorescence is much larger; we believe this is a taxon in its own right.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja: upper Sambirano, Dec. 1912 (fl., fr.), Perrier 12070 (P, type).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis ambilaensis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 382 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Ampasimanolotra, Ambila-Lemaitso; Dransfield; JD6496</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a small palm of the undergrowth of white sand forest developed on raised beaches behind the East Coast. It appears superfically to be almost identical to D. forficifolia. Unfortunately, there are no easy ways to identify the two species, without dissecting the flowers and observing the stamens. However, we have noted that the two species appear to be geographically separated. Ambila-Lemaitso, the type locality, is the root of the species name.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Habitu foliisque D. forficifoliae superficialiter similis sed floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antepetalis staminodiis antesepalis alternantibus differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, clustering undergrowth palmlet, 1-3 m tall. STEMS c. 5-8 mm diam., internodes 7-18 mm long, green when young, densely covered with caducous dark brown to black scales, old internodes ± blackish. LEAVES c. 7-8 in crown; leaf-sheaths 6-8 x 0.9-1.5 cm, striate, sparsely covered with caducous black scales near base, densely covered distally, leaf sheath mouth with 2 triangular, membranous auricles 3-5 x 3-4 mm; leaf c. 25-40 cm long; petiole absent or to 7 x 0.2-0.4 cm; rachis 15-22 cm long, abaxially covered with blackish scales; blade entire bifid, to 22 x 11 cm, the apical lobes to 13 x 5.5 cm, or divided into 2-4 pairs of narrow to broad, ± sigmoid leaflets, the narrowest at the base, the mid-leaf leaflets usually the broadest, leaflets ranging from 7-20 x 0.5-4 cm, the apical pair (or the two lobes in the entire, bifid leaf) shallowly lobed distally, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface with bands of caducous brown scales, numerous punctiform scales and sometimes with long narrow ramenta along main ribs. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, only slightly exceeding leaves, branching to 2 orders; prophyll 12-25 x 0.4-0.5 cm, bearing sparse to dense laciniate red-brown scales or glabrescent; peduncle 17-25 x 0.2 cm bearing scattered laciniate dark redbrown scales; peduncular bract exceeding the prophyll by c. 2-6 cm, otherwise similar; rachis 9- 26 cm, sparsely to rather densely covered in red-brown laciniate scales; first order branches 10-27, at least about a half of them branching to the second order; rachillae 16-c. 55, slender, 3-5.5 cm, c. 0.7 mm diam., glabrous, bearing triads c. 2-3 mm distant, each subtended by a low rounded rachilla bract, the bract usually with laciniate redbrown hairs to 1 mm long along margin. STAMINATE FLOWERS at anthesis c. 1 mm diam., red, with slight fecal smell; sepals unequal, broad, imbricate, 0.5 x 0.4-0.7 mm; petals rounded triangular, striate, 0.8 x 0.6 mm; stamens 3, antepetalous, filaments connate at the very base, free portion ± triangular, 0.3 x 0.3 mm, anthers didymous, 0.3 x 0.1 mm, staminodes minute, c. 0.1 x 0.1 mm; pistillode a low dome. PISTILLATE FLOWERS globular, c. 1.1 mm diam.; sepals irregularly rounded, imbricate c. 0.5 x 0.5 mm; petals broadly triangular c. 1 x 1 mm, valvate, imbricate only at the base, striate; staminodes 5-6, irregular, c. 0.15 x 0.1 mm; ovary rounded, c. 1 mm diam., stigmas 3, thread-like, c. 0.15-0.2 mm. Immature FRUIT curved; mature fruit somewhat curved, red, 10-15 x 4.5-5 mm, striate when dry. SEED 8 x 3.5 mm; endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral, c. 2 mm above base.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>East Coast, Tampina to Ambila- Lemaitso, south of Toamasina.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Coastal forest on white sands at low elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Known only from the coastal white sand forests south of Toamasina, forests that are of very limited extent and much prone to damage by fire, as well as to development.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is superficially very similar to D. forficifolia and can only be separated with certainty if staminate flowers are available. In D. ambilaensis there are three antepetalous stamens and three staminodes (i.e., this species belongs to the previously recognised Dypsis § Trichodypsis) while in D. forficifolia the stamens are antesepalous and there are no staminodes (i.e., this species belongs to Dypsis § Dypsis). So far, D. ambilaensis has been found only in coastal forest on white sands near Ambila-Lemaitso and Tampina, south of Toamasina. It is particularly confusing that D. forficifolia can grow in an apparently identical forest type along the coast further to the north, near Mananara. A few of the staminate flowers on the specimen Dransfield et al. JD6444 appear to have six fertile stamens (see also Dypsis thermarum).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Toamasina: Tampina, Forest Reserve near railway, Dec. 1938 (fl.), Lam & Meeuse 6040 (L). Ampasimanolotra: Ambila-Lemaitso, forest west of lagoon on white sand, March 1988 (fl.), Dransfield JD6496 (Holotype K; isotype TAN); Nov. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield JD6444 (K, TAN); idem, Feb. 1924 (fl., fr.), Perrier 16039 (P); idem, May 1928 (fl., fr.), Decary 6480 (P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis ambositrae</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 195 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Ilaka Afovoany; Beentje and Andriampaniry; 4742</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A graceful palm of the high plateaux, which would probably do quite well in cultivation. We have looked for seeds but not found any, so far. This species will probably become extinct in the near future, unless some rapid action is taken to safeguard the remaining trees, now numbering less than ten. The name comes from the town which lies between the known populations.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. oreophilae et D. tsaratananensi caulibus caespitosis foliolis aggregatis staminibus 6 affinis sed inflorescentia glabra vagina folii magna ceracea, foliis spiraliter dispositis foliolis magnis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 2-3, sometimes (Beentje & Andriampaniry 4615) appearing solitary when in regularly burnt terrain. STEM 3-7 m tall, c. 12 cm diam.; internodes 10-20 cm, pale brown to grey (green and ringed when young), nodal scars 0.5 cm, grey; wood hard; base of stem slightly wider, with some surface roots; slight bulge in upper trunk in one older tree; crownshaft pale waxy grey-green. LEAVES 7-11, spiral, gracefully arching, with stiff leaflets; sheath 64-103 cm, pale green with a white bloom, ligules 2 cm; petiole 9-30 cm long, 3-6 x 2.2-4.5 cm diam., channelled with soft edges; rachis 2.1-2.8 m, in mid-leaf 2.2-3.5 cm wide, green; leaflets 74-84 on each side of the rachis, grouped only very slightly in 2s-5s, in one plane, the leaflets on opposite sides of the rachis at an angle of 90°, stiff with only the apices pendulous, apices attenuate, unequally bifid, the proximal 69-144 x 0.3-1.8 cm, (first interval c. 29 cm, more distal 3.5-9 cm), median 89-114 x 2.3-3 cm (leaflet interval 0.2-2 cm, group interval 2-3.5 cm), distal 18-58 x 0.8-2.5 cm, abaxially with distant tufts of pale grey ramenta over almost whole length of midrib, with scattered scales very faint to invisible, main veins faint, with only the midrib very prominent on the adaxial surface. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 2 (3 in a few cases) orders, with the basal part within the closed sheath, the prophyll hidden and the peduncular bract spreading from the top of the sheath; peduncle 68-123 cm long, distally 9 x 5 cm diam., green, glabrous, curved outside the sheath; prophyll c. 91 cm, borne at c. 32 cm above the base of the peduncle, 11.5 cm wide, narrowly 2-winged; peduncular bract deciduous, about 80 cm, beaked (c. 5 cm) and closed distally, pale waxy grey, inserted c. 48 cm from the base of the peduncle; open peduncular bract 14 x 7 cm; rachis 84-102 cm, with 23-24 branched and 14-17 unbranched first order branches, in a few cases some of the proximal branches branched twice more, but not more than 3 in the entire inflorescence; all axes green with white bloom; first order branches proximally 2-3 x 0.5-1 cm; rachillae 14-32 cm, 3-4 mm diam., with flattish base and distant to rather dense triads, hardly sunken in slight pits with entire, obtuse or acute bracts. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.2-2.5 x 1.6-2.2 mm, keeled, gibbous at the base, broadly ovate, obtuse, the margins membranous; petals connate for 0.2-0.5 mm, the free lobes 2.8-3 x 2.8-3.2 mm, ovate or elliptic, acute, sometimes with hooded apex; stamens 6, uniseriate, the filaments connate for 0.2-0.5 mm, 2.8-3.2 mm long, anthers 2.1-2.3 x 1 mm; pistillode 2.2-2.3 mm, columnar, 0.8-1 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.4-3 x 3-4.1 mm, broadly ovate, rounded; petals hardly connate at the base, 3.5-4.1 x 4-5 mm, imbricate but for the apiculate apex, broadly ovate, concave; staminodes 6, 0.3-1.6 mm, narrow and flat; ovary asymmetrical, 2.7-4.8 x 2.8-4 mm, with indistinct pyramidal stigmas. FRUIT only known from carbonized remnants, c. 14 x 10.5 mm, possibly with fibrous endocarp, possibly with ruminate endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central Madagascar, near Ambositra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>?Forest; among rocks or in riverine forest remnants, medium or steep mid slope; alt. 1300-1500 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. In 1992 twelve trees of this species were known, all growing in or next to agricultural areas; in 1994, at least five of these had been cut down or burnt.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>With its grouped leaflets and glabrous inflorescences branched to 2 orders, this species is allied to D. oreophila and D. tsaratananensis, from which it is easily distinguishable by its larger leaf sheaths, longer leaves with larger leaflets, the much longer inflorescences, and the larger fruit.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambositra: 8km NNW of Ilaka Afovoany, July 1992 (fl.), <author>Beentje</author> & Andriampaniry 4742 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN; type); 45km S of Ambositra, March 1992 (old fr.), <author>Beentje</author> & Andriampaniry 4615 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis ampasindavae</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 153 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Nosy Be, Lokobe; Perrier; 18730</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neodypsis loucoubensis</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 5, 1 (1): 17 (1933)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 18 (1938);</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, & H. Perrier Fl. Madagascar 30: 156 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A rare species, with the leaves in three ranks.The new name refers to the village nearest to the forest where the type was found, and where HB stayed when he refound the species ('the sand across the bay' in Malagasy).
+NOTE: The epithet 'loucoubensis' is too close to that of Chrysalidocarpus lucubensis Becc of 1906, a synonym of D. madagascariensis.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Lavaboka (Tsimihety).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Large solitary palm. TRUNK 12-15 m, 18-25 cm diam., with basal swelling 20 cm high and 40-55 cm diam., with surface roots; internodes 10-17 cm long, pale brown; nodal scars 1-3 cm, grey; near the crown 17 cm diam., and the internodes here c. 17 cm long, nodal scars 2 cm. LEAVES 9-11 in the crown, tristichous, porrect to arching with pendulous leaflets; sheath 110-146 cm long, 20-23 cm diam., pale green with some wax, half open, without auricles or with slight auricles to 1 cm high; petiole absent or up to 18 cm long, 5-8.5 x 3-4.5 cm diam., channelled, green and with scattered scales or glabrous; rachis 3.6-5 m long, in mid-leaf 2-3 x 1.8-2.5 cm diam. and keeled, with scattered scales; leaflets 84-103 on each side of the rachis, regular, pale or mid-green, in one plane but with the distal part pendulous, the proximal 105-137 x 0.8-2.1 cm, median 105-170 x 2.7-5.1 cm (interval 2.5-4 cm), distal 18-30 x 0.4-2.3 cm, the distal pair joined for c. 10 cm, main veins 1, quite glabrous, apices acute and bilobed. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, erect and spreading, 1.3-1.5 x 1.2-1.4 m, branched to 3 orders; peduncle 25-34 cm long, proximally 6.5-12 x 3.5-7 cm diam., with scattered scales; prophyll 50-60 x 10 -13 x 4 cm, borne at 7-9 cm above the base of the peduncle; peduncular bract inserted at 15-16 cm from the base of the peduncle, c. 90 cm long, 14 x 9 cm diam., green with a white bloom, beaked for 6 cm; rachis 90-120 cm long, pale whitish green, with 18-22 branched and 15-21 non- branched first order branches, the most proximal of these with a rachis of up to 32 cm, at its base to 2.5-5 x 1.2-1.5 cm diam., with up to 21 second order branches and rachillae; rachillae whitish green, 24-58 cm long, 3.5-5 mm diam., glabrous; triads distant, in slight pits; rachilla bract small, acute. STAMINATE FLOWERS cream; sepals 1.5-2.1 x 1.4-1.8 mm, broadly ovate, gibbous proximally, keeled, acute to truncate, with ciliolate membranous margins; petals 3-3.4 x 1.7-2 mm, ovate, acute; stamens 6, uniseriate, filaments 1.2-1.5 mm long, thin, anthers 2-2.3 x 0.5-0.6 mm, dorsifixed, versatile, the locules parallel and obtuse; pistillode c. 1.5 mm high, columnar, 0.5 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS cream; sepals 1.8-2.4 x 2.2-2.6 mm (- 3.6 mm in fruit), broadly ellipsoid, rounded, concave, ciliolate; petals 2.7-3.4 x 2.3-2.5 mm (-4 x 4.5 mm in fruit), concave, striate, with membranous margins, ciliolate; staminodes 6, flat, obtuse, 0.2-0.8 mm long; gynoecium 3-3.4 x 2.2-2.7 mm. FRUIT ovoid, 10-13 x 7.5-9 mm, apex obtuse with an asymmetrical point; endosperm fibrous, the fibres slightly anastomizing. SEED ellipsoid, 9-11 x 7-8 mm, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex, with a subaequatorial depression; endosperm ruminate, the ruminations distant and 1-2 mm deep.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Restricted to Nosy Be and Manongarivo Mountains.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist lowland forest, on steep mid slope; 10-200 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Known from only two sites, both of which are protected; but tree poaching is a severe threat in Lokobe Special Reserve (see Adany et al. 1994). HB has seen less than 25 trees in the two sites.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Used in house construction; palm-heart eaten.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Closest to the other large tristichous species, D. tsaravoasira and D. pilulifera. Distinct in its longer rachillae and homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Nosy Be: Lokobe, Sept. 1932 (fr.), Perrier 18730 (Holotype P); idem, July 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4697 (K, MO, TAN), and (bud), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4700 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Ambanja: Manongarivo, S of Ambalafary, Feb. 1992 (fr.), Beentje et al. 4583 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis andapae</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 300 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Beamalona, June 1992; Beentje and Andriampaniry; 4680</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>An entire-leaved species with large leaves and relatively small unbranched inflorescences. The specific epithet derives from the fivondronana, the local administrative unit.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tsingovatrovatra (Tsimihety, a rather general name for small palms).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Gregem palmunculorum foliis integris inflorescentiis spicatis pertinens D. coriaceae et D. tenuissimae habitu caespitosa foliis profunde lobatis 6 staminibus affinis sed vagina et lobis folii multo majoribus distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 4-6. STEMS to 1.2 m tall, 0.8-1.2 cm diam.; distal internodes 4-4.5 cm, glabrous. LEAVES 6-10 per crown, arching, entire, bifid; sheath 10-16 cm long, closed for 3/4, with some scattered scales, with 4-10 mm long narrowly triangular auricles; petiole 7-18 cm long, 2-3.5 mm diam., with densely scattered scales, lamina 29-48 cm long, midrib 10-22 cm long, lobes 18-28 x 3.3-7.5 cm, main veins 8-12, with small reddish scattered scales on major and minor veins, apices dentate over a width of 8-15 mm, the outer margins with some teeth as well. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, unbranched; peduncle 22-33 cm long, 1.5-2.5 mm diam., glabrous or minutely puberulous; prophyll 13-22 cm long, 0.7-1.7 cm wide, borne at 1.5-5 cm above the base of the peduncle, open for 1-3 cm, with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at 10-15 cm from the base of the peduncle, 9-20 cm long, open for 25-50%, with scattered scales, sometimes with a beak of up to 5 mm long, tattering; rachilla 13-22 cm long, 1.5-2.5 mm diam., with stellate scales, with dense triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with the free part of the sepals 0.6-1 x 0.5-0.8 mm, the connate part c. 0.5 mm; petals 1.5-2 x 0.7-1.1 mm; stamens 6, biseriate (offset 0.2 mm), filaments 0.5-0.8 mm, anthers 0.6-0.8 x 0.2-0.4 mm, versatile; pistillode < 0.5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.7-1.2 x 0.7-1 mm; petals 1.5-2 x 0.8-1.5 mm; staminodes not seen; ovary c. 0.6-0.8 x 0.5 mm in bud. FRUIT orange, ellipsoid with rounded apex, 11-13 x 7-7.5 mm; endocarp with free fibers. SEED 9-11.5 x 4.5-5.5 mm, pointed at base and apex, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Marojejy Mountains and Mandritsara area.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Submontane rain forest; steep mid slope; 850-1400 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare. The distribution of this species is limited.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In the group of small palms with entire leaves and unbranched inflorescences, closest (through clustering habit, deeply lobed leaf, 6 stamens) to D. coriacea and D. tenuissima, but distinct by a larger leaf-sheath and much larger leaf lobes.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: from Ambatoharanana Valley to upper Antsahaberoka R. basin, Nov. 1959 (fl.), Humbert & Saboureau 31703 (K, P); Beamalona, June 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4680 (Holotype K; isotypes MO, P, TAN). Mandritsara: Antsiasiaka, April 1974 (bud), Morat 4499 (P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+</mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis andrianatonga</name>\r
+<author>Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 203 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Manongarivo, Bekolosi, Jan. 1992; Beentje and Quansah; 4559</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi MO, P, TAN</type_loc> \r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A rather small branching palm which is restricted to the high mountain massifs of northern Madagascar. All individuals we have seen displayed branching. The species seems closest to D. baronii. The epithet means 'the nobleman has arrived' and comes from the local name of the species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tsiriki andrianatonga (Tsimihety, tsiriki being a general palm name).</p></div>\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. baronii et D. serpentinae similis, a D. baronii habitu ramificanti foliolis paucioribus inflorescentia minore grana majore et a D. serpentina petiolo breviore foliolis regulariter dispositis inflorescentia majore rachillis pluribus differt.</p></div> \r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 8 -14. STEMS 2-9 m tall, 1.5-2.5 cm diam., snaking and procumbent but with the distal part erect, proximally and/or distally branching at the nodes, often rooting at the branching points; internodes proximally 11-18 cm, distally 1-2.5 cm, dark green, glabrous, nodal scars 0.3-0.7 cm, grey-brown, slightly stepped. LEAVES c. 5 per crown, spiral to almost tristichous, arching-porrect, 80-190 cm; sheath 20-39 cm, closed but occasionally split proximally, without obvious auricles or with minute ones to 5 mm high, green, slightly waxy, proximally glabrous or with laciniate reddish scales, distally with some scattered scales; petiole 6-32 cm, proximally 5.5-10 x 3-5 mm diam. and with a triangular fleshy extension of the sheath lining, channelled proximally, distally 3-6 x 3-5 mm diam., densely pubescent or with scattered scales; rachis 42-128 cm, in mid-leaf to 7 mm wide, keeled, densely pubescent or with few scattered scales; leaflets regular, attenuate, 12-35 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 21-43 x 0.6-1.8 cm, median 16-35 x 2-3.2 cm (interval 3-5.3 cm), distal 3-20 x 0.3-1.9 cm, the distal pair joined for up to 0.5 cm, main veins 1-3, and with thickened margins, with occasional ramenta to 6 mm, with scattered scales on the veins and margins. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, branched to 1-2 orders, erect proximally, curved in the distal part of the peduncle through some 140°; peduncle 7-40 cm, proximally 4-12 x 3-3.5 mm diam., distally 4-6 x 2.5-4 mm diam., waxy; prophyll 12-59 cm, borne at 1.5-24 cm above the base of the peduncle, pale brown with scattered scales; peduncular bract persistent or deciduous, inserted at 4-28 cm from the base of the peduncle, 20-29 cm long, hooded, open all the way except the distal 4.5 cm, with a minute beak, with scattered scales; non-tubu-lar peduncular bract 0.2-2 x 1 cm; rachis 4-14 cm, with 9-17 first order branches, sometimes a few (up to 5) of these with a secondary rachis of up to 1.2 cm and 2-3 (-4) rachillae; rachillae 2-10 cm long, 2-3.5 mm diam., glabrous or minutely puberulous, zigzag; triads dense to distant, sunken, with acuminate rachilla bract to 2 mm. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.2-x 2.3-2.6 mm, red-spotted on keel and apex; petals connate for 1.2-1.6 mm, free parts 3-3.4 x 2.4-3.2 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate, the filaments connate for c. 0.6 mm, free for 2.8-3 mm, flattened in their proximal half and cylindrical distally, anthers 1.4-1.7 x 0.5-0.8 mm, versatile, obtuse; pistillode 2.5-2.6 x 1.2-1.3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 2-3 x 2.8-3.6 mm; petals in young bud 2.5-3.3 x 2.4-mm, concave, striate, (in fruit) 3-4 x 3.3-5.2 mm, ciliolate; staminodes 6, flat, 0.3-0.8 mm high; ovary 1.5-3.7 x 0.9-2 mm. FRUIT green, colour unknown when ripe,</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Manongarivo and Marojejy Massif.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Open moist montane forest or heath vegetation, occasionally on rocks in denser forest; 700-1800 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare. The distribution of this species is limited. In Manongarivo it is not uncommon in a rather narrow vegetation belt on Bekolosi Mountain.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaf decoction used in drink for convalescence, highly prized.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja: Manongarivo, Bekolosi, Jan. 1992 (old infl.), Beentje & Quansah 4559 (Holotype K; isotypi MO, P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1992 (fr.), Beentjeet al. 4571 (K, MO, TAN); Antsatrotro, Sept. 1991 (fl.), Malcomber & Razafimandimbison 885 (K, P). Sambava: Betsomanga massif, Nov. 1950 (y.fr.), Humbert & Capuron 24305 (K, P); Mt Beondroka, March 1949 (fr.), Humbert 23559 (K, P). Andapa: Marojejy, W slopes, Nov./Dec. 1948 (dead infl.), Humbert & Capuron 22287 (K, P); Ambatoharanana valley to upper Antsahaberoka, Nov. 1959 (ster.), Humbert & Saboureau 31883 (K, P); Marojejy, E peak area, Oct. 1988 (y.fr.), Miller et al. 3512 (MO, TAN); Marojejy, Dec. 1972 (fl., y.fr.), Guillaumet 4108 (TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis angusta</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 6 (1): 34 (1918)</citation>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Bull. Acad. Malgache 6: 12 (1923)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 12 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 43 (1945)</bibref>
+<type>Mananjary, Mt Vatovavy, Aug. 1915; Perrier; 11976</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a small palm of the undergrowth of low crown forest occurring on the isolated peak of Vatovavy, at the edge of the coastal plain south of Mananjary. We refound it in November 1994. The Latin name means narrow, presumably in reference to the narrow leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering undergrowth palm. STEMS to 2 m or more tall, 5-10 mm diam., internodes to 9 cm long near the stem base, decreasing to 0.8-1.2 cm long near the crown, basally bearing abundant chocolate-brown caducous scales, glabrescent distally; crown with c. 4-6 leaves; leaf-sheaths 5-7 cm long, forming a crownshaft, striate, covered with caducous chocolate-brown scales, auricles scarcely developed or to 10 x 2 mm, membranous. LEAF to 43 cm long including petiole; petiole 3-12 cm long, 1.5-3 mm wide, ± triangular in cross-section, bearing sparse caducous pale and chocolate-brown scales; rachis 10-29 cm long, bearing 2-3 or 7-9 (see notes below) narrow, ± approximate, regularly arranged leaflets on each side; leaflets 9-30 x 0.7-2.1 cm, drying dark or pale Dypsis angusta. Inflorescence, Vatovavy (Dransfield & Beentje JD7514) greenish brown, composed of 1-4 folds, acuminate, adaxially with sparse minute punctiform scales, abaxially minutely roughened and with scattered punctiform scales. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, shorter than the leaves, sparsely branched to 1 (-2) orders, basal 1 or 2 first order branches sometimes branched; peduncle 7-18 cm long, c. 2.5 mm diam., densely covered in caducous, dark brown laciniate scales; prophyll 12-16 x 0.7-1cm, bearing scattered pale or dark brown scales; peduncular bract 8-10 x 0.7-1 cm, similar to prophyll; rachis 4-9 cm long, c. 2.5 mm diam., densely scaly as the peduncle; rachillae 2-20, rather short and stocky, 2-7 cm long, c. 1.5-2.5 mm diam. bearing rather dense chocolate-brown scales; triads c. 1 mm distant in newly emerged inflorescence, eventually c. 3 mm distant. STAMINATE FLOWERS c. 1 mm diam.; sepals broad, rounded, imbricate, somewhat striate, c. 0.7 x 0.7 mm; petals rounded triangular, 1 x 0.8 mm; stamens 3, antepetalous, filaments 0.8 x 0.3 mm, anthers 0.4 x 0.2 mm; staminodes tooth-like, 0.3 x 0.2 mm; pistillode very small. PISTILLATE FLOWER bud immature, c. 1 x 1 mm; sepals rounded, imbricate, c. 1 x 1 mm; petals triangular, c. 1 x 0.6 mm; staminodes 3, minute; immature ovary c. 0.4 mm diam. Mature FRUIT unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>East Coast, only known from the Ifanadiana area and Farafangana.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rain forest; 45-500 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Only known from three sites, in which population numbers are low. None of these sites is protected.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type, Perrier 11976, from Vatovavy, has leaves with two to three leaflets on each side of the rachis. A recent collection from Vatovavy (Dransfield et al. JD7514) has an inflorescence larger than that of the type and with up to 20 rachillae. Collections made at Manombo (Beentje 4511) have eight to nine pairs of leaflets. We are including the latter collection in D. angusta because of the manifest similarities in inflorescence structure and leaf texture and colour. All four collections cited are from the central part of the east coast, yet they are rather heterogeneous, and we are not completely certain that they all represent one species. Until more material is collected this will remain a poorly known species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananjary: Mt. Vatovavy, Aug. 1911 (fl.buds), Perrier 11976 (holotype P); idem, Nov. 1994 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD7514 (K, TAN). Farafangana: Manombo Reserve Special, Nov. 1991 (dead infl.), Beentje 4511 (K, TAN). Fianarantsoa: Amfamahirana, Nov. 1963 (fl.), Bosser 18300 (K, P). (Plate: see next page).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis angustifolia</name>
+<author>(H. Perrier) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 336 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Toamasina, Ambodiriana, Betampona; Perrier; 17468</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dypsis humbertii H. Perrier var. angustifolia</name>
+<author>H. Perrier</author>
+<bibref>H. Perrier in Humbert Not. Syst. 8: 47 (1939)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier Fl. Madagascar 30: 30: 28 (1945).</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A diminutive palm of the forest undergrowth known from Betampona and environs northeast of Toamasina. This is one of three species of Dypsis that have highly condensed inflorescences with very short fat flower-bearing branches that appear almost catkin-like. The species name is Latin for having narrow leaves.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, clustering undergrowth palm. STEMS to 1 m tall, 6-10 mm diam., internodes 12-25 mm diam., bearing scattered brown scales. LEAVES 6-7 in crown; sheaths 9-12 x 0.8 cm, tardily abscising, ± marcescent, striate, with scattered punctiform scales, auricles small, membranous, soon tattering; petiole 4-23 cm, c. 2 mm wide, ± triangular in cross section; blade entire bifid, distinctly plicate on drying, 28-50 cm, deeply cleft to about three quarters of the overall length, the two lobes 20-40 x 1.5-3 cm, occasionally one lobe further divided into 2 narrow leaflets, segment tips shallowly lobed, adaxially with scattered punctiform scales, abaxially paler and with abundant brown punctiform scales. INFLORESCENCES interfoliar, erect or curved, branched to 1 order only; peduncle 15-32 cm long, c. 1-2 mm diam., sparsely covered with red scales in exposed portion; prophyll 10-25 x 0.5 cm, membranous, sparsely scaly; peduncular bract inserted far above and exceeding the prophyll by 5.5-9 cm, otherwise similar; rachis 3.5-10 cm, densely brown hairy; rachillae 5-9, inserted at right angles, 1-3 cm long, c. 2 mm diam.; rachilla bracts inconspicuous, c. 0.5 x 1 mm, almost entirely obscured by dense red-brown hairs. STAMINATE FLOWER buds c. 1 mm diam., spherical; sepals 3, free, imbricate, rounded, c. 0.6 mm diam., striate, irregularly cleft at margin; petals ± free, longitudinally striate, broad triangular, valvate, 0.8 mm long, 0.8 mm wide at the very base; stamens 3 antesepalous, filaments united in a ring 0.2 mm high, free part 0.2 mm long, anthers didymous, c. 0.2 x 0.1 mm, introrse; pistillode conical, minute. PISTILLATE FLOWERS globular; sepals broad, imbricate, 1 x 1 mm, margins erose; petals striate, valvate at tips, irregularly imbricate at base, c. 1.5 x 1.5 mm; staminodes 3, minute; ovary c. 1 mm diam. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central part of East Coast lowlands, Betampona and environs.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; 400-500 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered; occurring in two sites in low numbers.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is closely related to D. zahamenae from which it can be distinguished by the blade being narrow and divided to three quarters rather than one third of its length, by the inflorescence rachis being usually more elongate with more distant rachillae, by the rachilla bracts being inconspicuous and almost entirely obscured by hairs, rather than being large and conspicuous, and by the staminate flower buds being rounded rather than pointed with striate rather than smooth shining petals. In all but one collection (one of the two specimens collected under Beentje 4494) there is a well developed long petiole, whereas in D. zahamenae the petiole is usually very short or absent. Previously considered to be a variety of D. humbertii (= D. zahamenae) we consider it to be sufficiently distinct to be elevated to specific rank.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Toamasina: Ambodiriana, Betampona, Dec. 1925 (fl.), Perrier 17468 (Holotype P); idem, 25 Oct. 1991 (fl.), Beentje 4494 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Route from Didy to Ampasimanolotra, received April 1954 (fl.), Cours 4926 (P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis ankaizinensis</name>
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 182 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Tsaratanana; Perrier; 11936</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus ankaizinensis</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Marseille sér. 10, 3: 23 (1922)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 8 (1938);</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier Fl. Madagascar 30: 119 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neodypsis lobata</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 2 (2): 13 (1924)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 18 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, & H. Perrier Fl. Madagascar 30: 142 (1945)</bibref>
+<type>Tsaratanana; Perrier; 16227 and 16227bis</type>
+<type_loc>Syntypes P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Yet another species of which various specimens were housed in different genera. It is still somewhat of a mystery, and it combines characters from several other species, without being quite the same as any of them. The name derives from Ankaizina, the southern foothills of Mt. Tsaratanana.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Laboka, Hovatra, Lavaboka.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 10-15 m high, 15-40 cm diam. LEAVES with sheath very large, green (Perrier), distally with dense dark brown laciniate scales, with square shoulders, not very large, to c. 8.5 cm wide when flat; petiole 2-13 cm long, up to 4 cm diam., flat with sharp margins and with dense dark scales; rachis in mid-leaf 1.3-2.2 cm wide, proximally channelled, distally keeled, with scattered white hairs and reddish glands; leaflets not very stiff, the distal half pendulous, in groups of 2-4 in mid-leaf, the group interval 2.5-5 cm, the leaflet interval 0.2-0.6 cm; proximal 47-132 x 0.6-1.2 cm, median 50-72 x 1.9-2.7 cm, distal 13-33 x 0.5-2.5 cm, main vein 1, margins thickened, sometimes slightly glaucous, pale faint glands scattered on the minor veins, apices bifid, unequally attenuate or acute. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar or infrafoliar, branched to 2 orders, erect or arching; prophyll 25-30 cm long, c. 6.6 cm wide, with scattered scales, borne at 14 cm above the base of the peduncle; peduncular bract 42-70 cm long, c. 10 cm wide, with scattered scales, beaked for 2 cm, opening over its entire length; first order branches with a secondary rachis of 6-18 cm, proximally 1.2-1.8 x 0.4-0.7 cm diam., glabrous, with 6-14 rachillae; rachillae 14-25 cm long, 2.5-4 mm diam., with distant to close slightly sunk triads, rachilla bracts proud, acute. STAMINATE FLOWERS seen as densely packed buds, with sepals 2.7-3.1 x 2.5-3.3 mm; petals 2.5-2.8 x 2.2 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate, filaments c. 1 mm and thin, anthers c. 1.3 x 0.6 mm; pistillode c. 1.8 x 0.5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS not seen, but fruit with persistent sepals 3-3.4 x 3.2-4 mm; petals 4.5-5.2 x 3.5-6 mm; staminodes 0.8-1 mm. FRUIT ellipsoid, 13-17 x 8.5-12 mm (to 25 x 18 mm when fresh), with a rounded apex. SEED ellipsoid, 9.5-15 x 7.5-10 mm, with pointed base and rounded apex; endosperm ruminate, the ruminations distant, 1-2 mm deep.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Mt Tsaratanana.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Montane forest, in moist depressions or on ridge crests; 1400-2000 m. Said to be very common.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown. Not seen for over seventy years, but the Tsaratanana area has not been visited by botanists for a long time.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Palm-heart slightly bitter, but edible.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Neodypsis lobatus is clearly the same taxon, and comes from the same habitat from the same mountain. Jumelle states that in the palms from ridge crests (16227bis) the stem is twice as short as in the ones from slope forest; so is the sheath. We are uncertain about the affinities of this species. The inflorescence has the look of D. tsaravoasira, but the leaflets are grouped and, in their turn, look more like D. hovomantsina - but the leaf sheath is glabrous. This is one of those species which seem to combine features of several others.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja/Ambilobe/Bealanana: Mt Tsaratanana area, anno 1912 (y.fr.), Perrier 11936 (P, type); idem, April 1924 (fr.), Perrier 16227 (syntype; P); idem, April 1924 (fr.), Perrier 16227bis (syntype; P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis antanambensis</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 368 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Antanambe; Beentje, Dransfield and Andriampaniry; 4629</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a new species in the "Vonitra" group; it thrives on steep slopes and on ridge tops in low-canopy forest on ultramafic rock. It tends to branch near ground level and have several more or less equal rather slender trunks that are clothed in long persistent short piassava fibre. The leaves are distinctive having rather short leaflets that diverge from the rachis at an acute angle and tend to be held rather stiffly. The name is derived from the type locality. As far as we know, this species is not in cultivation.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>inter species inflorescentia semel ramosa D. pusillae Beentje & J. Dransf. accedens sed statura majore, foliolis pluribus, inflorescentia longiore ab ea recedens.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Palm apparently basally branched to give clumps of up to 3 otherwise unbranched aerial stems. STEMS up to 4 m high, covered for their whole length with a dense fibrous layer c. 12 cm diam., without layer c. 5.5 cm diam., internodes 1.5-2.5 cm, bark conspicuously stepped and ringed; wood brown, quite hard. LEAVES c. 12 in the crown, porrect, with stiff leaflets; sheath c. 48 x 3 cm, pale brown with white bloom and orange-red scales, with many marginal fibres; petiole c. 66 cm long, proximally 1.1-2 x 1.4-1.6 cm diam., distally 1-1.6 x 0.8-1.1 cm, red-brown, margins sharp, abaxially convex with patches of brown scales, adaxially channelled; rachis c. 2.5 m, in mid-leaf keeled, 0.8-1.1 x 0.6-0.9 cm; leaflets c. 49 on each side of the rachis, regular, stiff, erect, those on opposite sides of the rachis at an angle of c. 90° with each other, the proximal 36- 37 x 0.4-0.7 cm, some with long pendulous reins, median 52-53 x 2.8 cm (leaflet interval 4 cm), distal 15-38 x 0.4-1.9 cm; leaflets glabrous, the apices unequally acuminate, bifid for 3-4 cm with one tip 5-7 cm longer, main veins 5-7, midrib prominent adaxially. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, spreading, branched to 1 order, in bud c. 225 cm long; peduncle c. 160 cm, distally 1.2 x 0.9 cm diam., with dense small red-brown scales; prophyll c. 131 x 2.2-3 cm, cylindrical, 2-keeled, split only at the apex; peduncular bract 102-122 cm (inserted at c. 100 cm), deciduous and carried upwards by the lengthening inflorescence, glabrous, ?beaked for c. 6 cm; rachis c. 41 cm, with c. 20 branches and scattered red-brown scales; rachillae 34-60 cm long, 3.5-5 x 2 mm diam., somewhat pitted, bare at the base, densely covered in tiny stellate scales, with distant triads, more distally with paired flowers only; rachilla bracteoles c. 3 x 0.6 mm. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.4-1.6 x 1.4 mm; petals (in bud) 1.7-1.8 mm long; stamens 6, biseriate, the outer (antesepalous) series sessile, the inner series with filaments c. 0.6 mm long, anthers c. 0.6 x 0.4 mm, dorsifixed, locules parallel. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.4-1.6 x 1.4 mm; petals (in bud) 1.7-1.8 mm long; gynoecium c. 0.8 x 0.5 mm; staminodes c. 0.2 mm. FRUIT unknown, except for: endocarp very fibrous, 15-25 x 12-18 mm. SEED with deeply ruminate endosperm, the ruminations many and up to 5 mm deep. EOPHYLL pinnate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from one small area in the Mananara Avaratra Biosphere Reserve.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rather open rain forest, on ultramafic soils on steep mid slopes and ridge tops; 250-290 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Despite its occurrence in a protected area, the number of individuals seems to be less than fifty.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Among the species of the Vonitra-group this species can be distinguished by its short, stiff leaflets, the inflorescence branched to 1 order resembling D. pusilla but is much larger, has a greater number of leaflets and a larger inflorescence.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, April 1992 (bud), Beentje et al. 4629 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN, type); idem, Oct. 1994 (sd.), Beentje & Dransfield 4809 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis aquatilis</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 372 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Tolanaro: Manantenina; Guillaumet; 4003a</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Insufficiently known species. This species is known from a single incomplete specimen. The collector described it as growing beside a river and in the water. The inflorescence seems to have a long peduncle and is somewhat reminiscent of those of members of the "Vonitra" group. We are tempted to suggest that this is a stemless rheophyte and those with a mind to try to refind it should perhaps look for a palm with a habit reminiscent of Chamaedorea cataractarum.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma acaulescens verosimiliter rheophytica D. fibrosae affinis folio pinnata pinnis squamas dispersas ramentas ferentibus inflorescentia pedunculo longo terete in 2 ordines ramificanti distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Trunk very short, if not non-existant (Guillaumet). LEAVES: sheath unknown; petiole part on type 25 cm long, proximally 2 cm diam., deeply channelled, rapidly tapering to the distal diam. 0.8 cm and slightly channelled; rachis c. 8 mm diam. in upper/mid-leaf; leaflets regular, close, the median 21-23.5 x 1.2-1.3 cm, the distal 10-18 x 0.4-1.1 cm, main vein 1, apices unequally acute, indument: adaxial midrib as well as margins with small dark ramenta, abaxial minor veins with dense but scattered minute scales. INFLORESCENCE branched to 2 orders; peduncle at least 21.5 cm and probably considerably longer, 5 x 3 mm diam., glabrous; bracts at least 3 major ones, opening near the apex only, the most distal tubu lar bract 5.5 cm long; non-tubular peduncular bract c. 1 cm long; rachis (one seen) 27.5 cm long, with 12 branches, the proximal 4 or 5 bifurcate; rachis bracts proximally c. 5 mm long; rachillae 17-24 cm long, 1.5 mm diam., glabrous, with spaced triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.5-1.8 x 1-2 mm; petals 1.8-2.4 x 1.6-1.7 mm, acute to obtuse; stamens 6, didymous, uniseriate, the filaments 1-1.4 x 0.5-0.6 mm, flat and slightly triangular, anthers 0.4-0.5 mm high, 0.7-0.8 mm wide, dorsifixed; pistillode 1.7-2 x 0.8 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Manantenina.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>"Riverside and in the water" (Guillaumet).</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Uncertain. Probably Endan gered, since it seems to be restricted to a single area.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinct from all other species in the "Vonitra" group by the leaves with scattered scales and much ramenta, as well as by their small size.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tolanaro: Manantenina, Dec. 1971 (fl.), Guillaumet 4003a (P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis arenarum</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 215 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Tampina; Perrier; 13292</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus arenarum</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 10, 3: 17 (1922)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar Palmae: 8 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 98 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This species can easily be confused with D. lutescens, which grows in the same area, but has a longer petiole and fewer leaflets; the seed is also much smaller. The name means 'of the sands', since the species occurs on sand near the sea.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Hirihiry (fide Perrier).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of c. 5. STEMS 5-6 m tall, 6.5 cm diam.; internodes 6-8 cm; bark dark green, on older trunks brown; wood quite hard, slightly pinkish, moist. LEAVES c. 10 in the crown, porrect, slightly arched distally, with opposite leaflets at an angle of 90° with each other; sheath 20-47 cm, whitish green to pale yel-low-brown abaxially and distally with wax and scattered reddish scales, reddish brown and glabrous adaxially, turning into the petiole after a small sharp bend but without obvious ligules; petiole 60-72 cm, 1.8-2 x 1.5-1.6 cm proximally, 1.5 x 1.2 cm distally, channelled with sharp edges, pale brown with minute scattered scales; rachis 1.5-1.7 m, in mid-leaf 0.9-1.6 x 0.7-1.2 cm, keeled, pale brown with minute scattered scales to glabrescent; leaflets 28-30 on each side of the rachis, regular, stiff and straight, pendulous in their most distal part, the proximal 81-129 x 0.9-2.5 cm, median 67-80 x 2.2-3.6 cm (interval 4-6.5 cm), distal 16- 36 x 0.9-2.1 cm, the terminal pair not or hardly (up to 0.5 cm) joined and with briefly (c. 0.3 cm) truncate and dentate apices, apices of median leafletsunequally bifid for 2-3 cm and attenuate, glaucous, with tufts of large redbrown ramenta to 4 mm long proximally and abaxially on the midrib, and with many minute scattered scales on the veins (invisible in Guillaumet 2527), main veins 1-5, faint; young leaves reddish. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, the part outside the leaf sheath arching through 180°, branched to 2 orders; peduncle 34-57 cm long, proximally c. 2 x 0.5 cm, distally 1.5-2.3 x 0.6-1.2 cm, distally with scattered scales, glabrescent; prophyll 42-75 cm long and 4-5.5 cm wide, borne at 5-17 cm above the base of the peduncle, open for 16-25 cm and hooded distally with an acute apex, coriaceous, ?slightly waxy, abaxially pale brown with scattered scales, adaxially red-brown and glabrous; peduncular bract inserted at 27-34 cm from the base of the peduncle, 39-53 cm long, not or hardly beaked, split over its entire length or closed in the distal part, distally hooded and 12 cm wide, pale brown with scattered scales, not deciduous but remaining contiguous with the prophyll for the most part and similar to the prophyll; non-tubular peduncular bracts near the apex of the peduncle, 1.3-2 cm long, triangular, acute; rachis 11-28 cm long, glabrous, with 5-14 branched and 12-20 unbranched first order branches; first order branches subtended by rachis bracts to 1 x 0.5 cm, with a secondary rachis of up to 6 cm long and with flattened base 9-17 x 3-8 mm and with 2-8 rachillae; rachillae porrect, 10-31 cm, 2-4 mm diam., with rather dense triads in slight pits and with distinct, entire, triangular, acute rachilla bracts. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 2-2.2 x 1.8-2 mm; petals connate for c. 0.5 mm, 3.1-3.4 x 1.9-2 mm; stamens 6, slightly unequal with the antepetalous ones with filaments slightly wider at the base, filaments 1.6-2 mm long and cylindrical, anthers 1.8-2 x 0.6 mm, the locules parallel and obtuse, dorsifixed and versatile; pistillode c. 2.4 mm high, 0.6 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.7-3 x 2.4-3.4 mm; petals 3.5-4.2 x 3-4 mm; staminodes 0.6-0.8 mm, flat; gynoecium 3.2-3.6 x 2.9-3 mm. FRUIT ovoid to ellipsoid with a rounded apex, 10-12 x 8-9 mm, with anastomosing fibrous endocarp. SEED slightly obovoid with rounded apex and apiculate base, 8-9.5 x 5.5-6 mm, with subaequatorial depression; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Between Soanierana-Ivongo and Vatomandry.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Littoral forest near fresh water; alt. 1-15 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. The distribution area is small, the numbers of this species are thought to be very low, and the vegetation type is threatened by development and fires.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Differs from D. lutescens (which occurs in the same localities, in the same habitat) in the longer petiole, the smaller number of leaflets, the longer petals and the more robust rachillae; the inflorescence branches to 2 orders, while in D. lutescens it usually branches to 3 orders (but occasionally is branched to 2 orders). From D. psammophila it differs in the generally larger leaves (petiole, rachis, leaflets) with many scattered scales; the much longer prophyll and stouter rachillae.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Fenoarivo Atn.: Tampolo, Feb. 1970 (fr., young leaf), Guillaumet 2527 (K, P). Ampasimanolotra: Tampina, Nov. 1920 (fl.), Perrier 13292 (P, type) and (fr.), Perrier 15988 (P); 8 km S of Ambila-Lemaitso, Sept. 1991 (dead infl.), Beentje 4445 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis baronii</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 198 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Central Madagascar; Baron; 3270</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype K; isotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus baronii</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38 Beibl. 287: 33 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Palme del Madagascar 39, fig. 30, t. 37 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 2, 10 (3): 11 (1922)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neodypsis baronii</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Jum.</author> \r
+<bibref>(Becc.) Jum., Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris 179: 249 (1924)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 2 (2): 23, fig. 1 (1924)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 16 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 146, fig. 40 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus propinquus</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 2, 10 (3): 19 (1922)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 11 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Analamazaotra; Perrier; 12018</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neodypsis compacta</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 5, 1 (1): 13 (1933)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 17 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 154, fig 43 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Mt d'Ambre; Perrier; 18870</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A common species of the rain forest of the eastern escarpments. It closely resembles D. lutescens, but that is strictly a littoral species, confined to a narrow strip of vegetation close to the sea; and D. onilahensis, from drier localities on the Western side of the island. D. baronii is a graceful palm, and is often seen in the gardens of central Madagascar, particularly in Antananarivo. This is such a fine ornamental that it should be much more widely grown outside Madagascar than it is at present, particularly in view of its occurrence in upland areas. The species was named after the Reverend Richard Baron (1847-1907) who collected the type and many other plants in 1880-1897.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Farihazo (Imerina, "sugarcane tree"); Tongalo (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in clumps of 3-5, rarely appearing solitary. STEM S 2-8 m high, rarely with a single branching point, 2.5-12 [-22] cm diam., near the crown 2.5-5.5 cm diam.; internodes 4-35 cm, near the crown as short as 1.3 cm, grey, grey-green or blackish; nodal scars c. 0.5 cm, faint, white; wood hard, with a dense layer of hard red fibres just underneath the bark; crownshaft to 10 cm diam., pale green to pale yellow, waxy, the unexposed sheaths peach-coloured; occasionally with the remnants of sheaths remaining on the distal part of the trunk, but usually the leaves abscising neatly. LEAVES 4-8 in the crown, spiral or tristichous, arching, the young leaves sometimes held on edge in their distal half; sheath 28-60 cm long, pale green to pale yellow, waxy, the unexposed sheaths peach-coloured, only distally densely scaly, with auricles to 2 cm high; petiole 0-37 (-53) cm long, proximally 1-2.3 x 1.2-2.5 cm, distally 0.8-1.3 x 0.8-1 cm diam., with dense but flaking red to dark scales, therefore appearing crimson when young, later with scattered scales, slightly channelled; rachis 0.5-1.2 m long, abaxially densely scaly but glabrescent, in mid-leaf 0.8-1.6 cm wide and keeled; leaflets 35-60 on each side of the rachis, regular, in one plane, dark green, stiff with the distal part pendulous, the proximal 19- 100 x 0.3-1.1 cm, median 25-49 [-77] x 0.9-2.7 cm, distal 7-36 x 0.3-1.8 cm, sometimes glabrous but more often with quite a few ramenta (2-5 mm long) proximally, on the minor veins often with scattered reddish bumps, these being the remnants of the quite dense bases of stellate-laciniate reddish scales on the minor veins in young leaves, main vein 1, plus rather thickened margins, apices bifid, unequally attenuate. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar or infrafoliar, branched to 2 orders, arching; peduncle 24-62 cm long, proximally 0.8-2.2 x 0.5-0.8 cm, distally 1.8-3.5 x 0.9-2 cm diam., glabrous, proximally red, distally green; prophyll 25-73 x 2.2-4 [-5.5] cm, borne at 2.5-22 (-45) cm above the base of the peduncle, erect, often hooded, dark crimson to pale brown, distally with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at 22-54 from the base of the peduncle, deciduous, 20-44 (-65) cm long, erect and hooded, deep crimson or brown, carried upwards by the lengthening inflorescence; non-tubular peduncular bracts usually 2, 1-6 (-17.5) x 0.6-1.4 cm; rachis 13-33 cm long, glabrous, with 5-21 branched and 7-10 unbranched first order branches, the proximal with a secondary rachis of up to 4.5 [-11.5] cm long and 4-13 x 2-6 mm diam. and with 4-9 [-15] rachillae, rachis bracts 4-20 mm long; rachillae 3-24) cm long, [1.5-] 2.5-4.5 mm diam., glabrous, pinkish to pale green, with distant or dense slightly sunken triads; rachilla bracts 1-1.5 mm, acute. STAMINATE FLOWERS faintly scented; sepals cream with brown tips and 1.9-3 x 2-3.1 mm; petals proximally white, distally red, connate for 0.5-1.8 mm, free parts 2.5-4 x [1.8-] 2.5-3.5 mm, often with swellings proximally on each side of the filament insertion; stamens 6, biseriate (offset 0.2-0.4 mm), filaments white, (0.8 in bud -) 2.4-4.5 mm long, 0.4-1.3 mm wide with the antepetalous ones flatter than the cylindrical antesepalous ones, anthers 1.1-2 x 0.5-1.4 mm; pistillode 1.4-3.3 x 0.6-1.5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.2-2.8 x [1.7-2.4] 2.5-3 mm, slightly apiculate; petals 2.8-3.5 x [2.3-2.6] 2.8-4.2 mm; staminodes 6, 0.4-1 mm; ovary 2.8-3.3 x 2.8 mm. FRUIT yellow, ellipsoid or subglobose, 10-20 x 8-16 mm; endocarp fibrous. SEED ellipsoid or slightly obovoid, 9.5-12 x 7.5-11 mm, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex, with a sub-basal depression, the outside slightly grooved; endosperm ruminate, the intrusions corresponding to the grooves, 1-1.5 [-3] mm deep and medium dense.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>North, Central and E Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist montane forests, bamboo-dominated forests; usually on steep mid-slopes, less often on ridge crests; survives in half-shade or full sun; 850-1470 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. The species occurs over a large area.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Excellent palm-heart; fruit edible and sweet. Very elegant palm, cultivated in Antananarivo and on the plateau as an ornamental.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Chrysalidocarpus propinquus is said by Jumelle to be a form on denuded rocks with a short petiole and short, narrow leaflets, a very short peduncle and the thicker trunk is the only real character. With a bit more we would have kept them apart, but they look so similar that N. compactus has to be included in synonymy; the extremes for N. compactus are indicated by [square brackets] in the description. \r
+HB found many small red ants in a ripe infrutescence (Beentje & Raharilala 4412). In Mantady and at Maromiza HB has seen two stems which had a single branch at c. 1 m above the base. This species is extraordinarily close to D. onilahensis, and only differs in the habitat and the ruminate endosperm; the ruminations in D. baronii are difficult to see at times, being very small, and D. baronii has been found in sites which are really in D. onilahensis territory, such as the forest of Ambohitsaratelo. In the absence of fruit, several collections could not be identified as belonging to one or the other [Miandrivazo: NW of Ambohitsaratelo-Bebao, July 1974 (fl), Morat 4590 (P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1986 (fl., y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6447 (K, P, TAN)] but since Dorr et al. 3532 from the same locality has ruminate endosperm, they are more likely D. baronii.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Antsiranana: Mt d'Ambre, Nov. 1932 (fl., fr.), Perrier 18870 (P, type of N. compactus); idem, June 1970 (fl.), Bosser 20367; idem, near the summit, Oct. 1991 (fr.), Malcomber et al. 976; idem, Bianamalo, June 1989 (ster.), B. Du Puy et al. MB 217 (K) & (fl.) MB 222 (K). Andapa: Mt Ambodilaitra, March 1949 (y.fr.), Humbert 23287 (K, P;differs in longer rachillae than rest, 19-24 cm); Ambatosoratra, Jan. 1949 (y.fr.), Cours 3342 (P); Marojejy E, N of Mandena, Nov. 1989 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6769 (K, TAN). Ambatondrazaka: Manaka Est, Jan. 1959 (dead infl), Rakotovao RN 11019 (K, P); idem, April 1961 (fr.), Rakotovao RN 11859 (K); Ambatoharanana near Antsevabe, March 1951 (fr.), Cours 4061 (K, P, TAN). Manjakandriana: Angavokely, Oct. ?1924 (fl.), Perrier 15883 (P); Mandraka, Feb. 1985 (y.fr.) Barnett et al. 455 (K, MO, P); idem, Feb. 1985 (fr.) Dorr et al. 3729 (K, MO). Moramanga: Andasibe, Nov. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6426 (K, P, TAN); idem, Dec. 1991 (fl), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4534 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Dec. 1991 (fl., y.fr.) Beentje & Andriampaniry 4544 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Mantady, Dec. 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4771 (K, TAN); Maromi(ha)za, Feb. 1926 (fr.), Perrier 15990 (P); idem, March 1991 (fr.), Beentje & Raharilala 4412 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN), 4414 (K, TAN); Lakato Road, Nov. 1972 (fl.), Guillaumet 4030 (P, TAN); Rahobevava, March 1951 (fr.), Cours 4297 (K, P, TAN). Miandrivazo: NW of Ambohitsaratelo-Bebao, Jan. 1985 (fr.), Dorr et al. 3532 (K, MO, P). Fianarantsoa: Vohiparara, July 1992 (dead infl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4716 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).\r
+Without precise locality: Central Madagascar, (bud), Baron 3270 (K, type of N. baronii), (bud) 4509 (K, P), (bud) 6068 (K, syntype); anno 1847-1852 (leaf only), Boivin s.n. (P); without any data, Perrier 12082 (P). \r
+Cultivated: Analamazaotra (fr.), Perrier 15989 (P); Antananarivo, Antanimena, 1924 (fr.), Perrier 16061 (P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis basilonga</name>
+<author>(Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 193 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Mt. Vatovavy; Perrier; 12088</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neodypsis basilongus</name>
+<author>Jum. & H. Perrier</author>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 2, 3, 1 (1): 16, pl. 4 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Ann. Inst. Bot.- Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 2 (2): 11 (1924)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 17 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 144, fig. 39 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A rare and elegant palm, apparently confined to a single hill which is now surrounded by a sea of cultivation and secondary vegetation. We have seen this species in situ in the type locality, but the inflorescences were too rotten to make a proper specimen. It is a compact, rather graceful palm, common in the low-canopy thin-stemmed small-crown forest just below the summit of Mt Vatovavy at 450-500 m altitude, growing on the edges of cliffs in what is probably a wind-swept habitat. The species name refers to the 'basal' leaflets nearest the petiole, which are sometimes very long.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Madiovozona (Tanala; meaning 'clean neck').</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. STEM 2-5 m tall, 10-15 cm diam.; internodes short; crownshaft well-developed, whitish, c. 40 cm long. LEAVES strongly curved, c. 6-7 in the crown, 1-1.5 m long; sheath white and waxy, c. 40 cm long, glabrous, without ligules; petiole 14-16 cm long, c. 1.5 cm wide, channelled, with patches of dense tomentum; rachis c. 1 m long; leaflets more than 30 on each side of the rachis, inn groups of 2-3, the proximal leaflets with a very long gap between the basal pair and the next pair, the most proximal to 117 x 3 cm, the next 75 x 1.9 cm, median 64-68 x 2.6-3.1 cm, the group interval 4.5-5.5 cm, the leaflet interval 0.2-0.3 cm, distal 16-40 x 1-1.7 cm, glaucous abaxially, with lines of minute reddish scales on the minor veins, main vein 1, with thickened margins, apices unequally attenuate. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, c. 80 cm long, branched to 2 orders; peduncle 40-60 cm long, proximally 5 x 0.5 cm, straight within the sheath, then curved through 180 ° so the branched part hanging; prophyll borne at c. 40 cm above the base of the peduncle, waxy; peduncular bract inserted at c. 50 cm from the base of the peduncle; first order branches with a secondary rachis of up to 11 cm, proximally 2 x 0.8 cm, with up to 8 rachillae, glabrous; rachillae 15- 19 cm long, c. 4 mm diam., with distant triads in pits; rachilla bracts proud and rounded. STAMINATE FLOWERS not seen. PISTILLATE FLOWERS not seen; sepals in fruit rounded; petals twice as long as the sepals (fide Beccari). FRUIT (see note) ellipsoid, c. 20 x 9-10 mm, with rounded base and apex; endocarp fibrous, with anastomosing fibres. SEED oblong, with pointed base and rounded apex; endosperm ruminate with shallow distant intrusions.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Vatovavy.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Small-crown, submontane forest, on gneiss; 300-500 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Single-site status; the only protection of the forest derives from local fady (taboos).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Excellent palm-heart.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The confusion with D. decipiens was caused by Beccari, who thought the two species were the same
+and united them in Macrophloga; the new genus was necessary because of the ruminate endosperm of the fruit of Perrier 12088. The leaves in the genus description were based on D. decipiens. The fruit is now missing from the type; there is, however, a photo which shows the fruit attached to a loose rachilla. The description of the fruit and seed is taken from Beccari (1914), who is accurate in his descriptions. The protologue adds the following data, not apparent from the type or its label: Solitary, stem 4-6 m, diam. 12 cm; leaves gracefully curved; sheath whitish waxy, adaxially pinkish, 3 cm wide; inflorescence interfoliar, branched to 2 orders; Staminate flowers in bud 4 mm long. Pistillate flowers with sepals 1.5 x 1.5 mm, petals 3 x 2.5 mm; ovary cylindrical.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananjary: Mt Vatovavy, Oct. 1911 (fr.), Perrier 12088 (P, type).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis beentjei</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 401 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Mananara Avaratra, 10 km west of Antanambe; Beentje et al.; 4626</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This beautiful species is immediately recognizable by its stemless habit and dark green bifid leaves, each with a central pale yellow line. So far it is known only from an area of forest developed on supposed ultramafic rock in the Biosphere Reserve south of Mananara Avaratra. Here it grows in a valley bottom, in damp hollows and along small streams. It would make a handsome ornamental.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Acaulescens folio bifido atroviride, linea media albo-lutea, inflorescentia sparse divaricate ramosa floribus staminatis triandris, staminibus antepetalis staminodiis antesepalis alternantibus.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering acaulescent palm with stems subterranean and procumbent, forming tufts in the forest undergrowth. STEM c. 4 x 1.4 cm, dull brown, bearing robust roots c. 2 mm diam. Leaves c. 9 in crown, ± erect; sheath 7-9 cm long, 2.5-3 cm wide at the base when opened out, pale creamy brown, tinged reddish when fresh, drying reddish brown, with a conspicuous central pale yellow line, the sheath striate on drying, densely covered with caducous dark brown scales; petiole to 55 cm long or more, c. 4 mm wide, ± triangular in cross section, pale creamy brown, covered in caducous dark brown scales; lamina narrow-triangular, entire-bifid, to 60 cm long, c. 10 cm wide across the two tips, apically cleft to 19 cm, the lobes to 3.5 cm wide at the base, tapering to the shallowly lobed tip, 0.5 cm wide, the lamina base long decurrent on the petiole, lamina leathery in texture, adaxially dark shining green when fresh, with scattered minute punctiform dark brown scales, the mid-line pale creamcoloured, abaxially matt, bearing rather dense apparently caducous dark brown scales of varying size with laciniate margins, particularly along the ribs. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, erect at first, becoming curved, branching to two orders, ± rectangular in outline; peduncle to 25 cm long, 3 mm diam., rounded in cross-section, densely covered in dark brown laciniate-margined scales; prophyll to 8 x 0.5 cm, membranous, soon tattering, bearing scattered dark brown scales; peduncular bract long exceeding the prophyll, to 18 x 0.5 cm, membranous, soon tattering, scaly as the prophyll; rachis to 9 cm long, scaly as the peduncle; lowermost 3-4 branches branched with one branch of the second order; rachillae 15-20, 3-5 cm long, c. 6 mm diam., somewhat zigzag, the triads 2-6 mm distant, each sub-tended by a lacinate rachilla bract to 1.5 x 0.5 mm, the rachilla surface partially obscured by dark brown laciniate scales. STAMINATE FLOWERS at anthesis pale green, depressed spherical, 2 x 2.5 mm; sepals rounded and gibbous at first, to c. 1 x 1 mm, then becoming explanate and splitting irregularly into 3 sections; corolla spherical, tubular at the base, lobes gaping at anthesis; stamens 3 free, antepetalous, alternating with 3 antesepalous staminodes; staminodes wedge-shaped, succulent, 0.9 x 0.8 mm; fertile stamens with succulent filaments 1.0 x 0.5 mm, connective dark, 0.3 x 0.3 mm, anthers didymous, 0.5 x 0.3 mm; pistillode pyramidal c. 0.4 mm high. PISTILLATE FLOWER buds very immature, c. 1 mm diam. Mature FRUIT scarlet, irregularly ovoid to ellipsoid, to 17 x 10 mm; epicarp glabrous; mesocarp soft, fleshy; endocarp ellipsoid, 12 x 6 mm, c. 0.2 mm thick, withlongitudinal brown fibres, irregularly anastomosing. SEED irregularly ellipsoid, 9-10 x 5 mm, shallowly longitudinally grooved; endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>East Coast.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rain forest, waterlogged alluvial flat beside river, ultramafic bedrock; c. 250 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Although known from a single population, this does occur within the Biosphere Reserve. However, we have seen no more than about thirty plants.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This unusual species is immediately recognisable by its acaulescent habit and relatively large entire bifid dark green leaves, each with a central pale yellow band. The inflorescence is sparsely and divaricately branched and is partially hidden among leaf litter on the ground. Apart from being obviously allied to other species with three antepetalous stamens, its relationships are not clear.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananara Avaratra: 10 km west of Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (fl.), Beentje 4475 (K, TAN); idem, April 1992 (fl.,fr.), Beentje & Dransfield 4626 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN ).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis bejofo</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 146 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Maroantsetra, Andranofotsy R, Sahavary, Oct 1986; Dransfield et al.; JD6405</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>One of the most impressive palms of Madagascar. The massive trunk and enormous leaves, sometimes arranged in three rows in an arching crown, give this tree a majestic appearance. This would be a spectac ular ornamental tree for grand landscaping in the tropics. Seeds have been widely distributed (but see note below). The local name has supplied us with the specific epithet.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Bejofo, Hovotraomby (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>palma excelsa foliis maximis foliolis aggregatis inflorescentia curta multo ramosa seminibus profunde canaliculatis distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary canopy palm. TRUNK 15-25 m high, 25-40 cm diam., near the crown c. 20 cm diam.; internodes 20-35 cm, pale reddish brown, near the crown 2-10 cm, dark green to ashy grey; crownshaft white, waxy. LEAVES 7-10 in the crown, sub-tristichous, porrect and arching; sheath 1-2 m, 25-40 cm diam., abaxially white waxy and distally dense red-brown scaly, adaxially peach-coloured; petiole 12-34 cm long, 4.5-15 cm wide, densely pubescent; rachis 3-6 m long, brown-scaly, in mid-leaf 2.5-5 x 1.5-4 cm, channelled in the proximal 2 m; leaflets 80-100 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 5-7 and fanned within the groups, group interval 8-10 cm, rich green, stiff or arched, the distal part often bent down, the proximal 90-200 x 0.4-1.7 cm and often with the most proximal pendulous, median 72-144 x 1.3-4 cm (interval 0.5-2 cm), distal 30-69 x 0.6- 1.8 cm, main vein 1, with few ramenta 5-6 mm long on the midrib, otherwise glabrous and waxy, apices unequally bifid, attenuate. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, branched to 2 (- 3) orders, 0.5 x 0.5-1 m, yellow-green with sub-pendulous rachillae; peduncle 13-20 cm long, 5-10 x 3-7 cm diam., green with scattered scales; prophyll 20-30 cm long, to 19 cm wide, borne on the peduncle at 2-4 cm, with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at 5-9 cm from the base of the peduncle, 54-91 cm long and 10-17 cm wide, with scattered scales, flushed pink or pale lavender, split except for the beak; non-tubular peduncular bract rarely present, once seen 18 cm long; rachis 20-52 cm long, glabrous or with scattered scales, with 15-17 first order branches, these proximally 1.3-6 x 0.5-2.2 cm diam.; rachillae 20- 44 cm long (to 73 cm in fruit), green, stiff, 3.5-10 mm diam., glabrous, with dense, slightly sunken triads; rachilla bract 2 mm long. STAMINATE FLOWERS scented like Sambucus nigra; sepals 2.3-2.8 x 2.1-2.4 mm; petals connate for c. 1 mm, free parts 4.1-4.5 x 2.3-2.5 mm; stamens 6, slightly biseriate (offset 0.2 mm), filaments 1.5-1.8 mm, cylindrical, anthers 2.2-2.7 x 0.7-1 mm; pistillode 4 x 1 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS in young fruit with sepals 2.8-3.2 x 2.5-3.7 mm; petals 3.7-4.3 x 4-5.3 mm. FRUIT with very fibrous endocarp, 20- 25 x 18-21 mm. SEED ellipsoid, black, deeply grooved, 17-23 x 15-20.5 mm; endosperm deeply penetrated, the grooves regular and dense, 2-9 mm deep.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Maroantsetra and Mananara, around the Bay of Antongil.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist lowland forest; steep slope; 200-400 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Only known from two sites, where numbers are low.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>When this tree is sterile it resembles D. pilulifera, which is less massive and has less strikingly
+plumose leaves. It is probably close to D. hovomantsina and D. canaliculata. The seed is most unusual and distinctive and until recently we thought of a form unique within the genus. However, in 1994 JD saw similar, but smaller, seed with entirely different seedlings in cultivation in Australia, seed source unknown, but 'from Madagascar'.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Andranofotsy R, Sahavary, Oct. 1986 (bud, fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6405 (Holotype K; isotypi P, TAN), and Feb. 1988 (fl., y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6461 (K, P, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Manambato forest, Feb. 1987 (y.fr.), M. Nicoll 439 (K, TAN); Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (bud, fr.), Beentje 4485 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis bernieriana</name>\r
+<author>(Baill.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 304 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Titinga; Bernier; 41a</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Haplophloga bernieriana</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 148: 1171 (1894)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga bernierana</name>\r
+<author>(Baill) Becc</author>\r
+<bibref>(Baill) Becc., Bot Jahrb Syst 38, Beibl 87: 25 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Palme del Madagascar 27, fig 20, t 26 (1912)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 4, 6 (3): 18 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 19 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 64 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A charming little palm, quite distinct by its leaf shape and open leaf sheaths. The name refers to the collector of the type, Bernier, about whom very little is known, except that he was French and collected in Madagascar around 1834.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ambosa (Betsimisaraka, fide Bernier).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary dwarf palm. STEM to 1 m tall, 6-8 mm diam. distally; internodes 2-10 mm, brown; nodal scars c. 2 mm. LEAVES entire, bifid; sheath 3.5-7 cm, open, with scattered scales (denser distally), with fibrous margins; petiole 2-21 cm, 1-1.5 mm diam., with scattered scales; lamina entire, 17-26 cm long, shiny dark green; midrib 5-7.5 cm, lobes 12-19 x 2.3-3.5 cm, main veins 5-6, with scattered scales on the major and minor veins in young leaves, but glabrescent, apex narrowly dentate with 2-3 teeth, sometimes looking acute. INFLORESCENCE unbranched; peduncle 10-16 cm long, blackish with dense pubescence; prophyll 4-12.5 cm long; peduncular bract apex to 10-20 cm from the base of the peduncle (insertion point not known); rachilla 5-15 cm long, 1-2 mm diam., with scattered reddish scales; triads distant. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.2-1.9 x 1.4-1.8 mm, ciliolate, dotted; petals 1.6-2.8 x 1.2-1.6 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate, filaments 0.5-1.3 mm, connate for 0.2 mm, anthers 1.3-1.5 x 0.4-0.5 mm, versatile; pistillode 0.8-1.2 x 0.2-0.3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 2-2.4 x 1.5-1.8 mm, ciliolate, slightly keeled; petals 2.6-2.8 x 1.3-1.4 mm; staminodes c. 0.4 mm; gynoecium c. 2.3 x 0.8 mm. FRUIT red, ellipsoid, 6-13 x 4-5 mm; endocarp fibrous, with almost free fibres. SEED with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Masoala Peninsula and down the coast to Vatomandry.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland to submontane rain forest, steep slope; 100-1200 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. This seems to be a rare species, and all over its distribution area the vegetation is under threat from fragmentation and agricultural conversion.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>It is probably most closely related to D. digitata. The leaf lobes are usually distinctly hooded at their tips.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6364 (K, P, TAN); without precise locality, May 1975 (y.fr.), Morat 4930 (P). Soanierana-Ivongo: Titinga, anno 1834 (fl., y.fr.), Ber nier 41a (Holotype P). Vatomandry: Mt Takarandonia, Nov. 1927 (fl.), Perrier 14124 (P). Locality uncertain ("sentier plus loin que la chûte, 1200 m"), Jan. 1945 (fl.), Cours 2479 (K, P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis betamponensis</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 295 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Betampona near Ambodiriana; Perrier; 17469</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga betamponensis</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (3): 33 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier Fl. Madagascar 30: 76 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A small palm with entire leaves, much-branched inflorescences, and didymous stamens; distinct, and presumably extinct as well. The species name is derived from the type locality.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small palm to 1 m. LEAVES entire, with the sheath c. 11 cm long, 6.5 mm diam., with sparse reddish scales and c. 2 mm high auricles; petiole c. 6 cm long, 2.5-3 mm diam., with reddish scales; lamina 49- 52 cm long, midrib 21.5 cm, lobes 30 x 5.7 cm, main veins c. 7, with lines and bands of reddish scales, apices 0.8-1.8 cm wide, longdentate. INFLORESCENCE c. 63 cm, branched to 1 (2) order(s); peduncle c. 41 cm long, c. 2 mm diam., glabrous; prophyll c. 30 cm long, 1 cm wide, borne at 10.5 cm above the base of the peduncle, with scattered pale brown scales; peduncular bract inserted at c. 30 cm from the base of the peduncle, c. 12 cm long; rachis c. 16 cm long, with sparse long (1-2 mm) red curly hairs, especially in the axils of rachillae, with 1 branched and 22 unbranched first order branches, the branched one with 3 rachillae; rachillae reflexed, 3-5.2 cm, c. 1 mm diam., glabrous, with quite dense triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals imbricate, 0.6-0.8 x 0.8-1.1 mm; petals 0.8-0.9 mm high; stamens 6, biseriate, didymous, the filaments 0.2-0.25 mm long and connate at their bases, anthers 0.2-0.35 mm long and wide, in the type often with 4 fertile, 1 sterile and 1 missing or vestigial stamen; pistillode c. 0.2 mm high. PISTILLATE FLOWERS only known from very young buds, with sepals imbricate, the petals still enclosed within. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from a single collection from Betampona.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; c. 100 m (according to Jumelle & Perrier (1945); the type specimen gives no altitude).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Presumed extinct: not seen for seventy years. Betampona has been visited by several palm collectors, including HB, in recent years.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The didymous stamens are very rare in entireleaved Dypsis species, and only D. catatiana, D. fanjana and D. singularis are similar in this respect.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Toamasina: Betampona, Dec. 1925 (bud), Perrier 17469 (Holotype P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis boiviniana</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author> \r
+<citation>Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 147: 1164 (1894), pro parte (see Note).</citation>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus oligostachyus</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38 Beibl. 87: 37 (1906)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Beccari, Palme del Madagascar 45 (1914)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat.Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 10 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Île Sainte-Marie, Ravine-tsara forest; Boivin; s.n. anno 1850</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P, pro parte</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga oligostachya</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) H.Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref>(Becc.) H.Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 81 (1945)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a palm of forest undergrowth in the lowlands of NE Madagascar, particularly around the Bay of Antongil and on Île Sainte-Marie. Based on a mixed gathering made by Boivin last century on Î;le Sainte-Marie, there has been a certain amount of confusion over this species. As interpreted here, it is an attractive palm with solitary or clustering erect stems and neat leaves with grouped leaflets and inflorescences branched to one order only. Together with D. sanctaemariae, D. pervillei, D. soanieranae, D. curtisii and D. mangorensis it forms a group of apparently closely related species; it is distinguished by the rather thick rachillae with crowded triads that are partially sunken in pits. We do not know whether D. boiviniana is in cultivation. The name refers to the collector of the type, Louis Hyacinthe Boivin (1808-1852).</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Talanoka, Tsingovatra (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering palm in tufts of 3-4. STEM(S) 2-8 m tall, 1.5-4.5 cm diam.; internodes 3-7 cm, brown to eau-de-nil, sometimes with woody, chestnut-brown lenticels, with dense red-brown indument when young; surface roots occasionally present. LEAVES 4-8 in the crown, porrect; sheath 21-30 cm long, 2-3 cm diam. or 6.5-7 cm wide when flattened, pale yellow or pale green tinged purple distally, with patches of dense red-brown tomentum, with triangular brown auricles 0.5-2 cm high; petiole 5-24 cm long, 5-8 x 2.5-6 mm diam., flat adaxially, with dense or scattered scales; rachis 29-75 cm long, pale ivory green, in mid-leaf 3-4 mm wide, with dense or scattered brown scales; leaflets 6-15 on each side of the rachis, dark green and stiff, in groups of 2-6, the interval between the groups (3-) 7-20 cm, the interval between leaflets 0.5-0.7 cm, the proximal 27-54 x 1.2-3.5 cm, the median 23-51 x 1.6-5 cm (increasing in size within the groups towards the distal side), the distal 19-44 x 2.1-4 cm, the distal pair joined for 2.5-4.5 cm, with 3-5 main veins and (0.3-1 cm wide) dentate apices, the other leaflets with 1-5 main veins and long-acuminate apices, all leaflets with minute scattered reddish scales on veins and larger scales on the (reflexed) margins. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 1 order (2 in Guillaumet 2404), arching with semi-pendulous rachillae; peduncle 33-54 cm long, proximally 7-9 x 2-4 mm diam., distally 6-7 x 3.5-7 mm diam., densely reddish pubescent or puberulous; prophyll 31-49 cm long, 1.3-1.8 cm wide, borne at 4-16 cm above the base of the peduncle, open in the distal 4-8 cm, with scattered scales especially on the margins; peduncular bract deciduous at a very early stage, inserted at 7-31 cm from the base of the peduncle, 27-48 cm long; rachis 12-15 cm long, reddish-puberulous, with 5-8 rachillae; rachillae 25-70 cm long, 2-6 mm diam., densely puberulous, the triads dense to almost continuous, in pits. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.5-2.2 x 1.2-1.8 mm, keeled; petals 2.2-2.6 x 1.5-1.8 mm, ovate or elliptic, acute; stamens 6, ± equal, filaments 1-1.2 mm long and narrow, anthers 1.6-1.7 x 0.8-0.9, the locules parallel and obtuse; pistillode 1.3 x 0.3-0.4 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS (only known in young fruit) with sepals 1.8-2.2 x 1.9-2.1 mm, orbicular, concave, slightly ciliolate, not keeled; petals with only a small gape, 2.5-2.8 x 2.2-2.3 mm; staminodes 5-6, 0.3-0.7 mm, thin. FRUIT c. 10 x 4 mm; endocarp fibrous, the fibres slightly anastomosing. SEED (very young) c. 5.3 x 2.3 mm, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Mananara, Soanierana-Ivongo and Sainte-Marie; there is also an old collection from the Masoala Peninsula.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Open lowland rain forest or white sand forest next to a black water/ peat swamp, slight slope; 5-285 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. An estimated fifty individuals in three sites, only one of which is protected, and most of which are under threat.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The application of the name D. boiviniana has caused considerable problems for all who have written about the palms of Madagascar since the time of Baillon. The name was published by Baillon (1894a) for specimens collected by Boivin on Î;le Sainte-Marie at Ravin-tsara in 1850. Specimens of two species were mixed together as a single gathering, either in the field, or, more likely, back in the herbarium. At any rate, Baillon describes D. boiviniana as a palm with irregularly arranged linear-lanceolate pinnae and an inflorescence branched to one order with about six rachillae, and with male flowers that contain three stamens. The type in fact consists of two different leaves and two different inflorescences which are, however, similar enough to explain Baillon's mistake. There is an entire inflorescence, branched to one order, with male flowers with six stamens; and there are three partial inflorescences closely resembling the former, but carrying flowers with three stamens, and bases showing that they are actually part of an inflorescence branched to more than one order. The leaves are also different: there are parts of a pinnate leaf with regular leaflets (see Beccari 1912, 1914, plate 17) and a complete pinnate leaf with grouped leaflets (see Beccari 1912, 1914, plate 44). \r
+Beccari felt that the latter belonged with the entire inflorescence branched to one order, because the leaf sheath and lower part of the inflorescence fit; he thought that the parts of the regularly pinnate leaf might go with the partial inflorescences, but of course this is more difficult to prove. Beccari retained the name Dypsis boiviniana for the partial inflorescence with 3-staminate flowers, together with the regularly pinnate leaf; for the inflorescence branched to one order with 6-staminate flowers and the grouped leaflet leaf he established the name Chrysalidocarpus oligostachya. However, we believe that Beccari's interpretation of Baillon's name to be incorrect. Lectotypification should be based on the specimen that most nearly matches the protologue. Except for the number of stamens, Baillon's protologue of D. boiviniana describes in perfect detail the leaves and inflorescence of the specimen that Beccari later separated as the type of Chrysalidocarpus oligostachya. We therefore lectotypify D. boiviniana on the inflorescence with few thick rachillae of the first order and leaves with fascicled leaflets, and exclude the inflorescence fragments that represent slender rachillae of the second order that bear a covering of hairs (i.e. the fragments that Beccari interpreted as the type of D. boiviniana). Thus Chrysalidocarpus oligostachya and Neophloga oligostachya become synonyms of Dypsis boiviniana. Dypsis boiviniana in Beccari's interpretation is an altogether different species which we have named D. paludosa (q.v.). Beentje et al. 4638 differs from the other two specimens, that agree perfectly with the type, in the leaflets which are fewer in number, much longer (and the median ones much narrower as well) and in having clustered stems, while the other two collections seemed solitary. Two specimens (Perrier 12051 and 12090) from the Mananara River (both at P) are reminiscent of this species, but the leaflets are regular. The inflorescences are in a very young stage and branch to two orders.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Antalaha: environs of Antalaha, Sept. 1912 (bud), Perrier 12033 (P). Mananara Avaratra: 10 km W of Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (bud), Beentje 4464 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, April 1992 (old infl.), Beentje et al. 4622 (BH, K, MO, TAN); idem, Oct. 1994 (bud), Dransfield & Beentje JD7509 (K, TAN); 5 km S of Antanambe, April 1992 (y. fr.), Beentje et al. 4638 (K, MO, P, TAN). Sainte-Marie: Ravine Tsara, 1850 (bud), Boivin s.n. (P, type); Kalalao forest, Nov. 1994 (fl.), Dransfield JD7519 (K, TAN). Soanierana-Ivongo: Soanierana, Feb. 1969 (fr.), Guillaumet 2404 (P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis bonsai</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 252 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Ambanizana, Andohitsitondroina Pk; Schatz and Modeste; 2897</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A beautiful little palm, with a name which is Japanese for 'dwarf tree' or 'dwarfed tree'; we believe this is a wind-dwarfed taxon, and it is one of the most beautiful of the smaller Madagascar palms; of course, the taxon has no connection with Japan, but it looks like a bonsai tree.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>A ceteris speciebus Dypsidis solitariis foliolis parvis fasciculatis inflorescentia breve erecta aliquanto robusta axibus aurantiacus distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. STEMS 1-2 m tall; distal internodes 0.7-1.3 cm, 6-8 mm diam, reddish pubescent; nodal scars 2 mm. LEAVES 4 in the crown (always?), pinnate; sheath 6.5-9 cm long, the outer open, densely reddish pubescent, with auricles 3 mm; petiole 1-4 cm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, densely to sparsely pubescent; rachis 10-18 cm long, in mid-leaf c. 2 mm wide, densely to sparsely pubescent; leaflets 10-14 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-5, the group interval 1.5-5 cm, the proximal 4-9 x 0.2-1 cm, median 5.5-11 x 0.6-2.2 cm, distal 3-5 x 0.2-1.2 cm, main veins faint, 1 (-5), with scattered scales or almost glabrous, but distally on the margin with some longer scales, apices acuminate, unequal, distal pair joined for 0.5-1.2 cm, narrowly dentate. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 1-2 orders with orange axes; peduncle (13-) 22-28 cm long, 3-6 mm diam., densely pubescent; prophyll 13-20 cm long, 8-11 mm wide, with scattered scales, open in the distal few cm; peduncular bract inserted at c. 15 cm from the base of the peduncle, c. 11 cm long, open for two-thirds, with a 3 mm long beak, quickly deciduous; non-tubular peduncular bract 2-6 x 5 mm; rachis 3-5.5 cm long, puberulous, with up to 3 (but usually without) forked first order branches, and 5-13 unbranched first order branches; rachillae 4-12 cm long, 1.5-2.5 mm diam., densely pubescent or puberulous, or with sparse scales. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals orange, 1.3-1.8 x 1.2-1.7 mm; petals orange, 2-2.6 x 1.3-1.5 mm (on an up to 0.6 mm high receptacle); stamens 6, white, uniseriate, the filaments 0.6-0.9 mm long and thin, the anthers 1.2-1.3 x 0.5-0.7 mm, dorsifixed with parallel locules; pistillode 0.7-1 x 0.3 mm, conical. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1-2 x 1.3-2.2 mm; petals 3-3.4 x 3-3.6 mm; staminodes 6, 0.2-1 mm; pistil c. 2.5 x 1.9 mm. FRUIT only seen young, then golden yellow and c. 8.5 x 4 mm, with subaequatorial stigmatic remains. SEED 8 x 3.5 mm, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Marojejy area and Masoala Peninsula; possibly Zahamena.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Low forest or ericoid vegetation on ridge crests; 1000-1700 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Occurs in a firesusceptible habitat, over a limited area. Numbers presumably low (possibly fewer than 300).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Slightly similar to D. linearis in the stout, erect inflorescence with orange axes and very hairy, rather fat rachillae; but distinct in much slighter build, the build and size of the leaflets. Other relationships are probably with D. concinna and D. heterophylla.
+Nosy Varika: Sakaleona valley, June 1939 (fl., y.fr.), Decary 14220 (P) is similar, but differs in the petiole (6- 11 cm long), rachis (to 23 cm long), peduncle (14-16.5 cm), rachillae 14-18 cm long; the peduncular bract is inserted at 8 cm from the base of the peduncle, and is 10.5 cm long. Pistillate flowers were within the range given above; fruit was 6-6.5 x 4-5 mm, and seed 4 x 3 mm, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: E Marojejy, W of Manantenina R, March 1949, (y.fr.), Humbert & Cours 23729 (P); idem, (bud), Humbert 23682b (K, P); Mt Beondroka, N of Maroambihy, March 1949 (bud), Humbert 23493 (K, P). Maroantsetra: Ambanizana, Andohitsitondroina Pk, Dec. 1989 (fl.), Schatz & Modeste 2897 (Holotype K; isotypes MO, P, TAN); idem, March 1992 (y.fr.), Zjhra & Hutcheon 203 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis bosseri</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 393 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, East Coast, Mahavelona; Bosser; 16972</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Known only from a single collection, this is a small palm of the forest undergrowth. It most resembles D. hildebrandtii but is larger in all its parts and has a rather congested inflorescence. It is named for the col- lector of the type, Jean Bosser.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Inter species floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antepetalis, staminodiis antesepalis alternantibus, D. hildebrandtii similis sed habitu multo majore, folio robustiore epetiolato inflorescentia con-gesta rachillis pilis ferruginosis dense tectis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender forest undergrowth palm to 2.5 m tall. STEM not preserved in available specimen. LEAF sheath dimensions not known, surface very densely covered in thick ferruginous scales, auricles apparently absent; petiole absent; rachis 37-40 cm, c. 5 mm wide at the base, adaxially with scattered ferruginous scales, abaxially rather densely covered with caducous ferruginous scales; leaflets 4-5 on each side of the rachis, the lowermost pair very short, 5 x 0.5 cm, sometimes only partly separated from the second pair, second pair of leaflets 14-19 x 2-2.5 cm, third pair to 25 x 6 cm, apical pair to 15 x c. 8 cm, joined for 12.5-14 cm along the rachis, with an apical notch to 5 cm deep, the apical margins deeply lobed to 5 mm, occasionally deeper, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxially with scat- tered brown punctiform scales and bands of scattered brown scales. INFLORESCENCE branched to 2 orders, relatively stout; peduncle 21 cm long; prophyll 16 x 1 cm, membranous, with scattered red-brown scales; peduncular bract similar, exceeding the prophyll by c. 6.5 cm; rachis 11 cm long, c. 2.5 mm diam., densely covered with redbrown trichomes to c. 1 mm long; rachillae c. 28, 2.5-6 cm long, c. 0.8 mm diam., very densely covered in red-brown trichomes, triads c. 2 mm apart, rachilla bracts to 0.5 mm, laciniate. STAMINATE FLOWERS c. 1.5 mm diam.; sepals rounded, c. 0.5 x 0.5 mm, keeled, margins erose; petals triangular, striate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm; stamens 3, antepetalous, c. 0.5 mm high, anthers c. 0.2 x 0.1 mm, didymous, staminodes triangular, antesepalous, c. 0.2 x 0.2 mm; pistillode conical, minute. Other parts not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from forest west of Mahavelona.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Possibly extinct; not collected since the original collection, and most of the forest at Mahavelona has now disappeared.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>We have described this new species, even though it is known only from a single specimen, because it seems so distinctive. The combination of robust epetiolate leaf with few broad and very close segments and the stocky inflorescence, with axes all densely covered in thick ferruginous hairs is distinctive. Perhaps it most resembles robust forms of D. hildebrandtii, but is more massive in all its parts.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Toamasina: Mahavelona, Dec. 1962 (fl.), Bosser 16972 (Holotype P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis brevicaulis</name>\r
+<author>(Guillaumet) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 323 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Analalava forest N of Manantenina; Guillaumet; 4003b</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotype K</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga brevicaulis</name>\r
+<author>Guillaumet</author>\r
+<bibref>Guillaumet, Adansonia sér.2, 13 (3): 343, figs. 1-2 (1973)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>The leaves of this species appear to come directly from the ground, but there is a small underground stem. The Latin name means 'short-stemmed'.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary (?) dwarf palm, almost acaulescent (Humbert 20671 has "suffrutex 1 m"). STEM largely underground, 5-15 cm, 0.9-2 cm diam. LEAVES 5-8, entire; sheath 7-11 cm long, densely covered with reddish scales but glabrescent, with 2 small auricles, almost open in outermost leaves, then with ragged margins; petiole 0-8 cm long, 2-2.5 mm diam., adaxially flat, abaxially concave, withscattered scales; lamina narrowly triangular, 28-150 x 2.7-4.5 cm, with attenuate base, with c. 4 main veins on each side, adaxially with the proximal part of the midrib scaly, abaxially with the midrib scaly, and with minute scattered scales all over, lobed for 3.5-12 cm, the lobes 1.6-2 cm wide and with rather narrow, dentate apex, the outside margin also with one or two indistinct teeth at 6-10 cm from the apex. INFLORESCENCE unbranched or rarely branched into 2 rachillae; peduncle c. 13 cm; prophyll c. 13 x 0.3 cm; peduncular bract not seen; rachilla 9-17 cm, c. 1 mm diam., lepidote, with 60-80 triads, these protrandrous; rachilla bract wide, concave, rounded-triangular. STAMINATE FLOWERS with keeled sepals 1.3-1.5 x 1-1.2 mm, acute, slightly gibbous; petals 2-2.2 x 1.2 mm, ovate, acute; stamens 6, didymous, biseriate, the antepetalous inserted 0.2-0.5 mm higher up, filaments 0.8-0.9 x 0.3 mm, anthers c. 0.4 x 0.6 mm; pistillode 0.8 x 0.5 mm, club-shaped. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with cucullate sepals; petals ovate, staminodes 6, very short at the base of an oblong ovary, this trigonous, with connivent stigmas. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>East Coast just N of Manantenina and Manafiafy/Sainte-Luce.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Evergreen forest on white sand or laterite; 1-700 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Only known from three sites; numbers are extremely low (less than twentyhave been seen) and forests in the area are under threat from shifting cultivation and proposed ilmenite mining operations.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species has most distinctive long, narrow leaves.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tolanaro: Analalava forest, Dec. 1971 (fl.), Guillaumet 4003b (K, P, type); Mt Vohimavo, N. of Ampasimena, March 1947 (old infl.), Humbert 20671 (K, P); St. Luce forest, March 1992 (ster.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4610 (K, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis cabadae</name>\r
+<author>(H.E.Moore) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 219 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Cuba, Soledad, cultivated at Atkins Garden; Moore; 6517</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype BH</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus cabadae</name>\r
+<author>Moore</author>\r
+<bibref>Moore, Principes 6: 108 (1962)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This species is widespread in cultivation, but unknown from the wild: it might be from Madagascar or the Comoro Islands.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of up to 14 stems. STEMS to 10 m tall, to 9 cm diam.; internodes 9-12.7 cm long, smooth, glossy, green, nodal scars prominent, pale. LEAVES c. 10 in the crown, arching distally; sheath 50-76 cm long, bright green with a glaucous bloom, sparsely dotted with reddish fimbriate scales but glabrescent, with square shoulders; petiole 25-33 cm long (-60 cm in young shoots) with a prominent callus pad at the base, glabrous, channelled, 1.7-2 x 2-2.2 cm diam. proximally, 2-2.3 x 1.7-1.9 cm distally; rachis to 1.7 m long, green adaxially, yellowish abaxially, glabrous, in mid-leaf 1-1.3 cm wide, slightly keeled; leaflets regular, 24 (in young plants)-60 on each side of the rachis, those on opposite sides of the rachis at an angle of c. 45° with each other, dark green, shiny, the proximal 42-57 x 1.6-2.1 cm, median 51-59 x 1.8-2.3 cm, distal 6-27 x 0.5-1.6 cm, midrib yellowish abaxially, with one or a few ramenta (1-4 mm long) proximally, otherwise glabrous, waxy, midrib and marginal veins prominent, apices acute. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 3 orders, c. 1.5 m long, erect, green; peduncle 59-69 cm long, with dense to sparse minute rusty scales, proximally 4-5 x 1.2-2 cm, distally 1.5-2 x 1-1.2 cm diam.; prophyll green or glaucous, 44-52 cm long, 3.7-5 cm wide, borne at 11-13.5 cm above the base of the peduncle, splitting obliquely at the apex for about 50%, with dense to sparse minute rusty scales; peduncular bract green or glaucous, inserted at 29-34 cm from the base of the peduncle, 40-54 cm long, 4 cm wide, splitting on one side, closed for a 3 cm beak, with dense to sparse minute rusty scales, eventually deciduous; rachis c. 70 cm long, glabrous, with 20-22 branched and 8-10 unbranched first order branches, the proximal of these with a rachis of up to 40 cm; rachillae 8-18 cm long, c. 1 mm diam., glabrous; triads distant. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals green, 1.6-2.1 x 1.8-2.5 mm; petals yellow-green, connate for c. 0.8 mm, free for 2.2-2.6 x 1.6-2.1 mm; stamens 6, biseriate (offset c. 0.4 mm), the filaments 2.2-2.6 mm long, thin, the anthers 1.6-1.7 x 0.8-1 mm, versatile, the locules parallel; pistillode white, columnar, c. 3 mm long. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.4-1.7 x 1.8-2.2 mm; petals 2.2-2.7 x 2-2.8 mm; staminodes 0.3-0.4 mm; ovary not seen. FRUIT ellipsoid, scarlet, 9-12 x 4-6 mm, apex rounded; exocarp smooth, mesocarp thin and fleshy and fibrous, endocarp ± adherent to the seed, fibrous, anastomosing. SEED ellipsoid, 8-9 x 4-5 mm, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex; endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral; raphe branches ascending from the base and loosely anastomosing. SEEDLING with eophyll bifid, occasionally with a few scales abaxially.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from cultivated plants; origin unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The affinities of this species seem to be with D. pembana from Pemba, but it is certainly not the same.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Cuba: Soledad, Cienfuegos, Atkins Garden, Feb. 1952 (old infl., fr.). Moore 6101 (BH, paratype); idem, Feb. 1953 (fl., fr.), Moore 6517 (BH, holotype).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis canaliculata</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 149 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Bas-Sambirano, W base of Mt Kalabenono; Perrier; 15413</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neodypsis canaliculatus</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4,924)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 17 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier Fl. Madagascar 30: 141 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This species is something of a mystery. It has not been found since 1951, and the flowers are unknown to science. The two collections made so far are far apart geographically, but seem to belong to the same taxon. The name was given to indicate that the leaf rachis is channelled in its lower half, but this is not so exceptional as Jumelle seemed to think!</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Lopaka (Antankarana); Monimony (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 10-15 m high, 30-40 cm diam.; nodal scars very visible. LEAVES with sheath c. 1 m long, glabrous, whitish-green and waxy; petiole absent; rachis 3-4 m long (fide Perrier) or c. 6 m (fide Cours), in mid-leaf 2.5-3.5 cm wide, waxy, channelled adaxially at least proximally, rounded abaxially; leaflets bright green, grouped and fanned within the groups, the group interval 2-3 cm, very many, not stiff, interval 0.2-1.3 cm, proximal not seen, median 75-116 x 2.6-3.1 cm, distal to 13-30 x 0.3-0.8 cm, glaucous, with many ramenta proximally, the ramenta bifid, to 2 mm long, 2-3 mm high, and with minute reddish scales over the entire abaxial surface, main vein 1, apex unequally attenuate. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, branched to 2 orders, short and pendulous; parts seen include first (?) order branches with a glabrous rachis of up to 20 cm, proximally up to 1.7 x 0.8 cm diam., with up to 8 rachillae; rachillae 35-48 cm long, 5-6 mm diam., glabrous, waxy, with distant triads in pits, the rachilla bracts proud, rounded or obtuse. STAMINATE FLOWERS unknown. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT ellipsoid or rounded, 25-30 x 17-21 mm when dry. SEED subglobose, 15-21 x 12-16 mm; endosperm deeply and densely ruminate.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the Manongarivo area and from near Ampasimanolotra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Forest on sandstone; c. 200 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Possibly extinct; not seen since 1951.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Palm-heart bitter, said to be poisonous by some.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The protologue states the type is Perrier 1541, but this is changed in the Flora to 15413 (which is correct). The type at P is currently without fruit or flowers. \r
+In the protologue there are the following data not on the type label: trunk green, 10-15 m high, 30-40 cm diam. Leaves 3-4 m long; sheath green, glabrous; petiole absent, rachis 2.5 cm wide; leaflets irregularly grouped (group interval c. 2 cm), distal 30 x 0.7-0.8 cm. Inflorescence branched to 2 orders; rachillae c. 50 cm. \r
+This taxon resembles D. bejofo, but is distinct in the almost continuous ramenta on the midrib and the scattered scales, and by the absence of a petiole. \r
+The Cours specimen is rather poor, and is included with some doubt. The fruit in this specimen has densely and irregularly ruminate endosperm, distinct from that of D. bejofo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambilobe: W base of Mt Kalabenono, no date (infl. only), Perrier 15413 (P, type). Ampasimanolotra: near Anivoranokely and Andrambolahikely, April 1951 (fr.), Cours 4494 (K, P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis canescens</name>
+<author>(Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 410 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Sambirano forest at Ambaliha; Perrier; s.n.</type>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus canescens</name>
+<author>Jum. & H. Perrier</author>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Ma1): 38, t. 19 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 10, 3: 12 (1922)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 8 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier Fl. Madagascar 30: 106 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Insufficiently known species.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>DESCRIPTION FROM LITERATURE: TRUNK 4-8m, straight, ringed, < 10 cm diam., base somewhat thickened in a cone. LEAVES 8-12, ascending; sheath glabrous, membranous, without ligule; petiole absent; rachis c. 2 m long; leaflets regular, recurved, 3.5-4 cm distant, proximal 60-65 x 0.6-0.7 cm, median 75-80 x 1.5 cm, some brownish ramenta on the midrib, adaxially white-mealy when young. INFLORESCENCE at most branched to 2 orders; peduncle 60 cm; prophyll borne at 13 cm above the base of the peduncle, 40 cm long, split only at apex; peduncular bract deciduous, inserted at 30 cm above the base of the peduncle, 45 cm long, conical at the apex, split along its length; rachillae often with paired or solitary staminate flowers due to abortion of the pistillate ones. STAMINATE FLOWERS with keeled and slightly spurred sepals, glabrous, ovate, obtuse, 2 x 2 mm; petals ovate, acute, 3 x 2.2 mm; filaments c. 1.3 mm; ovary rudiment cylindrical, 1.8 mm, about aslong as the stamens. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW Madagascar, only known from the type.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Forest on sandstone; c. 40 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Presumed extinct; not seen for more than fifty years.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In the protologue the species is compared (as is Chrysalidocarpus brevinodis) with D. lutescens with the following difference: absence of petiole. The type locality is either Ambaliha on the Ampasindava Peninsula, as seems to be indicated in the protologue, or another Ambaliha (not found on map or in Gazetteer) on the left bank of the Sambirano River.
+The fact that it is compared with D. lutescens makes us think the leaflets might be regular, but unfortunately we cannot be certain.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>None. Despite a thorough search, we have not found the type specimen.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis catatiana</name>
+<author>(Baill.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 308 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Midy forests; Catat; 1732</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dypsidium catatianum</name>
+<author>Baill.</author>
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 148: 1173 (1894)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neophloga catatiana</name>
+<author>(Baill.) Becc</author>
+<bibref>(Baill.) Becc, Bot Jahrb Syst 38, Beibl 87: 25 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Palme del Madagascar 28, fig 21, t 27 (1912)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 4, 6 (3): 20 (1929)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 19 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 66, fig 17 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neophloga indivisa</name>
+<author>Jum & H Perrier</author>
+<bibref>Jum & H Perrier, Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 3, 1 (1): 29, fig 9 (1913)</bibref>
+<type>E slopes of Mt Andringitra, R Ihovika, 1000-1200 m; Perrier; 11974</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is the commonest small palm of the island, occurring in nearly all East Coast forests over a wide altitude range. It would make a good ornamental, with both the entire-leaved form and that with pinnate leaves being handsome, but will require a humid atmosphere. The name refers to the collector of the type, Louis Domingue Maria Catat (1859-?, who collected in Madagascar in 1889).</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sinkaramboalavo (Betsimisaraka); Varaotra (Antanosy).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary small or dwarf palm (Schatz et al. 1694 is described as colony-forming, to 1.5 m; Perrier 12026 and 15985 are said to be clustering). STEM 0.2-1 m high, 4-9 mm diam.; internodes 0.5-3 cm, dark green, often with a vertical pale green stripe; nodal scars 0.1-0.2 cm. LEA V E S 4-10 in the crown, porrect to spreading; sheath 3-8 cm long, the outermost often open for c. 50 %, pale green with minute brown or reddish scales, in young leaves with clear triangular ligules 3-6 mm long on each side of the petiole; petiole absent or to 5 cm long, 1.5- 2.5 mm diam., slightly channelled adaxially; lamina entire or with (2-) 3-5 (-7) pairs of flat leaflets, shiny medium green, slightly paler on the abaxial surface, young leaves reddish; when entire shortly bifid, 14-32 cm long, the midrib 10-22 cm long, the lobes 5-12 x 2-5 cm, with 10-16 main veins, the base peduncle, 2.5-4 mm wide, opening only at the apex, pale brown cuneate, the apices truncate and dentate, 5-15 mm wide, and den with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at 4-14 from the base tate on the outside bend, with lines of small reddish and whitish of the peduncle, 3-9 cm long, 2.5-4 mm wide, opening only near scales on the abaxial midrib and veins; when pinnately divided the the apex, pale brown with scattered scales; second peduncular rachis 9-24 cm long with scattered reddish scales, the individual bract often present as a tiny, 1.5-4 mm long, briefly tubular bract leaflets flat and at intervals of 1-4.5 cm, the proximal 4-16 (-21) x situated just above the apex of the first peduncular bract; rachilla 0.5-3 cm and connate for 2-6 cm, the median 8-21 x 0.5-3.5 cm and 2-14 cm long, 1-2 mm diam., yellow-green to pale yellow, glabrous connate for 0.5-8 cm, both the proximal and the median sigmoid, or with dense minute scales all over, with 20-50 distant superficial with acuminate apices and 1-6 main veins, the distal leaflets 5-14 triads; flowers yellow-green. STAMINATE FLOWERS with imbricate x 1.4-3 cm, connate for 2-6 cm, with 5-6 main veins and the sepals 0.7-1 (-1.8) x 0.6-1 mm, keeled, with membranous margins; apices dentate on the outside bend, all leaflets with small scales on receptacle to 0.8 mm high; petals valvate, 1-2 x 0.7-1.3 mm, ellip veins. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, erect or spreading and then por- tic, acute, striate; stamens 6, biseriate, didymous, the filaments rect, unbranched (a single bifurcation seen once in Guillaumet 2161, connate for 0.2-0.4 mm, the antepetalous 0.2-0.5 (-0.8) mm long and Perrier 11998 and Humbert 6891), 9-38 cm long; peduncle 6-27 narrow, the antesepalous 0.2-0.3 mm and broad, anthers with cm long, 1-2 mm diam., with dense minute scales but glabrescent; divergent locules, basifixed, 0.3-0.4 (-0.9) x 0.25-0.4 (-0.5) mm (with prophyll 5-15 cm long, borne at 3-6 cm above the base of the 2 sterile anthers in Jacquemin H572J; looking atrophied in JD6774); pistillode 0.2-0.3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals imbricate, 0.8-1.3 x 0.6-1.3 mm, concave, keeled, non-ciliolate; petals proximally imbricate and membranous, distally valvate and fleshy, 1.2-1.8 x 0.9-1.5 mm, concave, elliptic, acute, striate; once (in Schatz 1694, a single flower) with a second series of smaller petals inside the outer series, 1.2 mm long; staminodes 6, 0.2-0.4 mm high, from thin to broad and tooth-shaped; ovary 0.8-1.4 x 0.8-1.3 mm, with a low pyramidal stigmatic bump. FRUIT deep shiny red, ellipsoid with a slightly pointed apex, 10-15 x 5-9.5 mm; mesocarp c. 2 mm thick, fleshy; endocarp with 22-30 free longitudinal fibres. SEED 8.5-10 x 4-5.5 mm, the base pointed, the apex obtuse; endosperm homogeneous. EOPHYLL bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>NE and E Madagascar, between Tsaratanana and Andohahela.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland to montane rain forests to bamboo forest, slight to steep mid slope; (150-) 450-1900 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. Widespread and common.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>N. indivisa was put into synonymy by Jumelle (1929). Northern populations have generally longer peduncles and more glabrous rachillae, but not consistently so. Jacquemin H572J has the staminate and pistillate flowers at almost the same stage of development on a single rachilla, which is most unusual in Dypsis. Guillaumet 2161 has the stamens larger than in all other specimens studied; the measurements of this specimen are included in the description in brackets.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Bealanana: Tsaratanana area, Nov. 1912 (old infl.), Perrier 12026 (P); Bealanana to Mangindrano, July 1968 (fl.), Guillaumet 2161 (K, P, TAN). Andapa: Andapa to Doana, Andranotsara valley, Oct. 1967 (fl., fr.), Jacquemin H572J (P); Marojejy, E of Ambalamanasy II, Dec. 1948 (fl., y.fr.), Humbert & Capuron 22119 (K, P); Marojejy, Nov. 1972 (fl.), Guillaumet 4037 (TAN), and Dec. 1972 (fr.), Guillaumet 4204 (TAN); N slopes of Ambatosoratra, Feb. 1989 (fl.), Miller 4257 (TAN). Maroantsetra/ Antalaha: Masoala Peninsula, Oct. 1912 (bud), Perrier 11948 (P). Ambatondrazaka: Didy forest, Aug. 1889 (fr.), Catat 1732 (Holotype P); Zahamena, March 1941 (fr.), Decary 16532 (P). Moramanga: Analamazaotra, Sept. 1913 (old infl.), Perrier 11996 (P); idem, Dec. 1913 (fr.), Perrier 11995 (P); idem, July 1913 (bud), Perrier 11998 (P) and 11999 (P); idem, 1912 (fl.), Viguier & Humbert 1084 (P); idem, March 1991 (fr.), Beentje & Raharilala 4410 (BH, K, MO, TAN); Anranumenabe, Nov. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6434 (K, TAN); Maromizaha, Feb. 1926 (fr.), Perrier 15985 (P); S of Moramanga, Feb. 1930 (fr.), Decary 7106 (P), 7161 (P). Anosibe an'Ala: Sandrangato, Dec. 1954 (fl.), Descoigns 122a (TAN). Ambositra: Ranomena, July 1992, Beentje 4739 (K, MO, TAN). Ifanadiana: Ranomafana, Jan. 1964 (fr.), Bosser 18916 (P); idem, Oct. 1987 (fl.), Schatz et al. 1693 (P, TAN) and 1694 (K, P, TAN); idem, March 1991 (fr.), Beentje 4428 (K, TAN), 4429 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Vatoranana to Maharira, March 1992 (fr.), Malcomber & Rakoto 1326 (K, P). ?Ivohibe: Ihovika R. (dead infl.), Perrier 11974 (P, type of N. indivisa). Midongy Atsimo: 24 km S of Midongy, May 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4669 (K, MO, P, TAN). Befotaka: Mt. Papango, Dec. 1928 (fl.), Humbert 6891 (P, TAN). Tolanaro: summit of Marosoui (Marosohihy), Nov. 1928 (bud), Humbert 6624 (P, TAN); Bevava col to Bekoho summit, Nov. 1928 (bud), Humbert 6425bis (P); Enaniliha, Feb. 1966 (fr.), Rabevazaha RN 11521 (P); idem, Dec. 1959 (fl.), RN 10387 Rakotoson (K, P); between Saindro Col and Eminiminy, Feb. 1934 (fl., y.fr.), Humbert 13999 (K, P); N part of 'chaines anosyennes", Nov. 1971 (bud), Guillaumet s.n. (P, TAN); Andohahela, Col Tanatana, Dec. 1989 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6773 (K, P, TAN) and (fl.) JD6774 (K, TAN); Andohahela, March 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4594 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Dec. 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4766 (TAN); idem, Itrotroky R, Feb. 1993 (fr.), Malcomber 2129 (K, P). Locality not found: Andrianony, Manjarivolo, Nov. 1970 (bud), Guillaumet 3511 (P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis caudata</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 254 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Antalavia; Dransfield et al.; JD6478</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A very distinctive species with its long-acuminate, even caudate leaflet tips (hence the name), which are pendulous at almost right angles to the main part of the leaf. The custard yellow flowers are particularly attractive.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a ceteris speciebus 6-staminatis caulibus caespitosis foliolis fasciculatis ovatis abrupte caudati distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm. STEMS 1-3 m, 0.5-1.5 cm diam.; internodes 1-6 cm, green when young, later blackish, distally with dark scales; crownshaft indistinct. LEAVES 6-11 in the crown; sheath c. 10 cm long, pale green with dense dark scales or later with scattered scales; petiole 6-20 cm long, 2-3 mm diam., rusty-scaly, becoming more glabrous; rachis 25-46 cm long, in mid-leaf 2-2.5 mm wide, rusty-scaly; leaflets 11-15 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-4, group interval 4-7 cm, proximal 8-10 x 0.5-1.5 cm, median 8-14 x 1.5-2.2 cm, distal 6-8 x 1-2.2 cm, narrowly obovate, with abrupt and pendulous drip-tips 2-4 cm long, main vein 1, with scattered scales on the minor veins and when young with bands of scales on the adaxial midrib, and on the margins (especially on the distal margin), distal pair joined for < 1 cm, dentate over c. 10 mm. INFLORESCENCE branched to 1 order, custard orange-yellow; peduncle c. 31 cm long, c. 1.5 mm diam., scaly; prophyll 19-29 cm long, 4-7 mm wide, opening in the distal 1 cm only, with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at c. 16 cm from the base of the peduncle, c. 11 cm long; non-tubular peduncular bract 2-4 mm long; rachis c. 7 cm long, with c. 11 branches; rachillae orange, 4-5.5 cm long, c. 1 mm diam., minutely puberulous and scaly. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.7-0.8 x 0.7-0.8 mm; petals orange, 1.5-1.7 x 1.4-1.5 mm; stamens 6, biseriate (offset 0.2 mm), filaments 0.6-0.8 mm, thin; anthers 1-1.2 x 0.7 mm; pistillode c. 0.8 x 0.3-0.4 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.7-0.8 x 0.6-1 mm; petals orange, 2.2-2.3 x 1.5-2.4 mm; staminodes 6, c. 0.4 mm; pistil c. 2.2 x 1.5 mm. FRUIT orange, 8-11 x 3.5-5 mm. SEED c. 7 x 3.5 mm, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Masoala Peninsula, known from a single site.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; steep slope or valley bottom; 50-300 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Only known from a single site, in an unprotected area. Numbers are thought to be low.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Probably related to D. linearis but very distinct in its leaflets with their long drip-tips.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (fl., y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6478 (Holotype K; isotype TAN); idem, April 1988 (fr.), Gentry & Schatz 62179 (K); idem, Nov. 1989 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6741 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis ceracea</name>
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 151 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Betampona near Ambodiriana; Perrier; 17474</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neodypsis ceraceus</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 5, 1 (1): 18 (1933)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 17 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle & H. Perrier Fl. Madagascar 30: 144 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This species has not been collected for almost fifty years, and the material is rather poor. This is another mystery, resembling D. bejofo and D. canaliculata.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Lafaza (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 8-15 m high, cylindrical, 8-15 cm diam. LEAVES: sheath medium brown with a dense layer of wax, the young sheath bright pink, without ligules or auricles, distally with medium-sized laciniate scales; petiole c. 35 cm long, waxy, with scattered scales; rachis in mid-leaf 1.4-1.8 cm wide, keeled, with scattered scales, slightly waxy; leaflets in groups of 4-6, the group interval > 6 cm, the leaflet interval 0.5-1 cm, "hanging towards the middle" (Perrier); proximal 82-86 x 2.5-3.2 cm, median 55-92 x 2.3-2.9 cm, distal 13-39 x 0.3-2 cm, adaxially dark green, abaxially glaucous, with sparse large ramenta (6-10 mm long) on the proximal midrib, with minute reddish scales scattered over the minor veins, main vein 1, with slightly thickened margins, apex unequally attenuate. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 3 orders (or more); prophyll coriaceous; peduncular bract coriaceous, deciduous, with a rather long beak; first order branch seen with secondary rachis of 6-20 cm, proximally 1-3 x 0.5-1.3 cm, glabrous, with 7-12 second order branches; rachis bracts up to 12 mm long; rachillae 16-30 cm long, 3-4.5 mm diam., with distant triads in shallow pits; rachilla bracts proud, rounded to acute. STAMINATE FLOWERS not seen. PISTILLATE FLOWERS not seen at anthesis; in the fruit the sepals are 3.7-4.1 x 3.9-4.7 mm (the outermost largest), obtuse, with membranous margins; petals 5-6 x 3.9-4.7 mm, the innermost largest; staminodes 0.5-1.1 mm, thin and flat. FRUIT ellipsoid, 16-20 x 8.5-12.5 mm, rounded at base and apex, with sub-basal stigmatic remains (with a ridge to the stalk); endocarp fibrous, with slightly anasto-mosing fibres. SEED ellipsoid, 12-13 x 5-6 mm, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex, attached to the spot corresponding to the stigmatic remnant on the outside; endosperm deeply ruminate, the ruminations reaching the middle.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the Marojejy area and Betampona.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist lowland forest; 450 m (fide Cours).</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>?Extinct; not seen since 1949.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves used in thatching.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The following data from the protologue do not appear on the type label: found at 100 m altitude. This species resembles both D. bejofo and D. canaliculata but is distinct in the smaller and thinner trunk, the more branched inflorescence and the much smaller fruit.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Mt Mainampango, Amtalavanio, Jan. 1949 (fr.), Cours 3234 (K, P, TAN). Toamasina: Betampona, Dec. 1925 (fr.), Perrier 17474 (P, type).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis commersoniana</name>
+<author>(Baill.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 215 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar; Commerson; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neophloga commersoniana</name>
+<author>Baill.</author>
+<bibref>Baill., Hist. Plantes 13: 372 (1895)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38 Beibl. 87: 22 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 20, fig. 13, t. 18 (1912)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 19 (1938); Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 90 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neophloga pygmaea</name>
+<author>Pic-Serm</author>
+<bibref>Pic-Serm, Webbia 11: 149 (1956)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A little known species from the southern lowland rain forests. The name refers to the collector of the type, Philibert Commerson (1727-1773), who collected in Madagascar in 1770-1771.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm. STEMS 1.8-5 m tall. LEAVES irregularly pinnate; sheaths only known from their distal part, with rounded shoulders and a few scattered scales; petiole 5-21 cm long, 2.5-3 mm diam., flat adaxially, with dense minute reddish scales; rachis 21-38 cm long, in mid- leaf 2-2.5 mm wide, with dense to scattered scales; leaflets in groups of 2 or irregular, 4-7 on each side of the rachis (interval 2-9 cm), distally sigmoid, proximal 5-23 x 0.4-1.6 cm, median 11-28 x 1.3-2.5 cm, cuneate at the base, acuminate, the distal leaflets often praemorse-denticulate on the distal lower margin, glabrous, top pair forming a deeply lobed flabellum 15-33 cm long, connate for 6-11 cm, the lobes 12-23 x 3.4-5 cm, with denticu-late-praemorse apices 2-4 cm wide and with the teeth continuing along the distal margin, and 6-7 main veins, leaflets glabrous except for the very base. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 2 orders; peduncle c. 24 cm long outside the sheath, compressed, 2.5-6 mm wide distally, with rather dense minute reddish scales; prophyll c. 15 cm long outside the sheath, opening only in the distal 1-3 cm, with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at 12 cm above the sheath apex, c. 13 x 0.6 cm, with scattered scales, split over its length, deciduous; rachis 20-33 cm long, with 6-11 branched and 10-13 unbranched first order branches, the proximal with a rachis to 8 cm and up to 7 rachillae; rachis bracts up to 4 x 2.5 mm; rachillae 3-14 cm long, 0.5-1 mm diam., minutely puberulous; triads rather distant, superficial; rachilla bract concave, apiculate. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.5-0.7 x 0.7-1 mm, keeled and gibbous, orbicular, rounded; petals 1.2-1.8 x 0.9-1.2 mm, elliptic, acute, striate; stamens 6, slightly biseriate (0.2 mm offset, the inner higher), the filaments 0.4-1 mm long, thin, the anthers 0.8-1.3 x 0.3-0.5 mm, dorsifixed, versatile, with parallel acute locules; ovary rudiment with wide base, distally subtrigonouspyramidal, 0.6-0.8 x 0.2-0.3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.5-0.6 x 0.5-1 mm; petals 2-2.4 x 1.8-2.3 mm; staminodes 6, minute; gynoecium when young to 1 mm high. FRUIT only known when young, up to 9 x 3 mm, with rather pointed apex.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>SE Madagascar.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; c. 120 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. The distribution area is small, and under severe pressure by an expanding population. Nearly all lowland rain forest in the area has now been cleared.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Baillon (1894b) described only the genus Neophloga, without giving a specific name; he cites the specimen Commerson s.n., "palmula microcarpa caudice sesquipedala" from Madagascar, and his genus description leaves no doubt that he is describing a true member of the Dypsidinae. Baillon states that Martius saw this plant, and thought it identical to Hyophorbe indica Gaertn. Baillon also states that it is distinct from Hyophorbe, closer to, but different from, Dypsis and distinct from Areca lutescens of Bory (which was, again, a Hyophorbe). We have seen the Commerson type in Paris (which is annotated by both Baillon and Beccari), and we can confirm that the Baillon description was drawn up based on it.
+In Baillon (1895) the genus description is repeated
+with a footnote mentioning the binomial <name>Neophloga commersoniana</name> H.Bn.; in its synonymy are mentioned Hyophorbe commersoniana Mart. and H. indica Mart. The inclusion of these synonyms gave Pichi-Sermolli (1956) reason to believe that the name <name>Neophloga commersoniana</name> should be cited as "(Mart.) Baill." and that though the genus description was truly about Neophloga, the species mentioned was in reality a Hyophorbe. We believe this is erroneous. If Baillon based his genus description on the Commerson collection from Madagascar ("palmula microcarpa caudice sesquipedala"), then his naming this species <name>Neophloga commersoniana</name> in his 1895 work is logical. The fact that Baillon thought that Hyophorbe commersoniana of Martius was identical (which it was not), does not matter; the Neophloga description is based on true Dypsid material, and so is the name <name>Neophloga commersoniana</name> Baill. Curiously enough, the species is not treated in Jumelle's 1929 revision of Neophloga; he mentions the species (p. 12) but fails to include it in his key, and there is no description; probably the lack of bracts in the type made Jumelle hesitate about it being a Neophloga as he saw the genus. It is, however, treated in the Flora (Jumelle & Perrier 1945), but it might have been included by Perrier, who edited this volume after Jumelle's death. Close to D. humbertii (which might be the same as this species) and D. scottiana, which is distinct by much shorter rachillae.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tolanaro: Manantenina-Soavola, Nov. 1971 (fl.), Guillaumet 3901 (K, P); Lakandava, Jan. 1990 (y.fr.), Rabevohitra 2208 (P). Madagascar, without locality, without date, (fl.), Commerson s.n. (Holotype P); also without locality or date (bud), Goudot s.n. (P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis concinna</name>\r
+<author>Baker</author>\r
+<citation>J. Linn. Soc. 22: 526 (1887)</citation>\r
+<type>Central Madagascar; Baron; 3413</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype K; isolectotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga concinna</name>\r
+<author>(Baker) Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Baker) Becc. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38 Beibl. 87: 27 (1906)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 31, fig. 24, t. 30 (1912)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot. Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (3): 38 (1929)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 20 (1938)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 84, fig. 24 (1945)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga triangularis</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H.Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H.Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 32, pl. 14 (1913)</bibref> \r
+<type>Analamazaotra; Perrier; 11971 or 11992</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga concinna forma triangularis</name>\r
+<author>(Jum. & H.Perrier) Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Jum. & H.Perrier) Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 4, 6 (3): 40 (1929)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 86 (1945), as var triangularis, in error, synon nov</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga tenuisecta</name>\r
+<author>Jum & H Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref> Jum & H Perrier, Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 3, 1 (1): 30, pl 13 (1913)</bibref> \r
+<type>Analamazaotra, 800 m, collines des bois; Perrier; 11972</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotype K</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga microphylla</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 36 (1914)</bibref> \r
+<type>Madagascar, prairies près de Mantawa (?), Emyrne, mid January 1889; ?Catat;</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A species with very narrow leaves which is locally common over a fairly small area. JD has seen beautiful plants of this species in cultivation in Queensland; it is most decorative and appears to be easily cultivated. The name concinna is Latin for neat or pretty.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering palm. STEMS to 2 m, 5-8 mm diam., erect or leaning, internodes 1-5 cm, densely to sparsely scaly with red-brown scales; nodal scars c. 1 mm. LEAVES 5-12 in the crown, porrect, within one population pinnate or entire (in Beentje 4535), shiny rich green; sheath 7-11 cm long, closed, densely to sparsely scaly with long laciniate reddish scales, with small auricles to 5 mm high and with laciniate-scaly margins; petiole absent or up to 3 cm long (to 9 cm in some entire leaves), 2-3 mm diam., with scattered scales; rachis 11-29 cm long, in mid-leaf 1.5-2 mm wide, densely pubescent or with scattered scales on all surfaces; lamina when entire 13-30 x 3-5.3 cm, the lobes 4.5-21 x 1.5-2.4 cm, dentate over a width of 0.6-1 cm, the margins occasionally with a lacuna of 50-95% of the width between midrib and margin, with minute glands on minor veins, with 4-5 main veins; when pinnate with 11-25 leaflets on each side of the rachis, irregular or in groups of 2-7, in one plane, the group interval 1-6 cm, the leaflet interval 0.3-0.8 cm, the proximal leaflets 1-7 x 0.2-0.7 cm, median 3.5-10 x 0.4-1.3 cm, distal 2.5-6 x 0.3-1.7 cm, main vein 1, with faint or clear scattered scales on minor veins and distally with larger marginal scales, apices unequally acute to attenuate, terminal pair joined for 0.2-2.3 cm, with 2-3 main veins and dentate over a width of 0.4-1.5 cm, rarely with a large leaflet (10-12 x 1-1.5 cm) among the normal ones, either proximal or median, connate for up to 3.5 cm with the midrib. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 1 order (rarely with up to three bifurcate rachillae), arching; peduncle 12-28 cm long, 1.5-2 mm diam. distally, glabrous or densely red-pubescent (only in JD6435); prophyll 7-22 cm long, 3-6 mm wide, with scattered scales, borne at 2-10 cm above the base of the peduncle, open for 1-3 cm at the apex; peduncular bract often quickly deciduous, inserted at 6-15 cm from the base of the peduncle, 4-9 cm long, 3-4 mm wide, with scattered scales, open for the distal 1-4 cm; rarely a non-tubular peduncular bract near the apex of the peduncle, 3-12 mm long; rachis absent or up to 10 cm long, with 2-9 rachillae (and occasionally with 1-3 more branched ones at the base of the rachis); rachillae 3-12 cm long, 1-1.5 mm diam., glabrous, with distant superficial triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.6-1.1 x 0.7-1.3 mm, the middle one sometimes very asymmetrical; petals 1.5-2 x 1.1-1.4 mm; stamens 6, biseriate (offset 0.1-0.2 mm), the filaments 0.6-0.8 mm, thin, with anthers 0.9-1.3 x 0.3-0.6 mm, parallel and dorsifixed; pistillode 0.5-0.8 mm high, 0.2-0.4 mm diam., conical. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.8-1.3 x 0.8-1.8 mm; petals 2.3-3 x 1.7-3 mm; staminodes 6, 0.2-0.6 mm; pistil 2.2-2.3 x 1.2-1.8 mm. FRUIT red, ellipsoid, 6-16 x 3.5-7 mm, with fibrous endocarp, the fibres anastomosing little. SEED 5.5-8.5 x 3-4.5 mm, obtuse at both ends; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Zahamena and the Moramanga/ Mantady area.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Submontane rain forest, often with much bamboo; gentle slopes or ridge tops; 800-1120 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Although the species is common at Analamazaotra, its distribution area is small.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>One of the syntypes of N. concinna, Baron 1286, is D. heterophylla. These taxa are close, there is an overlap in variation, but still our feeling is that they are distinct species. N. microphylla Becc. was distinguished from N. concinna by having only one inflorescence bract; it was put into synonymy by Jumelle in 1929. In the same publication N. tenuisecta was synonymized, and N. triangularis was reduced to a form of N. concinna. Perrier erroneously cited this taxon in the Flora (1945) as var. triangularis Jumelle. These entire-leaved forms are quite variable in their degree of lobing. Dransfield et al. JD6435 has almost regular leaflets. Anosibe-an-Ala: confluence of Onive and Mangoro R., Feb. 1925 (y.fr.), Perrier 17217 (P) has the sheath 6.2 cm long; the lobes 3-4.5 x 3-3.5 cm; and the rachillae are puberulous rather than glabrous; it has the look of a slightly strange D. concinna. Dequaire 27728 (piste de Besalana, possibly Ifanadiana/Ambohimanga area?) is probably D. concinna, but has the rachis 42.5 cm with 28 leaflets on each side, the median to 10.5 cm long; the peduncular bract is 10.3-10.5 cm long, the inflorescence rachis 4.5-7.5 cm, the rachillae to 12.5-14 cm long, or to 18 cm long in fruit. Cours 4713 (Didy to Brickaville) has 3-9 branched rachillae, a longer rachis than normal, and more leaflets than normal. This is an extreme form of D. concinna; the few specimens with bifurcate proximal rachillae (Rakotovao RN 12115, Cours 4410) already have slightly longer rachis and slightly more leaflets than the stricly 1order branched specimens. Cours 2312 (Andringitra massif, Ambodibaiso forest, Jan. 1945 in bud and fruit, P) looks like this taken to extremes: it is described as 7 m high and being used to make blowpipes; the leaf sheath is 17 cm, its inflorescence branches to 2 orders with a rachis of 5-20 cm and 3-5 branched + 6-10 unbranched first order branches. It certainly cannot be called D. concinna any more but does not match anything else either.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambatondrazaka: Ambatosoratra, Jan. 1962 (fr.), Rakotovao RN 12115 (P). Moramanga: Analamazaotra, anno 1912 (fl.), Perrier 11972 (P; type of Neophloga tenuisecta); idem, Feb. 1924 (fl.), Perrier 15983 (P); Andasibe, Feb. 1971 (fl.), Cremers 1419 (P); idem, April 1971 (ster.), Moore & Mabberley 9913 (P); idem, Nov. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6411 (K, TAN) & JD6416 (K, TAN); idem, March 1988 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6489 (K, TAN) & JD6488 (K, TAN) & JD6489 (K, P, TAN); idem, Dec. 1991 (fl.), Beentje 4535 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Anranumenabe, Nov. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6435 (K, TAN); Mantady, Dec. 1991 (bud), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4539 (K, TAN) & 4550 (K); idem, April 1992 (old fl., fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4653 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Dec. 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4550 (K, TAN); Rahobevava to Andasibe, March 1951 (fr.), Cours 4410 (P); Lakato, Dec. 1932 (fl.), Leandri 717 (P) and (fl.) 720 (P); idem, Sept. 1942 (fl.), Decary 18222 (K, P); Lakato road, June 1964 (ster.), Bosser 19739 (P); S of Moramanga, Feb. 1930 (bud), Decary 7082 (P) and (y.fr.) 7218 (P); idem, Nov. 1952 (old infl.), Leandri 1659 (P). Central Madagascar, anno 1885 (fr.), Baron 3413 (K, P, lectotype of N. concinna); idem, comm. Oct. 1882 (y.fr.), Baron s.n. (K). Without any locality, anno 1875? (y.fr.), Pool s.n. (K, syntype of N. concinna; identification not quite certain, a wretched specimen).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis confusa</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 288 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Masoala, Antalavia, Feb 1988; Dransfield and Staniforth; JD6481</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi MO, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>The specific epithet derives from the fact that of the first four specimens we saw two had been named as Neophloga, and the other two as Dypsis and Phloga respectively. It is indeed a palm looking like several other taxa at the same time!</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tsikara (Betsimisaraka); Tsimikara (Sihanaka).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. scottianae superficialiter similis sed foliolis infra squamis dispersis infra tectis petalis floris staminati longioribus differt, a D. hiarakae rachillis brevioribus recedit.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering palm. STEMS 3-7 m tall (Cours 1904 says 15 m), 1-4 cm diam.; internodes 1-11 cm long, green with some brown scales distally; nodal scars c. 5 mm; crownshaft c. 40 cm long, pale green with brown or reddish scales; wood white, hard. LEAVES 5-8 in the crown, pinnate; sheath 12-25 cm long, pale green, densely red-scaly but glabrescent (Perrier 15012: with irritant hairs), with rounded, ragged shoulders or with auricles to 1.5 cm long, the outer half open; petiole 3-32 cm long, 3-6 x 2-4 mm diam., with scattered brown scales; rachis 49-86 cm long, in mid-leaf 2.5-5 mm wide, with scattered scales or glabrous; leaflets 11-28 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-4 (-8) and in one plane or in slightly ascending fans, group interval 4-14 cm, the proximal 14-37 x 0.2-3.2 cm, median 21-36 x 0.7-2.6 cm, distal 8-20 x 0.2-2.6 cm, connate for 1.5-3 cm, main veins 1 (-3), in the distal pair 2-3, ramenta rarely present, faint reddish glands/scales present on the minor veins, plus occasionally in marginal bands, apices attenuate, unequal, distal pair dentate over a width of 5-6 mm. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 2 orders, erect; peduncle 20-37 cm long, 2.5-12 x 2-6 mm diam., densely reddish pubescent; prophyll 13-29 cm long, 0.9-1.5 cm wide, borne at 5-14 cm above the base of the peduncle, with scattered scales, open in the distal 1.5-7 cm; peduncular bract inserted at 2-25 cm from the base of the peduncle, 17-24 cm long, green with scattered scales, split over its B length, with a beak of up to 1.5 cm, circumscissile; rachis 10-36 cm long, scaly, with 8-18 branched and 8-17 unbranched first order branches, the proximal with an axis of up to 8 cm long and with up to 11 second order branches; rachillae yellow to orange, 2.5-15 cm long, c. 1 mm diam., minutely scaly/puberulous to glabrous. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.6-1 x 0.7-1.3 mm; petals 1.9-2.5 x 1.2-1.7 mm, orange; stamens 6, 1- to biseriate, filaments 0.9-1 mm, thin, anthers 1.1-1.4 x 0.6-0.7 mm, dorsifixed, not versatile; pistillode 0.6- 0.8 x 0.3-0.5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.8-1 x 1.1-1.3 mm; petals 1.8-2.3 x 1.8-2.2 mm; staminodes 0.2-0.4 mm; pistil only seen as young fruit. FRUIT orange to red, ellipsoid with a pointed apex, 6-10 x 3-5 mm. SEED 3-5 x 2.5-3.5 mm, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Masoala, Mananara and Betampona.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest or peat swamp forest; flat ground or ridge top; 5-300 (-900) m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare, possibly Vulnerable. Found in several sites, but only one of these is in a protected area. Numbers are thought to be low.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems used to make blowpipes (fide Cours).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Most of all this species reminds us of D. scottiana from which it differs in the leaflets with scattered scales abaxially, and the longer staminate petals; the rest is gradual: rachis, group interval, leaflets and rachillae are as long as, or slightly longer than specimens of D. scottiana. It also resembles D. hiarakae, from which it is only distinct by the length of the rachilla.
+Moramanga: Mantady, Dec. 1991 (fl.), <author>Beentje</author> & Andriampaniry 4545 (K, TAN) keys out as this taxon, but looks quite different. It is clustering with overhanging stems; petiole 0.5-1 cm, leaflets 23-26 on each side of the rachis, almost regular, the median 13-16 x 0.9-1 cm; rachillae 10-13 cm. Similar are: Mandritsara/Andilamena: N of Andilamena, Nov. 1929 (bud), Perrier 15012 (P). Ambatondrazaka: Ambatondrazaka, Dec. 1944 (bud), Homolle 548 (K, P).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (dead infl.), Dransfield et al. JD6383 (K, TAN); Ambanizana, Oct. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6386 (K, TAN); idem, Feb. 1989 (fl.), Schatz & Lowry 2616 (K, TAN); Andronabe, Feb. 1992 (fl., y.fr.), Zjhra & Hutcheon 163 (K); Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (fl.), Dransfield & Staniforth JD6481 (Holotype K; isotypes MO, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, April 1992 (y.fr.), Beentje et al. 4627 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Toamasina: Ambodiriana, Dec. 1944 (bud), Cours 1904 (K, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis cookei</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 399 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Reserve Naturelle Marojejy, along trail to summit of Marojejy Est, north of Mandena; Dransfield et al.; JD6761</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a beautiful little palm, distinctive in its rather thick metallic blue green leaves with narrow leaflets. Leaf texture and colour are somewhat reminiscent of that of the Mexican palm, Chamaedorea metallica. Clearly this would make a very handsome ornamental but, sadly, it is known from only one locality (Marojejy) and has been collected once only. It is named for David Cooke, who is in charge of the Palm House at Kew, and has joined two Kew expeditions to Madagascar, helping greatly in the collection of palms and contributing his very special brand of humour and companionship.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Inter species floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antepetalis, staminodiis antesepalis alternantibus, foliolis unicostatis coriaceis metallico-atroviridibus inflorescentia 2-3-ramosa rachillis dense pruinosis distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering palmlet to 2 m tall, often less. STEMS green, c. 6 mm diam.; internodes 15-17 mm long, glabrous, shining dark green when fresh, becoming striate on drying. LEAVES 6-7 in the crown; leaf-sheaths pale green, tinged purple when young, smooth when fresh, becoming striate on drying, bearing caducous, minute scattered punctiform scales, otherwise glabrous, c. 7 cm long, two minute auricles present at the base of the petiole (?always); leaf without sheath 25-35 cm long; petiole 12-20 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, subtriangular in section, bearing scattered brown scales; rachis 15-20 cm, bearing scattered scales as on the petiole; leaflets 6-8 on each side of the rachis, very narrow, dark blue-green with an almost metallic sheen, mostly composed of one fold but occasion- ally apical pair and the basal leaflets composed of two folds, proximal leaflets 12-16 x 0.6-1.1 cm, median leaflets 17-20 x 0.7-0.8 cm, distal leaflets 12-14 x 1.2-1.4 cm; lamina surfaces glabrous apart from very sparse scattered minute punctiform brown scales. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, c. 38 cm long, only slightly protruding beyond the leaves, crimson-purple throughout, branching to 2-3 orders with c. 28 rachillae, the whole branched part of the inflorescence more or less triangular in outline when pressed; peduncle glabrous, c. 15- 20 cm long; prophyll c. 12 cm long, peduncular bract exceeding the prophyll by about 8 cm, the tip reaching to the level of the basalmost rachilla, the two bracts drying brown and bearing scattered dark brown scales, especially along the margins; rachis c. 10.5 cm; rachillae c. 25, 2-4 cm long, the longest near the base, c. 1 mm diam. when fresh, bearing triads 1-2 mm apart, the rachilla surface densely pruinose. STAMINATE FLOWER bud c. 0.7 mm diam.; sepals 3 rounded, gibbous, c. 0.5 mm diam., abaxially minutely and densely papillose; petals broadly triangular, c. 0.5 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide, obscurely striate; stamens 3, antepetalous, anthers didymous, c. 0.25 mm long, the filaments triangular c. 0.2mm long; pistillode pyramidal, c. 3 mm high. PISTILLATE BUDS very immature, c. 0.5 mm diam., rounded. Other parts not seen.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Marojejy.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Humid lower montane forest on steep slope; 1100 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Although this species occurs within the Marojejy Nature Reserve, it is known from but a single population consisting of less than twenty plants.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is easily distinguished by its dark metallic green unicostate leaflets of a rather thick, coriaceous texture. The whole plant has a rheomorphic appearance but in fact grows far from water, on a steep slope in montane rain forest.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Reserve Naturelle Marojejy, along trail to summit of Marojejy Est, north of Mandena, above Camp 2, Nov. 1989 (buds), Dransfield et al. JD6761 (Holotype K, isotypes MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis coriacea</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 311 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Sahavary; Dransfield et al.; JD6459</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A very attractive small palm with thick shiny leaves. This species was known as 'leather-leaf' among collectors, and the Latin name is a straight translation of this. The entire leaf dries pale green, which is most distinctive.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Gregem palmunculorum 6-staminatorum foliis integris pertinens D. lucenti affinis sed rachillis lepidotis et folio glabro multo coriaceo differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering palm. STEM(S) 1-2 m, diam. < 1 cm; distal internodes 2-4.5 cm, pale green with dense to scattered reddish pubescence; nodal scars c. 1 mm. LEAVES 6-9 in the crown, entire or with 4 leaflets; sheath 4-9 cm long, closed, pale brown with reddish scales and without or with auricles to 8 mm long; petiole 1-12 cm long, channelled, c. 2 mm diam., with scattered scales; lamina entir e, leathery, rich shiny green and occasionally metallic-tinged, 15-41 x 6-8 cm, lobes 5-12 x 1.5-4 cm; main vein 1, with sparse red and white scales on the midrib, otherwise with few scattered scales to glabrous, the lamina often white-punctate, often with a single deep (to 6 cm) lacuna, in the distal quarter the margins toothed, the teeth to 16 mm long. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, unbranched, spreading; peduncle 8-28 cm long, 2-3 mm diam., glabrous; prophyll 5-16 cm long, 4-6 mm wide, opening in the distal 1cm only, with scattered scales to almost glabrous; peduncular bract inserted at 5-13 from the base of the peduncle, 3-12 cm long, open in the distal 1-1.5 cm, with scattered scales, quickly deciduous; non-tubular peduncular bract 2-2.5 mm; rachilla 3-26 cm long, 1-2 mm diam., densely pubescent to puberulous, with distant triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.8-1.5 x 0.7-1.6 mm, ciliolate, with scales; petals white, 1.8-2.4 x 1-1.7 mm, striate; stamens 6, uniseriate or very slightly biseriate, filaments 0.8-1.5 mm, thin, anthers 0.8-1.6 x 0.3-0.6 mm, versatile; pistillode 0.7-1 x 0.3-0.5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.8-1.2 x 1.4-1.7 mm; petals 2.1-4 x 1-2.8 mm; staminodes 6, c. 0.5 mm; ovary c. 2 x 1.3 mm. FRUIT when young narrowly ovoid, 11-15 x 4.5-6 mm, obtuse, with fleshy mesocarp and fibrous endocarp. SEED c. 12.5 x 4 mm, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Masoala, Maroantsetra and Mananara.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; on steep slope near stream, or on ridgetops; 200-400 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. The species has a limited distribution area, most of which is unprotected and under some threat.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The species somewhat resembles D. lucens but the leaf veins are glabrous and there are no ramenta; the rachilla is puberulous. It also resembles D. catatiana, but has versatile stamens (not didymous ones). There is some variation in the degree of lobing and the length of the rachilla.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Hiaraka, Ampanga R., Oct. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6382 (K, TAN); Sahavary, Feb. 1988 (fl., y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6459 (Holotype K; isotypes P, TAN); Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6482 (K, TAN); Andronabe, feb. 1992 (fl.), Zjhra & Hutcheon 120 (K). Mananara Avaratra, Antanambe, April 1992 (fl., y.fr.), Beentje et al. 4617 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis corniculata</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 280 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Ile Sainte Marie, Tafondru forest, March 1847; Boivin;</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neophloga corniculata</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38 eibl. 87: 24 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Palme del Madagascar 25, fig. 18, t. 23 (1912)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 20 (1938)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>TA This is a very beautiful small and neat undergrowth palm with slender stems and dark green, shiny leaves. Based originally on a single inflorescence, this species remained for long a misunderstood taxon. The specific name is Latin for 'curved in the shape of a horn', presumably a reference to the young fruit.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in groups of 5, or solitary but in subcolonial groups. STEMS 1.5-6 m tall, occasionally with remnants of sheath bases; distal internodes 0.8-2 cm long, 5-20 mm diam., greybrown, distally reddish pubescent; crownshaft pale green with dark brown scales. LEAVES 6-10 in the crown; sheath 6-15 cm, with patches of reddish scales or with scattered scales, with laciniate auricles to 15 mm; petiole absent or up to 7.5 cm long, 2-2.5 mm diam., with scattered scales; rachis 13-40 cm long, in mid-leaf c. 2 mm wide, with dense to scattered scales; leaflets 9-18 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-4 but sometimes the distal ones regular, the group interval 3-6 cm, the proximal 4- 10 x 0.4-1.8 cm, median 6-14 x 1.2-2.6 cm, distal 5-10 x 1-2.5 cm, main veins 1-3, with marginal bands of scattered scales, sometimes with scattered scales on the major and minor veins, and distally along the margin with some larger scales, apices unequally acuminate to almost praemorse, bases often flat and connate with the rachis for c. 5 mm, distal pair joined for 1.5-4 cm, with bands of scattered scales, dentate at the apex. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 1 or 2 order(s); peduncle 9-26 cm long, distally 2-5 mm diam., pubescent or with scattered to dense red-brown scales; prophyll 16-27 x 0.6 cm, borne at c. 6 cm above the base of the peduncle, with scattered scales, the apex open for 1-2 cm; peduncular bract inserted at 4-15 cm from the base of the peduncle, 4-11 cm long, with scattered scales, open over its whole length except for a 5 mm beak, deciduous and carried upwards by the lengthening INFLORESCENCE; non-tubular peduncular bract 1-20 mm, sometimes almost tubular; rachis 1-9 cm long, scaly, with 0-6 branched and 3-16 unbranched branches; rachillae (3-) 6- 14 cm long, 1-1.5 mm diam., slightly zigzag, minutely puberulous with a few scales, with distant triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1-1.5 x 1-2.1 mm, the middle one very asymmetric, ciliolate; petals white, 2.2-2.5 x 1.2-1.4 mm, on a 0.4 mm high receptacle; stamens 6, uniseriate, the filaments 0.6-1 mm, thin, anthers 0.7-1.5 x 0.4-0.8 mm, versatile; pistillode 0.6-0.8 x 0.2-0.3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.9-1.7 x 1-2.4 mm, orbicular, slightly keeled, entire, the innermost largest; petals 2-3.5 x 2.3-3.5 mm, suborbicular, striate, imbricate with brief triangular valvate apices; staminodes 6, 0.2-0.6 mm; pistil 1.5-3.6 x 0.8-2.2 mm. FRUIT red, ellipsoid, 10-12 x 4-5.5 mm, with an obtuse point; endocarp fibrous, the fibres free or slghtly anastomosing. SEED c. 7.5 x 4.5 mm, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex, with a median depression and homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Mananara, Mandritsara, Sainte-Marie, Betampona.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rain forest, flat to steep mid slopes or ridgetops; 70-850 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Numbers are thought to be low (less than two hundred).</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis coursii</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J. Dransfield & H. Beentje, Palms Madagascar: 230 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Marojejy W, near Doanyanala col; Humbert; 23159</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus P; isotypus K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A curious montane species, with a short, wide trunk. The name refers to one of the collectors, G. Cours, who made many good palm collections between 1939 and 1952.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma distinctissima caule breve lato foliolis in greges distantes dense aggregatis fructo grande profunde ruminato.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. STEM 2-8 m, 8-18 cm diam., near the apex c. 2.2 cm diam. LEAVES c. 4 in the crown; sheath 18-36 x 9 cm, with dense reddish tomentum and wax, and with triangular auricles to 5 x 3 cm; petiole 4-27 cm long, 1.1-1.3 x 0.3-0.7 cm diam., with few scattered scales; rachis 0.4-1 m long (Humbert 23159: leaves 2 m long), in mid-leaf 0.6-1 x 0.4 cm diam., with scattered scales; leaflets 35-39 on each side of the rachis, in groups of pairs proximally, in 2-7 medially (group interval 2.2-7 cm), the proximal 10-29 x 0.2-1.2 cm, median 12-34 x 1.6-3.5 cm (interval 0.7-1.2 cm), distal 6-17 x 0.4-2.2 cm, main veins 1-5, and thickened margins, ramenta few or none, plus red scattered scales on midrib and veins, apex acute, unequally bifid. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, pendulous, branching to (1-) 2 orders; peduncle 23-70 cm, 5-10 x 2-4 mm diam., with dense to few scattered scales; prophyll 12-26 cm long, borne at 1-6 cm above the base of the peduncle, 1.6-2 cm wide; peduncular bract inserted at 2-17 cm, deciduous, 24 cm long; sterile bract inserted at 19-25 cm, 0.2-3 x 0.6-3 cm; rachis 19-36 cm, glabrous or nearly so, with 6 branched (first order rachis to 20 cm, proximally to 8 x 4 mm diam., with up to 9 rachillae) and 8-22 unbranched first order branches; rachis bracts to 3 mm; rachillae 1-27 cm, 1.2-3 mm diam., glabrous; triads distant, superficial; rachilla bract c. 1 mm, obtuse. STAMINATE FLOWERS yellowish; sepals 1.5-1.6 x 1.3-1.8 mm; petals 2.7-3 x 1.6-2 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate, filaments 1.6-2.8 mm long with triangular base and cylindrical distal half, anthers 1.2-1.6 x 0.6-0.9 mm; pistillode 0.6-1 mm high, 0.4-0.6 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.7-2.8 x 1.5-3.9 mm; petals 4-5 x 2.5-5.5 mm; staminodes 0.3-0.8 mm long; ovary 2.5-3 mm high, 0.9-1.5 mm diam. FRUIT ellipsoid or slightly obovoid, 20-35 x 15-25 mm, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex; endocarp flaky. SEED obovoid, c. 25 x 13-17 mm, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex, the surface slightly channelled, with a sub-basal or lateral depression; endosperm ruminate, the ruminations many, 2-7 mm deep.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the Marojejy area.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist montane forest or dense sclerophyll forest on ridges; on gneiss and quartzite, (400-) 900-1850 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Distribution area small, but protected. Numbers unknown, but thought to be low.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinct by its short, wide trunk, the distant groups of densely set leaflets, and large ruminate fruits.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mt Beondroka, N of Maroambihy, March 1949 (fr.), Humbert 23463 (K, P); Marojejy W, near Doanyanala col, Jan./Feb. 1949 (fl.), Humbert 23159 (K, P); Marojejy E, W of Manantenina R, Dec. 1948 (bud), Humbert 22558 (K, P); Marojejy E trail, Oct. 1988 (fl., y.fr.), Miller at al. 3566 (TAN); Marojejy, 1700-1800 m, Nov. 1972 (fl.), Guillaumet 4105 (P, TAN); idem (bud), Guillaumet 4106 (P, TAN). Sambava: Mt. d'Ambatosoratra, Jan. 1949 (fr.), Cours 3299 (K, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis crinita</name>\r
+<author>(Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 361 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Manongarivo Massif, alt 200 m; Perrier; 12052</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotype K</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Vonitra crinita</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H.Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H.Perrier, Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds 10, 85: 293 (1910)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 9, fig. 4 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 5: 13 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum.,Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 25 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 134 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A This is one of the commonest palms of valley bottoms of rain forests in the lowlands of north and north-east Madagascar. It is particularly abundant as a riverside tree along the fast-flowing rocky rivers that flow out into the Bay of Antongil. It is a robust palm, immediately distinguishable by its tall, dichotomously branched trunks, abundant piassava (leaf sheath fibre), liver-coloured young leaves and long inflorescences, branched to two orders, usually with many inflorescences in each crown. Seedlings of this species must frequently be submerged by flood water, and in this respect behave as rheophytes, although when the trees are mature, the crowns tower well above the water level. In deep humid valleys, this palm can often be found in large numbers, adding a very special beauty to the riverside scenery. An epiphytic orchid (Eulophiella) can often be found growing in the piassava of big old plants of D. crinita. It seems likely that this palm is in cultivation, as it is easily accessible to seed collectors and produces large quantities of fruit, but we know of no critically identified plants in collections. The name means 'with tufts of long hairs', presumably a reference to the leaf sheath fibre.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Vonitra (general).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 2-4. TRUNK 4-15 m, usually branched 2-3 times, rarely unbranched, grey, conspicuously ringed, 12-20 cm (Perrier: to 35 cm) diam., slightly inflated at the base, c. 10 cm diam. near the crown, distally covered in sheath fibers; internodes 2-3 cm, nodal scars 0.5 cm; wood pink, rather soft. LEAVES 12-15 in each crown, arching, held on edge in the distal half; sheath 54-56 cm long, proximally c. 5 cm wide, with very fibrous margins, red-brown tomentose, the tongue opposite the petiole said by Perrier to be very long; petiole 90-100 cm long, proximally c. 2 x 1.3 cm diam., distally 1.2-2 x 0.6-1 cm, channelled with sharp edges, abaxially with patches of red hairs; rachis 2-3 m long, in mid-leaf 0.6-0.9 x 0.5 cm diam., strongly keeled; leaflets regular, 51- 60 on each side of the rachis, bright green, stiff, slightly sigmoid, the proximal 53-78 x 0.7-1.8 cm, the median 54-75 x 2.3-3 cm, distal 11-32 x 1.2-2.7 cm, the terminal pair joined for c. 4 cm and toothed at the apex, main veins 5-7, prominent adaxially, few large red-brown ramenta on abaxial midrib, apices attenuate. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, among the fibrous mass, many per tree, erect, branched to 2 orders; peduncle 126-180 cm long, proximally c. 2.5 cm diam., distally 2.2 cm diam., with reddish laciniate scales, glabrescent; prophyll 52- 59 cm long, 3.7 cm wide; peduncular bract inserted at c. 15 cm from the base of the peduncle, c. 200 cm long, beaked for 7-11 cm, abscising and carried upwards by the lengthening inflorescence; rachis c. 40 cm long, with c. 10 branched and 10 unbranched first order branches, these with bulbous bases and more distally 6 x 2.5 mm diam.; rachillae pendulous, very many, 45-64 cm long, 2-3 mm diam., with many small stellate scales; triads spaced, more distally replaced by pairs. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals very unequal, the outermost smallest, keeled, hooded, proximally gibbous, 2-2.3 x 2.5-3.5 mm, with minute fringe of hairs on margins; petals purplish at anthesis, equal, ovate, acute, c. 2.5 x 1.8 mm; stamens biseriate, filaments 1.3-1.5 mm, anthers 0.3-0.5 mm, basifixed; pistillode c. 1.5 mm, bottleshaped. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals unequal, hooded, keeled, 1.8-2.8 x 4-6 mm, imbricate; petals imbricate, orbicular, rounded, 3.5- 3.8 x 4-6 mm, the innermost enveloping the gynoecium for 270°; ovary c. 3.5 x 3.3 mm, asymmetrical; staminodes 6, flat, tooth-shaped, 0.5-1 mm high. FRUIT slightly ovoid, green turning purple-black, 20-24 x 17-18 mm; endocarp fibrous. SEED 15-17 x 11-13 mm; endosperm with dense deep ruminations reaching the centre of the seed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW and NE Madagascar: Manongarivo, Masoala Peninsula and Mananara Biosphere Reserve.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Streamsides; alt. 200-250 m; may grow as a rheophyte.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare. Though fairly restricted in distribution, numbers seem to be in the thousands rather than hundreds.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Heartwood used against children's cough (Manongarivo), piassava used as an oil filter (Manongarivo).</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>No specimens were mentioned in the protologue; the species was said to grow at 200 m in the Manongarivo. Beccari studied a sheet of the species given to him by Jumelle, and says (Beccari 1910) that it came from Ananalave in Manongarivo. Jumelle and Perrier (1913) suddenly state the altitude as 1,200 m, and this altitude is repeated in Jumelle (1927a), which also cites Perrier 10052 as the sole specimen; Jumelle and Perrier (1945) repeats the altitude, and the specimen is again cited, but is now said to have come from the Ampasimena Peninsula at the W base of Manongarivo. This conforms to a sheet in Paris, Perrier 12052, which agrees with the description. To the west of Manongarivo there is the Ampasindava Peninsula, with a small headland called Ampasimena; in the peninsula the altitude does not rise above 800 meters.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja: Ampasimena Peninsula, Dec. 1909 (fl., fr.), Perrier 12.052 (Holotype P, see note); Manongarivo, Ambalafary, Feb. 1992 (fl.), Beentje et al. 4577 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Maroantsetra: NE of Antalavia, Nov. 1989 (bud, fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6745 (K, TAN). A sheet at Kew, Perrier s.n., NW Madagascar, without further locality, Dec. 1909 (fl., fr.), is presumably a duplicate of the type.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis curtisii</name>\r
+<author>Baker</author>\r
+<citation>J. Linn. Soc. 22: 526 (1887)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar; Curtis; 116</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga curtisii</name>\r
+<author>(Baker) Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Baker) Becc., Bot J Beibl 87: 30 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Beccari, Palme del Madagascar 36, fig 28, pl 35 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 4, 6 (3): 30 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 20 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 70, fig 18 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>Only represented by two ancient collections, this remains one of the lesser known palms of the island. The name refers to the collector of the type, Charles Curtis (1852-1928), who collected in Madagascar in 1881.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>STEM with internodes 3-3.5 cm long distally, 8-9 mm across, glabrous. LEAVES: sheath 12-13 cm long, with rounded shoulders and laciniate margins, with red-brown scattered scales; petiole 40-10 cm long, 2-4 mm diam., with scattered reddish scales; rachis 34-39 cm, in mid-leaf 2-3 mm diam., densely to sparsely dark reddish scaly; leaflets 9 -12 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-3, the group interval 4.5-6.5 cm, sigmoid, narrowly ovate, folded or rarely slightly connate (for up to 1 cm) with the rachis, the proximal 8-18 x 0.3-2.3 cm, median leaflets 9-20 x 1.2-4 cm (interval 1-2 cm), distal 9-13 x 2-4.6 cm, the distal pair joined for 1-5 cm, dentate on the outer bend for 0.5-1.5 cm with quite long teeth, other leaflets with the apices longacuminate, with 1-6 main veins, dark green adaxially with some red (almost spiny) scales on midrib, pale green abaxially with sinuous transverse veinlets and glabrous or with a few reddish scales on the midrib and the margins, but only rarely on the main veins. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, unbranched or bifurcate; peduncle 22-34 cm, 1.5-3 x 1-2 mm diam., densely to sparsely scaly; prophyll 16-35 cm long, 0.5 cm wide, borne at 5-11 cm above the base of the peduncle, pale brown with few scales, opening near the apex for 1-2 cm; peduncular bract inserted at 14 -19 cm from the base of the peduncle, 12-15 cm long, opening near the apex for c. 2 cm but not at the beak which is up to 3 mm long, with scattered scales; rachilla 16-23 cm long, or (in Perrier 12039) with 2 rachillae c. 12.5 cm long (broken?), c. 2 mm diam., densely scaly with dark red to almost black small scales, with c. 147 distant triads in slight pits. STAMINATE FLOWERS in bud ovoid; sepals concave, keeled, slightly gibbous at base, only slightly ciliolate; receptacle c. 0.6 mm high; petals 2.2-2.3 x 1.4-1.5 mm, concave, ovate, slightly acute, striate; stamens 6, equal, filaments connate for 0.2 mm, 1.2 mm long, linear, anthers dorsifixed, versatile, 1.3- 1.5 x 0.4 mm, linear, slightly apiculate, the locules parallel; pistillode 1.2 mm long, c. 0.3 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS ovoid-conical, slightly acute; sepals 0.6-1.3 x 1.2-2 mm, orbicular, hardly ciliolate, not really keeled; petals imbricate proximally, valvate distally, 1.8 -2.9 x 1.4-2 mm, concave, ovate, obtuse, striate; staminodes 0.3-0.4 mm; ovary somewhat trigonous, 2.2-2.3 x 0.7-0.8 mm. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Unfortunately, we are not sure where Curtis collected, and his number 117 (the only other specimen we have seen made by this collector) is an unidentifiable palm leaf, also without locality. Jumelle & Perrier, in the Flore de Madagascar, state Imerina (= northern central Madagascar) for the type - which they also call Curtis s.n.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Montane forest; 1500-1800 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Uncertain; Tsaratanana has not been visited by botanists in the recent past.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Close to D. pervillei, and possibly not distinct.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>? Bealanana: Tsaratanana, Oct. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 12039 (P); idem, Dec. 1912 (y.fr.), Perrier 12043 (P). Madagascar, Sept. 1881 (fl.), Curtis 116 (Holotype K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis decaryi</name>
+<author>(Jum.)Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 187 (1995)</citation>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neodypsis decaryi</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 5, 1 (1): 15 (1933)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 17 (1938)</bibref> <bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 148, fig. 41 (1945)</bibref>
+<bibref>Read, Principes 5: 71, fig. 42, 43 (1961)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>The famous 'Triangle Palm' is widespread in cultivation, and is grown in a wide variety of climates; this is unlike its native status, where it is restricted to a very narrow habitat 'niche', and as a result has a very restricted distribution. The name refers to the collector of the type, Raymond Decary.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Laafa (Ranopiso).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK (0.5-) 3-6 (-10) m high, 30-40 cm diam.; internodes 3-10 cm, grey. LEAVES tristichous, 18-24, 1.5-3.25 m, porrect, arched, twisted around the rachis, marcescent; sheath open, 30-45 cm long, 40-65 cm wide when flattened, yellow-green with dense white wax usually overlaid by thick reddish pubescence, with ligules 7 cm high, 10 cm wide, orange turning grey-brown; petiole 33-50 cm long, proximally 6-7.5 x 9-10 cm diam., distally 5 x 5 cm, channelled with sharp margins, abaxially with reddish pubescence but glabrescent; rachis 2.2-3 m long, densely pubescent but glabrescent, channelled proximally, in mid-leaf 2-3 x 1.3-2.3 cm and keeled; leaflets 55-97 on each side of the rachis, regular, glaucous, at an angle of 90° with the leaflets on the opposite side of the rachis, the proximal 80-140 x 0.5-1 cm, (the most proximal often with reins and pendulous), median 58-89 x 2-3.5 cm (interval 2-5 cm), distal 10-60 x 0.4-1.6 cm, the top pair not or hardly connate, one or two tuft(s) of long brown-red ramenta present on the proximal part of erect, hooded, split for 90% with only the proximal part closed, with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at 18-20 cm from the base of the peduncle, 40-55 cm long, open over most of its length but closed and beaked for the distal 5-19 cm, with scattered scales; rachis c. 118 cm, with all axes flaking and densely scaly, with 20-26 branched and c. 18 unbranched first order branches, these proximally flattened, their base up to 7 x 5 mm; most proximal first order branches with their rachis up to 50 cm long and up to 22 second order branches (8 of these branched again); rachillae pale yellow-green, 12-26 cm long, 1-4 mm diam.; triads, distant, slightly sunken, with small yellowish flowers. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.7-2.1 x 1.6-2 mm, concave, keeled and proximally gibbous, elliptic, rounded, entire; petals on a 1.2-1.5 mm high receptacle, 3.2- 3.5 x 1.8-2.3 mm, elliptic, fleshy, acute; stamens 6, very slightly biseriate, with the antepetalous stamens inserted slightly higher than the antesepalous ones, filaments 2.4-3 mm the abaxial midrib, and lines of scattered minute reddish scales present on the fainter veins, main vein 1, very prominent adaxially, as well as thickened margins, apex unequal, bifid in median leaflets. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, 125-178 x 120 cm, widely spreading, branched to 3 orders; peduncle 50-58 cm long, with scattered scales, proximally c. 5 x 3 cm diam., distally c. 3.5 x 2 cm diam.; prophyll 25-63 cm long, borne at 8-12 cm above the base of the peduncle, long, thin, anthers 1.7-2 x 1 mm, dorsifixed, versatile, held horizontally at anthesis, the locules parallel and obtuse; pistillode cylindrical, c. 1.6 mm high and 1 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown, but from fruiting material sepals 2.4-2.8 x 2.6-3.3 mm, broadly ovate with a small apiculum; petals c. 3.3 x 4.3 mm, with broad membranous wings and a small fleshy triangular apex; staminodes c. 1 mm high. FRUIT ovoid, later subglobose, 15-22 x 12-19 mm, with rounded apex; mesocarp fleshy-fibrous, endocarp fibrouswith anastomosing fibres. SEED subglobose to ellipsoid, 17-19 x 15-17 mm, slightly asymmetric with an apiculate base (1 mm), with shallow anastomosing grooves over its surface, with rounded apex, and an equatorial depression corresponding to the embryo; endosperm ruminate, with ruminations up to 6 mm deep.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>S Madagascar, confined to a small area.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Dry forest or bush on stony soil, mid slope; 80-600 m. NATURAL HISTORY. J. Ratsirarson (pers. comm.) has observed both Black Parrot and Lemur catta feeding on the fruit mesocarp; he also found pig droppings full of seed of D. decaryi; he observed bees and flies visiting the flowers at anthesis.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Only known from a small area, where nearly all seed is harvested for export; fires are a threat. Population estimated at a thousand. This species is listed on CITES Annexe II.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaf used for thatching; fruits eaten by children, and formerly used to prepare a fermented drink; seeds exported for horticultural use, as the species is a prized ornamental.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Quite similar to D. madagascariensis but altogether neater in appearance, with its more compact habit and the densely three-ranked leaves.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tolanaro: Bevilany, Sept. 1928 (fl.), Humbert & Swingle 5715 (syntype; P, TAN); idem, Aug. 1932 (fl.), Decary 10294 (syntype; P) and (fl.), Decary 10296 (P), and (fl., fr.), Decary 10299 (syntype; P); Andohahela parc. 3, Dec. 1989 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6772 (K, TAN); Ranopiso, March 1992 (fl., fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4614 (K, MO, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis decipiens</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 191 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, central Madagascar; Baron; 3271</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype K; isotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus decipiens</name>
+<author>Beccari</author>
+<bibref>Beccari, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38 Beibl. 87: 36 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 10, 3: 26 (1922)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 8 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 111, fig. 30 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Macrophloga decipiens</name>
+<author>(Beccari) Beccari</author>
+<bibref>(Beccari) Beccari, Palme del Madag.: 47, t. 46, fig. 38 (1914), pro parte (excl. Perrier 12088)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>One of the most imposing palms of the island, but that may have something to do with its occurring in the austere surroundings of the Central Plateau, where it stands out dramatically. This makes a wonderful ornamental, able to withstand some cold (though not freezing) and periods of dry weather. The species name means 'deceiving', indicating that it closely resembles something else; in this case, it is a particularly inappropriate name!</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Betefaka, Manambe (Imerina), Sihara leibe (Betsileo).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Imposing and handsome clustering palm, sometimes appearing solitary but more often in pairs or with younger shoots at the base. TRUNK 6-20 m high, ventricose; 50-70 cm diam., at the very base 30-40 cm diam., near the crown 25-30 cm diam.; internodes 4-5 cm long, grey, more distally shiny green, nodal scars c. 2 cm high, grey-brown; crownshaft pale waxy-grey-green. LEAVES 9-12 in the crown, spirally inserted, porrect; sheath c. 70 cm long, pale green with waxy white bloom, adaxially dark chestnut red-brown, onethird to half open in the oldest leaf, with brown ligules where the sheath margin makes a right angle towards the base of the petiole, with waxy scales or glabrous; petiole 10-25 cm long, proximally c. 11 x 5 cm, distally c. 7 x 5 cm diam., deeply channelled with sharp edges; rachis c. 2.2 m long, channelled proximally, in mid-leaf 3-4 x 2-2.7 cm diam. and keeled, with whitish tomentum or glabrous; leaflets c. 90 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-6, fanned within the groups giving the leaf a plumose appearance (though almost in one plane in very young trees), stiff with only the apices bending over, the proximal 70-94 x 1.3-1.7 cm (the most proximal often very long, narrow and pendulous), median 73-101 x 2.8-4.3 cm, distal 26-42 x 0.8-1.2 cm, in mid-leaf interval < 0.5-1 cm, the interval between the groups 3-8 cm, main veins 1, the other veins faint, apices attenuate and unequally bifid, with sparse large (1 cm) red-brown ramenta on the proximal midrib, and many small scattered reddish scales on the fainter veins. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, strongly curved, branched to 2 orders, c. 110 x 65 cm; peduncle 15-17 cm long, 9-10 x 4-6 cm diam.; prophyll 39-41 x c. 10 cm, borne at 6-6.5 cm above the base of the peduncle, split abaxially, but distally with a small horizontal adaxial split, dark brown, ± glabrous; peduncular bract insertion point uncertain, quickly deciduous, 42- 58 x 12-16 cm, opening over its whole length except for the beaked apex 5-6 cm long, pale waxy brown with scattered scales; rachis c. 60 cm, greyish white, glabrous, with c. 13 branched and 18 unbranched first order branches, the more proximal of these with flattened bases to 4.7 x 1.3 cm diam.; rachis bracts c. 9 mm high; rachillae 7-40 cm long, 3.5-7 mm diam., with distant triads in pits; rachilla bracts 2.5-3 x 3.5 mm, acute. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 2-4 x 1.8-2.5 mm, concave, keeled, gibbous, with membranous margins, apiculate; petals connate for 1.3-1.6 mm, the free lobes 3.8-5.6 x 2.3-3.7 mm, ovate, acute to obtuse; stamens 6, in 1 series, the filaments (2-) 3.2-5 mm long and connate at base for 0.3 mm, anthers 2.3-2.8 x 0.8-1.4 mm, dorsifixed, versatile; pistillode columnar,1.9-2.7 x 0.7-1.5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 5.1-6.3 x 3.5-5 mm, concave, orbicular, with small hooded tip; petals resembling the sepals, 4-5.3 x 3- 3.8 mm, concave, ovate, with small apiculus, staminodes 0.3-0.5 mm, dentiform; ovary 3.5-4.3 mm high, 1.5-2 mm diam. FRUIT broadly ellipsoid or almost globose, colour unknown, 22-25 x 20-22 mm; endocarp very fibrous with long anastomosing fibres. SEED 10-20 x 11.5-18mm, with rounded base and apex; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central Madagascar, between Ankazobe and Fianarantsoa.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Plateau forest (remnants), either near streams or in rocky sites; alt. 1400-2000 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. The number of individuals in the wild is estimated at around two hundred; their distribution area is prone to destruction and fire. This species is listed in CITES Annexe II.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Good palm heart; leaves used for erosion control (Betsileo).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari established the new genus Macrophloga based on two different taxa: his own <name>Chrysalidocarpus decipiens</name>, and Neodypsis basilongus based on a Perrier specimen (no. 12088) with seed showing ruminate endosperm. True <name>Chrysalidocarpus decipiens</name> has homogeneous endosperm. The combination Neodypsis decipiens (Becc.) Jumelle & Perrier existed only in Beccari's imagination; Jumelle & Perrier (1913) mentioned the possibility but specifically refrained from making it.
+HB has seen bees visiting the flowers of a cultivated specimen in Antananarivo.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ankazobe: Manankazo, sine die (bud), Perrier 12099 (P). Manjakandriana: (probably all from Andrangolaoka), Baron 502 (K, P; syntype), Baron 3271 (K, syntype); & Baron s.n. (K); Ambatoloana to Mandraka, ?1936 (fr.), Boiteau s.n.(P). Ambositra: 24km S of Ambositra, April 1992 (seed), Beentje et al. 4658 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Ambohimahasoa: Ankafina forest, March 1881 (fl.), Hildebrandt 3974a (K, syntype).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis digitata</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 320 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Mananjary Province, March-April 1909; Geay; 8057</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga digitata</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 36 (1914)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (3): 20 (1929)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar Palmae: 20 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 66 (1945)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This was thought to be extinct until HB refound it in Manombo Forest, the site of several other palms which were thought to be extinct. The Latin name indicates that the leaflets appear to be in the shape of the fingers of a hand, i.e. almost palmate, which is unique among Madagascar undergrowth palms.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small solitary palm, occasionally subcolonial (Beentje). STEM very short or 10-40 cm, in Perrier 4512 with roots above the surface, 1-1.5 cm diam.; internodes 2-6 mm, brown; nodal scars 1-2 mm. LEAVES 7-13 in the crown, erect-arching, often with a few marcescent leaves; sheath 7-13 cm long, 3/4 open, dark reddish with dark scattered scales and ligules 5-10 mm high in young leaves; petiole 5-43 cm long, 1.5-3 mm diam., pale brown with dense to scattered scales; rachis 4-11 cm long, with scattered scales; blade entire, 23-41 cm long, midrib 4-11 cm, densely hairy, lobes 19-32 x 1.2-2.9 cm or pinnate and then leaflets 2-3 on each side of the rachis, 21-29 x 0.9-2.3 cm (interval 0.6-2 cm), linear, ± equal except that the terminal pair having narrow dentate apices (2-3 teeth only), not acuminate as the more proximal leaflets, main veins 2-4, and often with sinuous transverse veinlets, seemingly glabrous or with scattered scales on the minor veins, or with bands of dense scales on the abaxial surface. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, unbranched, 18-58 cm; peduncle 12-41 cm or more long, densely scaly, 1.5-3.5 mm diam.; prophyll 3-16 x 0.5-0.8 cm, borne at 0.5-2.5 cm above the base of the peduncle, opening near the apex only for 2-6 cm, dark brown, with dense scales; peduncular bract inserted at 2-15 cm from the base of the peduncle, 10-20 cm long, opening in the distal 1-4 cm, sometimes with a closed beak of c. 5 mm long, pale brown with scattered scales; non-tubular peduncular bract sometimes present near the apex of the peduncle, c. 2 cm long; rachilla 6-17 cm long, 1.5-2.5 mm diam., densely puberulous, with very dense, almost continuous triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.8-1.5 x 0.7-1.6 mm; petals (1.2-1.5 mm in bud) 2.8 x 1.5 mm; stamens 6, ± equal, with filaments c. 2.2 mm long and anthers c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, the locules parallel; pistillode c. 1.3 x 0.3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.3-1.8 x 1-2.1 mm; petals 1.8-2.9 x 1.4-2.4 mm; staminodes 0.3-0.7 mm; gynoecium c. 1.9 x 1.3 mm. FRUIT red, ovoid or ellipsoid, 11-13 x 5-8 mm, with an obtusely pointed apex; endocarp fibrous, the fibres slightly anastomosing. SEED ellipsoid, 10-10.5 x 5-5.5 mm, pointed at both ends; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>East Coast between Mananjary and Vangaindrano.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; 45-100 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. The site of the only recent collection is being destroyed by fire, shifting cultivation and logging. Both the older collection sites are now devoid of forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Very distinct; the open leaf sheath is reminiscent of D. brevicaulis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananjary: without further locality except "zone cotière", March/April 1909 (fl.), Geay 8056 (P); idem, (y. fr.), Geay 8057 (Holotype P). Farafangana: Manombo, Nov. 1991 (bud), Beentje 4512 (K). Vangaindrano: Ankararano (loc. not found), May 1919 (fr.), Perrier 12625 (P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis dransfieldii</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 355 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Antalavia; Dransfield et al.; JD6735</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This species is distinctive in its rather open clustering habit, fibrous leaf sheaths that do not form a well defined crownshaft (but lacking pendulous piassava) and the surprisingly long peduncle that projects beyond the leaves. Such inflorescences are reminiscent of those of the group of Dypsis species and Neodypsis, was one of the first pieces of evidence we discovered for the general blurring of generic boundaries within Dypsidinae, which has lead to the recognition of the single large genus Dypsis. Curious rather than beautiful, this palm is a distinctive feature of coastal white sand forests along the western side of the Masoala Peninsula and has been found nowhere else.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>a D. nossibense foliorum foliolorumque numero, pedunculi longitudine differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in clumps of 3-5, basally with short stilt roots. Mature STEMS unbranched, 6-8 m tall, 7-8 cm diam.; wood very hard; internodes c. 10 cm (2 cm near the crown); bark dull reddish brown, distally with red-brown tomentum, ringed with that were formerly included in Vonitra. In fact D dransfieldii, as an intermediate between Vonitra close leaf scars. LEAVES 6-12 per crown, porrect, marcescent; sheaths with thick reddish brown tomentum, 36-48 cm, proximally c. 16 cm wide when flattened, deeply channelled, distally 0.5-1.8 x 0.6-1.2 cm, with pale brown fibrous tattering, margins 2.5-3 cm wide, red-brown tomentose; on the opposite side from the petiole with a long, mid-brown, 12-16 cm fibrous tongue; petiole absent, but pseudopetiole appearing after disintegration of sheath material, 15-30 cm, channelled, straw-brown with scattered minute scales; rachis 1.3-1.7 m, puberulous or with flaking grey-brown tomentum, in mid-leaf 0.7-1.2 x 0.5-0.7 cm and keeled; leaflets 33-34 on each side of the rachis, regular, slightly sigmoid, proximal leaflets 28-57 x 0.4-1.8 cm, median 52-62 x 1.9-3.2 cm (leaflet interval 4-5 cm), distal 15-39 x 0.5-2.9 cm, with bifid apices, main veins 3-5, midrib prominent adaxially, apices attenuate, glabrous. Sucker shoots with bifid leaves; young leaves tinged pink. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to two orders, erect, 2-2.6 m, projecting beyond the leaves, dull reddish brown; peduncle 141-200 cm, round in cross-section, proximally 1.2-2 x 0.5-1.5 cm, green overlaid with red-brown tomentum, glabrescent, distally 0.7-1.8 x 0.5-0.8 cm, pinkish; prophyll 72-91 cm long, borne at 7-16 cm above the base of the peduncle, cylindrical, split only near the apex, with flaking redbrown tomentum; peduncular bract pale cream, inserted at 30-44 cm above the base of the peduncle, 124-126 cm long, with scattered scales, beaked for c. 8.5 cm, abscising and carried upwards by the lengthening inflorescence; non-tubular peduncular bracts inserted at c. 89 cm (1.5-6.5 x 0.7-1.6 cm), 102 cm (1 cm); rachis 30-45 cm, angular in parts, with c. 15 branched and 14 unbranched first order branches, these flattened, swollen and 6 x 2-3 mm at base; rachillae 18-32 cm, slightly flattened, somewhat pitted, 1.2-2 mm diam. at anthesis, 2.5-3 mm diam. in fruit, covered with dense simple scales; flowers cream-coloured. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.8-1.4 x 1.4-2.2 mm, unequal, keeled, hooded; petals 2.4-2.5 x 1.6-1.8 mm, ovate, acute; stamens 6, in 1 series (only on large magnification a slight distinction in 2 series apparent), the filaments 0.5-0.8 mm, anthers 1.6-1.8 x 0.4-0.6 mm, dorsifixed, the locules parallel; pistillode 0.8-1 mm high, c. 0.4 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS only known in bud stage, with sepals c. 1.5 x 1.8 mm, petals c. 1.3 x 1.2 mm, gynoecium c. 1 x 0.7 mm. FRUIT ovoid, 15-20 x 12-14 mm, with persistant sepals 2-3 mm and persistant petals 3.5-6 x 5 mm, fruit verrucose when mature. SEED c. 13 x 9 mm; endocarp with loose fibrous strands 10-22 mm long, the basal ones longest; endosperm ruminate for 2- mm. EOPHYLL bifid, with scaly petiole; scale leaves 2 (respectively 2 and 5-7 cm long).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>NE Madagascar: Masoala Peninsula.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Littoral forest, on steep or level slope; 2-20 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Single site status, in a fragile habitat.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species differs from D. nossibensis in the number of leaves, the number of leaflets, and the size of the peduncle.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6468 (K, P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1988 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6469 (K, TAN); idem, Nov. 1989 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6735 (K holotype; isotypes P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1989 (seedling), Dransfield et al. JD6736 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis elegans</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 271 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Manombo; Beentje and Andriampaniry; 4788</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>The name has been chosen to reflect the great beau ty of this small understorey palm. It would make an exceptionally beautiful ornamental, but might be too choosy in its habitat requirements to live anywhere but a greenhouse.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>foliis pinnis aggregatis sed in gregibus regulariter dispositis rachillis brevibus staminibus 6 distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or tufted palm. STEM(S) to 2 m tall, 1-2 cm diam.; internodes 4-6 cm, green, with dense scales distally. LEAVES c. 6 in the crown, pinnate, porrect and slightly arching; sheath 11-17 cm long, densely red-scaly, with sloping shoulders; petiole 9-14 cm long, 3-4 mm diam., densely scaly; rachis 50-68 cm long, in mid-leaf 2-3 mm wide, densely red-scaly; leaflets 41-65 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 4-5, group interval 3-4.5 cm, leaflet interval c. 5 mm, the proximal 3-5 x 0.1-0.3 cm, median 8-15 x 0.4-0.6 cm, distal 5-9 x 0.3-0.9 cm and connate for 0.5-1.5 cm, main vein 1 (in the distal pair 3-4), with some scales on midrib and especially on the margins but mainly glabrous, apices attenuate, in the distal pair dentate over a width of 2-4 mm. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 2 orders; peduncle 33-36 cm long, 1.5-2 mm diam., densely scaly; prophyll 10-14 cm long, 3-5 mm wide, with scattered scales, open in the distal 2 cm; peduncular bract with its apex at 7-8 cm above the apex of the prophyll, open in the distal 2 cm, with scattered scales; rachis 10-14 cm long, with scattered scales, with 5-6 branched and 11- 12 unbranched first order branches, the most proximal of these with an axis of up to 2 cm and with up to 4 rachillae; rachillae 2.5-4.2 cm long, c. 1 mm diam., scaly, slightly recurved. STAMINATE FLOWERS yellow in bud, orange at anthesis; sepals 0.8-1 x 0.9-1.2 mm; petals 2- 2.1 x 1.1-1.2 mm; stamens 6, biseriate (offset 0.2-0.3 mm), filaments 0.8-1 mm and thin, anthers 1.3-1.4 x 0.5-0.6 mm, versatile; pistillode c. 0.8 x 0.5 mm, columnar. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Manombo forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest, on well-drained rocky soil; c. 65 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. HB has seen less than ten individuals in a forest which is being destroyed by fire and timber-cutting.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinct in its leaves with groups of regularly spaced narrow leaflets, and the short rachillae. Relationships are vague (also because of the lack of pistillate and fruiting material) but possibly with D. concinna. Very similar to this is a collection from Mahanoro: lower Mangoro basin, alt. 300 m, Oct. 1927 (bud), Perrier 18049 (P); which has a shorter sheath (7-10 cm), shorter petiole (3-5 cm), shorter rachis (20-30 cm) with 28- 32 leaflets which are smaller (4-7 x 0.6-0.9 cm); the inflorescence is branched to one order with, again, all parts shorter (peduncle 16 cm, prophyll 5.7 cm, rachis 5.8 cm, rachillae nine in number, 4.5-6.5 cm long); despite all these differences, we believe it is the same taxon; but the material is not enough to be certain. This locality appeared without natural vegetation when HB visited the area in 1991.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Farafangana: Manombo, Jan. 1993 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4788 (Holotype K; isotype TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis eriostachys</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 291 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Mananjary, Vatovavy; Dransfield et al.; JD7513</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This handsome little palm, distinctive in its entire-bifid leaf and silky hairy inflorescence, is known only from low crown forest near the summit of the isolated peak of Mount Vatovavy, southwest of Mananjary. The forest on Vatovavy is home for several curious palms, such as Dypsis basilonga, D. trapezoidea and D. angusta. The lower parts of the hill have been largely cleared for shifting cultivation and parts of the exposed northeastern face have at some time been partially destroyed by fire. Nevertheless much of the summit area is covered with fine forest that receives some degree of protection under local beliefs or fady. The species name is Greek for woolly spikes, referring to the hairy inflorescences.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>habitu, statura, folio bifido et inflorescentia lanuginosa D. lanuginosae superficialiter similis, sed pagina inferiore folii ramentis elongatis, rachillis c. 30 (vice c. 100) pilis inflorescentiis longioribus, non crispatis, floribus staminatis staminibus 6 differt. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender solitary undergrowth palm to 1.5 m tall. STEM 9 mm diam., internodes 13-17 mm long, dark green with pale brown lines, with scattered dark brown caducous scales. LEAVES 10 in crown; sheath 8 x 1.7 cm, distally very densely covered with thick red brown tomentum and scales; auricles ill defined; petiole 1-3 cm, 3 mm wide, densely grey or brown hairy; rachis 23-25 cm; blade entire bifid 32-37 cm long, gradually widening from the base to widest at the tip where 11-13 cm, the two lobes with a broad sinus, and shallowly to deeply lobed apically, adaxially shining, with very inconspicuous punctiform scales, abaxially with minute brown punctiform scales and scattered elongate brown ramenta along a few veins, emerging leaf tinged reddish. INFLORESCENCE erect or spreading, becoming pendulous in fruit, branching to 2 orders; peduncle 25-28 cm long, c. 4 mm wide at the base tapering to 3 mm diam. distally, densely covered with long silky silvery hairs with brown bases; prophyll c. 14 x 0.7 cm, with scattered long silky silvery hairs with dark bases; peduncular bract exceeding the prophyll by 8-16 cm; rachis 16-24 cm, very densely silky hairy; rachillae c. 30, c. 3- 5.5 cm long, c. 1.5 mm diam., densely covered in pale brown and silvery silky hairs, triads c. 3 mm apart, rachilla bracts rounded, c. 0.5 mm high, laciniate, edged with hairs. STAMINATE FLOWER buds pyramidal, 1.6 x 1.1 mm; sepals rounded, 1.0 x 0.8 mm, margins somewhat erose; petals triangular, 1.3 x 0.8 mm, striate; stamens 6, biseriate, antesepalous with filaments to 0.2 x 0.2 mm, antepetalous with filaments 0.4 x 0.2 mm, anthers elliptic in outline, 0.4 x 0.3 mm; pistillode conical, 0.4 mm high. Immature PISTILLATE FLOWER rounded, c. 0.8 mm diam. Submature FRUIT fusiform, 16 x 6 mm. SEED fusiform, 1.2 x 4.5 mm; endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Vatovavy.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Gentle slope in low canopy forest near summit of hill; 450 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Single site status; forest only protected by local custom.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Initially we identified this palm as Dypsis lanuginosa, previously known only from a single specimen. On closer examination, however, the newly collected material proved to have six stamens rather than three, and other features such as the long silky more or less straight, rather than twisted, hairs, fewer rachillae, with more distant triads, and the presence of elongate ramenta on the undersurface of the leaf, added evidence that the present species was undescribed.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananjary: Vatovavy, Nov. 1994 (fl., fr.), Dransfield et al. JD7513 (Holotype K; isotypes MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis faneva</name>\r
+<author>Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 257 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Antalavia; Dransfield et al.; JD6465</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi P, TAN</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A fairly rare species from lowland rain forest, but highly distinctive. The name faneva (flag in Malagasy) refers to the leaves, which are remarkable for the large terminal flabellum.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. boivinianae affinis sed inflorescentia in plures ordines ramificanti rachillis brevibus D. procerae et D. paludosae superficialiter similis sed staminibus 6 non 3 differt.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tsinkiara mavinty (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 3-12 stems. STEMS 3-6 m, 3-5 cm diam.; somewhat stilt-rooted at base; internodes 3-10 cm, brown; wood soft; crownshaft moderately well-developed, with occasionally a yellowish stripe below the rachis. LEAVES 8-9 in the crown (sometimes with up to 4 marcescent leaves present), spirally inserted, porrect and arching; sheath pale creamy yellow or green, spotted with red, 24-30 cm long, with scattered brown scales (distally rather dense), with auricles to 3.2 cm high; petiole absent or up to 10 cm long, with scattered scales, channelled adaxially, 9-10 x 5-6 mm diam.; rachis 79-94 cm long, in mid-leaf 5-6 mm wide, with scattered scales; leaflets 8-21 on each side of the rachis, regular, stiff, straight, in one plane, somewhat arcuate, 1-4 folds wide, proximal 25-63 x 0.1-3.6 cm, median 62-72 x 1.7-11 cm (interval 6-7.5 cm), distal 42-55 x 7-10 cm, main veins 1-4, apices long-attenuate, main veins with ramenta, minor veins with scattered scales, distal pair joined for 11-17 cm, with 8 main veins, apices dentate over a width of 2-2.2 cm. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 2 orders, spreading, c. 50 x 50 cm; peduncle 28-64 cm, distally 1.2-1.7 x 0.5-1 cm diam., rusty-pubescent; prophyll 29-54 cm long, borne at 13-17 cm above the base of the peduncle, 2.2-2.5 cm wide, with scattered scales, opening for the distal 4-6 cm; peduncular bract inserted at 21-30 cm from the base of the peduncle, 12-30 cm long, split over its distal 10-14 cm; rachis 14-19 cm, with 4-6 branching and 7-16 unbranched first order branches (the proximal with an axis of 9 cm, with 5 rachillae), all axes hairy; rachillae 10-28 cm long, with scattered scales, with distant triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS orange in bud; sepals 1.3-1.8 x 1.2-1.5 mm, the middle one sometimes very asymmetrical; petals 1.9-2.8 x 1.5-2.1 mm; stamens 6, didymous, 1- or biseriate (offset to 0.4 mm), filaments 0.8-1 mm, fat and ellipsoid, anthers 0.6-0.7 x 0.7-0.9 mm; pistillode c. 1 x 1.2 mm, pyramidal. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Maroantsetra, Mananara and near Fenoarivo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Littoral forest or moist lowland rain forest, on steep or level slope; 1-300 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. The lowland rain forest in this area is not well protected, and numbers are low; we have seen less than fifty individuals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinct from the very similar D. mangorensis in the more-branched inflorescence with shorter rachillae, and from the similar D. procera and D. paludosa in the six (not three) stamens.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6465 (Holotype K; isotypes P, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (dead infl.), Beentje 4454 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, April 1992 (old infl.), Beentje et al. 4618 (K, TAN). Fenoarivo Atn.: Tampolo-Fenoarivo, Feb. 1970 (bud), Guillaumet 2531 (K, P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis fanjana</name>\r
+<author>Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 258 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Mananara Avaratra, Antanambe; Beentje; 4453</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, TAN</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>Rather like D. faneva, but with entire or hardly dissected leaves. The name comes from the local name for the species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Fanjana (Betsimisaraka)</p></div>\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. mangorensi simillima sed petiolo breve antheris didymis differt.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 3-4, occasionally appearing solitary. STEMS 2.5-5 m high, 1-1.5 cm diam.; internodes 2.5-6.5 cm long; stem occasionally with basal aerial roots to 20 cm long. LEAVES 6-11 in the crown, spirally inserted, entire or rarely with a few leaflets, arching; sheath green, 12-15 cm long, pale reddish-brown when dry, with few scattered scales, with c. 5 mm high ligules; petiole absent or up to 8 cm long; lamina entire and 57-62 cm long, with scattered scales on the minor and major veins, the midrib 20-21 cm long, the lobes 34-39 x 4.3-8.5 cm, the apices narrowly dentate; or pinnate with rachis 18-24 cm long; 2 (-3) leaflets on each side of the rachis, the proximal 15- 56 x 0.5-5.3 cm, the distal 40-44 x 3-4.1 cm, main veins 5, with scattered scales on minor and major veins, proximal leaflets acuminate, distal ones dentate over c. 5 mm, distal pair joined for c. 7 cm. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branching to 1 order, porrect with pendulous rachillae; peduncle 24-47 cm long, with a few scattered scales; prophyll 22-27 cm long, opening in the distal 2-4 cm, with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at c. 20 cm from the base of the peduncle, c. 16 cm long, opening in the distal 3 cm, with scattered scales; rachis 2-13 cm, with 3-7 rachillae; rachillae 16-25 cm long, green, puberulous in the triad depressions, with distant yellow buds. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.7-0.8 x 0.6-0.7 mm; petals 1.2-1.6 x 0.9-1 mm; stamens 6, biseriate (offset c. 0.2 mm), didymous, connate for c. 0.3 mm, filaments c. 0.5 x 0.4-0.5 mm, anthers c. 0.3 x 0.5 mm; pistillode 0.3-0.4 x 0.4 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Mananara Biosphere Reserve.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest, steep mid slope; 115-250 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Known from a single site, outside the protected area, where we have seen less than fifty individuals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Remarkably like D. mangorensis - but for the short petiole, the more slender rachillae with less conspicuous bracts and the didymous anthers. Close but not the same is Perrier 12038 (P), Antalaha: Marambo, Oct 1912 (young bud), which has larger staminate sepals. The stamens are too young to study.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (bud), Beentje 4453 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, TAN); idem, Oct. 1991 (old infl.), Beentje 4459 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Oct. 1994 (bud), Dransfield & Beentje JD7506 (K, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis fasciculata</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 6 (1): 36 (1918)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Bull. Acad. Malgache 6: 18 (1923)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 12 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 39 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Antalaha, 50 m alt., Nov. 1912; Perrier; 12042</type>\r
+<type_loc>Type ?P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This species occurs in lowlands near the coast; recently made collections are for the most part from forest developed on white sands, poor in nutrients, but the palm will also grow on laterite soils. When growing vigorously this can be quite a handsome species but it is usually rather untidy, with narrow grouped leaflets. Superficially it resembles a depauperate form of Dypsis nodifera. The species name refers to the grouped leaflets.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering palm of the forest undergrowth. STEMS 3-6 m tall, c. 15-40 mm diam., internodes to 40 mm long near base, \r
+c. 15 mm long in mature stems near the crown, green with scattered dark brown scales. LEAVES c. 8 in crown; crownshaft well developed; sheaths 13-24 x 1.5-2.5 cm, densely covered with dark red-brown scales, these sometimes in vertical patches; auricles sometimes present, soon tattering; petiole 8-35 cm long, 5-10 x 3-5 mm in cross section, bearing abundant caducous choco-late-brown scales; rachis 70-90 cm or more long; leaflets 11-23 on each side of the rachis, conspicuously grouped in 2s-6s (usually 3s-4s), c. 10-20 cm between the groups, the proximal few leaflets usually very slender and short (to 16 x 0.3), mid-leaf leaflets 20-47 x 1-4 cm, including the long attenuate drip tip, apical leaflets 10-20 x 2.5-6 cm; leaflet surfaces glabrous. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, shorter than the leaves, branching to 2 orders; peduncle to c. 50 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm wide at base, tapering to c. 4 mm widedistally, densely covered in red-brown scales; prophyll inserted c. 6-11 cm above base, 10-40 x 0.8-1.2 cm, sparsely dark scaly; peduncular bract inserted to 14 cm above prophyll, exceeding the prophyll tip by c. 8-11 cm; rachis 20-46 cm, basally scaly as the peduncle, distally glabrescent; rachillae spreading or pendulous, 16-30 in number, 20-c. 50 cm long, c. 1.5-2 mm diam. at anthesis, increasing to c. 3 mm diam. in fruit, glabrous, rachilla bracts rounded, very inconspicuous, triads c. 2 mm distant, in shallow pits. STAMINATE FLOWERS c. 2 x 1.5 mm; sepals c. 1.4 x 0.6 mm, irregularly split and keeled; petals c. 1.6 x 1.2 mm, striate; stamens 3 antesepalous, filaments broad 1.0 x 0.6 mm, anther thecae free, ± pendulous, c. 0.7 x 0.2 mm; pistillode pyramidal, 0.7 x 0.4 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS c. 2.5 x 1.9 mm; sepals rounded, c. 1.1 x 1.1, striate, irregularly erose; petals rounded triangular, irregularly imbricate, c. 2 x 1.8 mm; staminodes 3 (4), minute, toothlike, 0.2 x 0.1 mm; ovary rounded to top-shaped, 2 x 1.8 mm. FRUIT green (?still immature), 14 x 7.5 mm. SEED 10 x 4 mm; endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral near the base.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NE Madagascar, from Antalaha and Marojejy to Betampona.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest near the coast, often on white sands, rare inland; 5-225 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. This is quite widespread but occurs in coastal forests that are often affected by fire.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The interpretation of this name has caused particular problems because we have been unable to locate the type, Perrier 12402, from Antalaha, which, we assume, should be in Paris. Using Jumelle's imperfect description, we have here applied the name to a taxon from forest near the Bay of Antongil, further to the south from Antalaha, that keys out to D. fasciculata and which more or less fits the protologue. Perhaps most significant is Jumelle's description of the stamen form. He describes the thecae as being pendulous, a most unusual stamen type in Dypsis; those collections cited here that have staminate flowers also have stamens of this form. Should the type ever be found, then the conspecificity of the newly collected material will have to be checked. We have also recently made two collections of this taxon on Î;le Sainte Marie, one (sterile) from the Forêt de Kalalao, near to the historic locality Tafondro where Boivin collected, and one (fertile) from the Forêt d'Ambohidena (see notes under Dypsis thouarsiana). \r
+As interpreted here, this is a distinctive, easily distinguished species, with fascicled leaflets and inflorescences branched to two orders, with lax spreading or pendulous rachillae and staminate flowers with only three stamens with pendulous and divergent thecae. Miller 3327 from Marojejy differs from the other collections cited in being rather small and slender in all its parts. Neverthess it seems to belong here.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Marojejy, along trail to Marojejy East from Mandena, Oct. 1988 (fl.), Miller 3327 (MO). Maroantsetra, Masoala Peninsula, Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6466 (K, TAN); idem, Feb. 1988 (fl, young fruit), Dransfield et al. JD6472 (K, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Mananara, Aug. 1917 (fl.), Perrier 12045 (P); 5 km south of Antanambe, April 1992 (fl., fr.), Beentje & Dransfield 4636 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Î;le Sainte Marie: Forêt de Kalalao, Nov. 1994 (sterile), Dransfield et al. JD7521 (K, TAN); Forêt d'Ambohidena, Nov. 1994 (buds), Dransfield et al. JD7528 (K, TAN). Toamasina: Betampona, near Ambodiriana, Dec. 1925 (fl.), Perrier 17477 (P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis fibrosa</name>
+<author>(Wright) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 365 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar; Proctor Brothers; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dictyosperma fibrosum</name>
+<author>Wright</author>
+<bibref>Wright, Kew Bull. (1894): 359.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Vonitra fibrosa</name>
+<author>(Wright) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Wright) Becc., Agric Colon 5: 322 (1911)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madag: 8, figs 3, 4 (1912)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is one of the most widespread of species in the "Vonitra" group, occurring throughout the north-west and eastern rain forest belt. In habitat it differs from the much larger D. crinita that often grows in nearby val-ley bottoms and riversides, while the present species will grow on ridges and slopes. The sheaths produce abundant piassava, leaf sheath fibre, and hence the species name. This species has been cultivated in many botanical gardens and private collections where the combination of neat dark green leaves that are flushed red when newly emerged and attractive brown fibre make it particularly ornamental. Its ability to branch dichotomously adds to its appeal.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Vonitra (widespread), Vonitrambohitra (mountain vonitra, fide Jumelle), Ravimbontro (Nosy Mangabe).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering palm, when clustering in groups of 2-6. TRUNK 3-9 m, branched once or twice (rarely three times) a few meters above the ground, rarely unbranched, the branches closely parallel, 5-18 cm diam.; distal part of the trunk covered in fibrous piassava; base swollen, sometimes with surface roots resembling stilt roots; bark pale brown to grey, ringed, internodes 0.8-2 cm; wood hard, white. LEAVES 8-25 in each crown, occasionally with up to 8 marcescent leaves; leaves arching, held on edge in the distal half; sheath 40-60 cm long, red-brown floccose, proximally 10-12 cm wide, more distally with a central woody part and a fibrous part together with a 30-34 cm long pale brown tongue opposite the petiole becoming tattered and so producing the piassava clothing the upper part of the trunk; petiole 40-170 cm long, proximally 1.2-2.6 x 0.8-1.5 cm, distally 0.9-1.6 x 0.8-1 cm, with red-brown patches of tomentum but glabrescent, adaxially slightly convex or channelled, with sharp edges; rachis 1.4-2 m long, in mid-leaf 0.9-1 cm wide and keeled, with red-brown patches of tomentum but glabrescent; leaflets regular, 34-51 on each side of the rachis, in one plane, dull dark green (red in young leaves), the proximal 45-82 x 0.8-2.5 cm, median 46-71 x 2.6-4.3 cm (108 x 7.3 cm in Perrier 14097), distal 10-42 x 0.5-2.3 cm, acute, the terminal pair in young plants wide (up to 5 cm) and connate for up to 25 % of their length, main veins 5-7, the midrib prominent adaxially, glabrous, apices unequally attenuate. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, erect in bud, porrect-arching in flower and fruit, branched to 3 orders (once to 4 orders); peduncle 70-94 (- 150) cm long, proximally 1.5-2.5 x 0.9-1.8 cm, distally 1-1.7 x 0.7-1 cm, green, glabrous; prophyll 39-56 cm, reddish-tomentose, glabrescent; peduncular bract 103-188 cm, 6-8 cm wide, splitting only near its apex, beaked for 2-12 cm, coriaceous, inserted at 17-20 cm from the base of the peduncle, abscising and carried upwards with the lengthening inflorescence, brown with patches of red-brown pubescence; rachis 37-60 cm long, green, glabrous, with 15-17 branched and 6-14 unbranched branches; first order branches flattened, -1.3 x 0.3-0.5 cm, with basal swelling; rachillae arching to almost pendulous (4.5-) 17-53 cm long (up to 78 cm in fruit) and 0.1-0.2 cm diam. (up to 0.5 cm in fruit), glabrous, green to red-brown, with spaced triads in slight pits. FLOWERS orange in bud, yellow at anthesis. STAMINATE FLOWERS slightly trigonous, narrowed near the base, with sepals 1-1.4 x 1.4-2.3 mm, broadly ovate, hooded; petals 1.5-1.8 x 1.3 mm, hooded; stamens 6, in 2 series, didymous, densely appressed against the pistillode, filaments 1-1.4 x 0.5 mm, anthers medifixed or dorsifixed with almost globose thecae, c. 0.3 x 0.3 mm; pistillode bottle-shaped, with indentations conforming to the stamens, c. x 0.4-0.5 mm in diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS globose, with sepals 1.2-1.8 x 2.3-2.8 mm, broadly ovate, hooded; petals suborbicular, 2.1-2.8 x 1.8-2.4 mm; ovary asymmetrical, c. 1.8 x 1.6 mm, topped by an indistinct trigonous apex; staminodes c. 0.2 mm high, dentiform. FRUIT black, obovoid to almost globose, 20-30 x 18-25 mm; persistent sepals c. 3 x 3-4 mm, persistent petals c. 5 x 7 mm; mesocarp fleshy, c. 5 mm thick; endocarp fibrous, with up to 25 mm long fibres. SEED 20-23 x 15-18 mm, ellipsoid, pointed at the apex; endosperm with ruminations 3-4 mm deep. EOPHYLL bifid, germination adjacent-ligular.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW and E Madagascar.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist upland forest or coastal hill forest on steep slopes or less often on ridge tops, also in littoral or peatswamp forest overlying white sand at low altitudes; alt. 5-800 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. Widespread.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaf extensively used for thatching (Masoala), inflorescences sold as brushes (Masoala). Formerly one of the main piassava producers (30-50 francs a kg in 1951).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The fruit is said to be eaten by wild pig, and we have seen signs which seem to confirm this. Though Beccari (1906) thought he was making a new combination based on Dypsis thouarsiana when coining the name Vonitra thouarsiana, the descriptions, both of the new genus and of the species, were based on Baron 3190, quite distinct from the types of Dypsis thouarsiana. Beccari saw the types of Dypsis thouarsiana and thought the leaf was a young one, possibly a seedling, of his new taxon; he also considered the inflorescence of Dypsis thouarsiana as too young too analyse. The taxa, however, are clearly distinct, the types of Dypsis thouarsiana having three most peculiar stamens and leaves with 3-4 leaflets on each side of the rachis (see under 109. Dypsis thouarsiana).</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja: Manongarivo, Bekolosi, Dec. 1992 (fr.), Malcomber et al. 1972 (K). Maroantsetra: Antalavia, Apr. 1988 (fl.), Gentry & Schatz 62180 (K, MO, P); W of Maroantsetra, Oct. 1963 (fl.), Moore 9009 (P, TAN); 5 km W of Maroantsetra, Oct. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6360 (K, P, TAN); Nosy Mangabe, April 1989 (fl.), B. DuPuy MB146 (K, TAN); Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (fl., fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6373 (K, TAN). Sainte Marie: Kalalao forest, Nov. 1994 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD7523 (K, TAN). Soanierana-Ivongo: Andasibe, Dec. 1938 (bud), Lam & Meeuse 5862 (K, L). Ambatondrazaka: Maningory Falls, Dec. 1944, Homolle 547 (P, probably a very young plant). Toamasina: Betampona, Oct. 1991 (bud, fr.), Beentje 4498 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Toamasina, (leaf, seed), Proctor Bros. s.n. (K). Moramanga: Analamazaotra, (fl.,fr.), Perrier 12001 (P). Ampasimanolotra: Andrambolahy kely to Andranampony, April 1951 (fl.), Cours 4511 (K, P, TAN); Anivoranokely, Sept. 1954 (fl.), Vigrence 15462 (P); 5 km S of Ambila-Lemaitso, Nov. 1986 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6440 (K, P, TAN); idem, Sept. 1991 (fl., fr.), Beentje 4449 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Vatomandry: without precise location, Nov. 1927 (fl.), Perrier 14097 (P). Ifanadiana: Ambohimanga rd. (fl.), Dequaire 27702 (P); 34km E of Ranomafana, March 1991 (bud), Beentje 4439 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Mananjary: Mt Vatovavy, Aug. 1911 (fl.), Perrier 12053 (P). Farafangana: Manombo, Nov. 1991 (bud), Beentje 4519 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Vangaindrano: Analalava, Dec. 1971 (fl.), Guillaumet 4017 (TAN). Tolanaro: Manantenina, Marovony, Oct. 1990 (infl.), Randrianasolo et al. 185 (K); NW of Ste Luce, Oct. 1989 (fr.), McPherson et al. 14218 (P). Without locality, Central Madagascar, s.d. (fl.), Baron 2319 (K, type of V. thouarsiana sensu Beccari). CULTIVATED: Sri Lanka, Peradeniya Royal Bot. Gard., July 1986 (fr.), Rutherford & Bandara R 136 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis forficifolia</name>\r
+<author>Noronha</author>\r
+<citation>ex Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (ed. 1): 180, t. 143. f. 2 (1838)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 147: 1161 (1894)</bibref> <bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38, Beibl. 87: 12 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 10 (1912)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.- Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 6 (1): 30, 33 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Bull. Acad. Malgache 6: 9 (1923)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 12 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 39 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar; Du Petit Thouars; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Dypsis hirtula</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<bibref>Mart., Hist Nat Palm 3 (ed 1): 181 (1838)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc, Palme del Madagascar 13 (1912)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 13 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, "Rocam Bondi"; Poivre; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Dypsis littoralis</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 3, 6 (1): 34 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Bull Acad Malgache 6: 10 (1923)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 13 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 40 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Mananara; Perrier; 12056</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Dypsis masoalensis</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 3, 6 (1): 36 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Bull Acad Malgache 6: 15 (1923)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 14 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 48 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Masoala; Perrier; 12034</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A slender solitary or clustered palm of the forest undergrowth. This is the commonest small palm of the forests of the northeast. It is very variable and, as can be seen from the list of synonyms, we are including within its range of variation species that have in the past been recognised as distinct. It appears to flower and fruit abundantly and so there should be little difficulty in obtaining seed. It would certainly make a very handsome ornamental. It could be confused with D. ambilaensis but differs in the position of the three stamens (see under D. ambilaensis). The species name is derived from the Latin for a pair of shears or scissors, presumably in reference to the forked leaves, reminiscent of an open pair of shears.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, solitary or clustered forest undergrowth palm. STEMS to 4 m tall, c. 7-10 mm diam., internodes 8-30 mm long, often striped when young, dark green near the nodes, pale green between, with scattered to dense caducous dark brown scales, c. 8 x 5 mm. LEAF with sheaths 7-9 cm long, 0.7-1.8 cm diam., pale green, rather densely covered in caducous brown scales, auricles usually well developed, triangular; petiole absent or to 12 cm long, 2.5-4 mm wide, abaxially rounded or angled, adaxially grooved or flat; rachis 16-32 cm; blade entire bifid, to 35 x 18 cm, split from one third to one half the length, or with 2-6 leaflets on each side of the rachis; leaflets generally rather broad, occasionally a few narrow leaflets also present, 6-30 x 0.7-8 cm, apical pair with shallow apical lobing, adaxially lamina glabrous, abaxially with scattered bands of caducous, chaffy brown scales, abundant minute punctiform brown scales and scattered large ramenta to 6 mm long; emerging leaf sometimes tinged pink. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branching to 2, rarely to 3 orders; peduncle 22-50 cm long, c. 2 mm diam. near tip; prophyll 9-25 x 0.4-0.8 cm, with scattered mid brown scales; peduncular bract similar to prophyll but exceeding it, 15- 40 x 0.4-0.8 cm; rachis 13-40 cm long, glabrous or sparsely scaly; rachillae from 30 to c. 200, usually diverging at a rather wide but acute angle, occasionally reflexed, 2-4.5 cm long (rarely to 12 cm), 0.5-0.7 mm diam., glabrescent and slightly angled on drying, occasionally with sparse laciniate scales, bearing at anthesis rather distant triads of flowers, c. 1-4 mm distant, each subtended by a smooth entire or shallowly to deeply laciniate rachilla bract c. 1 mm high. STAMINATE FLOWERS c. 1 mm diam. at anthesis; sepals c. 0.5 x 0.5 mm, rounded, keeled, somewhat erose margined, shining; petals c. 1 x 0.8 mm, striate; stamens 3, antesepalous, filaments connate in a low ring c. 0.15 mm high, anthers c. 0.25 mm, staminodes absent; pistillode low, conical. PISTILLATE FLOWERS c. 1 mm diam., globose; sepals 0.5 x 0.5 mm, broadly imbricate; petals c. 1 x 0.8 mm, striate; staminodes 3 minute; ovary c. 0.8 mm diam. Mature FRUIT red, turning black, to c. 15 x 9 mm, ellipsoid. SEED 14 x 6 mm, endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral near the base.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NE Madagascar, apparently quite common.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Coastal lowlands and hill forest; 5-500 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>So widespread in the northeast of the island as to be at present not threatened.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Our interpretation of D. hirtula differs from that of Beccari (1910) and Jumelle and Perrier (1945). The holotype of D. hirtula is an unnumbered Poivre collection in the Jussieu Herbarium in Paris. Vegetatively this specimen fits within the range of variation of D. forficifolia. The inflorescence, however, is branched to three (very rarely four) orders and the rachillae are slender, bearing scattered dark brown laciniate scales and rather distant triads. Viewed in isolation the types of D. forficifolia and D. hirtula thus appear rather different and can be differentiated using the character of rachilla scaliness utilised by Beccari. However, with the wide range of material now available, illustrating considerable variation in D. forficifolia, it is no longer possible to make a clear distinction and we have concluded that D. hirtula represents one extreme of the variation of D. forficifolia. We have not been able to examine the Majastre collection illustrated by Beccari (1910) as D. hirtula but we suspect that this is D. viridis. Perrier 17466, cited in the Flore de Madagascar as D. hirtula and used as the basis of the illustration, is, we believe, D. viridis(q.v.). We have also included D. masoalensis in synonymy with D. forficifolia. Jumelle described the former as differing from the latter in the presence of laciniate rachilla bracts and hairs on the rachillae, and the presence of up to six leaflets on each side of the rachis. The leaf of D. masoalensis fits within the range of variation of D. forficifolia and the rachillae, similarly, in D. for ficifolia can vary from being glabrous to with very sparse caducous laciniate scales and the rachilla bracts from being entire to sparsely laciniate. D. littoralis fits within the range of variation of D. forficifolia and so is included here too. Plants from near Ambanizana, Masoala Peninsula, tend to have inflorescences branched to three rather than two orders with rather slender and very numerous more or less glabrous rachillae. Dypsis forficifolia var. reducta has staminate flowers with six stamens with didymous anthers, so clearly does not belong here (see under D. schatzii).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Masoala, Aug. 1912 (buds), Perrier 12034 (Holotype of D. masoalensis Jum. P); idem, Aug. 1912 (buds), Perrier 12037 (P); Ambanizana, Oct. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6387 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6470 (K, NY, MO, P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1989 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6746 (K, TAN); Andronabe, Feb. 1992 (fr.), Zjhra & Hutcheon 139 (K, MO, TAN); Andranofotsy River, Sahavary, Feb. 1988 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6450 (K, MO, NY, P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1988 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6456 (K, MO, NY, P, TAN); Bay of Antongil, Fananehana, Aug. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 12091 (P). Mananara Avaratra: Mananara, littoral forest, Aug. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 12056 (Holotype of Dypsis littoralis Jum., P); 10 km west of Antanambe, April 1992 (fl.), Beentje et al. 4624 (K, TAN); 5 km south of Antanambe, April 1992 (fl., fr.), Beentje et al. 4633 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, April 1992 (fl.), Beentje et al. 4637 (K, TAN). Soanierana-Ivongo: Soanierana-Ivongo, Feb. 1969 (fl.), Guillaumet 2406 (P). Î;le Sainte Marie: Tafondrou, March 1847 (fl.), Boivin 1704 (FI, P); Forêt de Kalalao, Nov. 1994 (fl., fr.), Dransfield JD7525 (K, P, TAN). Without locality: Du Petit Thouars s.n. (Holotype P); Poivre s.n. (Holotype of D. hirtulaMart. P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis furcata</name>\r
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 393 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, East Coast, Mangoro; Perrier; 18051</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotypus P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>There is only one herbarium specimen of this slender palmlet. In spite of that, the form of leaf appears to be so distinctive and unusual that there should be no difficulty in identifying it, should it be refound. This must have been a very beautiful palm. The species name refers to the deeply forked leaf.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Inter species floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antepetalis, staminodiis antesepalis alternantibus, foliis valde furcatis, inflorescentia 2ramosa distincta.\r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender forest undergrowth palm to 1-2 m tall. STEM 7 mm diam., internodes 13-16 mm long, bearing scattered dark brown scales. LEAVES probably c. 5 in crown, entire deeply bifid, to 35 cm long; sheaths 6-8.5 cm, c. 1.2 cm diam., striate, rather densely covered with red-brown scales and branched trichomes, auricles triangular, 7 x 6 mm; petiole 7-13 cm long, c. 3.5 mm wide at the base, with abundant caducous dark brown scales; costa 2 cm only; blade deeply bifid, the two lobes 27-35 x 2-3 cm, tapering to the narrow tips, apical margin shallowly and irregularly lobed, adaxial surface with sparse scattered brown punctiform scales, abaxial surface with abundant brown punctiform scales and bands of elongate pale trichomes with brown bases. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar at first, later infrafoliar, branched to 2 orders; peduncle 23-30 cm, c. 3 mm wide at the base; prophyll inserted c. 4-5.5 mm above base, 17-21 x 0.8 cm, membranous, sparsely scaly; peduncular bract similar to prophyll, exceeding it by 5-7 cm; rachis when fully expanded 16-26 cm, densely covered in redbrown branched trichomes; most (not just basalmost) first order branches branched to a further order; rachillae c. 70, 1.5-3 cm long, c. 0.8 mm diam., with scattered red-brown branched trichomes, triads c. 0.8-1 mm apart, rachilla bracts 0.25 x 0.5 mm, rounded, with entire margins. STAMINATE FLOWERS bud 0.6 mm diam.; sepals 0.4 x 0.4 mm, margins erose; petals 0.5 x 0.4 mm, triangular, striate; stamens 3, antepetalous, alternating with 3 minute antesepalous staminodes; pistillode minute. Persistent striate petals at base of very immature fruit to 1 x 1.1 mm. Other parts unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central East Coast of Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rain forest at low elevation.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Presumed extinct. Not collected since the type collection was made more than sixty-five years ago.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Known from a single collection, this is nevertheless a very distinctive species, with deeply divided leaf blades and densely hairy inflorescences with numerous rachillae.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mahanoro: Lower Mangoro, forest remnants, Oct. 1927 (fl.), Perrier 18051 (Holotype P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis glabrescens</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<citation>Palme del Madagascar 16 (1913)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 6 (1): 30 (1918)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Bull. Acad. Malgache 6: 11 (1923)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jumelle, Cat. Pl. Madagascar Palmae: 12 (1938)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 43 (1945)</bibref> \r
+<type>Madagascar, Île Sainte Marie, Tafondrou; Boivin; 1709</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Trichodypsis glabrescens</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst., Beibl. 38: 15 (1906)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A small solitary or clustering palm of the undergrowth of lowland forest in the north-east of the island. The species epithet, Latin for becoming glabrous (lacking hairs) refers to the branches of the inflorescence. In some populations, the rachillae are quite hairy when they are newly expanded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender solitary or clustering undergrowth palmlet to 3 m tall. STEM 7-10 mm diam., internode to 9-30 mm, glabrous. LEAVES 5-6 in crown; sheath 6-8 cm long, 8-11 mm diam., striate, drying reddish brown, with scattered to dense caducous scales, auricles membranous, 12-16 x 2-3 mm; petiole 1-12 cm, 2-2.5 mm wide near base; rachis 9 -19 cm; blade entire bifid, to 33 cm long, split to almost two thirds the length or with 2-4 leaflets on each side of the rachis, diverging at an acute angle, rather close, the longest at the base to 26 x 1.5-2.8 cm, apical leaflets to 20 x 1.5 cm, apical leaflet tips somewhat contracted, blunt, only very shallowly lobed, adaxial surface with sparse minute brown punctiform scales, abaxially drying pale green, with abundant minute brown punctiform scales and bands of caducous brown hairs. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, shorter than the leaves, branching to 1 order; peduncle 18-23 cm long, c. 2 mm diam., with scattered dark brown trichomes; prophyll 6-11 x 0.4 cm, dull brown, with scattered caducous scales; peduncular bract similar, but exceeding the prophyll by 7-9 cm; rachis 6-11 cm, sparsely to densely covered with caducous brown trichomes, eventually glabrescent; rachillae c. 14-25, diverging at a ± acute or right angle, 4-7 cm long, with scattered dark brown trichomes or almost glabrous, but covered in numerous minute papillae or smooth (Beentje 4488), triads c. 1-3 mm distant, rachilla bracts inconspicuous, entire. STAMINATE FLOWERS c. 1.1 mm diam.; sepals c. 0.7 x 0.8 mm, rounded, broad imbricate, erose at margin, keeled; petals at anthesis very fleshy, striate, c. 1.5 x 1.6 mm, basally very briefly joined, the lobes gaping slightly; stamens 3, antepetalous, alternating with 3 antesepalous staminodes, anthers didymous, c. 0.2 x 0.1 mm, pistillode conical, minute. PISTILLATE FLOWER bud rounded, c. 1 mm diam.; sepals erose margined, broadly imbricate, c. 0.8 x 0.9 mm;petals valvate apically, strongly imbricate at base, fleshy, 1.2 x 1 mm; staminodes 6 (fide Beccari); ovary c. 0.8 mm diam. FRUIT cherry-red at maturity, ovoid, 13-15 x 10-11 mm. SEED 10 x 6 mm, endosperm homogenous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Madagascar, only known from Î;le Sainte Marie, Mananara Avaratra and Betampona.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rain forest; tending to occur in valley bottoms. 50-600 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered; despite being known from three localities, all populations are small. Only in Betampona does the palm occur within a reserve.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species resembles D. mocquerysiana in its small stature and entire-bifid or sparsely divided leaf and the position of the three stamens. It differs, however, in the inflorescence that has a much shorter rachis bearing many fewer rather uniform and relatively long rachillae that generally diverge at an acute angle; the rachillae are usually minutely papillose. Perrier 12037, cited in Flora of Madagascar under D. glabrescens, has antesepalous stamens, so cannot belong to D. glabrescens. It is included under D. forficifolia. A palm from Betampona, represented by Beentje 4488 matches D. glabrescens in all its parts except for lacking the minute papillosity of the rachillae of D. glabrescens. At first we thought that the specimens from Mananara Avaratra represented an undescribed taxon, but then a new collection from the type locality of D. glabrescens has illustrated a wider range of variation into which the Mananara collections fit. Razanaparany RN10018 (K, P) from nearby Ambodiriana, has similar rachillae to Beentje 4488, but has a robust leaf with many scales and of quite different texture and form and with a very much larger inflorescence. We have not been able to match this incomplete collection.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananara Avaratra: 10 km west of Antanambe, April 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Dransfield 4631 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Oct. 1994 (fl., fr.), Dransfield & Beentje JD7501 (K, TAN). Î;le Sainte Marie: Tafondrou, July 1849 (fl.), Boivin 1709 (Holotype P; isotype fragment FI); Forêt de Kalalao, Nov. 1994 (dead infl.), Dransfield et al. JD7530 (K, TAN). Toamasina: Betampona, Oct. 1991 (fl.), Beentje 4488 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis heteromorpha</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 197 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Tsaratanana; Perrier; 11935, 15266 and 15266bis</type>\r
+<type_loc>Syntypes P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neodypsis heteromorphus</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 2 (2): 20 (1924)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 18 (1938)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier Fl. Madagascar 30: 145 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This palm has not been collected since 1959, and the material available to us was fairly fragmentary. A high altitude species, with the name indicating the variation in the leaf division: from regularly pinnate with many leaflets, to entire-leaved on young shoots.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 3-6, but sometimes appearing solitary. STEMS 3-12 m high, 8-12 cm diam.; internodes green, nodal scars obvious. LEAVES c. 10 in the crown, tristichous (fide Humbert & Saboureau 31725); sheath 27-50 cm long, to 7 cm wide when flattened, with sloping shoulders, adaxially red-brown, abaxially very waxy, in the distal part with dense reddish laciniate scales; petiole absent or up to 35 cm long, 1-1.8 cm diam., densely pubescent or with scattered scales; rachis c. 1.5 m long, in mid- leaf 0.9-1.3 cm wide, slightly keeled, pubescent on both surfaces; leaflets (number unknown) regular, the proximal 20-62 x 0.2-2.5 cm, median 41-67 x 1-3.5 cm (interval 1.5-3.5 cm), distal 7-35 x 0.6-2.5 cm, main veins 1-5, and with thickened margins, abaxially with scattered reddish glands on the minor veins and continuous or scattered laciniate ramenta 3-20 mm long on the midrib, apex bifid, unequally attenuate, young shoots with entire, deeply bilobed leaves 26-50 cm long with a costa 2-4 cm and lobes 24-46 cm long, or leaves with 2-4 leaflets (not seen), on a 64-75 cm long petiole. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, branched to 2 orders, pendulous; peduncle 20-40 (+) cm long, proximally 2-3.5 x 0.8-1.3 cm, distally 1-2 x 0.7-1.2 cm, glabrous; prophyll 38-52 x 3-8.5 cm, borne at 9-20 cm above the base of the peduncle, open for a third or over its whole length, erect, with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at 17-29 cm from the base of the peduncle, 27-55 (+) cm long, open over its whole length, beaked for 0.5-4 cm, with scattered scales; non-tubular peduncular bracts one or two, 2-5 cm long; rachis 10-35 cm long, glabrous, with 8-10 branched and 7-9 unbranched first order branches, first order branches with a rachis 1.5-13 cm long and 1.1-1.7 x 0.5-0.8 cm diam. proximally with 3-9 rachillae; rachis bracts conspicuous, to 2.5 cm, pale brown; rachillae 5-23 cm long, 2-4 mm diam., with dense triads (more distant in fruit), superficial or slightly sunk, with triangular acute rachilla bracts and very pronounced bracteoles. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.7-3.2 x 3.5-4.4 mm; petals 3.5-3.8 x 2.5-3 mm; stamens 6, slightly 2-seriate (offset 0.2 mm), filaments in ripe buds 1.8-2.1 mm, cylindrical, anthers 2.2-2.4 x 0.9-1.2 mm; pistillode c. 2.4 mm high, 1.2 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 3-4 x 3.3-5mm; petals (at young bud stage) 3.6-3.8 x c. 3.5 mm, very concave (4-5.5 x 5-7.2 mm in young fruit); staminodes not seen; gynoecium when young c. 3 mm high, 1.8 mm diam. FRUIT ellipsoid, 17- 23 x 14-22 mm, rounded at the apex; endocarp fibrous, the fibres anastomosing. SEED ellipsoid, 16-22 x 13-21 mm, obtuse at the base with a sub-aequatorial depression, rounded at apex, with slight surface grooving; endosperm ruminate, the ruminations distant and 1-7 mm deep. EOPHYLL bifid.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>N Madagascar: Tsaratanana, Marojejy and Anjanaharibe.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist montane forest; 1300-2200 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Uncertain, but probably rare; the distribution area is not well known botanically.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Related to D. baronii and D. onilahensis, and possibly a high-altitude variant of the former; distinct by deep-ruminate endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa / Ambilobe / Bealanana: Mt Tsaratanana, Oct. 1912 (y.fr.), Perrier 11935 (P); idem, Jan. 1923 (fr.), Perrier 15266 (P, syntype); idem, sine die (fl., fr.), Perrier 15266 bis (P, syntype). Bealanana: Ambohimirahavavy Mts, Jan./Feb. 1951 (fr.), Humbert & Capuron 25281 (K, P). Andapa: N Anjanaharibe, Dec. 1950/Jan. 1951 (fr.), Humbert et al. 24766 (K, P); Ambatoharanana valley to upper Antsahaberoka, Nov./Dec. 1959 (y.fr.), Humbert & Saboureau 31725 (K, P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis heterophylla</name>
+<author></author>Baker
+<citation>J. Linn. Soc. 22: 525 (1887)</citation>
+<type>Central Madagascar; Baron; 486</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neophloga heterophylla</name>
+<author>(Baker) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Baker) Becc., Bot Jahrb Syst 38, Beibl 87: 28 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 33, fig 26, t 32 (1914)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 4, 6 (3): 37 (1929)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 20 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 74 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dypsis rhodotricha</name>
+<author>Baker</author>
+<bibref>Baker, J Linn Soc 22: 525 (1887)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, between Tamatave and Antananarivo, Aug 1862; Meller; 2</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neophloga rhodotricha</name>
+<author>(Baker) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Baker) Becc., Bot Jahrb Syst 38, Beibl 87: 29 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 34, t 27, t 22, 33 34 (1914)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 4, 6 (3): 25 (1929)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 22 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 72, fig 19 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dypsidium vilersianum</name>
+<author>Baill.</author>
+<bibref>Baill., Bull Soc Linn Soc Paris 148: 1173 (1894)</bibref>
+<type>Central Madagascar; Le Myre de Vilers; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dypsidium emirnense</name>
+<author>Baill.</author>
+<bibref>Baill., Bul Soc Lin Paris (1894): 1173</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, Androngaloaka (Andrangolaoka), March 1889; Le Myre de Vilers; </type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neophloga emirnensis</name>
+<author>(Baill.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Baill.) Becc., Bot Jahrb Syst 38, Beibl 87: 28 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 32, fig 25, pl 31 (1912)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neophloga majorana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot Jahrb Syst 38, Beibl 87: 23 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 23, t 21 (1912)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 4, 6 (3): 36 (1929)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 21 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 78, fig 21: 1-2 (1945)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, Ambohimitombo forest; Forsyth Major; 605</type>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neophloga linearis var. disticha</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 4, 6 (3): 44 (1929)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 88 (1945)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, Vohitra R, Ambatovola; Perrier; 18399</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>An aptly named species: heterophylla means with different or variable leaves, and that is certainly true. The type has entire leaves and pinnate leaves on the same stem. This is a small clustering palm of the submontane forest, with quite some variation, some forms being very decorative.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm, often seeming solitary. STEMS 0.5-2.5 m tall, 7-8 mm diam.; internodes 3-6 cm long, dark green, distally 0.7-4 cm long, densely dull rusty-scaly. LEAVES 5-9 in the crown, spiral, entire or pinnate, porrect, sometimes marcescent; sheath 6-12 cm long, pale green and densely scaly with long-laciniate purple to red scales, with auricles absent or up to 1 cm long; petiole absent or up to 12 cm long, 1.5-3 mm wide, densely puberulous; rachis 9-28 cm long, densely puberulous to almost glabrous, in mid-leaf 1-2 mm wide, hardly keeled; lamina entire and 17-24 cm long, midrib 7.5-11.5 cm, lobes 7.5-14 x 1.2-3.5 cm, the apices dentate over a width of 5-12 mm and with some teeth on the outside margin as well, with 7-11 main veins, with reddish glands on midrib and minor veins; or pinnate with 2-13 leaflets on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-5 or irregular, group interval 2-8 cm, the proximal leaflets 7-20 x 0.3-1.8 cm (occasionally much wider than the median and connate for up to 1.8 cm with the midrib, with 1-6 main veins), median 6-13 (- 19) x 0.4-1.3 cm, distal 5-15 x 0.6-3 cm, main veins 1-5, with a few to many scattered scales on the main and minor veins and distally with large marginal scales, apices attenuate to acuminate, distal pair joined for 0.5-5 cm, with 3-6 main veins, dentate over a width of 0.3-1 cm. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 1 order or rarely (in the north, and the type of N. rhodotricha) unbranched, arching, 15-30 cm; peduncle 7-19 cm long, 1.5-2 mm diam. distally, densely puberulous; prophyll 4-15 cm long, 3-8 mm wide, borne at 3-5 cm above the base of the peduncle, dark brown, with scattered scales to almost glabrous, opening in the distal 1-3 cm; peduncular bract deciduous, inserted at 9-12 cm from the base of the peduncle, 3-9 cm long, split in the distal 2-3 cm; non-tubular peduncular bract occasionally present and 2-11 mm long; rachis absent or up to 5 cm long, with (1 -) 2-6 branches, with scattered scales; rachillae yellow-green, 4-10 cm long, 1-2.5 mm diam., with scattered stellate scales but glabrescent, with distant superficial triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.7-1.6 mm x 0.8-1.5 mm; petals 1.6-3 x 1.1-1.6 mm, striate, occasionally on a 0.3-0.5 mm high receptacle; stamens 6, equal or biseriate, the antesepalous 0.2-0.4 mm lower than the antepetalous, connate for 0.2-0.3 mm, filaments 0.4-1.2 mm, white, thin, anthers 1-1.5 x 0.4-0.7 mm, dorsifixed versatile, slightly apiculate; pistillode trigonous-pyramidal, 0.6-1.2 x 0.2-0.6 mm, cylindrical. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.7-1.6 x 0.8-1.6 mm; petals 2-2.8 x 1.5-2.8 mm; staminodes 0.1-0.4 mm; pistil 2.1-2.2 mm high, 0.7-2.2 mm diam. FRUIT yellow turning orange and then red, ellipsoid, fleshy, 5-6.3 x 4-5 mm (9-11 x 4-5 mm in the type of rhodotricha). SEED c. 6 x 3.5-4 mm, with rounded to slightly pointed base and apex, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Reasonably widespread between Tsaratanana and Marojejy in the north to the Ambositra area.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Submontane rain forest; steep slopes or ridges; 550-1450 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare; occurring in a wide area, but not common anywhere.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Dypsis heterophylla was described by Baker with Baron 486 and Lyall 323 as the only specimens mentioned. These syntypes are of different taxa. We believe Baron 486 represents Baker's idea of D. heterophylla best, not only because the other specimen is cited as "also, Lyall 323" but the protologue refers to the mixture of entire and pinnate leaves present in the Baron sheet; the Lyall sheet has only entire leaves. Therefore we have chosen Baron 486 as the lectotype of the name. Lyall 323, the lectoparatype of D. heterophylla, is D. minuta. There are three sheets of the lectotype at Kew, all looking quite different from each other; however, lar. Heterophylla seems a most appropriate name for this taxon. N. rhodotricha is distinct only by the fruit size, and therefore is brought into synonymy here. Dypsidium vilersianum was put into synonymy of Neophloga rhodotricha by Beccari in 1906; Dypsidium emirnense / Neophloga emirnensis was put into synonymy by Jumelle in 1929.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Bealanana: Ankaizina near Bealana, Nov. 1929 (fl.), Perrier 15104 (P). Andapa: Marojejy East, Nov. 1989 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6763 (K, P, TAN). Maroantsetra: Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6370 (K, P, TAN). Amparafaravola: Andiamena road, Feb. 1970 (y. fr.), Guillaumet 2512 (K, P, TAN); idem, Andranobe forest, March 1970 (fl., y.fr.), Bosser 19853 (P). Ambatondrazaka: Zahamena, March 1941 (fl.), Decary 16503 (K, P); idem, Decary 16672, 16683 (P); Andrangovalo massif, Oct. 1937 (ster.), Humbert & Cours 17908bis (P). Anjozorobe: Analabe, Feb. 1928 (fl.), Perrier 18446 (P). Manjakandriana: Androngaloaka (Andrangolaoka), May 1889 (fr.), Le Myre de Vilers s.n. (P, type of Dypsidium emirnense). Moramanga: Ambatovola, Jan. 1928 (fl.), Perrier 18390 (P) and 18399 (P, type of N. linearis var. distachya); Mantady, March 1991 (fr.), Beentje & Raharilala 4408 (K, TAN); Analamazaotra, Dec. ?? (fl.), Perrier 12003 (P); Perinet, June 1962 (fr.), Bosser 15946 (P). Ambositra: Ambohimitombo, Dec. 1894 (bud), Forsyth Major 604 (K, isotype of N. linearis); idem, Jan. 1895 (fl.), Forsyth Major 605 (K, type of N. majorana; see NOTE); near Ranomena, July 1992 (old infl.), Beentje & Beentje 4740 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis hiarakae</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 286 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Ambanizana, Oct 1986 (y. fr.); Dransfield et al.; JD6398</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A slightly nondescript medium-sized palm from rain forest in the north. The name refers to a village on the west coast of Masoala.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sinkiara, Tsirika (Tsimihety).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>palma solitaria folio irregulariter pinnato pinnis fasciculatis inflorescentia in 2 vel 3 ordines ramificanti flore staminato 6 staminibus antheris versatalibus endospermio homogeneo distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. STEM 3-6 m, 1.2-2.5 cm diam., sometimes stilt-root-ed at the base; internodes 1.5-6 cm long, pale green, ± glabrous. LEAVES 7-9 in the crown, arching, pinnate; sheath 18-22 cm long, 2/3 closed, pale green with few scattered scales, denser distally, with ragged margins; petiole 15-17 cm long, 5-8 x 2-4 mm diam., adaxially flat, with scattered brown scales; rachis 35-67 cm long, in mid-leaf 2-4 mm wide, with scattered scales; leaflets 12-21 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-5, slightly fanned, the group interval 5-12 cm, leaflet interval 0.5-0.9 cm, the proximal 18-24 x 0.3-0.9 cm, median 15-31 x 1.5-5 cm, distal 10-25 x 1.3-4.5 cm, main veins 1-3 (in the distal pair 3-5), with scattered scales on the major and minor veins, and sometimes with long ramenta, apices attenuate, distal pair joined for 1-5 cm, with the apices dentate over a width of 5-10 mm. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, branched to 2 (rarely 3) orders, erect with numerous arching to hanging rachillae; peduncle 7-37 cm long, proximally c. 12 x 4 mm, distally 3-6 x 3.5-5 mm, densely scaly; prophyll 10-19 cm long, 8-12 mm wide, borne at 1-4 cm above the base of the peduncle, with scattered scales, open in the distal 1-3.5 cm; peduncular bract inserted at 9-14 cm from the base of the peduncle, 14-26 cm long, open for most of its length, beaked for 3 cm, glabrous, rapidly deciduous; rachis 7.5-17 cm long, glabrous or nearly so with 7-10 branched and 5-8 unbranched first order branches, the proximal of these with an axis of up to 7 cm with up to 6 rachillae; rachillae 17-27 cm long, 1-2 mm diam., glabrous to puberulous. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1-1.2 x 1-1.2 mm; petals 2.8-3 x 1.5-2 mm; stamens 6, biseriate, filaments c. 1 mm, anthers 1.3-1.5 x 0.6 mm, parallel and dorsifixed; pistillode c. 1 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.9-1.4 x 0.6-1.5 mm; petals 1.5-2.1 x 1.6-2.4 mm; staminodes 6, 0.3-0.5 mm. FRUIT red, ellipsoid with a rounded apex, c. 9 x 5 mm. SEED 6.5-7 x 3.5 mm, obtuse at both ends, with homogeneous endosperm.
+NOTE: This species seems closest to D. confusa, but is distinct in the long rachillae.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Manongarivo, Masoala and Mananara Avaratra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland to submontane rain forest; ridgetop or flat slope; 240-600 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare, possibly vulnerable. Numbers are probably less than a few hundred.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems used to make blowpipes in Manongarivo.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja: Ambalafary, Feb. 1992 (fr.), Beentje et al. 4578 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Amtsahakolany Valley, June 1923 (fl.), Decary 2139 (K, P). Maroantsetra: Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6378 (K, TAN); Ambanizana, Oct. 1986 (y. fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6398 (Holotype K; isotype TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct. 1994 (bud), Dransfield & Beentje JD7508 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis hildebrandtii</name>
+<author>(Baill.)Becc.</author>
+<citation>Palme del Madagascar 14 (1913)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Imerina Orientalis; Hildebrandt; 3829</type>
+<type_loc>Type G BOIS, G DC, K, M, P</type_loc>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3. 1: 22 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.- Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 6 (1): 32 (1918)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Bull. Acad. Malgache 6: 3 (1923)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 13 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 32 (1945)</bibref>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Trichodypsis hildebrandt</name>
+<author>Baill.</author>
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 1165 (1894)</bibref>
+<bibref>Baill., Hist. des Plantes 13: 370 (1895)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38, Beibl. 87: 14 (1906)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Despite having been collected by almost every botanist to visit the forest at Analamazaotra, D. hildebrandtii remains the commonest palm of the forest undergrowth in the montane forest there. The plant cultivated as D. hildebrandtii in Australia illustrated by Stewart (1994) is D. procera. True D. hildebrandtii is cultivated in the Palm House at Kew; it is one of the smallest palms of Madagascar and is altogether a very pretty plant. Occurring as it does in montane forest, one might expect it to be relatively tolerant of cool growing conditions. The species is named for the veteran plant collector, J.M. Hildebrandt (1847-1881).</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tsirika (Merina).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, solitary or clustering palmlet of the forest undergrowth. STEMS to c. 2 m tall, rarely to 4 m, 3-13 mm diam., internodes 4-32 mm long, pale to dark green, with a sparse to dense covering of laciniate dark brown scales. LEAVES 4-10 in crown; sheaths 5-10 x 0.4-1.5 cm, longitudinally striate, sparsely covered in caducous red-brown scales, forming a well-or ill-defined crownshaft, the sheath mouth with two triangular, acute or acuminate auricles to 7 x 6 mm; petiole absent or very short, with the blade somewhat decurrent along its edges, to 30 x 1.5-3 mm, very rarely longer, sparsely brown scaly; rachis 6-30 cm; blade entire bifid or with 2 (or rarely-4) leaflets on each side of the rachis, occasionally leaves of two types borne in the same crown; entire bifid blade 12-21 x 4-9 cm with an apical notch 4-10 cm; leaflets usually broad, 5.5-22 x 1.2-3 cm, occasionally 1-2 slender leaflets at the very base of the rachis, 5-15 x 0.3-0.7 cm; adaxial surface of leaf with minute punctiform scales, abaxial surface with minute punctiform scales, bands of scattered caducous laciniate scales and occasionally with a few ramenta on main veins; emerging leaves tinged reddish, leaves drying dark brown. INFLORESCENCES interfoliar, occasionally also infrafoliar on the same plant, branching to 2 orders; peduncle 10-29 cm long, c. 2 mm in cross section, densely brown laciniate hairy in exposed parts; prophyll 10-35 x 0.4-0.8 cm, with scattered grey and brown laciniate scales; peduncular bract similar to the prophyll, usually exceeding the prophyll be about 2-5 cm; rachis 11-33 cm, rarely 6.5-8 cm, densely covered in grey and brown, curled laciniate scales, the rachis and rachillae together ± elongate triangular in outline; rachillae usually numerous, c. 20-50 or more, rarely as few as 12, 1.5-4 cm, in populations with few rachillae, the rachillae sometimes longer (to 7 cm), c. 0.6 mm diam., usually diverging at an acute angle and curved towards the tip, covered with pale or dark brown laciniate scales; rachilla bracts c. 3.5 mm apart, rounded, c. 0.6 mm, with laciniate margins. STAMINATE FLOWERS rounded, to 1.2 x 1 mm at anthesis; sepals broad triangular, keeled, 0.5 x mm, ciliate-margined; petals c. 0.8 x 0.8 mm, striate; stamens 3, antepetalous, with 3 minute staminodes, filaments united in a ring c. 0.3 mm high, anthers ± didymous, 0.2 x 0.3 mm; pistillode minute. PISTILLATE FLOWER in young bud globular; sepals broad, ± rounded-triangular, imbricate, striate, 0.8 x 0.7 mm, the margins ciliate; petals c. 0.8 x 0.6 mm, imbricate with valvate tips; staminodes 3, minute, dentiform; ovary c. 0.4 x 0.3 mm. Mature FRUIT red, 10 x 5.5 mm, ellipsoid to fusiform; mesocarp c. 0.4 mm thick; endocarp thin, fibrous. SEED 8 x 3.5 mm; endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral near the base.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central Madagascar, in montane rain forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Montane forest, hill slopes and ridges; usu ally 700-1000 m, rarely as low as 300 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Restricted to the Moramanga area, but probably occurs in the forests more to the south of Anosibe-an-Ala, which are botanically not well known.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>It is easily distinguishable by its small stature, slender stems, leaves bifid or with two to three (rarely more) broad leaflets and its inflorescence that is branched to two orders and bears numerous very hairy rachillae. The collections from Vatomandry, the lower part of the Mangoro Basin and Ambatovola made by Perrier (the last four collections cited above) differ from typical D. hildebrandtii in having few rather robust rachillae in the inflorescence. They are all from relatively low elevations; however, although they present a rather distinctive facies, we have found no clear distinguishing features.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Moramanga: Analamazaotra, Feb. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 11956 (P); idem, Feb. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 11957 (P); idem, Feb. 1926 (fl.), Perrier 15987 (K, P); idem, Feb. 1925 (fl.), Perrier 17215 (P); idem, Dec. 1932 (fl.), Leandri 724 (P); idem, Nov. 1938 (fl.), Lam & Meeuse 5312 (K, L, P); idem, Oct. 1912 (fl.), Viguier & Humbert 1058 (P); idem, Sept. 1951 (fl.), Benoist 1117 (P); idem, Oct. 1963 (fl.), Moore 9909 (BH, P); idem, May 1980 (fl.), Raketamalata s.n. (P); idem, 1000 m, Nov. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6413 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6427 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6428 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, March 1988 (fl.), Dransfield et al. 6487 (K, NY, P, TAN); idem, Aug. 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Beentje 4743 (K); idem, June 1938 (fl.), without collector 3745 (P); Mantady, March 1991 (fr.), Beentje & Raharilala 4404 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, March 1991 (fl.), Beentje & Raharilala 4407 (BH, K, TAN); idem, Dec. 1991 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4549 (K, TAN); idem, July 1987 (fl.),Phillipson 2120 (K, MO, P, TAN); Moramanga, Feb. 1959 (fl.), H.-J. Schlieben 8129 (K); 17 km south on road to Anosibe an'Ala, Oct. 1991 (fl.), Beentje 4507 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Oct. 1991 (fl.), Beentje 4509 (K, TAN); Mantasoa, Jan. 1889 (fl.), Catat (P); Forêt de Sandrangato, March 1942 (fr.), Decary 17851 (P). Anosibe An'Ala, 16 July 1968 (fl.), LTFT 26762-SF (P); Ankarahara, July 61 (fl.), Peltier 3262 (P). Ambatovola, Jan. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 11989 (P). Mahanoro, Bassin du Mangoro, Oct. 1927 (fl.), Perrier 18044 (P); idem, Perrier 18048 (P); idem, Perrier 18392 (P). Vatomandry, Sept. 1921 (fl.), Perrier 14265 (P); idem, Sept. 1921 (fl.), Perrier 14266 (P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis hovomantsina</name>
+<author>Beentje </author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 149 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Antalavia; Dransfield et al.; JD6744</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>An impressive tree; we found a second site only three months before the book went to press. The leaf-sheaths are distinct from any other, with their lower parts white-waxy and a golden-brown furry part at the very top. The name comes directly from the local name, which means stinking and refers to the smelly palm-heart.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Hovomantsina (Betsimisaraka; 'mantsina' means stinking)</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>inter species maximas foliolis aggregatis vagina folii versus basim glabra ceracea apice brunneo-tomentosa staminibus 6 endospermio homogeneo distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 6-15 m tall, 20-30 cm, diam., near the crown 15-20 cm diam.; internodes 10-35 cm, pale to reddish-brown basally, grey-green distally, nodal scars 1-1.5 cm, pale brown; crownshaft well-developed, 1-1.2 m, c. 25 cm diam., grey-green and covered in white wax except distally, where red-brown furry. LEAVES spirally inserted, occasionally tristichous, 6-7 in the crown, curved, with an untidy look, the leaflets held in all directions; sheath pale green to whitish, proximally waxy and glabrous, with distal dense soft pale reddish brown persistent tomentum, adaxially peachcoloured; petiole 10-56 cm, 7 x 5.5 cm diam., channelled with sharp edges, with dense red-brown indument; rachis 3-3.5 m long, in mid-leaf 3.5 cm wide, with keel; leaflets 80-96 on each side of the rachis, grouped and fanned in 3s-6s, the group interval 3-7 cm, bent downwards at two-thirds of their length, the proximal 120-242 x 0.7- 2.4 cm, median 123-135 x 3.3-4 cm, distal 22-50 x 0.6-2 cm, connate for 1.5-4 cm, with a few large laciniate ramenta, without scattered scales. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, c. 0.5-1 x 0.5-1 m, branched to 2-3 orders; peduncle 18-26 cm, diam. 7 x 3 cm; prophyll 21-30 cm, borne at 3-4 cm above the base of the peduncle; peduncular bract deciduous, inserted at 9-11 cm from the base of the peduncle, 45-66 x 10-12 cm, not beaked or briefly beaked with triangular beak, split for 90%; non-tubular peduncular bract occasionally present on upper peduncle, to 20 cm; rachis 48 cm, with 14 branched and 10 unbranched first order branches; rachillae stiff or sub-pendulous, green to yellow-green, 16-40 cm long, 4-8 mm diam., glabrous, with dense flowers. STAMINATE FLOWERS only known in rather young bud, with sepals 2.1-3 x 2.5-2.8 mm, very hooded; petals < 1.5 mm; stamens 6, < 1.3 mm, probably versatile. PISTILLATE FLOWERS only known from the young fruit stage, with sepals 2.7-3.1 x 3-3.3 mm; petals 3.5-3.8 x 3-4 mm; staminodes 6, flat, tooth-shaped, 0.5 mm. FRUIT not known, except for the fibrous endocarp. SEED obovoid with pointed base, 9-10 x 7-8 mm, with homogeneous endosperm. EOPHYLL entire, deeply bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Maroantsetra and Mananara.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rain forest, steep slopes either near valley bottom or near ridge crest; 50-300 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Only known from two sites, both of which are under pressure from agricul- ture; populations consist of few individuals.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Palm-heart smelly but still eaten; no other uses.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Possibly closest to D. tokoravina, but with a totally different leaf sheath.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6473 (K, P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1989 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6744 (Holotype K; isotypes P, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct. 1994 (fl., fr.), Beentje & Dransfield 4819 (K, TAN); idem, Oct. 1994 (bud), Beentje & Dransfield 4827 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis zahamenae</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Massif d'Andrangavolo; Humbert; 17776</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang=""><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender undergrowth palm, whether solitary or clustered not known. STEMS 0.5-1.2 m tall, 7-8 mm diam., internodes 12-18 mm with scat- tered chestnut-brown scales. LEAVES 6-8 in crown; sheaths 7-9 cm long, 7-13 mm diam., striate, covered in caducous chocolate-brown scales, apically with 2 narrow triangular auricles 7-9 x 3-4 mm, these soon disintegrating; petiole absent or to 7 cm long, 2 mm wide, triangular in cross section, densely covered in soft brown scales; blade entire bifid, 20-35 x 12 cm, with apical cleft not exceeding one third of blade length, or irregularly divided into broad leaflets, up to 3-4 on each side of the rachis; rachis 11-18 cm; leaflets 10-26 x 1.5-4 cm, apical pair (or tips of entire bifid blades) shallowly lobed, c. 1 cm wide; lamina abaxially with abundant caducous brown scales along rachis and main ribs and with abundant punctiform scales, adaxially very sparsely punctiform scaly. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, erect, branching to 1 order; peduncle 11-23 cm long, c. 1.5-2 mm diam.; prophyll c. 10 x 0.5 cm, sparsely brown scaly; peduncular bract similar, exceeding prophyll by up to 6 cm; rachis 3-4 cm, densely brown hairy; rachillae 6-10, short, stout, condensed, usually diverging from rachis at right angles, 10-25 x 3 mm; rachilla bracts very close, conspicuous, rounded, 1.5 x 3 mm, densely covered in laciniate pale grey to brown hairs. STAMINATE FLOWER buds pointed, 1.5 x 1 mm; sepals imbricate, rounded, 1 x 1 mm, slightly keeled, margin erose; petals shining, not striate, 1.3 x 0.6 mm; stamens 3 antesepalous, staminodes absent, filaments connate into a tube c. 0.7 mm high, anthers didymous, c. 0.15 x 0.35 mm; pistillode minute. PISTILLATE FLOWERS known only in very immature bud. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from mountains east of Lac Aloatra in Zahamena Reserve.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Humid lower montane forest; 700-1000 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable; only known from a small, though protected area, with some threat of shifting cultivation to the forests.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is a very curious species with its highly condensed stubby rachillae. Such rachillae are known elsewhere only in D. angustifolia (previously described as variety angustifolia of D. humbertii Perrier) and in D. pachyramea. D. zahamenae and D. angustifoliahave antesepalous stamens and no sta minodes whereas D. pachyramea has antepetalous stamens and antesepalous staminodes.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambatondrazaka: Zahamena, Massif de l'Andrangovalo, Oct. 1937 (fl.), Humbert & Cours 17776 (Holotype of D. humbertii var. humbertii, P); Chutes du Maningory, Dec. 1944 (fl.), Homolle s.n. (K, P); between waterfalls and Ambodivoangy, Dec. 1944 (fl.), Cours 1848 (K, P); Ambatondrazaka, June 1961 (fl.), Rakotovao 11899 (K, P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis humblotiana</name>\r
+<author>(Baill.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 221 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Comoros, Grand Comore, Combani forest; Humblot; 1338 or 338</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotype K</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus humblotianus</name>\r
+<author>(Baill.) Beccari</author>\r
+<bibref>(Baill.) Beccari, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38 Beibl. 87: 33 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 40 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 100 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phlogella humblotiana</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris: 1174 (1894)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN SPECIES The material of this species is too scanty for us to say much about it, or to include it in the key. The name refers to the collector of the type, Léon Humblot.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>TRUNK to 15 m tall, to 15 cm diam. LEAVES with the rachis in mid leaf 1.5-2 cm wide, keeled, glabrous; leaflets probably regular with an interval of 1.7-2.3 cm, median 64-70 x 2.7-3 cm, occasionally with a single ramentum to 1 cm long proximally, otherwise glabrous, main vein 1, and thickened margins, apices unequally acute. INFLORESCENCE branched to 2 or more orders, probably to 3 orders; rachillae 9-12 cm long, c. 1.5 mm diam., glabrous, with distant superficial triads, with proud rachilla bracts with rounded apices. STAMINATE FLOWER buds (very young) with sepals 1.3-1.5 x 1.2-1.5 mm; petals < 0.8 x 0.8 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate (at least at this stage), < 0.7 mm high. PISTILLATE FLOWERS not seen. FRUIT not seen.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Comoro Islands: Grand Comore.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Forest; no further data.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Labels on the type sheets bear the number 338 in profusion, but the single label with date and locality has the number 1338.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Grande Comore: Combani forest, Oct. 1884 (bud), Humblot 1338 or 338 (K, P; type).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis ifanadianae</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 171 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Ifanadiana: 34km E of Ifanadiana; Beentje and Beentje; 4729</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi MO, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A rather slender tree palm reminiscent of D. Lastelliana through the pendulous leaflets, but immediately distinct from that species by its green leaf-sheath. The name comes from the nearest large town and administrative unit.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma insignis habitu D. lastellianae superficialiter similis sed vagina folii viride non brunneo-tomentosa, D. nauseosae affinis sed fructu parvo endospermio homogeneo differt</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender solitary palm. TRUNK 15-24 m tall, conspicuously stepped and ringed, 18 cm diam.; internodes 12 cm long, orange-brown with white nodal scars 1.5 cm broad, with age the whole trunk becoming pale grey to almost white; upper internodes green with white scars. LEAVES 7 in the crown, spirally inserted, porrect with leaflets in one plane but curving downwards; sheath 72 cm long, at the base 20 cm wide (when flattened), green, 50-75% open, with minute scattered scales, with brown triangular ligules 5 x 2.3 cm; petiole 30 cm long, proximally 6 x 4 cm, distally 4 x 3 cm, channelled with sharp edges, waxy and with minute scattered scales; rachis c. 3 m long, proximally channelled, in mid-leaf 1.4-2.5 cm diam., sharply keeled, waxy and ? with minute scattered scales; leaflets regular, c. 55 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 90-108 x 1-3 cm, median 104-110 x 4.3-5 cm (interval 4 cm), distal 15-37 x 0.4-2.2 cm, glaucous and glabrous, with attenuate apices, main veins 5, prominent. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, with curved peduncle, branched to 3 orders; peduncle 57 cm long, proximally 4 x 2 cm, distally 3 x 2 cm diam.; prophyll c. 89 cm, borne at c. 5 cm above the base of the peduncle, 10 cm wide, 2-winged; peduncular bract inserted at 26 cm from the base of the peduncle, 65 cm long, the distal 18 cm closed, beaked for 4 cm; rachis 60 cm long, with c. 21 branched and c. 16 unbranched first order branches, these proximally 2.8 x 1.6 cm; rachillae 12-33 cm long, 3-4 mm diam., with distant triads in slight pits, with triangular, entire bracts. STAMINATE FLOWERS unknown. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with imbricate sepals 2.5-3 x 2.5-3.5 mm, orbicular, rounded, slightly spurred at the base; petals 4-4.5 x 3-5 mm, hooded, orbicular with minute acute apex; staminodes 0.8-1.3 mm, flat and narrow; ovary c. 3.5 x 4.5 mm, asymmetrical, the stigmas slightly lateral and 1.3 mm high. FRUIT 8 x 7-10 mm; endocarp with anastomosing fibres. SEED transversely ellipsoid, broader in one plane than in the other, 6.5 x 5.5 x 8-9 mm, with homogeneous endosperm. EOPHYLL bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the Ifanadiana area.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; steep mid slopes; 200-450 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Restricted to a small area, where clearing of forest is continuing apace; less than fifty trees known.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is rather close to D. nauseosa but distinct by its small fruit with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ifanadiana: 34km E of Ifanadiana, July 1992 (fl., fr.) Beentje & Beentje 4729 (Holotype K; isotypes MO, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis integra</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 319 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Simiane (Simianona) R.; Perrier; 11944</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga integra</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6, fasc. 3: 13 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Cat. Pl. Madagascar Palmae: 21 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 61 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>The name is Latin for 'entire', since the leaf appears to be completely unlobed on the type, with a rounded apex. On close examination the leaf is seen to be slightly folded near the apex, with a small notch.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm. STEMS 20 cm (Beentje 4515) to 2 m (Perrier 18047), 0.4-0.9 cm diam., internodes 1-1.5 cm long, pale green with dense red- brown scales; nodal scars c.1 mm. LEAVES 8-10 in the crown, spreading; sheaths 4.3-6 cm long, open for c. 50%, proximally pale reddish green, distally pale creamy green, with red laciniate scales, very dense distally, with narrowly triangular ligules 3-4 mm long at the base of the petiole; petiole 0.3-2 cm, 2-2.5 mm diam., densely scaly; blade entire, narrowly obovate, 15-33 x 4-7 cm, acute at the base, the margins toothed in the distal third or half, rounded at the apex with a 3-17 mm deep notch, midrib prominent on both surfaces with laciniate scales, other veins faint with minute scattered scales in lines. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, erect to spreading, unbranched; peduncle 12-15 cm long, 1.5-3 x 1.5 mm diam., with scattered laciniate scales; prophyll 7-11 cm, borne at 2-3.5 cm above the base of the peduncle with c. 2 mm wide wings, with a 2-sided lateral split in the distal few cm; peduncular bract inserted at 5-7 cm from the base of the peduncle, 7-12 cm long, with scattered scales, laterally split on one side in the distal 1-2 cm; rachilla 5-11 cm long, 1-2 mm diam., with scattered scales, with slightly distant superficial triads; rachilla bracts entire, rounded, at the margins with reddish laciniate scales. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.8-1 x 0.8-1 mm, keeled, gibbous, ciliolate to ciliate, with slightly connate base, membranous; petals 2-2.2 x 1-1.3 mm, elliptic, acute, striate, almost free; stamens 6, uniseriate, equal, filaments 0.8 mm long, connate at the base in a 0.2 mm high ring, anthers 1.5-1.6 x 0.5-0.6 mm, dorsifixed, the locules parallel and blunt; pistillode 1.2-1.3 x 0.3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS only known from young bud, with sepals imbricate, 1.2- 1.3 x 1-1.5 mm, ciliate, rounded; petals valvate, 1.8 x 0.7 mm; ovary 1.6 x 0.7 mm; staminodes c.0.2 mm. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>East Coast, between Mananara Avaratra and Vangaindrano.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; 50-300 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. The only recent collection is from Manombo Forest, which is being destroyed by fire, shifting cultivation and logging. Both of the older sites have been visited, but the species has not been seen there.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is close to D. simianensis and more material might even show the species to be synonymous. Beentje 4515 differs from the type in the hairi greater in 4515) and the shape of the sheath (more open, and much wider in 4515) as well as in the leaf venation (transverse, sinuous veinlets clearly visible in 4515).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Soanierana-Ivongo: Simiane (Simianona) R., Sept. 1917 (old infl.), Perrier 11944 (Holotype P). Mahanoro: lower Mangoro basin, Oct. 1927 (bud), Perrier 18047 (P). Farafangana: Manombo, Nov. 1991 (bud), Beentje 4515 (K, MO, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis intermedia</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 243 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Manombo; Beentje and Andriampaniry; 4794</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A strange little palm, only known from a single forest, with leaves resembling those of D. commersoniana, and the inflorescence that of D. scottiana; the name refers to this.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma concinna foliolis paucis connatis inflorescentia in 2 ordines ramificanti D. commersonianae affinis sed antheris didymis distincta. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 5-7. STEMS 2-10 m tall, 1.5-3 cm diam.; internodes 6-12 cm, green, glabrous; one sterile stem seen branched once. LEAVES 7-8 in the crown, pinnate, spreading; sheath 12-15 cm long, with flaking patches of red-brown scales; petiole 14-30 cm long, 3-5 x 2-3 mm diam., with scattered scales; rachis 27-37 cm long, in mid-leaf c. 2-3 mm wide, with scattered scales; leaflets 3-7 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2, group interval 7-20 cm, the proximal 9-21 x 0.7-2.8 cm, median 13-25 x 0.9-3.3 cm (interval 1-2 cm), with unequal, slightly truncate (proximal half of leaflet) and acuminate (distal half of leaflet) apices, distal 14-32 x 5.4-8 cm, connate for 9-16 cm, main veins 1-5 (to 9 in the distal pair), glabrous except for the very base, apices unequally acuminate, the lower margin of the tip with several teeth, distal pair dentate over a width of c. 4 cm, with teeth on the outside margins as well. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 3 orders; peduncle 30-34 cm long, distally 4-6 x 3-4 mm diam., densely scaly; prophyll 24-28 cm long, 8-9 mm wide, borne at c. 6 cm above the base of the peduncle, opening in the distal 1 cm; peduncular bract not seen, inserted at c. 19 cm from the base of the peduncle; rachis 15-16 cm long, scaly, with c. 17 branched and 8 unbranched first order branches, the proximal of these with an axis of up to 7.5 cm and 5 branched and 10 unbranched second order branches; rachillae 0.5-2.5 cm long, c. 1 mm diam., minutely puberulous, with dense triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.6-0.7 x 0.6-0.8 mm; petals in bud 1.3-1.5 x 0.8-1 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate, filaments 0.4-0.7 mm, anthers 0.7-0.8 x 0.3-0.4 mm, versatile; pistillode c. 0.3-0.4 x 0.3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Manombo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; gentle slope; 30-60 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Only known from a single forest, which is disappearing steadily. Numbers are estimated at less than fifty.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Close to both D. commersoniana and D. scottiana, but probably closer to the latter.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Farafangana: Manombo, Nov. 1991 (dead infl.), Beentje 4517 (K); idem, Jan. 1993 (bud), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4794 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis interrupta</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 327 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, East Coast, Ifanadiana, Ambinanindrano; Beentje; 4528</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A strikingly beautiful small palm of the forest undergrowth, known as yet from a single collection from the lowlands in the southeast of the island. The species name refers to the interrupted sequence of otherwise regularly arranged leaflets on each side of the rachis.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Inter species floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antesepalis pistillodio conico foliolis linearibus numerosis in quoque latere rachidis interrupte dispositis distinctissima.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm of forest undergrowth. STEMS to 3 m tall, c. 12 mm diam.; internodes 60-70 cm long. LEAVES 7 in crown; sheaths forming a well defined crownshaft; sheath 19-20 cm long, 1.5 cm diam., with sparse scattered dark brown scales; low auricles present but apparently soon tattering; petiole 9-12 cm long, c. 4 x 2 mm in cross section, deeply channelled, rather densely covered in discrete dark brown scales; rachis 64-70 cm long, scaly as the petiole; leaflets 24-29 on each side of the rachis, all except the apical pair single-fold, linear, grouped in proximal part of the leaf, regularly arranged distally, regularly arranged within the groups, the leaflet series thus appearing interrupted rather than fascicled, mid-leaf leaflets 15-23 x 0.8-1.5 cm, apical pair slightly shorter, basalmost leaflets 6-8 x 0.4-0.8 cm, leaflet midrib prominent adaxially, texture membranous. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 2 orders, arching with pendulous rachillae; peduncle 50 cm long, c. 4 mm wide at the base, tapering to 2.5 mm wide, glabrous; prophyll inserted 14.5 cm above the base of the peduncles, 30 x 1.5 cm, membranous, striate, very sparsely scaly; peduncular bract inserted c. 20 cm above the prophyll, otherwise not known; rachis c. 30 cm long, glabrous; rachillae slender, c. 20, 19-30 cm long, glabrous, c. 1.5 mm diam., triads c. 3 mm apart, rachilla bract c. 0.8 mm high, rounded, glabrous. FLOWERS very immature in available specimen. STAMINATE FLOWERS with 3 ?sagittate antesepalous stamens and a conical pistillode. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Ifanadiana area.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Hill forest; 510 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. The extraordinary forests of Ambinanindrano are gradually being destroyed by shifting cultivation.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>.This taxon, although known only from a single specimen, is so distinctive that we have considered it important to name it, even though several
+parts are not represented. Among the species of Dypsis with three sagittate antesepalous stamens and a conical pistillode, D. interrupta is immediately distinguishable by its numerous linear leaflets arranged in an interrupted series on each side of the rachis. This is clearly a very beautiful species and it would be desirable not only to recollect it to complete our understanding of it as a species, but also to introduce it into cultivation. It was found growing on a steep slope in open forest.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ifanadiana: 1 km S of Ambinanindrano, 17-19 Nov. 1991 (fl. buds), Beentje 4528 (holotype K; isotype TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis jumelleana</name>\r
+<author>Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 246 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Analamazaotra; Perrier; 11988</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga lanceolata</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (3): 45 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 21 (1938)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Fl. Madagascar 30: 88, fig. 25 (1945)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>One of the commonest palms of the well-known forest at Analamazaotra, but very rare elsewhere. The name refers to Henri Lucien Jumelle (1866-1935), who collaborated with Perrier de la Bâthie on the publication of the palm flora of Madagascar and who described many species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 4-6. STEMS 2-4 m high, 0.5-1.5 cm diam.; internodes 6-13 cm long, near the crown 1-4 cm, green with reddish scales, later turning brown-grey. LEAVES 3-8, spirally inserted, porrect; sheath 8-20 cm long, pale green with scattered scales, closed, sometimes with a black pre-split line edged in 4-5 mm long black fibres, without auricles or (rarely) with triangular auricles to 2.5 mm high; petiole 1.5-15 cm long, 1.5-4 x 2-2.5 mm diam., flat to slightly channelled, with scattered scales; rachis 24-56 cm long, in mid-leaf 2-3 mm wide, with scattered scales; leaflets 10-18 on each side of the rachis, in irregular groups of 2-4 (group interval 2-12 cm) or just irregular, in one plane (not fanned within the groups), folded, the proximal 8-23 x 0.2-0.7 cm, median 14-27 x 0.5-2.2 cm, distal 10-18 x 1.3-2 cm, the distal pair joined for 1-2 cm and with 2-8 mm wide dentate apices, other leaflets acuminate and with 1 main midrib and 2 fainter veins, distal pair with 3 main veins, all leaflets with scattered minute reddish scales on the main and minor veins. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, pendulous, branched to 1 order; peduncle 22-43 cm long, distally 2-3 mm diam., green with scattered scales but glabrescent; prophyll 14-31 cm long, 5-8 mm wide, borne at 1-13 cm above the base of the peduncle, pale brown with scattered scales, opening at the apex for 1-2.5 cm; peduncular bract inserted at 13-29 cm from the base of the peduncle, 13-14 cm long but rapidly deciduous, seen once and that time opening in the distal 5-6 cm; second peduncular bract seen once, inserted some 6 cm below the apex of the peduncle, c. 3 cm long; rachis absent or up to 6.5 cm long, glabrous, with 2-10 rachillae; rachillae 13-30 cm long, 1-1.5 mm diam., with spaced triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS custard yellow, with sepals 0.7-1 x 0.6-1 mm; receptacle 0.5-0.6 mm high; petals 1.2-1.7 x 0.7-1.3 mm; stamens 6, equal, the filaments 0.3-0.8 mm long, triangular with a 0.3 mm wide base, the anthers 0.4-0.8 x 0.4-0.5 mm, dorsifixed and versatile; pistillode 0.2-0.4 x 0.2-0.3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.5-1 x 0.6-1.4, unequal with one markedly asymmetrical; petals 1.5-2 x 2-2.2 mm; staminodes 0.2-0.3 mm; gynoecium 1.2-1.5 x 0.8-1.4 mm on a 0.2 mm stalk. FRUIT red, subglobose, 9-12 mm diam., fleshy, with fibrous endocarp with free fibres. SEED 6.5-9 x 6-8 mm, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from Analamazaotra, and from old collections in Zahamena and Anjozorobe.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Submontane rain forest on gentle to steep slopes; 800-1300 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Only known from a single recent site, which is protected.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>We have found two of the syntypes, Perrier 11988 from Analamazaotra, and Perrier 18043 from the lower Mangoro R. These are not the same taxon. We have chosen Perrier 11988 as the lectotype; the other number is not included in the description (see D. linearis). The protologue has characters drawn from both these sheets. \r
+A fairly nondescript species, whose relationships are probably with D. linearis. Humbert & Cours 17908 differs slightly from the other collections in the narrower leaflets which are grouped much more tightly within the groups, but this character is fairly variable within this taxon. \r
+Probably the same is: Mananara Avaratra, Andravolasoa, April 1992 (old infl.), Beentje et al. 4640 (K, TAN) from rain forest at 330 m; a solitary palm to 6 m, with 22 leaflets on each side of the rachis, of which the proximal are 6.5-11 cm long, and glabrous or nearly so; the inflorescence rachis is 15 cm long, with 15 rachillae. In other respects it conforms to the above description, and has the look of being the same taxon, but in some ways it is also close to D. corniculata.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambatondrazaka: Zahamena, Andrangovalo Massif, Oct. 1937 (fl.), Humbert & Cours 17908 (P); Ambatoharanana near Antsevabe, March 1951 (old infl.), Cours 4058 (P, TAN). Anjozorobe: N of Anjozorobe, Nov. 1922 (bud), Perrier 14969 (P). Moramanga: Analamazaotra, July 1913 (fl.), Perrier 11988 (P, lectotype); idem, Feb. 1926 (fr.), Perrier 15986 (P); idem, Dec. 1932 (fl.), Leandri 721 (K, P); idem, Nov. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6412 (K, TAN) and (fl.) JD6429 (K, TAN); idem, March 1988 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6490 (K, TAN); idem, March 1991 (y.fr.), Beentje & Raharilala 4411 (K, TAN) and (fr.) 4418 (K, TAN); idem, Aug. 1992 (old infl.), Beentje & Beentje 4744 (K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis laevis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 386 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, East Coast, Farafangana, Manombo; Beentje and Andriampaniry; 4785</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This species, known only from its type, is distinctive in its epetiolate leaves with minute basal leaflets and long lax inflorescence with glabrous axes. The species name is Latin for smooth, referring to the lack of hairs on the inflorescence branches.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Inter species floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antepetalis, staminodiis antesepalis alternantibus D. ambilaensi affinis, sed forma folii et inflorescentia longa laxa glabra differt. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender, solitary forest undergrowth palm. STEM to 3 m tall, c. 15 mm diam., internodes 15 - 30 mm, green with scattered dark red brown to blackish scales. LEAVES 9 in crown, porrect; sheath 8-9 cm long, c. 13 cm diam., pale green with scattered red-brown scales, auricles membranous, rounded-triangular, c. 8 x 8 mm, disintegrating; petiole absent; rachis 26-38 cm, c. 4 mm wide at the very base, with scattered caducous dark scales; leaflets 5-7 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 1-4 very small and slender, 1-9 x 0.1-1.0 cm, mid-leaf leaflets broad, somewhat irregular in arrangement, 9-20 x 1.8-7 cm, somewhat sigmoid, acuminate in a long drip-tip, apical pair to 12 x 4 cm, joined for 5-7 cm along rachis, conspicuously lobed along the margins, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface with minute scattered red-brown punctiform scales. INFLORESCENCE longer than the leaves, branched to 2 orders, all axes reddish brown, glabrous; peduncle 37-46 cm long, c. 2-3 mm diam.; prophyll borne c. 2 cm above base of peduncle, 22 cm long, c. 1 cm wide, very sparsely and minutely punctate scaly; peduncular bract borne c. 9 cm above base of peduncle, to 26 cm long, similar to prophyll, exceeding it by 14 cm; rachis 30 cm; branches rather lax and distant; rachillae c. 45 in number, 6-7.5 cm long, 0.7-0.8 mm diam., triads c. 1 mm apart, rachilla bracts inconspicuous. STAMINATE FLOWER still immature, c. 0.7 mm diam.; sepals 0.3 x 0.3 mm, rounded, smooth, keeled, margins erose; petals striate, c. 0.6 x 0.5 mm; stamens still very young, 3, antepetalous, alternating with 3 antesepalous staminodes; pistillode minute. PISTILLATE FLOWER c. 1.2 mm diam.; sepals broadly imbricate, 5 x 7 mm, margins erose; petals striate, 1 x 0.8 mm, basally imbricate; staminodes 6, strap-shaped, minute; ovary gibbous c. 0.8 mm diam., stigmas ± lateral. Immature FRUIT curved, 6 x 3 mm. SEED 5 x 1.5 mm; endosperm homogeneous, embryo basal.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central east coastal Madagascar, known only from Manombo near Farafangana.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. The small protected area where this species occurs is severely threatened with illegal logging and shifting cultivation.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The position of the three stamens allies this species with those species previously included in Dypsis § Trichodypsis. It perhaps most resembles D. ambilaensis but differs in the leaf form and in the long, lax, glabrous inflorescences.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Farafangana: Manombo Forest, Jan. 1993 (fl., fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4785 (Holotype K; isotype TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis lanceolata</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 222 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Comoros, Combani Forest; Humblot; 1347</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P; isotype K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus lanceolatus</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Beccari, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38 Beibl. 87: 34 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier Fl. Madagascar 30: 97 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This would be a wonderful ornamental. Hull describes it as 'even more beautiful than D. cabadae'. The name refers to the shape of the leaflets, which are unusually broad for the genus Dypsis.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ivovowo (fide Hull).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm. STEMS 5-6 m high; nodal scars pronounced. LEAVES "somewhat plumose" (Hull); petiole distally 1.5-1.7 cm diam., red- dish pubescent on both surfaces, channelled; rachis 1.8-1.9 m long, in mid-leaf 1-1.6 cm wide, keeled, densely scaly or with scattered pale scales; leaflets slightly irregular (interval in mid-leaf 1.5-5 cm), proximal 38-43 x 1-2.7 cm, median 30-48 x 3.5-7 cm, distal 4-24 x 0.7-3.8 cm, main veins 3-5, with very conspicuous thickened margins, with several large (0.5-1 cm long) pale-coloured laciniate ramenta on midrib and main veins proximally, and faint minute reddish scales in longitudinal lines on the main and minor veins on the type, but absent in modern collections, acuminate. INFLORESCENCE branched to 3 orders or more, c. 60 cm long; rachis bract (one seen) 4.5 cm long, narrowly triangular; rachillae 13-24 cm long, 1.5-3 mm diam., glabrous, with distant superficial triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.2-1.4 x 1.4-1.6 mm; petals connate for 0.5 mm, free for 2.6-2.9 x 1.4-1.6 mm, spreading at full anthesis; stamens 6, uniseriate, filaments 1 (in closed flow-ers)-3 (in fully open flowers) mm long, narrowly cylindrical, anthers 1.4 x 0.5-0.6 mm; pistillode 1.6-1.7 mm high, 0.4-0.6 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS not seen. FRUIT ellipsoid, 13-17 x 6-10 mm, with rounded apex; endocarp fibrous, with anastomizing fibres. SEED slightly obovoid with obtuse apex, (10-) 13-16 x 5-7 mm, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Comoro Islands: Grande Comore, Moheli.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Mid-altitude rain forest; 500-1000 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, but at least Vulnerable.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Affinities of this taxon are unclear.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Grande Comore: Combani forest, Oct. 1884 (fl.), Humblot 1347 (K, P; type); Mt Kartala, above Boboni, Oct. 1993 (fr.), Hull s.n. (K). Moheli: Mt St. Antonio, Dec. 1967 (fr.), Bernardi 11750 (K, P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis lantzeana</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<citation>Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 2:1163 (1893)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38 Beibl. 87: 13 (1906)\r
+</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 11 (1912)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. in Ann. Inst.Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 6 (1): 30 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Bull. Acad. Malgache 6: 7 (1923)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 13 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 12 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Bay of Antongil, 7 Oct 1871; Lantze; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Dypsis lantzeana var. simplicifrons</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot Jahrb Syst 38 Beibl 87: 13 (1906)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 13 (1912)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar; Mocquerys; 332</type>\r
+<type_loc>Syntypes G-DC</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a common palm in the rain forests surrounding the Bay of Antongil. It grows in the forest undergrowth and rarely exceeds about 4 m tall. It could be confused with D. forficifolia but can be distinguished by its very hairy rachillae. It is in cultivation in the Palm House of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. This is a most attractive species with its neat habit, young leaves tinged reddish and cherry-red inflorescence branches. The species is named for the collector of the type.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender solitary or clustered forest undergrowth palm. STEM to 4 m tall, 0.7-2 cm diam., internodes 0.8-3 cm long, stem surface with scattered brown scales. LEAVES 6-15 in crown; sheath 8-9 x 1.5-2 cm, pale green to ivory-coloured, striate, with abundant caducous dark scales, auricles present, to 8 x 4 mm, or not evident; petiole absent or to 10 cm, c. 3.5 mm wide with scattered dark brown scales; rachis 19-47 cm; blade entire bifid to 40 x 15 cm, split to half its length, or leaflets 3-9 on each side of the rachis, generally leaflets somewhat sigmoid, tinged pink when newly emerging, 4.5-26 x 0.5-7 cm, sometimes several very small leaflets crowded at base of rachis, apical leaflets 10-16 x 3.5-6 cm, diverging at a rather wide angle, adaxial surface sparsely dotted with minute brown scales, abaxially with scattered punctiform scales and often with conspicuous ramenta to 20 mm long on ribs. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branching to 2-3 orders, the branches often somewhat reflexed; peduncle 21-50 cm long, c. 2.5 mm diam. near base; prophyll 10-30 x c. 0.7 cm, membranous, sparsely scaly; peduncular bract exceeding prophyll by 7-25 cm; rachis 21-35 cm; rachillae c. 50 to over 120 in number, 2-6 cm long, c. 0.8-1 mm diam., often reflexed, usually cherry-red when young, densely covered with long branched brown hairs, triads c. 1.5 mm distant, rachilla bract laciniate, it and flowers almost completely obscured by rachilla hairs. STAMINATE FLOWERS spherical, c. 1x 0.85 mm; sepals imbricate, rounded, irregularly splitting, c. 0.3 x 0.4 mm; petals 1.0 x 0.8 mm; stamens 3 (rarely 2 or reduced to 1), antesepalous, filaments connate in basal 25 mm, free filaments c. 0.3 mm, anthers sagittate, c. 0.1 x 0.1 mm, staminodes absent; pistillode dome-like. PISTILLATE FLOWERS c. 1.2 mm diam.; sepals 0.3 x 0.4 mm, broadly imbricate, irregularly erose; petals striate, triangular c. 1.2 x 1.0 mm; staminodes 6; ovary globular c. 0.7 mm diam. Mature FRUIT ellipsoid, cherry-red ripening dark purple, 10 x 7 mm. SEED 7 x 4 mm, endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral near the base.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Northeastern Madagascar, particularly around the Bay of Antongil.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; up to 350 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. The distribution is limited, and the forests are under some threat from shifting cultivators.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>In the habit, leaf form and inflorescence branching, D. lantzeana is very similar to D. forficifolia. The rachillae of the present species are densely covered in trichomes, whereas in the latter they are usually glabrescent and only rarely with scattered trichomes. Furthermore, the rachilla bracts in the present species are usually so hairy that the bracts and the sub-tended flowers are partially obscured. In one remarkable collection, Dransfield JD6363, staminate flowers consistently (at least in the Kew duplicate) have only one stamen. This is a particularly tomentose form. It would be interesting to investigate further into this unistaminate condition. In another collection Henderson et al. 756, some staminate flowers have only two stamens. We have pondered at length over the correct orthography of the specific epithet. Baillon originally published "lantzeana"; the type annotation and all subsequent authors have used "lanceana". We suggest, however, that because Baillon used the spelling Lantze, the collector must have been Lantze rather than Lance (though it is not certain to us whether these are different collectors or the same), and thus favour the former rather than the latter spelling.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Bay of Antongil, Oct. 1871 (buds), Lantze s.n. (in part - leaf on second sheet = probably D. fibrosa) (holotype P); idem, Aug. 1912, Perrier 12048 (P); Maroa, 1897 (fl.), Mocquerys 332 (type of var. simplicifrons, FI); Nosy Mangabe, 1897 (fl.), Mocquerys 412 (FI); idem, Mocquerys 418 (FI); idem, Feb. 1988 (fl.), Henderson et al. 756 (K, MO, NY, P, TAN); idem, April 1988 (fl.), Schatz & Gentry 2097 (K, MO, TAN); Masoala, May 1974, Morat 4954 (P); Masoala, Hiaraka, Oct. 1986, Dransfield et al. JD6363 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Mananara Avaratra, 10 km west of Antanambe, Oct. 1991, Beentje 4465 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, April 1992, Beentje et al. 4619 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); 2 km east of Andravolasoa, April 1992 (fr.), Beentje et al. 4641 (K, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis lanuginosa</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 395 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, lower basin of Mangoro; Perrier; 18050</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Represented by a single herbarium specimen collected in 1922. We know little about this undergrowth palmlet. Its most distinctive feature is the densely woolly inflorescence with a large number of rachillae. Superficially it resembles D. eriostachys, but the latter has staminate flowers with six rather than three stamens. The species name refers to the woolly hairs on the inflorescence.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Gregem specierum floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antepetalis, staminodiis antesepalis alternantibus pertinens, folio magno integrobifido inflorescentia lanuginosa distincta; D. lantzeanae superficialiter similis sed positione staminum omnino diversa.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>
+Slender clustering undergrowth palm to 4 m tall. STEM 13 mm diam., but said to reach 40 mm diam., internodes 24-27 mm long, covered in dark brown caducous scales. LEAF with sheath c. 15 cm long, c. 2 cm diam., distally very densely covered with thick red-brown tomentum and scales; auricles ill-defined; petiole absent; rachis 38-44 cm; blade entire bifid or with very small basal leaflets, otherwise entire-bifid, probably undulate and bullate; basal leaflets where present 7-11 x 0.4-1 cm, blade to 48 cm long, gradually widening from c. 4 cm near the base to widest at the tip where 18 cm, the two lobes with a broad sinus, and shallowly to deeply lobed apically, adaxially with minute brown punctiform scales, abaxially minutely roughened and with irregular bands of caducous dark brown scales. INFLORESCENCE probably erect, branching to 2 orders; peduncle 40 cm long, c. 4 mm wide at the base tapering to 3 mm diam. distally, loosely shaggy hairy; prophyll inserted at least 3.5 cm above the base, 28 x 0.7 cm, with scattered dark and pale stellate and shaggy hairs; peduncular bract exceeding the prophyll by 9 cm; rachis 25 cm; rachillae numerous, probably at least 100, c. 2-2.5 cm long, c. 1 mm diam., densely covered in pale brown shaggy hairs, triads c. 1-1.5 mm apart, rachilla bracts rounded, c. 0.5 mm high, obscured by hairs. Immature STAMINATE FLOWER buds c. 0.5 mm diam.; stamens 3, antepetalous. Other parts unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Lower Mangoro.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest; 300 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Presumed extinct. Not collected for more than seventy years. The forests of the lower Mangoro River have now disappeared.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Although known from a single collection, this appears to be a distinctive species. The leaves are entire bifid or with two very small basal leaflets, and otherwise entire bifid, and there is no petiole. Drying of the specimen suggests that in the living state the leaf was probably beautifully undulate and bullate. The shaggyhairy inflorescence is similar to that of D. lantzeana but instead of having three antesepalous stamens, the three stamens are antepetalous.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mahanoro: lower basin of Mangoro, forest vestiges, Oct. 1922 (fl.), Perrier 18050 (Holotype P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis lastelliana</name>\r
+<author>(Baill.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 173 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, anno 1841; de Lastellé; </type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neodypsis lastelliana</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 148: 1172 (1894)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38 Beibl. 87: 38 (1906)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 5, fig. 2, t. 3 (1912)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 12, fig. 5, t. 2-3 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 2 (2): 16 (1924)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 18 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 150, fig. 42 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a very elegant species, now widespread in cultivation. The densely red-brown hairy crownshaft is particularly ornamental. In cultivation it seems to require warmer and moister conditions than D. leptocheilos. The name refers to the collector of the type, de Lastellé.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Menavozona (Betsimisaraka, meaning Red Neck, referring to the leaf sheath), Sira or Ravintsira (Betsimisaraka, meaning Salt or Salt Leaf, referring to the former practice of making salt from the pith).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 5-15 m tall, 18-25 cm diam., with swollen base; wood hard; internodes 8-10 cm, pale green to grey waxy green, nodal scars c. 4 cm, pale brown; crownshaft 70-75 cm tall, rich velvet red-brown. LEAVES 9-15 in the crown, spirally inserted; sheath 40- 60 cm long, partially open, adaxially brilliant cherry-red, abaxially densely red-brown pubescent; petiole 0-10 cm long, proximally to 11 x 3.5 cm, distally c. 6 x 3.7 cm, channelled; rachis yellowish, to 3.8 m long, in mid-leaf 1.2-2.2 x 1.5-1.6 cm diam. and here either channelled or keeled, glabrous, sometimes waxy; leaflets (50 -) 94-102 on each side of the rachis, regular, somewhat pendulous, the proximal 39-66 x 0.7-2 cm, median 56-89 x 2.4-4.3 cm, distal 18-54 x 0.4-2.3 cm, with a few tufts of laciniate ramenta on the proximal part of the abaxial midrib, but otherwise glabrous, main veins 1, prominent adaxially, as well as margins thickened, apices bifid and acute. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 3 orders, spreading, 1.3-2.2 x 1.2 m; peduncle 60-96 cm long, distally 2.5-3.2 x 1.7-1.5 cm; prophyll 30-52 x 6.5- 11 cm, borne at 3-13 cm above the base of the peduncle, rusty pubescent; peduncular bract deciduous, inserted at c. 30 cm from the base of the peduncle, 80-110 cm long, c. 12 cm wide when flat, splitting along its length but for the upper c. 28 cm, with a beak of up to 7 cm long, densely reddish pubescent; rachis c. 97 cm long, yellow-green, sometimes tinged red, with 13-17 branched and c. 10 unbranched first order branches, the proximal of these with a rachis 2.5-3.5 x 1-1.3 cm diam. at the base, to 45 cm long, and with up to 15 second order branches; rachis bracts up to 3 cm long, triangular and acute; rachillae pale or yellow-green, 27-47 cm long, 3-6 mm diam., glabrous, with dense, slightly sunken triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS only known from rather young buds, with sepals 2-2.3 x 1.4-2.3 mm, keeled, slightly gibbous, concave, with membranous wings, truncate or nearly so; receptacle 0.2-0.6 mm high; petals 1.7-2.7 x 1.3-1.6 mm, ovate, acute; stamens 6, very slightly biseriate, the antepetalous stamens inserted slightly higher up, filaments 0.5-0.6 mm and thin-cylindrical, anthers 1.3-1.6 x 0.5-0.7 mm, the locules parallel and obtuse; pistillode c. 2.2 x 0.6 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.7-2.4 x 2.2-2.6 mm; petals 2.4-2.8 x 1.8-2.4 mm; staminodes c. 0.5-0.6 mm high; gynoecium c. 2.5 x 1 mm. FRUIT obovoid with a narrowed base, slightly asymmetrical, 18-24 x 12-17 mm, with obtuse apex; endocarp fibrous, with anastomosing fibres. SEED 12-21 x 10.5-16 mm, the base apiculate with a small depression just above the apiculus, this corresponding to the position of the embryo, the apex rounded; endosperm deeply ruminate, the intrusions many and 2-4 mm deep. SEEDLING with two scale leaves, the distal one densely scaly; eophyll pinnate, with petiole scaly with reddish and silvery scales; leaflets of eophyll 4-6 on each side of the rachis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW, NE and E Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist lowland forest on slopes (gneiss, quartz, granite), often rather open or near forest mar \r
+gins, or near water, in ravines, also in coastal forest on white sand; 1-450 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. Seems to be fairly widespread, over a wide altitude range.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Pith formerly used to make salt; palm-heart bitter, inedible, said to be poisonous by the Sakalava and Tsimihety.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type consists of a partial inflorescence with staminate and pistillate buds, but there is no doubt that it is conspecific with the other cited material; Miller & Randrianasolo 4491 is at the same stage of development and is an almost exact match. \r
+Baillon mentions another de Lastellé specimen in the protologue, this one with fruits, and states this probably belongs to another species. The fruit has homogeneous endosperm. Beccari (1906, l.c.) describes the proper fruit of D. lastelliana from a Baron collection, and identified the fruiting specimen of de Lastellé as Chrysalidocarpus piluliferus (= D. pilulifera).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja: Manongarivo Mts, Ambalafary, Feb. 1992 (fr., seedling), Beentje & Zo Lalaina 4580 (K, MO, TAN). Sambava: near Maroambihy, March 1949 (bud, old seed), Humbert 23391 (K, P). Andapa: Mt Beondroka, (fl.), Miller & Randrianasolo 4491 (K, MO, TAN). Maroantsetra: Maroantsetra, Oct. 1986 (ster.), Dransfield et al. JD6358 (K, TAN) and (bud) 6359 (K, P, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct 1991 (dead infl.), Beentje 4452 (K, TAN). Soanierana-Ivongo: Soanierana, Sept. 1912 (old infl.), Perrier 12023 (P); E of Antasibe (Andasibe), Dec. 1938 (bud, fr.), Lam & Meeuse 5863 (K, L).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis leptocheilos</name>\r
+<author>(Hodel) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 176 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Cultivated material originating from Madagascar and grown in Tahiti, Papeari; Hodel; 1144</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype BH; isotype K</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neodypsis leptocheilos</name>\r
+<author>Hodel</author>\r
+<bibref>Hodel, The Palm Journal Jan. 1993: 9 (1993)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A species described from a cultivated tree in Tahiti; it resembles D. lastelliana, but the situation about its origin is confused. In cultivation this beautiful palm is much more tolerant of cooler and drier conditions than is D. lastelliana, making it more suitable for cultivation in southern California. The name is derived from the Greek words for slender lip.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK to 10 m, 25 cm diam., slightly flared at the base; internodes 12 cm, nodal scars 2 cm, white. LEAVES c. 15 in the crown, porrect; sheath partially open in outer leaves, c. 62 cm long, 5 mm thick, covered in dense rusty brown tomentum, with auricles 3.5 cm high; petiole 17 cm long, 7-9 cm wide, channelled adaxially, densely tomentose but glabrescent; rachis to 4 m long, proximally channelled and tomentose, more distally becoming flattened and eventually keeled distally, glabrous distally; leaflets up to 103 on each side of the rachis, regular, slightly drooping, green, linear, straight, acuminate, the proximal 55 x 0.5-0.8 cm, median 85 x 4 cm, distal 55 x 0.5-0.8 cm, glabrous but for some ramenta on the proximal part of the midrib abaxially, main veins 3. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar becoming infrafoliar in fruit, branched to 3 orders, to 1.7 x 1.4 m; peduncle to 65 cm long, 11 cm diam. proximally, 3-6 cm diam. distally, flattened, reddish tomentose over green; prophyll ± woody, c. 43 cm, borne at 12 cm above the base of the peduncle, c. 12 cm wide, tomentose; peduncular bract deciduous, woody, inserted at 26 cm from the base of the peduncle, to 70 x 10-15 cm, reddish tomentose; two smaller peduncular bracts present near the apex of the peduncle, to 17 cm long, tomen-tose; rachis 100 cm, flattened, grey-tomentellous, with 24 first order branches; rachis bracts to 3 cm long; rachillae spreading, to 30 cm long, 3 mm diam., green; with distant triads in pits; rachilla bract 0.5-0.75 mm high. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 2-2.5 mm, keeled, truncate; petals on a 1 mm high receptacle, 2 x 1.5-1.75 mm, ovate, acute; stamens said to be connate for 1.75 mm, filaments 0.8-1 mm long, anthers 1 mm long, dorsifixed?; pistillode 1.75-2 mm, columnar. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 2 mm; petals 3 x 3 mm; gynoecium 4 mm high, 2-2.5 mm diam., with 1 mm long stigma lobes. FRUIT globose, dark brown, 10-12 mm; endocarp fibrous, the fibres anastomosing rather intensely. SEED 8.5-10 x 8.5-9 mm, globose, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex, with a subbasal depression corresponding to the embryo; ruminations of the endosperm irregular, to 3.5 mm deep and up to half the diameter of the seed wide. EOPHYLL pinnate.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Said to occur in W Madagascar, but no voucher specimens from the wild are known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Said to be at low elevations along and in rocky, sandy, seasonally dry streambeds (no vouchers).</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unknown, until the status in the wild has become more clear.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Close to D. lastelliana but differs in rachilla bract (thinner in leptocheilos), and fruit/seed size. Differences enumerated in the protologue with anoth \r
+er species of Neodypsis (it is unclear which one) in the</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Cultivated material originating from Madagascar and grown in Tahiti, Papeari, April 1992 (fr., seedling), D.R. & M. Hodel 1144 (type, K). And probably: without locality, anno 1986 (seed), Razafindratsira s.n. (K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis ligulata</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 177 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Sambirano, Belinta, W base of Mt Kalabenona; Perrier; 15414</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neodypsis ligulatus</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 2 (2): 19 (1924)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 18 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier Fl. Madagascar 30: 152 (1945)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>Insufficiently known species. The name refers to the 'ligule' or auricle on the leaf sheath, a character much used by Jumelle, but of doubtful value in separating species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 4-6 m high, c. 20 cm diam., smooth, ringed. LEAVES with the sheath (fide Perrier) whitish, glabrous, with distinct, unequal, obtuse auricles; petiole not seen; rachis in mid-leaf keeled, c. 1.8 cm wide and 2.2 cm high, withscattered scales; leaflets presumably regular, the proximal not seen, median c. 120 x 2.3-2.5 cm (interval 3.5-4 cm), distal 23-42 x 0.5-1.4 cm, the terminal pair joined for c. 6 cm, main veins 1 (-3), with thickened margins, with scattered red ramenta 2-4 mm long on the proximal part of the midrib, otherwise glabrous, apices unequally attenuate, bifid. INFLORESCENCE branched to 2 orders; the only first order branch seen with a secondary rachis 27 cm long, proximally 1.2 x 0.6 cm, glabrous, with 17 rachillae; rachillae 24-34 cm long, 2-2.5 mm diam., with distant slightly sunken triads, the rachilla bracts small and rounded. STAMINATE FLOWERS not seen. PISTILLATE FLOWERS not seen; in fruit the persistent sepals 1.8-2.2 x 2.5-2.8 mm, petals 3.2-3.6 x 3.8-4.1 mm; staminodes 0.6-0.7 mm, flat. FRUIT yellowish, ellipsoid, 12-16 x 7-8.5 mm, with an obtuse apex; endocarp fibrous, the fibres anastomosing. SEED ellipsoid, c. 13 x 7.5-8 mm, pointed at the base, obtuse at the apex, with a sub-aequatorial depression; endosperm ruminate, the ruminations few, distant, 1-2 mm deep.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest on sandstone, at low elevation.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Possibly extinct; not seen for over 70 years.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Palm-heart edible.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The protologue describes the auricles as 0.8-1.5 cm long; the petiole as 12 cm long; the proximal segments as 75-100 x 0.4-0.8 cm; inflorescence branched to 2 orders; prophyll 40 x 6 cm, with scattered scales. It also has the Sakalava name Kindro. None of these details is apparent from the Paris specimen. We are unable to comment on the affinities of this species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambilobe: Belinta, Feb. 1923 (fr.), Perrier 15414 (Holotype P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Nomenclatural note - correcting errors in Palms of Madagascar</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Govaerts</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms, 50(4): 184</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2006</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis anovensis</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+<type>Madagascar, R Anove; Perrier; 12066</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology" lang=""><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender forest undergrowth palm to 2 m tall. STEM c. 7 mm diam. (not exceeding 3 cm, fide Jumelle). LEAVES c. 6 in crown (7-8, fide Jumelle); sheaths 6.5 cm long, c. 7 mm diam., covered in caducous chocolate-coloured scales; petiole 8-15 cm long, c. 2.5 mm wide near base, covered in a thick layer of caducous pale brown scales; rachis 9-10 cm; leaflets 3-4 on each side of the rachis, ± regularly arranged, drying pale green, up to 2.5 cm distant, the longest to 25 cm long, c. 4-12 mm wide, mostly composed of a single fold, both surfaces with scattered punctiform scales, abaxially with broad bands of caducous brown scales. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, in bud much shorter than the leaves, but one dead inflorescence axis suggesting eventually as long as leaves (to 45 cm fide Jumelle), branching to 1 order only; peduncle 21 cm; prophyll to 8 x 0.4 cm, membranous; peduncular bract exceeding prophyll by 9.5 cm, otherwise similar (exceeding prophyll by 23 cm fide Jumelle); rachis c. 5 cm (8-12 cm, fide Jumelle) with rather dense brown scales; rachillae probably c. 14, c. 2 cm long, c. 0.5 mm diam., rather sparsely scaly, triads c. 0.5 mm apart in immature inflorescence, rachilla bract entire, inconspicuous. STAMINATE FLOWERS in very young bud, all parts at an early state of development; stamens 3 antepetalous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the Anove River near Soanierana-Ivongo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rain forest at low elevation.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Presumed extinct. Not seen for more than eighty years. Most of the forest has disappeared from the Anove River mouth.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The need for the new name, Dypsis anovensis, is a consequence of the inclusion of Neophloga in Dypsis. Dypsis anovensis is known only from its type. The combination of slender, linear leaflets and small sparsely branched inflorescence is paralleled by D. cookei from high elevation forest on Marojejy; however, the leaflet texture of the latter is different and there are consistently more leaflets on each side of the rachis, that dry dark rather than pale green. Some of the dimensions mentioned by Jumelle suggest that he had more mature inflorescences at hand than the one preserved on the type sheet in P.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Soanierana-Ivongo: near to River Anove, Sept. 1912 (buds), Perrier 12066 (holotype P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis lokohoensis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 349 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Andapa, Marojejy; Dransfield et al.; JD6759</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A slender palmlet of the undergrowth of montane forest. Because of its inflorescence structure and staminate flower size and shape, this species has the general appearance of members of the genus that were previously included in Neophloga, and had previously been misidentified as D. (Neophloga) lutea and Neophloga lanceolata. However, there are only three stamens in the staminate flower, and they are of an extraordinary form. The slender filaments end in a bifid connective, each arm reflexed and bearing a single short pendulous anther. The overall form thus approaches that of the stamens of some members of the New World palm genus Geonoma (Tribe Geonomeae). The Lokoho River, after which the palm is named, drains the whole southern half of the mas sif of Marojejy.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma gracilis, foliis integro-bifidis vel pinnatis, inflorescentia 1- (rare 2) ramosa, rachillis paucis (4-9), pendulis, floribus staminatis triandris, staminibus antesepalis, connectivo valde bifido antheris pendulis distinctissima.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering undergrowth palm. STEM to 3 m tall, 6 -15 mm diam., internodes 5-14 mm long with scattered caducous brown scales, nodal scars prominent. LEAVES 4-9 in crown; sheaths 6-12 cm long, c. 7-15 mm diam., longitudinally striate and bearing scattered caducous dark brown scales, sheath mouth lacking auricles; petiole 2-9 cm long, c. 1-3 mm diam., ± triangular in cross section, bearing sparse scattered dark brown scales; lamina entire bifid or divided into 3-9 subregular to grouped leaflets on each side of the rachis, rachis (or costa) 8-33 cm long, sparsely dark brown scaly; entire bifid lamina to 20-24 cm, divided to 65%, with lobes 14-15 cm long, 3.9-4.4 cm wide at widest point, tapering gradually to shallowly lobed tips, the apical cleft to 13 cm deep; pinnate leaf with leaflets subregular or grouped irregularly, somewhat sigmoid, the basal 4-30 x 0.3-4.5 cm, the subapical to 14-25 x 2-4 cm, the apical pair 10-17 x 1.8-6 cm, apically shallowly lobed; both lamina surfaces bearing minute brown punctiform scales along main ribs and veins. INFLORESCENCES interfoliar at first, apparently becoming infrafoliar, ± porrect, branching to 1 (or very rarely 2) orders; peduncle 12-32 cm long, 1-2 mm diam., sparsely scaly; prophyll 7-25 x 0.4-0.7 cm, apically irregularly laciniate, abaxially sparsely scaly; peduncular bract 18-20 x 0.5-0.7 cm, deciduous; rachis 3-6 cm, densely scaly when young; rachillae 4-9, somewhat curved or flexuous, 7-23 cm, densely scaly when young; triads borne ± superficially, c. 1 mm distant, rachilla bracts minute. STAMINATE FLOWERS c. 2 x 2 mm; sepals rounded triangular, abaxially keeled, c. 1x 1 mm; petals 2 x 1.3 mm, ovate-oblong, with triangular tips, striate; stamens 3, antesepalous, filaments elongating to 2 x 0.3 mm, pale, connectives tanniniferous, dark, bifid with pendulous arms to 0.5 mm, anthers pendulous and divergent on the connective arms, 0.4 x 0.2 mm; staminodes absent; pistillode conical, c. 0.5 mm high. PISTILLATE FLOWERS ovoid, c. 1.8 x 1.6 mm; sepals 1.1 x 0.9 mm, imbricate, rounded; petals 1.2 x 0.8 mm, imbricate basally, triangular valvate distally; staminodes 3, minute, dentiform; ovary 1.1 x 0.4 mm, ellipsoid. FRUIT only known in very immature state.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Madagascar, only known from Marojejy.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Humid lowland and lower montane rain forest on steep slopes; 400-1200 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Only occurs in a restricted area, though there is some protection.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The two specimens that make up the Humbert collection differ greatly in leaf dissection, yet they both bear the same collector's number. In one the leaf blade is entire bifid, in the other it is divided into irregularly arranged leaflets. However, details of indument and texture are identical. Cours 3243 from Ambatosoratra, is more robust; it has a pinnate leaf with subregular leaflets. Ambatosoratra lies at 14° 34á S 49° 44á E on the eastern slopes of the Marojejy Massif. The most recent collections have all been made on the eastern slopes of Marojejy, and vary in size and leaf dissection. Dransfield et al. JD6396 (K, TAN) from near Ambanizana on the Masoala Peninsula keys to this species but does not have the same texture; unfortunately, the available material does not have flowers and it is not possible to match the specimen with more certainty.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Marojejy, trail to Marojejy Est from Mandena, above Camp 2, Nov. 1989 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6751 (K, TAN); (fl.), JD6752 (K, TAN); (fl.), JD6759 (Holotype K; isotypes P, TAN); Valley of the Lokoho, Mt. Ambodilaitra, north of Andranomiforitra and Belambo, March 1949 (fl.), Humbert 23275 (P); Ambatosoratra, Jan. 1949 (fl.), Cours 3243 (K, P); Col d'Andapa, Route de Sambava, April 1970 (fl.), Bosser 20114 (K, P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis louvelii</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H. Perrier</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 21 (1913)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar. 59 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille Fasc. 1: 38 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Bull. Ac. Malgache 6: 19 (1923)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 13 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 24 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Analamazaotra; Perrier; 11968</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A neat palmlet of the undergrowth of montane forest, first collected at Analamazaotra, Andasibe (Perinet). This is an easily distinguished species because of its deeply bifid leaf and slender inflorescence with few short rachillae. It has frequently been collected at the type locality where it is no longer very common near to the main trails. Louvel, after whom the palm is named, was a Forest Officer at the old French Forestry Station at Perinet (modern day Andasibe).</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary slender palm of the forest undergrowth, rarely exceeding 1 m tall. STEM 7-10 mm diam., internodes 4-10 mm long, surface glabrous. LEAVES c. 5-10 in crown, tending to be held ± horizontally; leaf sheath 6-7 long, 1.0-1.4 cm diam., drying dull brown, bearing abundant dark brown scales, the mouth with two short triangular auricle to 4 x 3 mm; petiole absent or very short, not exceeding c. 2 cm; blade entire bifid, rather plicate, or, very rarely, divided into 3 distant narrow leaflets on each side; blade 19-50 cm long with a spread of 4.5-10 cm, the two lobes diverging at a very acute angle, 10-25 x 1.5-4 cm, where divided into leaflets, the leaflets 17-21 x 0.7-0.9 cm, adaxially with sparse punctiform scales, abaxially densely covered with brown punctiform scales. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, arcuate, branching to 1 order, rarely the lowermost 1 or 2 first order branches branched to the second order; peduncle 20-35 x 0.15-0.2 cm, sparsely brown scaly; prophyll sometimes borne up to 2 cm above base of peduncle, 6-10 x 0.3-0.5 cm; peduncular bract exceeding the prophyll, 9-23 x 0.4 cm; rachis usually conspicuously shorter than the peduncle, 5-10 cm; rachillae generally few in number, 9-17, generally somewhat reflexed, 1.3-4 cm long, c. 1 mm diam., sparsely brown scaly, bearing rather densely arranged triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS at anthesis ± ovoid, 1.6 mm long; sepals rounded to broadly triangular, c. 0.7 x 0.7 mm, strongly keeled, inconspicuously dentate at the margins, abaxially slightly papillose, obscurely striate; petals connate in basal 0.25 mm, the lobes triangular, to 1 x 1 mm, abaxially smooth, glabrous; stamens 3 antesepalous, filaments to 0.75 x 0.3 mm, basally joined in the lowermost 0.2 mm, anthers somewhat sagittate, 0.5 x 0.3 mm, introrse; pistillode conical, minute, c. 0.1 mm high. PISTILLATE FLOWERS at anthesis c. 1.6 mm diam.; sepals rounded to broadly triangular, c. 0.7 x 0.7 mm, strongly keeled, inconspicuously dentate at the margins, abaxially slightly papillose, obscurely striate; petals c. 1.5 x 1.5 mm, rounded to broadly triangular; staminodes 3, free, irregularly strap-shaped 0.2-0.4 x 0.2 mm; ovary irregularly reniform, c. 1.2 mm at widest point, stigmas 3, eccentric near the apex, c. 0.1 mm long. Immature fruit narrowly fusiform. Mature FRUIT scarlet, irregularly ellipsoidal, apically somewhat pointed, 14 x 8 mm; epicarp minutely papillose, mesocarp soft, fleshy; endocarp broad fusiform, 12 x 5 mm, 0.5 mm thick, with brown, sparsely anastomosing fibres. SEED 11 x 4 mm, conforming to the endocarp shape; endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central Madagascar, Analamazaotra and environs.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland and montane forest, usually in valley bottoms; 300-1100 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable; all recent collec tions are from one small area.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>No specimens were cited in the protologue (Jumelle & Perrier 1913). Of the three specimens cited by Jumelle (1918), we have found only Perrier 11968 and thus designate this collection as type. This is a beautiful, distinctive species, characterised by its dwarf habit, usually with narrow, rather plicate, entire bifid leaves and inflorescences with long arcuate peduncle and short rachis, bearing rather few somewhat reflexed short rachillae. The staminate flowers have three antesepalous stamens with short sagittate anthers, no staminodes and a very small, scarcely discernible pistillode. At present the species seems to have a very restricted distribution.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Moramanga: Andasibe, Analamazaotra, (fl.), Perrier 11968 (holotype P); idem, Feb. 1921 (fl.), Perrier 15984 (K, P); idem, Dec. 1932 (fl.), Leandri 719 (P); idem, March 1991 (fl., fr.), Beentje & Raharilala 4401 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Mantady, Dec. 1991 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4540 (K, MO, TAN); idem, April 1992 (fl., fr.), Beentje & Dransfield 4655 (K); idem, Dec. 1992, Beentje & Andriampaniry 4772 (K, TAN). Ampasimanolotra: Ct. d'Ambalarondra, Andranampony, April 1951 (fl.), Cours 4522 (P). Toamasina: Tampina, au sud de Tamatave, March 1942 (fl.), Decary 17691 (K, P). Ambohimanga Atsimo: Route d'Ambohimanga, 1952-1955 (fl.), Dequaire 27714 (K, P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis lucens</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 315 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Antongil Bay; Perrier; 12032</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga lucens</name>\r
+<author>Jum.,</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (3): 15 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar Palmae: 21 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 62 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>Only known from the type, which consists of loose pieces of leaf and a few rachillae. These are nevertheless enough to distinguish it from other taxa. The name is Latin for 'shiny', and this presumably refers to the leaf when it is fresh.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Palm up to 60 cm. STEM 0.7-1 cm diam. LEAVES c.10; sheath 6.5-7.5 cm long, 1-1.2 cm diam., partly open, red-brown, covered in small dark red-brown scales; petiole absent; lamina entire, shiny, narrowly triangular, 25-30 cm long, midrib 17-19 cm, lobed for 8-12 cm, the lobes 2.4-3.7 cm wide, the apices 5-10 mm wide and toothed, also toothed along the upper outer margins, adaxially with c. 9 prominent veins, abaxially covered in many small scales, intermixed with 2-5 mm long ramenta on the main veins. INFLORESCENCE 44-47 cm long, unbranched; peduncle 23-27 cm long, 1.5-2 mm diam., with a few minute scales; prophyll 8-11 cm long, 5-6 mm wide, borne at 0.5-3 cm above the base of the peduncle, opening near the apex only for c. 1 cm, with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at 5-8 cm from the base of the peduncle, 13-15 cm long, split for the distal 1 cm, with scattered scales; non-tubular bracts 2, 2-2.5 mm long; rachilla 23-24 cm long, 1-1.5 mm diam., glabrous; triads distant, the rachilla bract small and triangular. STAMINATE FLOWERS only known from an early bud stage; sepals 1.4-1.7 x 1-1.3 mm, ciliolate; petals 2.1-2.4 x 1.2 mm; stamens 6, biseriate (offset 0.2 mm), filaments c. 0.5 mm, anthers 0.5-0.6 mm, still in a very tight cone, the locules parallel. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT and seed unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the type: 'Antongil Bay area'.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rain forest; c. 400 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Probably extinct; not seen since the type was collected over eighty years ago.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>There is a bit of a mystery regarding the pistillate flowers; Jumelle gives a brief, non-committal description in the protologue which could refer to any pistillate flower in the Dypsidinae, but there is none on the type. The specimen has the appearance of D. concinna, with an unbranched inflorescence, but there is no petiole.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Antongil Bay area, Oct. 1912 (bud), Perrier 12032 (Holotype P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis lutea</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 293 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Ambatovola; Perrier; 12002 and 18391</type>\r
+<type_loc>Syntypes P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga lutea</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (3): 32 (1929)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 5, 1 (3): 6 (1933)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar Palmae: 21 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 74, fig. 20 (1945)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A distinctive undergrowth species with fairly large, entire, pale green leaves and a branched inflorescence. The name lutea means golden yellow, and this alludes to the colour of the inflorescence.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p><name>Neophloga lutea</name>Jum. var. transiensJum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 76 (1945). Type: Madagascar, Masoala Peninsula, Perrier 11940 (Holotype P), synon nov \r
+Clustering or solitary palm. STEM 2.5-3 m high, to 0.8 cm diam., the distal internodes c. 7 cm, blackish brown, covered in laciniate scales. LEAVES c. 9 in the crown, entire; sheath 10-17 cm long, c. 1 cm diam., pale green, distally covered in dense red-brown laciniate scales when young, with or without triangular auricles to 3 mm long and laciniate; petiole absent or to 4.5 cm long, c. 1.5 mm diam., with brown laciniate scales mixed with silvery scales; blade obtriangular, 30-55 cm long, pale green, midrib/rachis 21-43 cm long, lobes 9-17 x 2.3-4.2 cm, main veins 7-17, scattered scales on the midrib and to a lesser extent on the veins, apices 5-15 mm wide and dentate, also dentate on the distal outside margins. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, yellow to orange, branched to 1 or 2 orders, 33-77 cm long; peduncle 19-60 cm, 2.5-5 mm diam., densely scaly but glabrescent; prophyll 14-37 cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide, borne at 2.5-9 cm above the base of the peduncle, split for the distal 2.5 cm, with scattered scales; peduncular bract deciduous or persistent, inserted at 12-27 from the base of the peduncle, 13-31.5 cm long, split in the distal 4 cm, with scattered scales; rachis 4-16 cm long, glabrous, without or with up to 5 branched, and 4-11 unbranched first order branches, the proximal of the branched ones with up to 4 rachillae; rachillae 4-17 cm, with dense triads and dark yellow flowers. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1-1.5 x 1-1.4 mm; petals 2.1-2.5 x 1.4-1.6 mm; stamens 6, equal or offset for up to 0.3 mm, filaments 0.8-1 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm diam., cylindrical with slightly triangular base, anthers 1-1.5 x 0.7-0.8 mm, dorsifixed, versatile, the locules parallel and obtuse; pistillode 0.4-1.1 mm high, 0.3-0.4 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1-1.2 x 1.2-1.6 mm, ciliolate; petals 2.8-3 x 2.2-2.7 mm, ciliolate?; staminodes 6, 0.3-0.6 mm long; gynoecium 2.8-3 mm high, 1.6-2.7 mm diam. FRUITS (young) oblong, incurved, attenuate towards an obtuse apex.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Masoala and the Moramanga area.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland and submontane rain forest; ridge top (?always); 40-1100 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. There is only one recent collection, from an unprotected area which is being destroyed; the other collections are over eighty years old.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Var. transiens was separated on the base of the peduncular bract being deciduous, not split at the apex, and beaked, whereas var. lutea has peduncular bract remaining, opening only at the apex, not beaked. Perrier 12002 has one inflorescence which differs strongly from the others on that specimen and looks very much like that of var. transiens, including the stouter prophyll, the deciduous peduncular bract and the inflorescence branched to two orders. Perrier 18391 shows a peduncular bract with a 1 cm long beak, just as in var. transiens. We see no reason to uphold the varieties. Decary 5064 is from Ivohibe: Ifandana, Sept. 1926 (bud), (P), and is very like D. lutea. It is 5 m high; the leaf is 62 cm long, with lobes 42 cm long; the inflorescence is branched to 2 orders, with a rachis of 24 cm with 15 branched and 10 unbranched first order branches; rachillae are 5-9 cm long. The staminate flowers are smaller in all dimensions, but they are in bud.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra/Antalaha: Masoala Peninsula, Nov. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 11940 (P, type of var. transiens). Moramanga: Ambatovola, Jan. ?1913 (fl.), Perrier 12002 (P, syntype); idem, Jan. 1928 (fl.), Perrier 18391 (P, syntype); Andasibe, Anevoke, Nov. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6421 (K, P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis lutescens</name>
+<author>(H. Wendl.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 212 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Ambila-Lemaitso; Dransfield et al.; JD6441</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypes BH, P, TAN</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus lutescens</name>
+<author>H.Wendl.</author>
+<bibref>H.Wendl. Bot., Zeitg. 36 8: 117 (1878)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Bot. Jahrb. 38 Beibl. 87: 32 (1906)</bibref>
+<bibref>Beccari, Palme del Madagascar 38 (1914)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseillesér. 10, 3: 13 (1922)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 9 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 103, fig. 29 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus baronii var. littoralis</name>
+<author>Jum. & H Perrier</author>
+<bibref>Jum. & H Perrier, Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 3, 1 (1): 35 (1913)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, near Tampolo R mouth; Perrier; 12058</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus glaucescens</name>
+<author>Waby</author>
+<bibref>Waby, Kew Bull. 1923:376 (1923)</bibref>
+<type>Cult. Victoria Gardens, Trinidad; Waby; 9849</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>One of the best-known Madagascar palms (at least under its old name): this species is very widespread in cultivation all over the tropics, doing well under a wide range of conditions. This is in strange contrast to its native country, where it is restricted to a special habitat: white sand forest in a narrow strip close to the sea. The name means 'becoming yellow' and refers (probably) to the leaf sheath, petiole and rachis.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rehazo, Lafahazo, Lafaza (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Graceful clustering palm in tufts of 4-20 plants. STEMS 1-7 m high, occasionally with 1-2 small branches, 5-12 cm diam., the base occasionally with a swelling to 30 cm high, 40 cm diam.; internodes 2-12 cm, yellowish or pale grey-brown, more distally green to grey with waxy white bloom. LEAVES 5-11, spiral or more often tristichous, porrect and strongly arching; sheath yellowish with white waxy bloom, (28-) 39-60 cm, 11-15 cm diam., abaxially with dense scattered scales distally, adaxially orange and glabrous, with slight ligules (to 3 mm) or with rounded shoulders; petiole 19-37 cm long, proximally 1.7-3.5 x 2.5 cm, distally 0.7-2 x 0.8-2 cm, channelled with sharp edges, yellow or yellowish orange, with few abaxial scales, proximally on the adaxial side with a triangular swollen extension to the sheath lining; rachis 1.1-1.9 m long, proximally channelled, in mid-leaf keeled and 1.5-1.8 x 0.9 cm diam., yellow or yellow-orange, with small scattered scales; leaflets 44-59 on each side of the rachis, regular, stiff, in one plane on each side of the rachis but the leaflets on opposite sides at an angle of 90-120°, adaxially green, abaxially slightly waxy and grey, the proximal 35-66 x 0.6-1.8 cm, median 44-70 x 1.3-3 cm (interval 1.7-4 cm), distal 7-37 x 0.6-1.5 cm (terminal pair joined for up to 3.5 cm), the apices attenuate, with 5-9 faint veins but with only the midrib very prominent on both surfaces, with a few tufts of large ramenta on the abaxial midrib, and with many small scattered glands in long lines on the minor veins (these sometimes absent?). INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, sometimes the fruiting stage infrafoliar, spreading, with spreading rachillae, branched to 3 orders (rarely to 2 or 4 orders); peduncle 34-88 cm long, flattened, proximally 2.7-6 x 1-3 cm, distally c. 1.3-2.7 x cm diam., glabrous; prophyll 31-102 cm, borne at 5-47 cm above the base of the peduncle, 3.3-4.2 cm wide, with narrow wings, split only at the apex for 7-16 cm, with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at 38-68 cm from the base of the peduncle, 48-60 cm long, cm wide, closed for the distal 10 cm, with a beak of 2-5 cm, pale brown, waxy and glabrous or with a few scattered scales, abscising and carried up by the lengthening inflorescence and rather quickly deciduous; non-tubular peduncular bracts few, 3-5 x 10-12 mm; rachis 20- 110 cm, glabrous, with 5-13 branched and 8-14 unbranched first order branches, the proximal of these with flattened bases 1-1.5 x 0.6- cm and sub-tended by bracts of 6-7 mm high; rachillae 6-30 cm long, 2-5 mm diam.; triads distant proximally, more dense distally, inserted in shallow pits; rachilla bracts proud, acute. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.6-1.8 x 2-2.4 mm, hooded, rounded, gibbous, keeled; petals connate for 1-1.3 mm to the receptacle, free for 1.3-2.2 x 2-2.3 mm, ovate, acute; stamens 6, uniseriate, the filaments 2.8- mm long, anthers 1.6-1.8 x 0.8 mm, dorsifixed; pistillode 2.5-2.8 x 0.4-0.5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 2-2.2 x 2.4-2.5 mm, hooded, neither gibbous nor keeled; petals free, 2.8-3.2 x 2.3-3 mm, orbicular or broadly ovate, with small apicula; staminodes 0.3-0.4 mm, thin, empty; ovary c. 3 x 1.4 mm, with short stigmas. FRUIT yellow, ellipsoid to obovoid, 12-18 x 7-10 mm, with a pointed apex; endocarp long-fibrous, the fibres almost free. SEED ovoid with an obtuse apex and a pointed base, 11-16 x 6-9.5 mm, with homogeneous endosperm. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>E Madagascar.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Littoral forest or heath vegetation on white sand, also on rock; persists in secondary growth and may be locally common. Alt. 5-35 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. Total numbers of this palm in the wild are estimated at more than a thousand.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Local uses not recorded, but this is one of the most important ornamental palms in commerce.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Wendland described the genus Chrysalidocarpus and the species <name>Chrysalidocarpus lutescens</name> at the same time; he also mentioned that this was a common indoors palm in Europe, known as Areca or Hyophorbe indica or lutescens, and also as Areca borbonica or A. dicksoni (= Dictyospermum album); none of these names refers to the Madagascar material. [<name>Chrysalidocarpus lutescens</name> is not based on the Bory name Hyophorbe lutescens, since Wendland states categorically that he is describing the species as distinct from Hyophorbe. Areca lutescens Bory was described from specimens from Réunion, and is a synonym of Hyophorbe indica Gaertn. Areca borbonica is an old garden name for Dictyosperma album (Bory)
+H. Wendl. & Drude. None of these palms conforms to the description Wendland gave for his new species, with its green leaf-sheaths with a waxy bloom combined with a clustering habit].
+With D. arenarum and D. psammophila it forms a complex that requires further study, particularly since all three taxa occur in the same area and almost in the same habitat. This complex seems close to D. baronii and D. onilahensis, to which it bears an uncanny resemblance. We are tentatively including Chrysalidocarpus glaucescens Waby in synonymy. This species was based on a particularly glaucous and robust plant cultivated in Trinidad. It is certainly larger in all its parts than D. lutescens but we do not think it can be anything else.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Sambava: 7km NE of Anjangoveratra, June 1992 (sd.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4690 (K, TAN, MO). Maroantsetra: Maroantsetra For. Sta., Oct. 1963 (ster.), Moore 9018 (TAN); Manambia, Oct. 1986 (y. infl.), Dransfield et al. JD6407 (K, P, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Tapolo (Tampolo) R mouth, Oct. 1911 (bud), Perrier 12058 (P); Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (fl.), Beentje 4460 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Toamasina: Mahatsara For. Res., Feb. 1992 (fr.), Noyes et al. 922 (K. P); Foulpointe (Mahavelona), Dec. 1962 (fl.), Bosser 16826 (P); 45km N of Toamasina, Feb. 1975 (fl.), Croat 32483 (P, TAN). Ampasimanolotra: Ambila, May 1928 (fr.), Decary 6303 (K, P, TAN); 5km S of Ambila-Lemaitso, Nov. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6441 (K, P, TAN). Manakara: 5km S of Manakara, May 1992 (old infl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4676 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis mahia</name>\r
+<author>Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 296 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Manombo; Beentje and Andriampaniry; 4792</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a very small species with pencil-thin stems. The small, entire leaves with long lobes are very distinct. Mahia is Malagasy for 'slender' and refers to the very slender lobes of the lamina which, curiously and most unusually in the genus, are acuminate rather than dentate.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma minima lobis folii integri longis acutis distincta. </p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or with paired stems. STEMS to 60 cm, c. 6 mm diam; internodes 3-6 mm, glabrous; nodal scars 1-2 mm. LEAVES 8-10 in the crown, entire; sheath 5-5.5 cm long, the outer open, the inner closed, pale brown with scattered reddish scales distally, with laciniate edges, without auricles; petiole 5.5-7 cm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, with scattered scales; lamina entire, 34-38 cm long, connate for 5-7 cm, lobed for 80-85 %, the lobes 1.1-1.8 cm wide; main veins 5, with few small reddish scales; apices long-acumi-nate, not dentate. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, erect, branched to 1 order; peduncle 15 -16 cm long, 1.5-2 mm diam., glabrous; prophyll 11-11.5 cm long, open in the distal 1 cm, with few scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at c. 8 cm from the base of the peduncle, c. 10.5 cm long, open in the distal 4.5 cm, with few scattered scales; rachis c. 6 cm long, glabrous, with 12 rachillae; rachillae porrect, 3-5 cm long, 0.6 mm diam., glabrous. STAMINATE FLOWERS yellow in bud, with sepals 0.5-0.6 x 0.5-0.7 mm; petals 0.7-0.9 x 0.8 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate?, the filaments connate at the base, 0.4 mm long and thin, anthers 0.4 x 0.3 mm, AB dorsifixed, slighttly sagittate. PISTILLATE FLOWERS not seen. FRUIT not seen.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Manombo, only known from the type.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest on thin humus layer over rocky soil; c. 60 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Known from a single site, which is slowly being destroyed by fire, shifting cultivation and logging.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>D. mahia has stems and sheaths reminiscent of D. bernierana, but is otherwise very different and does not really resemble any other species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Farafangana: Manombo, Jan. 1993 (bud), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4792 (Holotype K; isotype TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis malcomberi</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 165 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Andohahela, Col Tanatana; Dransfield et al.; JD6779</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>An impressive and massive tristichous palm. The species is named for Simon Malcomber, enthusiastic plant collector and tree climber, who took a great deal of trouble to obtain more material of this rare species.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rahosy, Vakaka (Antanosy).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. piluliferaeet D. mananjarensi similis sed vagina folii glabra forma rachillarum bracteas triadium conspicuas et flores confertim tectarum recedit. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 15-25 m, 25-35 cm diam., distally 14-15 cm diam., at the base slightly bulbous with a few aerial roots, internodes 10-28 cm (distally 5-6 cm), slightly stepped, finely fissured and brown, ringed, nodal scars c. 2 cm. LEAVES tristichous, 6-8 per crown, plumose; sheath bright green to yellow-green, waxy, swollen, 1.5-2 m, 17-25 cm diam., closed or open for up to one quarter of its length, glabrous, auricles absent or up to 4 x 10 cm; petiole 20-50 cm, 4-8 cm diam., bright green, glabrous, canaliculate with sharp edges; rachis 3-4 m long, bright green, in mid-leaf 4-5 cm diam., proximally canaliculate, distally keeled; leaflets in groups of 2-8 or only slightly irregular, the group interval 1-13 cm, the leaflets fanned to almost in one plane, drooping in their distal part, 135-188 on each side of the rachis, basal 80-110 (-220) x 0.6-3.2 cm, median 93-135 x 2.8-4.6 cm, distal 10-50 x 1-2 cm, attenuate, main vein 1, bright green, not waxy, glabrous but for the ramenta. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, branched to 3-4 orders, arching and with pendulous rachillae in fruit; peduncle green, 20-30 cm long, 6-16 x 3-5 cm diam., glabrous; prophyll 42-73 x 12-20 cm, borne at 8-9 cm above the base of the peduncle, glabrous, splitting abaxially; peduncular bract borne at 15 cm above the base of the peduncle, deciduous, 72-117 x 16 cm, beaked for 8-21 cm, green, glabrous with a waxy bloom; rachis 60-124 cm, green, glabrous, with 18-21 branched and 12-17 unbranched first order branches; rachillae 15-48 cm long, 3.5-8 mm diam., glabrous, triads dense with proud, slightly reflexed bracts. STAMINATE FLOWERS pale green, with sepals 1.8-2.3 x 2.2-2.8 mm; petals 2.3-2.6 x 1.8-1.9 mm; stamens 6, cream, uniseriate, filaments c. 1 mm in bud, anthers c. 1.3 x 0.6 mm, versatile; pistillode c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS (in fruit) with sepals 2.6-3.2 x 2.4-2.8 mm; petals 3-3.5 x 3-4.2 mm; staminodes 0.5-1.3 mm, flat; gynoecium not seen. FRUIT pale orange, globose to ellipsoid, 8-10 x 4-7 mm, with hardly fibrous endocarp; SEED c. 5.5 x 4 mm, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the Andohahela.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest; slight or steep mid slopes, occasionally near forest streams; alt. 400-800 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Only known from a single small area. Though this species occurs in a protected area (Andohahela is a Reserve Spéciale) the felling for construction purposes seems to continue.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>The outer wood is used to make planks for walls.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Clearly allied to D. mananjarensis and D. pilulifera; though very similar, in the field these three taxa have a different appearance.
+Probably the same is: Midongy: 24km S of Midongy, May 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4670 (K, TAN), but the material is too scanty to be certain; it comes from wet forest at 800 m altitude, but was collected from a tree felled for palm-heart some time before.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tolanaro: upper Manampanihy valley between Eminiminy and the Saindro Col, Feb. 1934 (fr.), Humbert 14032 (P); Col Tanatana, Andohahela, Nov. 1989 (fl., fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6779 (K, P, TAN); 13km N of Ezoambo, March 1992 (bud), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4596 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, March 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4603 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Andohahela R, May 1992 (bud), Malcomber et al. 1542 (K, MO, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis mananjarensis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 163 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Vatovavy forest; Perrier; 12073</type>
+<type_loc>Type P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus mananjarensis</name>
+<author>Jum. & H. Perrier</author>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier in Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 33, t. 17 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. in Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 10, 3: 25 (1922)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. in Cat. Pl. Madagascar Palmae: 10 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier in Fl. Madagascar 30: 117 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus fibrosus</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum. in Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 10, 3: 10 (1922)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. in Cat. Pl. Madagascar Palmae: 9 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier in Fl. Madagascar 30: 103 (1945)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, forests in Vatomandry region; Perrier; 14158</type>
+<type_loc>Type P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A large and beautiful tristichous palm, in the horticultural world known as 'mealy bug', because of the prominent scales on the leaf sheath, petiole and rachis. These scales are white and waxy, with scalloped edges, and are unique within the genus. The scientific name comes from the fivondronana or 'county' of Mananjary, where the type was collected.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Laafa, Lakatra (general palm names on East coast), Ovodaafa (Antaisaka).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 6-25 m, cylindrical, 14-29 cm diam. (to 12 cm diam. near the crown), internodes 10-50 cm (near the crown to 5 cm), green, ringed, nodal scars white, 2-4 cm; wood very hard with red fibres. LEAVES tristichous, porrect to arching, 6-10 per crown; sheath 0.6-1.6 m long, a quarter to two-thirds open, whitish green to pale yellow-green to bright orange-yellow in recently exposed sheaths, with characteristic slighly sunken, white, waxy, large (4-12 x 2-3 mm) scales with scalloped edges, auricles c. 1 cm; petiole absent or up to 12 cm long, with scales as the sheath, 5-10 x 3-7 cm diam., deeply canaliculate with sharp edges; rachis 3-3.5 m long, in mid-leaf 2.5-4 cm wide, proximally canaliculate, more distally keeled, pale brown, with scales as the sheath; leaflets slightly irregular or in groups of 3-7, but always in several planes, arching, 121-149 on each side of the rachis, the group interval 1.5-17 cm, basal leaflets 35-150 (-300) x 0.8-2.8 cm, median 100-135 x 2.2-4.6 cm, distal 18-50 x 0.5-2.5 cm, acuminate, glabrous, waxy, main vein 1 with thickened margins. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, branched to 3 orders, arching and with pendulous rachillae; peduncle 18-40 cm long, 6-12 x 3.5-7 cm diam., pale green, glabrous; prophyll erect, 45-65 x 11-17 cm, clearly 2-winged, borne at 5-8 cm above the base of the peduncle; peduncular bract inserted at 15-18 cm above the base of the peduncle, deciduous, 80-120 x 10-20 cm, beaked for 6-10 cm, closed in the distal 15 cm, coriaceous, with a waxy bloom; non-tubular peduncular 8-29 x 4-7 cm; rachis 70-106 cm long, pale pastel green with 14-23 branched and 14-20 unbranched first order branches; rachillae whitish to pale pastel green, 17-58 cm long, 3-5 mm diam. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.3-1.6 x 1.2-1.5 mm, red-spotted; petals 2-2.2 x 1.4-1.5 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate, filaments 1.7-2 mm, anthers 1-1.3 x 0.6-0.7 mm, versatile; pistillode 1.5-1.7 x 0.4-0.7 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.5-2 x 1.6-2.3 mm, petals 2.2-2.4 x 1.8-2.3 mm; staminodes 0.2-0.4 mm; gynoecium 2-3.5 x 2-4 mm. FRUIT globose or nearly so, 4-6 mm, with fibrous endocarp, the fibres slightly anastomosing. SEED globose, 3.5-4.5 mm, with sub-basal depression, rounded at the base, apiculate or rounded at the apex, with homogeneous endosperm (occasionally with undulate edges).</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>East coast between Vatomandry and Tolanaro.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist or dry forest (remnants), also ?rejuvenating in savoka; slight or steep mid slopes; alt. 30-200 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Though this species may be locally common, the total number HB has seen are only a few hundred. Over the whole distribution area the vegetation is being destroyed for agricultural land or by burning; the cutting for palm-heart targets this palm specifically.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Good palm heart, and cut down for this; the rachis produces a fibre formerly much used by the Betsimisaraka.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Collections from several large populations in the Manakara area show that the variation within populations may range from almost regular leaflets in almost one plane to grouped and fanned leaflets (Perrier describes the leaflets of C. fibrosus as "non groupés mais non tous inserés sur un même plan"). The group interval of 11-17 cm in the type of C. mananjarensis is rather extreme, the norm being 1-6 cm; it is possible that the leaf parts in this type come from a leaf from a young plant. The protologue of C. mananjarensis states that the type is a robust palm with a short trunk 4-6 m high, and this is certainly the size of an young tree; all flowering or fruiting specimens we have observed had trunks over 6 m tall, and usually over 10 m.
+NOTE: within the enlarged genus Dypsis, the epithet fibrosa/um has been used earlier for Dictyosperma fibrosum = Vonitra fibrosa = Dypsis fibrosa.
+</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Vatomandry: 6 km S of Ambalatenina, Oct. 1991 (y. fr.), Beentje 4506 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Levazy, SW of Vatomandry, Dec. 1921 (bud, fr.), Perrier 14158 (P, type of D. fibrosa). Ifanadiana: Ambinanindrano, Jan. 1993 (stam.fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4798 (K). Mananjary: Mt Vatovavy, Oct. 1911 (bud, fr.), Perrier 12073 (P, type of D. mananjarensis). Manakara: Amby, July 1992 (y.fr.), Beentje & Beentje 4727 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, July 1992 (stam.fl.), Beentje 4728 (K); idem, Jan. 1993 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4796 (K, TAN). Farafangana: Manombo, Nov. 1991 (bud), Beentje 4521 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Tolanaro: 6km N of Mandromodromotra, March 1992 (y.fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4613 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis mangorensis</name>
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 263 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Mangoro Basin; Perrier; 18042</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neophloga mangorensis</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (3): 34 (1929)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Fl. Madagascar 30: 78 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neophloga littoralis</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 4, 6 (3): 41 (1929)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Fl Madagascar 30: 80 (1945)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, Mananara Basin; Perrier; 12049</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A medium-sized palm with entire or little-dissected leaves. The name comes from the Mangoro River, where the type was found; currently, the area is devoid of natural vegetation.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering palm in tufts of up to 7. STEMS 1-6 m high, 1.2-3 cm diam.; internodes c. 8 cm, near crown 2.5-3 cm, green, with flaking scales; crownshaft "eau-de-nil". LEAVES spirally inserted, c. 10 in the crown, entire or with up to 3 pairs of leaflets; sheath 9-13 cm long, pale green turning red-brown, with scattered to distally dense dark red scales, and sometimes with some wax, with narrowly triangular auricles to 15 mm; petiole 10-25 cm long, 2-3 mm diam., red-brown with scattered scales; rachis 17-35 cm long, with scattered scales, in mid-leaf c. 2 mm wide; lamina entire and then 35-51 cm long, connate for 8-14 cm, lobes 28-37 x 5.5-8.2 cm, the apices truncate over a width of 0.5-1 cm (also dentate on distal outer margins), main veins 7-11, with a scaly midrib and with (faint) scattered scales on minor veins; or pinnate with 2-3 leaflets on each side of the rachis, the proximal 35-40 x 2-4.7 cm and acuminate, interval to median c. 10 cm, the median 24-28 x 1.1-1.7 cm, long-acuminate, interval to distal 0.2-6 cm, distal 22-32 x 1.8-4.2 cm, connate for 2-6 cm, main veins 5-7, apices truncate, 10-15 mm wide, dentate, glabrous or with a few scattered scales proximally. INFLORESCENCE interfo-liar, branched to 1 order, porrect to spreading; peduncle 14-53 cm long, proximally 6-8 x 2-4 mm, distally 2-5 mm diam., densely to sparsely pubescent; prophyll 15-35 x 0.7-1.3 cm, borne at 2-13 cm above the base of the peduncle, open in the distal 2-6 cm, glabrous or with scattered scales; peduncular bract 15-30 cm long, inserted at 13-22 cm from the base of the peduncle, open in the distal 2-4 cm or for more than halfway, with a few scattered scales, quickly deciduous; nontubular peduncular bract occasionally present and c. 3 mm long; rachis 1.8-22 cm long, pubescent to glabrous, with 3-11 rachillae; rachillae 13-27 cm long, 1-2 mm diam., minutely puberulous to glabrous. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.8-1.3 x 0.8-1.1 mm; petals 2-2.7 x 1.6-2.1 mm; stamens 6, in one series, the filaments 1-1.2 x 0.5 mm, cylindrical, the anthers 1.3-1.5 x 0.7-0.8 mm, dorsifixed, versatile, the locules parallel; pistillode 0.7-1.2 mm high, 0.4-0.6 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT and SEED unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Mananara Biosphere Reserve, and an old collection from the lower Mangoro River.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Littoral or lowland rain forest; flat, or mid slope; 5-300 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. There is only one recent sighting; we saw less than twenty individuals in an area surrounded by agriculture, and probably under threat of agricultural conversion.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Remarkably like D. faneva, which however has didymous stamens.
+NOTE: Dypsis littoralis Jum of 1918 would have priority; this is now a synonym of D forficifolia Mart</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananara Avaratra: Mananara, Oct. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 12049 (P, type of N. littoralis); Mananara, Oct. 1912 (y. bud), Perrier 12050 (P); Andravolasoa, April 1992 (old infl.), Beentje et al. 4639 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Mahanoro: Mangoro basin, Oct. 1927 (bud), Perrier 18042 (P, type of N. mangorensis).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis marojejyi</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 234 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Marojejy, NW of Mandena; Dransfield et al.; JD6755</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This a most distinctive squat robust palm of the undergrowth, abundant on the broad ridges in submontane forest on Marojejy. It has a short stem and leaves that do not fall off neatly, the crown tending to trap litter. In this respect it resembles D. perrieri but the leaves, while being about the same size, have grouped leaflets, and the inflorescence is quite different, being much more diffusely branched. Roots from neighbouring trees tend to grow into the litter that accumulates in the crown, and as the palm grows, these zigzag tree roots continue to grow from sheath to sheath, eventually being exposed. Ferns are also abundant in the crown of this palm. It somewhat resembles D. coursii but has a much more robust stem, with much larger leaves and longer, narrower leaflets. The species name is derived from the type locality, Marojejy. As far as we know, this species is not in cultivation.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Menamosona beratyraty (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma solitaria detritifera foliis marcescentibus caule breve lato, foliolis longis aggregatis inflorescentia in 3 ordines ramificanti, endospermio ruminato distincta. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Squat solitary palm. TRUNK 3-6 m tall, 20-30 cm diam., near the crown c. 20 cm diam.; stilt roots present near the base (always?); internodes c. 2 cm. LEAVES 18-20 in the crown, the upper part of the trunk with marcescent leaves and sheath remnants, litter accumulating; sheath 20 cm long, open, not forming a crownshaft, with dense rusty-brown pubescence, c. 40 cm wide; petiole 0-10 cm, densely reddish-pubescent, 3-3.5 x 2 cm diam.; rachis 3-4 m long, in mid-leaf 1.1-2.3 cm wide, reddish-tomentose; leaflets c. 60 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 3-6 and fanned within the groups, stiff, the group interval 4-9 cm, bright to dark green, the proximal 29-41 x 0.3-0.4 cm, median 45-70 x 2.5-5 cm (interval 0.5-2 cm), distal 15-35 x 0.7-2.7 cm, the apical pair joined for up to 3 cm and multi-fold (always?), main veins 3-5, with ramenta on the main veins, and with reddish scattered scales on the minor veins, apices unequally acute, the distal ones praemorse, young leaf liver-coloured. INFLORESCENCE bud, cylindrical and fat (0.6 mm diam.), anthers 1.8-2 x 0.8-1 mm, versatile; pistillode c. 1.3 x 0.6-0.9 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.3-2.5 x 1.7-3.5 mm; petals 2.7-4.6 x 2.5-5 mm; staminodes six, 0.2-0.6 mm; gynoecium (in bud) c. 2.5 x 0.8 mm. FRUIT pale yellow-green, ellipsoid to slightly obovoid, 22-25 x 14-18 mm, the apex rounded, pustulate; endocarp with densely anastomosing fibres. SEED slightly obovoid, 18-20 x 13-16 mm, with pointed base and rounded apex; endosperm ruminate, the intrusions dense, 2-5 mm deep.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the Marojejy massif.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Submontane rain forest; 700-1100 m. May be locally abundant.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Distribution restricted to a single, albeit protected, area.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>At first we thought this litter-accumulating palm belonged in a group with the other litter-collectors, such as D. perrieri. But the structure of the inflorescence indicates it is closer to taxa such as D. madagascariensis, D. coursii and D. rivularis.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Marojejy W, Ambatoharanana valley to upper Antsahaberoka R, Nov./Dec. 1959 (y.fr.), Humbert & Saboureau 31702 (K, P); Marojejy E, NW of Mandena, Feb. 1989 (fr.), Miller & Lowry 4185 (K, MO); idem, N of Mandena, Oct. 1988 (bud), Miller 3509 (K, MO, P); idem, Nov. 1989 (fl., y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6755 (Holotype K; isotype TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis mcdonaldiana</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 245 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Andohahela; Beentje and Andriampaniry; 4591</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype K; isotypi MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Named after the company that funded HB for four years of the project on Madagascar palms: McDonald's Restaurants (UK). This is in the tradition of Linnaeus, the father of Botany, who named taxa after his benefactors (and nasty weeds after his enemies, so we have to add that this is a beautiful palm!).</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. scottianae versosimiliter affinis sed inflorescentia robustiore rachillis longioribus distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering or subcolonial palm in groups of 8-20. STEMS 3-5 m, 1-3 cm diam.; internodes 1-5 cm, brown, more distally green. LEAVES 7- 10, spiral, flushed reddish when young; sheath 12-20 cm, pale green with distal red-brown pubescence, with tiny rounded ligules, the outer sheaths half open; petiole 5-10 cm long, 4-9 x 2-4 mm diam., abaxially with scattered scales, adaxially flat with sharp edges; rachis 37-90 cm, abaxially with scattered scales, in mid-leaf keeled, 3-5 mm diam.; leaflets 12-21 on each side of the rachis, regular or slightly irregular (in mid-leaf 2-4 cm apart), with top flabellum, the proximal 14-28 x 0.3-1.5 cm, median 21-43 x 1.6-2.4 cm, distal 0.8-29 x 0.8-2.9 (-7) cm, the distal pair joined for up to 7.5 cm and at the apex dentate over a width of 3-15 mm, main veins 1-3 (to 6 in the distal ones), apices attenuate, unequally bifid, no ramenta or scales. INFLORESCENCE (interand) infra-foliar, 45-90 cm, branched to 2 orders; peduncle 18-33 cm, proximally 5-8 x 2-3 mm, distally 4-7 x 2-6 mm diam., with sparse red-brown scales; prophyll 16-27 x 0.9-1 cm, borne at 4-8 cm above the base of the peduncle, with scattered scales, split in the distal 1-4 cm only; peduncular bract deciduous, not seen; rachis 16-27 cm, glabrous or nearly so, with 4-6 (-16) branched and 11-13 unbranched first order branches, the proximal of these to 8 cm long with up to 8 rachillae; rachillae 4-20 cm, 1-1.5 mm diam., puberulous to glabrous. STAMINATE FLOWERS unknown. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.8-1 x 1-1.2 cm; petals 1.6-2.5 x 1.5-1.8 cm; staminodes not seen; ovary subglobose, c. 1.5 mm high, c. 1.3 mm diam., with a trifid stigma. FRUIT red, 6-9 x 3-4 mm; remnant sepals 1 x 1 mm, petals 2.2-2.4 x 1.8 mm, with lower part imbricate and minutely ciliate, upper part valvate and triangular; endocarp fibrous, fibres not anastomosing. SEED with homogenous endosperm. EOPHYLL bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the mountains of SE Madagascar.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland or submontane rain forest edge; slight midslope or wet valley bottom among boulders; 300-1100 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Restricted to a small area, which is only partially protected.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Probably closest to D. scottiana, but with more robust inflorescences with longer rachillae. The (Guillaumet) specimen from the highest ele-
+vation has much shorter and scaly rachillae while the lowland ones have longer glabrous ones.
+Close to this species is Bosser 18599 from Vondrozo: W of Vondrozo, alt. 700 m, Dec. 1963 (bud); the sheath is longer (29 cm), the petiole shorter (5 mm), the rachis is 28 cm with only 6 leaflets on each side; the peduncle is 68 cm, but the rest of the inflorescence is similar.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tolanaro: E slopes of N part of Anosy chain, Nov. 1971 (old infl.), Guillaumet 3980 (P); Andohahela, col Tanatana, Dec. 1989 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6782 (K, TAN); 13km N of Ezoambo, March 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4591 (K, MO, P, TAN, type).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis minuta</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 312 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Sahavary; Dransfield et al.; JD6457</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>The name of this exquisite little palm, which is resticted in its distribution, indicates its size; it is a tiny solitary palm, one of the smallest on the island.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. coriaceaesimilis sed vagina folii pubescenti inflorescentia arcuata non erecta et folio vivendi non coriaceo differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm, stem 15-50 cm. STEMS to 5 mm diam.; internodes c. 1-2 cm, densely rusty-red hairy; nodal scars 0.2 mm. LEAVES 5-8 in the crown, entire or with several leaflets (fide JD6371, but not apparent from collection); sheath 6-9 cm long, half open, densely red-pubescent, with long-laciniate auricles to 1 cm; petiole 3-18 cm long, 1.5-2 mm diam., densely scaly; lamina entire, 19.5-33 cm long, bright greyish green, midrib 4.5-6 cm, lobes 16-26 x 1.3-2.5 cm, main veins 4-6, with minute reddish scattered scales on major and minor veins, white wax present? or white-punctate, apices narrowly dentate, 2- 4 mm wide. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, unbranched (a single bifid rachilla present in JD6457), erect to spreading; peduncle 6-19 cm; prophyll 7-15 cm, pale brown, open in the distal 1 cm; peduncular bract inserted at 6-11.5 cm from the base of the peduncle, 3-12 cm long, glabrous or with scattered scales, open for most of its length; non-tubular peduncular bract often present, 1.5-2 mm long; rachilla 4- 12 cm long, 1-2 mm diam., minutely puberulous or glabrous, with distant triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.7-0.9 x 1-1.9 mm, ciliolate; petals 1.7-2 x 1.1-1.2 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate, filaments 1-1.2 mm, anthers 1.3-1.4 x 0.4 mm, versatile; pistillode c. 1 x 0.3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS white; sepals 0.6-1.2 x 1-1.5 mm, ciliolate; petals 1.8-2.5 x 1.5-1.8 mm; staminodes 0.3-0.4 mm; gynoecium on a 0.2 mm stalk, 1.7-2.3 x 1.2-2 mm. FRUIT when young 11-12 x 2-3 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Masoala and Maroantsetra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; ridgetops; 200-550 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Occurs over a restricted distribution area, without official protection; numbers are thought to be fairly low.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Very similar to D. coriacea but differs in the pubescent leaf sheath, the curved (not erect) inflorescence and the less leathery leaf, at least when fresh.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6371 (K, P, TAN); Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6483 (K, TAN); Sahavary, Feb. 1988 (fl., y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6457 (Holotype K; isotypes P, TAN). No locality, collected before 1867, (fl.), Lyall 323 (K, syntype of N. heterophylla but not conspecific with the lectotype of that species, Baron 486). Dypsis coriacea. Close-up of infructescence (Dransfield et al. JD6459).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis mirabilis</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 345 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Marojejy; Dransfield; JD6771</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>There is nothing particularly unusual about the vegetative morphology of this species. It is a single-stemmed palm of the undergrowth of moderate size, with leaves that are divided into few broad leaflets, a habit common among undergrowth dypsids. The species name means wonderful, which may seem inappropriate for a rather ordinary looking palm. However, this species has most unusual staminodes in the staminate flower, and it is this rather obscure feature that caused us wonder.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>palma solitaria, folio foliolis paucis latis, inflorescentia 2-ramosa, rachillis pendulis, inter species floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antesepalis, staminodiis antepetalis ad pistillodium adnatis distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary undergrowth palm. STEM to 2.5 m tall, to 15 mm diam., internodes c. 40 mm long. LEAVES c. 7 in crown; sheath 24 cm long, c. 25 mm diam., longitudinally striate, sparsely scaly, the sheath mouth with an irregularly tattering brown membranous margin; petiole c. 11 cm, adaxially channelled, abaxially ± rounded, covered with abundant caducous dark brown scales; rachis c. 85 cm; blade irregularly divided into 3-4 broad long acuminate leaflets on each side of the rachis, basal leaflets c. 80 x 11 cm, mid-leaf leaflets 70 x 4-7 cm, apical leaflets 52 x 7-8.5 cm, shallowly lobed distally, leaflet texture rather thin in dried specimens, glabrous, short transverse veinlets evident. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branching to 2 orders, to c. 115 cm long; peduncle 45 cm long, densely covered with dark red indumentum; prophyll and peduncular bract lacking in available material; rachis c. 70 cm long, covered with indumentum as the peduncle; rachillae ± pendulous, very numerous (c. 100), 12-16 cm long, c. 2 mm diam., glabrous, tending to be narrow just above the triad insertion, triads 1-3 mm apart, rachilla bract c. 0.5 x 2 mm. STAMINATE FLOWERS at anthesis rounded, orange, c. 1.8 mm diam.; sepals 1.0 x 0.9 mm, apically erose, keeled; petals rounded triangular, 1.5 x 1.3 mm, striate; stamens 3, antesepalous, emerging slightly between the petals at anthesis, filaments terete, 1.1 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide at base, tapering to 0.3 mm wide at tip, anthers didymous, 0.4 x 0.1 mm; staminodes antepetalous, filaments adnate to the central pyramidal pistillode forming a composite structure c. 1.1 x 0.7 mm, the filaments c. 1.1 x 0.2 mm, free at the very tip, empty anthers c. 0.1 x 0.1 mm, free pistillode c. 0.1 mm high. PISTILLATE FLOWERS known only in very immature bud; sepals in fruit triangular, c. 1 x 1 mm; petals in fruit triangular, striate, c. 2 x 2 mm; staminodes 6. Immature FRUIT ovoid, green, 12 x 7 mm; endocarp composed of brown fibres. SEED 9 x 5 mm; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Marojejy and environs.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest in valley bottoms; 90-200 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Probably endangered. The distribution area is very small, and numbers are thought to be very low.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The antesepalous stamens have didymous anthers (unusual among species with three stamens where, if the stamens are antesepalous, they are usually sagittate), but the most unusual feature is that there are three well developed staminodes that are adnate by their filaments to the pistillode, thus forming a large pyramidal body in the centre of the flower. The relationships of this species are obscure. Beentje & Andriampaniry 4687 has very young flower buds; nevertheless, three large antesepalous stamens and three minute central fused staminodes are visible. It is possible that Casimir 11731 (K, P) from Maroambihy, Sambava, also belongs here; inflorescence structure and vegetative features are similar, but no staminate flowers are available to confirm the identity.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Marojejy, Mandena, headwaters of Bangouabe, east of Jean Poste Juvance, Nov. 1989 (fl., fr.), Dransfield JD6771 (holotype K; isotype TAN); 6 km SW of Ambodivoara, Ankatoka River valley, June 1992 (fl. buds), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4687 (K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis mocquerysiana</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Becc.</author>
+<citation>Palme del Madagascar 15 (1913)</citation>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar Palmae: 14 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier Fl. Madagascar 30: 33 (1945)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, Bay of Antongil; Mocquerys; 333</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype G-DC; isotype FI</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Trichodypsis mocquerysiana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38, Beibl. 87: 15 (1906)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dypsis manaranensis</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 3, 6 (1): 32 (1918)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Bull Ac Malgache 6: 6 (1923)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 14 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 34 (1945)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, Mananara; Perrier; 12067</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>An attractive small solitary palm of the undergrowth of very humid rain forests in the lowlands surrounding the Bay of Antongil. D. mocquerysiana has been grown at Kew since 1986, where it flowers regularly and once</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender solitary (or clustering, fide Jumelle) palm of the forest undergrowth, not exceeding 2 m tall. STEM 7-9 mm diam.; internodes �.c. 7 mm diam., stem surface with scattered caducous scales. LEAVES 4-8 in crown, tending to be held ± horizontally; sheath to 10 cm long, 1 cm diam., densely covered with thick caducous dark brown indumentum, the sheath mouth sometimes with two short irregular triangular auricles (1-3 cm, fide Jumelle 1923); petiole absent or very short, not exceeding 6 cm long, c. 4 x 3 mm in section, densely covered in caducous dark brown indumentum as the sheath; rachis (or costa) 8-19 cm long, tapering along its length, bearing caducous dark brown indumentum as the petiole; blade entire bifid or with 2 broad leaflets on one or both sides of the rachis; blade to 50 cm long, bifid for 50% to almost 80% of the length, the two lobes (or apical lobes) diverging from the rachis at an angle of about 10-15°, held flat or ± cucullate, somewhat plicate, to 30 x 3.5-5.5 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially with minute, scattered punctiform dark brown scales and a few bands of caducous laciniate scales, and usually with conspicuous dark ramenta on major veins, 2-5 mm long. INFLORESCENCE protandrous, erect at anthesis, held above the leaves, bent down in fruit, branching to 1-2 orders; peduncle 17-37 cm long, �.c. 1.5-3 mm diam., bearing abundant caducous chocolate-brown laciniate scales when young in exposed parts; prophyll sometimes borne 2-3 cm above base of peduncle, 9-18 x 0.4-0.8 cm, very sparsely scaly; peduncular bract borne 2-5 cm above the prophyll, 17-27 x 0.7-0.8 cm, similar to prophyll; rachis usually elongate, 9-22 cm long, bearing numerous short first-order branches, the basal few branched further to the second order, the whole branching portion of the inflorescence ± narrow rectangular in outline, axes sparsely to very densely covered in shaggy dark brown scales; rachillae usually numerous (c. 90), short, rarely exceeding 4 cm long, c. 1 mm diam., surface covered with minute punctiform scales and larger shaggy dark brown scales; triads 1-1.5 mm distant; rachilla bracts c. 0.5-1 mm, triangular, entire or long laciniate. STAMINATE FLOWERS c. 0.7-1 mm diam.; sepals 0.5-0.7 mm long, irregularly triangular or rounded, keeled, margins entire, or laciniate; petals 0.8 x 0.5 mm, striate; stamens 3, antepetalous, filaments 0.2 x 0.1 mm, basally connate in a ring with staminodes, anthers c. 0.2 mm, didymous, staminodes clublike, c. 0.1 mm; pistillode a low dome. PISTILLATE FLOWERS c. 1.5 mm diam.; sepals imbricate, c. 0.5 mm, margins laciniate; petals triangular, 1.3 x 1 mm, striate; staminodes 6, irregularly dentiform, minute; ovary (post anthesis) c. 1.5 mm diam.. Mature FRUIT bright red, 13 x 5.5 mm, epicarp shiny, mesocarp thin fleshy, endocarp thin with few scattered longitudinal fibres. SEED 11 x 4 mm; endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral near the base.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>NE Madagascar: Masoala and Mananara Avaratra.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest, usually in humid val- ley bottoms; 50-400 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Occurs in a restricted area, where shifting cultivation is increasing.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Beccari cited two syntypes, Mocquerys 333 and Mocquerys 419. As he used the latter for his "Dypsis mocquerysiana dissecta", we interpret this as selecting Mocquerys 333 as representing the typical facies (i.e., the type) of the species. In the protologue of D. mananarensis, Jumelle cited two collections: Perrier 12067 and Perrier 12064; of these the former is selected here as lectotype, as it is the more complete collection. Of the six leaves represented in the two syntypes, five are entire bifid, while the sixth, in Perrier 12064, has a blade split on one side of the rachis to give two broad leaflets. The plate in the Flora of Madagascar is thus most misleading, as it represents a leaf with four segments, and the description also mentions that the blade has most often four segments. On the label attached to the lectotype, Perrier 12067, Perrier has written "Parait differer de D11 (No.11963)"; we have found no trace of this collection. Jumelle cited the type locality as "Manarana" and the specific epithet as "manaranensis". The misspelling of the specific epithet was later corrected to "mananarensis" on the type sheet Perrier 12067. Jumelle distinguished D. mananarensis from D. mocquerysiana on the dissection of the blade, decurrence of segments and the absence of fimbriate bracts subtending the flower clusters (as illustrated by Beccari). However, even within populations of D. mocquerysiana on the Masoala Peninsula, the degree of fimbriation of the rachilla bracts varies greatly from strongly fimbriate to almost lacking fimbriation, and there seem to be no significant differences between dissected-bladed D. mocquerysianaand D. mananarensis. Lam & Meeuse 5861, from Soanierana-Antasibe, differs from other collections of D. mocquerysiana in being rather large, in having a petiole about 6 cm long, in the leaf lacking ramenta on the undersurface and in the rachillae bearing rather longer shaggier hairs. We have only tentatively included it here. Heim s.n. has ramenta on the undersurface of the leaves, but has petioles about 6 cm long, a relatively short inflorescence and the the rachilla hairs are shaggier than those found in typical D. mocquerysiana. Furthermore, the collection was made in the Matitanana, far to the south of the main area of distribution around the Bay of Antongil. This collection is not complete and is only tentatively included here.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Masoala Peninsula, Maroa, Bay of Antongil, (fl.), Mocquerys 333 (Holotype G-DC, isotype FI); Nosy Mangabe, (fl.), Mocquerys 419 ( G-DC, FI); Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (fl., fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6368 (BH, K, MO, TAN); Antalavia, April 1988 (fl.), Gentry & Schatz 62172 (K, MO); Andranofotsy River, Sahavary, Feb. 1988 (fl., fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6454 (K, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: Mananara, Aug. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 12067 (lectotype of D. mananarensis, P); idem, Perrier 12064 (P). Tentatively included specimens: Soanierana-Ivongo: Antasibe, Dec. 1938 (fl.), Lam & Meeuse 5861 (L) (see note above); Matitanana, forêt de Tsianovoka, Ampenetra, Sept. 1934 (fl.), Heim s.n. (P) (see notes). CULTIVATED: ex Masoala, Ambanizana, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Sept. 1991 (fl.), Cooke 95 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis monostachya</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 6 (1): 29, 36 (1918)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Bull. Ac. Malgache 6: 15 (1922-23)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 14 (1938)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 46 (1945)</bibref> \r
+<type>Madagascar, Rantabe, Bay of Antongil; Perrier; 12047</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a curious species that superficially looks much more like the species of Dypsis formerly included in the genus Neophloga. However, there are clearly only three stamens, and these being opposite the petals, this taxon belongs to the grouping formerly included in Dypsis § Trichodypsis. Initially we had confused Dypsis spicata with this species; for differences, see under the latter. The species name is derived from the Greek for a single spike.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering slender palmlet to 1m tall. STEM 5-7 mm diam., internodes 7-25 mm long with scattered scales, nodal scars c. 1 mm wide. LEAVES c. 5 in crown; sheaths 6-8 x 0.5-0.8 cm, longitudinally striate, sparsely to densely covered with caducous dark red-brown scales, membranous by the mouth, sometimes tattering but lacking distinct auricles; petiole lacking or to 7.5 cm long, c. 1-2 mm wide, triangular in cross section, bearing sparse to dense caducous dark brown scales; lamina divided into c. 6 narrow leaflets on each side of the rachis, rachis 8-28 cm, sparsely scaly; leaflets 15-22 x 0.5-1.2 cm, the apical pair only slightly broader than the proximal leaflets, lamina surfaces with minute punctiform brown scales borne on pale thickened bases, denser on the abaxial surface than on the adaxial, leaflets drying very pale green. INFLORESCENCE spicate, interfoliar, only slightly shorter than the leaves or exceeding them, 24-45 cm long, erect, but with the flower-bearing portion sometimes pendulous; prophyll 6-9.5 x 0.4-0.6 cm; peduncular bract 6.5-18 x 0.4 cm, both prophyll and peduncular bract sparsely scaly; peduncle 13-24 cm long; spike 9-21 x 0.15-0.2 cm; triads rather sparse in proximal portion, more densely arranged distally, rachilla bract c. 1 mm, rounded to apiculate with laciniate scales, a distinctive patch of chestnut-brown scales present on axis just above the triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS c. 1.4 mm high; sepals c. 0.6 mm long, keeled; petals valvate, ± elliptical, 1 x 0.6 mm; stamens 3, antepetalous, alternating with 3 antesepalous triangular staminodes, together borne on a short androecial tube ring to 0.4 mm high, connective ± triangular, anthers subdidymous, pistillode not seen. PISTILLATE FLOWER rounded; sepals imbricate, rounded, c. 0.8 x 0.8 mm; petals round-ed-triangular, 1.2 x 1 mm; staminodes 3, minute, dentiform; ovary \r
+c. 1 mm diam., post anthesis. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Bay of Antongil and Mandritsara.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland and montane forest; to 900 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not known. Presumed extinct, although the known sites are rarely visited by collectors.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>As circumscribed here, D. monostachya is known from two separate populations. The type was collected at Rantabe at the southern end of the Bay of Antongil. The second collection was made further south but at relatively high altitude at Andilamena, Mandritsara. This latter collection differs from the \r
+type in having rather thick scattered scales on the leaf sheath and in its inflorescences which are longer and have the flower bearing portion apparently pendulous. Otherwise the two collections are very similar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Rantabe, Bay of Antongil, Aug. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 12047 (Holotype P). Mandritsara: north of Andilamena, April 1923 (fl.), Perrier 15015 (P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis montana</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 303 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Tsaratanana; Perrier; 15646</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga montana</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (3): 29 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 21 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 70 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A rare small palm from the high mountains (hence the name). This species slightly resembles D. occidentalis, which occurs in the same area.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm to 1 m tall. STEMS < 4 mm diam. LEAVES c. 5 in the crown; leaf sheath 7-9 cm long, proximally glabrous, distally with patches of reddish indument, with small triangular auricles 2-5 mm high; petiole 2.5-5 cm long, c. 2 mm diam., with scattered scales; rachis 16-27 cm long, in mid-leaf c. 2 mm wide, with scattered scales; leaflets 3-5 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 10-13 x 0.9-2 cm, median 11-16 x 1.5-2.4 cm, distal pair forming a flabellum 16-22 cm long, connate for 7-8 cm, leaflet interval 1-3 cm, but usually with a large gap just below the terminal flabellum, with scattered scales on the abaxial surface, main veins 1, to 7 on the terminal flabellum. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, unbranched; peduncle 23-27 cm long, densely scaly; prophyll 10-12 cm long, 3-5 mm wide, open only near the apex; peduncular bract inserted at 4.5-13 cm from the base of the peduncle, 7.5-15 cm long, split in the distal 5-9 cm; rachilla 10-14 cm long, 1-2 mm diam., densely stellate-puberulous, with distant triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.5-0.7 x 0.4-0.6 mm; petals 1-2 x 0.5-1.2 mm; stamens 6, equal, the filaments c. 0.5-0.8 mm long, flattened, anthers 0.6-0.7 x 0.4-0.6 mm, dorsifixed; pistillode 0.7-0.9 x 0.2-0.3 mm, slender and conical. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.5-0.7 x 0.6-0.7 mm; petals 2-2.2 x 1.4-1.5 mm; staminodes c. 0.2 mm; gynoecium c. 1.6-1.7 x 1.4-1.7 mm. FRUIT unknown. (Plate: see next page).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Tsaratanana.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Montane forest; c. 1500 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Unclear. Known from a single site only, but the Tsaratanana is not well known botanically.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>?Ambanja: Tsaratanana, Dec. 1922 (fl.), Perrier 15646 (Holotype P); idem, S. Andohanitrema, May 1993 (bud), Malcomber & Hemingway 2471 (K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis moorei</name>\r
+<author>Beentje</author>\r
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 354 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Antalaha: across Onive R from Ambatobe; Moore; 9918</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotypus P; isotypi BH, K</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A massive undergrowth litter-trapping palm, known only from the type; named for Hal Moore (1917-1980), who discovered it.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Maroala (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. perrieri affinis sed petiolo multo longiore rachide multo breviore inflorescentia glabra semel ramificanti pedunculo graciliore sepalis petalisque floris staminati majoribus differt. </p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK c. 1 m high, covered in old leaf bases. LEAVES ascending to erect; sheath fibrous; petioles green, c. 3.5 m long, distally c. 2 x 1.6 cm, channelled, densely scaly; rachis c. 1.4 m long, in mid-leaf c. 1.5 x 1.2 cm, glabrous, possibly slightly waxy; leaflets c. 54 on each side of the rachis, regular, directed forward (Moore), green on both surfaces, the proximal 61-66 x 1.4-1.7 cm, median 80-81 x 3.7-3.8 cm (interval 4-5.5 cm), distal 10-46 x 1.1-2.3 cm, main veins 3, with minute reddish scattered scales on the minor veins, apices attenuate or acute. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 1 order, erect, c. 1.5 m long; peduncle c. 90 cm long, c. 2.6 x 1.6 cm diam. medially, distally 1.7 x 1.1 cm, densely scaly; prophyll not seen; peduncular bract caducous, inserted high on the peduncle (fide Moore), c. 1.3 m long, green, drying brown; rachis 18-30 cm long, densely scaly; rachillae stiff, 42-51 cm long, c. 7 mm diam., densely scaly, slightly zigzag with distant triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS greenish white; sepals 3.3-4.5 x 4-4.9 cm, keeled, gibbous, imbricate; petals 5.7-7 x 3.5-4 mm; stamens 6, biseriate (offset c. 1 mm), filaments connate at the base for c. 0.2 mm, free for c. 2 mm, anthers 2.7-3 x 1.6-2.2 mm, latrorse and versatile, with parallel locules and a wide black connective; pistillode c. 1.3 x 1.2 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 3.5-6 x 6-8 mm, the innermost widest; petals c. 8 x 7.5 mm in bud; staminodes 6, 0.8-1 mm high, flat; ovary slightly stalked, c. 6.5 mm x 2.8 mm. Mature FRUIT ± spherical, to 25 x 22 x 22 mm, stigmatic remains lateral or slightly below the equator; endocarp strongly fibrous. SEED 22 x 15 x 18 mm, endosperm deeply ruminate, embryo subbasal. EOPHYLL deeply bifid.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Masoala Peninsula.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest with low canopy; c. 50 m?</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered; only known from a single collection from an area which is known to be under severe threat of degradation.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is somewhat near D. perrieri but differs in the petiole being much longer, the rachis much shorter, the inflorescence branching to 1 order only, with glabrous axes; the peduncle is much more slender; the staminate sepals and petals are larger.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Antalaha: across Onive R from Ambatobe, April 1971 (fl.), Moore 9918 (Holotype P; isotypes BH, K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis nauseosa</name>\r
+<author>(Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 156 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Mt Vatovavy; Perrier; 12087</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neodypsis nauseosus</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H.Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H.Perrier Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 19, pl. VI (1913)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 2 (2): 31 (1924)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 18 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 156 (1945)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>We found this species some eighty years after the type (and up to that time, only) collection by Perrier, though we failed to find it on Vatovavy. The name indicates the supposed poisonous palm-heart, which is also reflected in local names.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Rahoma, Mangidibe (Antaisaka, means very bitter), Laafa (general palm name).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 7.5-15 m, 20-25 cm diam., with a basal swelling 47-58 cm diam.; internodes 10-23 cm, pale brown, nodal scars c. 3 cm; wood medium soft, white or pink. LEAVES small triangular part, ciliolate; staminodes six, flat, up to 0.7 mm high. Young FRUIT fleshy; mature fruit not seen. SEED ellipsoid with slightly asymmetrical pointed base and rounded apex, 15-16 x 12-14 mm, with a very adherent endocarp, close-fitting, appearing fibrous at base but more distally so anastomosing that it seems a smooth coat with a few pits; sub-basal depression of 3 mm diam.; endosperm ruminate, the intrusions many, wavy and irregular, 2-6 mm deep.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from the coastal parts of Fianarantsoa Province.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Eastern forest, possibly rather dry; 50-200 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Only known from two recent collections, both from areas where the forest is being cut down at a rapid rate. Less than twenty trees are known to exist.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Wood used for roofing beams, outer wood used for floorplanks. Palm-heart bitter, said to be poisonous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananjary: Mt Vatovavy, Oct. 1911 (fl.), Perrier 12087 (Holotype P). Manakara: Amby, May 1992 (dead infl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4679 (K, TAN). Farafangana: Manombo, Nov. 1991 (y. fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4510 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1991 (seed) Beentje & Andriampaniry 4516 (K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis nodifera</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author>\r
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 312 (1849)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, E coast; Bojer; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phloga nodifera</name>\r
+<author>(Mart.) Salomon</author>\r
+<bibref>(Mart.) Salomon, Die Palmen: 109 (1887)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phloga polystachya</name>\r
+<author>Noronha ex Baker</author>\r
+<bibref>Noronha ex Baker in J Linn Soc 22: 527 (1887)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull Soc Linn Paris 148: 1175 & 150: 1185 (1895)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot Jahrb Syst 38 Beiblatt 87: 10 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 3, fig1, t 1 (1912)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum. & H Perrier, Ann Inst Bot- Géol Colon Marseille sér 3, 1 (1): 2, pl 1, fig 1 (1913)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 23 (1938)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Jum & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 124, fig 33 (1945)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Dypsis polystachya</name>\r
+<author>Baker</author>\r
+<bibref>Baker in J Linn Soc 22: 525 (1887)</bibref> \r
+<type>Madagascar; Baron; 1287</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phloga polystachya var. stenophylla</name>\r
+<author>Becc</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot Jahrb Syst 38 Beibl 87: 11 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 5 (1912)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum. & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 124 (1945)</bibref> \r
+<type>Central Madagascar; Baron; 2880 (lectotype) and 4560 (syntype)</type>\r
+<type_loc>Lectotype ?P; Syntype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is one of the commonest and most widespread of all Madagascar palms, occurring from sea level up to nearly 1500 m. It is a very attractive single-stemmed species with a slender trunk and leaves with strongly grouped leaflets. In fact it appears uncannily like D. pinnatifrons, and, without staminate flowers and/or fruit it is impossible to tell them apart. The two species can also grow in the same habitat and area, to add to the confusion, but generally, the present species is the smaller and more slender of the two. Young seedlings, however, seem to be easily identified (see notes under D. pinnatifrons). The exposed forms of D. nodifera with very narrow leaflets can be strikingly beautiful. D. nodifera is undoubtedly in cultivation, where it will be impossible to distinguish from D. pinnatifrons until it flowers.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ovana (Betsimisaraka); Bedoda (Betsimisaraka); Sincaré = probably Tsinkiara, a general name for small palms. Tsirika, Tsingovatra (Betsimisaraka; these are fairly general palm names).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary (but sometimes subcolonial) palm. STEM 2-10 m tall, 1.2-6 cm diam., 1-3 cm diam. near the apex, sometimes procumbent with only the distal part erect; stilt roots sometimes present; internodes 3.5-10 cm long, dull grey to distally red-brown; wood hard; crownshaft pale green with reddish flecks, 25-35 cm long. LEAVES 6-12 in the crown (to 17 and 3-ranked according to Dorr), erect to porrect, slightly arching; sheath 12-30 cm long, 1.5-1.6 cm across, closed, pale green or grey-green, sometimes tinged with pink, with scattered (distally denser) red-purple scales, without obvious ligules or (more often) with dark triangular auricles 0.5-5 cm high; petiole absent or up to 28 cm long, proximally 5-12 x 3-6 mm across, distally 3.5-10 x 2.5-4 mm across, yellow-green, adaxially channelled or flat, less often slightly convex, densely scaly; rachis 24-75 cm long, in mid-leaf 3-5 x 2-3.5 mm, densely scaly on both surfaces but adaxially glabrescent; leaflets (12-) 23-59 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-6, the groups at intervals of 5-15 cm, the leaflets within the groups 0.2-0.8 cm apart, twisted and fanned within the groups with their apices pendulous, within the groups the leaflets increasing in size from proximal to distal, often with swellings 2-4 mm across at the insertion point on the rachis, the distal often reflexed towards the leaf base, the proximal 14-35 x 0.1-1.8 cm, the median 12-37 x 1.2-4.5 cm, the distal 6.5-20.5 x 0.4-3.5 cm, proximal and median narrowly ovate, long-acumi-nate, dark green, with 1-7 main veins and minute scattered reddish scales, larger scales on the margins and occasionally some medium-sized (3-4 mm) ramenta in the proximal part, distal pair joined at the base for 0.3-3.3 cm, with 1-5 main veins and dentate narrow apices. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar to infrafoliar, 20-90 cm long, branched to 3 orders, less often to 2 or 4 orders, porrect to arching with pendulous rachillae, protandrous; peduncle (5 -) 13-32 cm long, proximally 10-15 x 5-8 mm across, distally 5-9 x 4-6 mm, densely scaly; prophyll 7-33 cm long, 0.9-3 cm wide, borne at 2-6 cm above the base of the peduncle, glabrous, opening near the apex only; peduncular bract inserted at 4-11 cm from the base of the peduncle, soon deciduous, 12-26 cm long, opening over its entire length except for the 0.5- cm long beak, adaxially rich red-brown, abaxially pale brown with some scattered scales; non-tubular peduncular bract inserted at 12-18 cm from the base of the peduncle, triangular, 0.2-1.8 cm long; rachis (7-) 13-30 cm long, densely scaly but glabrescent, with rachis bracts to 12 x 8 mm, with 8-14 branched and 6-10 unbranched first order branches, the proximal ones basally 5-12 x 3-5 mm across; rachillae (7-) 12-34 cm long, c. 1 mm across, puberulous but glabrescent, with spaced superficial triads; buds red, flowers white, pink or cher-ry-red. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals imbricate, 0.8-1.2 x 1-1.6 mm, proximally keeled and gibbous, concave, with ragged membranous margins; petals red, with fleshy apex, 0.8-1.6 x 1.7-2.3 mm, broadly ovate, rounded with small apiculus; stamens 6, didymous, biseriate, with the antepetalous stamens inserted higher up and more central than the antesepalous ones, filaments 0.5-1 x 0.5-0.7 mm and triangular, anthers 0.3-0.4 x 0.5-0.6 mm, the locules dorsifixed, proximally divergent, obtuse, not versatile; pistillode invisible or nearly so. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.2-1.5 x 1.5-1.9 mm, broadly elliptic; petals white, elliptical with broad membranous wings, distally fleshy, 1.4-2.2 x 2-2.5 mm; staminodes six, minute; gynoecium 1-1.5 x 1.3-1.5 mm, asymmetric, the style arms up to 0.6 mm long. FRUIT ellipsoid, green (always?), 8-10 x 5-8 mm, rounded at both ends; endocarp fibrous, with somewhat anastomosing fibres. SEED ellipsoid, c. x 5.5 mm, with rounded ends; endocarp deeply (> 50 %) ruminate.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW, E and SE Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest, on steep or slight mid slopes, or littoral forest on white sand and then on the flat; alt. 5-1440 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. Widespread and common.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Hollowed out stems are used as blowpipes.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Although the generic name was validly published by J.D. Hooker in Bentham & J.D. Hooker, Genera Plantarum 3: 877, 909 (1883), the only species mentioned under Phloga is Dypsis nodifera Mart., and under the Code, Article 33.1, Ex. 2, this does not qualify as a new combination. The species bears an extraordinary resemblance to Dypsis pinnatifrons, but can be distinguished by the six stamens (not three) and the ruminate endosperm (not homogeneous, as in the Dypsis). Plants out in the open often have much narrower leaves, and forms with extremely narrow leaves have been split off as var. stenophylla; we believe this is merely an adaptation to bright light, and there are intermediate forms; therefore, we have relegated this variety to synonymy. The flowers were visited by flies in Dransfield et al. JD6436. Overdorff reports that leaves and fruit are eaten by Lemur fulvus and L. rubriventer. Variability can be quite large locally: in Beentje collections at Betampona several trees standing close together were collected, and inflorescences within this population were branched to two or three orders; the prophyll varied in length from 12 to 33 cm. But Beentje & Dransfield 4808 (Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct. 1994, y.fr.) is so different that it is only tentatively included here. The rachis is slightly longer, but the leaflets are not as tightly grouped and certainly not ovate; they are also less fanned.\r
+Note. The author of the combination is often cited as Noronha ex Salomon, even by Salomon himself This is not correct: Salomon is the author of the combination, and Noronha had nothing to do with it.\r
+Note. The name Phloga polystachya was published as a nomen nudum by Noronha in Prodromus Phytologicus, in Du Petit-Thouars, Mélanges de Botanique et des Voyages (1811); there was no description of any kind, but Noronha gives its local name as "Ou Van"; the same local name for this species was given to HB in 1991 Martius, in 1849, cites Phloga polystachya Noronha MSS as a synonym of his own Dypsis nodifera Mart, and Moore (1963) therefore cited the name as Phloga polystachya Noronha ex Mart Hooker (1887) cited the name Dypsis nodifera Mart under the description of Phloga, but did not make the new combination The first to make the combination under Phloga was Baker (1887); it is curious that Baker also described Dypsis polystachya, with a different type, two pages earlier, but did not compare the two Phloga polystachya is an invalid name, as it is a synonym of Dypsis nodifera.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja: source of Sambirano R., (fl.), Last anno 1889-1890 (K). Mananara-Avaratra: Antanambe, 1989 (fr.), Morat et al. 8518 (P). Soanierana-Ivongo: Titinga (Tintingue), without date (fl.), Bernier 40 (P); Soanierana to Andasibe, Dec. 1938 (bud), Lam & Meeuse 5859 (L), 5860 (L). Sainte-Marie: Manambo heights, April 1851 (fl.), Boivin s.n. (P); between Tsarahac (?) and Sirambe, Nov. 1850 (bud), Boivin s.n. (P). Ambatondrazaka: Nonokambo, Aug. 1937 (fl.), Herb. Jard. Bot. Tana 2839 (P); Manaka E, April 1961 (fl.), Rakotovao RN 11850 (K, P). Toamasina: Betampona, Oct. 1991 (y.fr.), Beentje 4496 (K), 4497 (K); Tampina, Dec. 1938 (fl.), Lam & Meeuse 6045 (L). Ampasimanolotra: Ambila-Lemaitso, Feb. 1924 (fl.), Perrier 16040 (P); idem, May 1928 (fl.), Decary 6378 (P); 5-9 km S of Ambila-Lemaitso, Nov. 1986 (fl., y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6436 (K, P, TAN); idem, March 1988 (fl., fr.), Henderson et al. 759 (K); idem, June 1989 (bud, fr.), Phillipson 1860 (K, P, TAN); idem, Sept. 1991 (fl., fr.), Beentje 4441 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN), 4446 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Moramanga: S of Moramanga, Feb. 1930 (fr.), Decary 7143 (P); Mantady, March 1991 (fl.), Beentje & Raharilala 4403 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN), 4405 (BH, K, TAN); idem, Oct. 1993 (fl.), van Nek 2000 (WAG), & (y.fr.) 1997 (WAG); Analamazaotra, Aug. 1862 (fl., y.fr.), Meller s.n. 21.8.1862 (K); idem, July 1938 (fl.), Herb. Jard. Bot. Tana 3778 (K, P); idem, Nov. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6414 (K, TAN); Fanovana, May 1968 (bud), Rakotozafy 620 (P); Rahobevava, March 1951 (fl.), Cours 4296 (P). Ambohidratrimo: Ambohidratrimo forest, sine die (bud, y. fr.), Le Myre de Vilers s.n. (P). Manjakandriana: Ambatolaona, Ankeramadinika, June 1962 (bud), Bosser 16139 (K, P) and Jan. 1964 (fr.), Bosser 18983 (P, TAN); E of Ambatolaona, Nov. 1912 (fl., y.fr.), Viguier & Humbert 1250 (P); Andrangaloaka (Andrangalaoka), Nov. 1880 (y.fr.), Hildebrandt 3717 (K, P); idem, (y.fr.), Parker comm. Aug. 1881 (K); Mandraka, Feb. 1985 (fr.), Dorr et al. 3716 (K). Anosibe an Ala: Sandrangato- Anosibe, Nov. 1952 (y.fr.), Capuron & Lerandri 1681 (P). Marolambo: Andasibe, Onive R., Nov. 1914 (bud), Perrier 12076 (P). Mahanoro: 6 km S of Mahanoro, Oct. 1991 (bud, fr.), Beentje 4505 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Ambositra: Ambohimitombo, Dec. 1894 (bud), Forsyth Major 603 (K). Ifanadiana: Ranomafana N.P. near Ambatolahy, Dec. 1986 (fr.), Nicoll 207 (K, TAN); idem, Duke Primate Centre, Oct. 1987 (fr.), Overdorff 7 (K, P). Vondrozo: Vondrozo, (fr.), Decary 4854 (K, P, TAN). Amboasary Atsimo: Behara, Feb. 1967 (y.fr.), Serv. For. Mad. 26477 SF (K, P). Tolanaro: Andohahela, Col Tanatana, Dec. 1989 (fl., fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6776 (K, P, TAN); Andohahela, R. Itrotroky, Feb. 1993 (bud), Malcomber et al. 2120 (K, P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis nossibensis</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 358 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Nosy Be, Lokobe, March 1851; Boivin; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus nossibensis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38 Beibl. 87: 34 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 41, t. 40 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl.Madagascar, Palmae: 10 (1938)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Vonitra nossibensis</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref>(Becc.) Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 130 (1945)</bibref>\r
+ </synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Vonitra loucoubensis</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Rev Bot Appl 1922: 161 (1922)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 5, 1: 15 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 26 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<locality></locality>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Nosy Be, Lokobe; Perrier; 12028</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This clearly belongs to the 'Vonitra' group, though it sometimes lacks the distinctive piassava (leaf sheath fibre) on the trunk. The inflorescence has the bulbous bases to the first order branches that are so distinctive for this group, but there are only one or two inflorescences per tree, and the trunk does not branch, which is unlike several other species of this group. The name refers to the island of Nosy Be.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 5-10 m, not branching, 7-15 cm diam., bare and then grey and conspicuously ringed, or with sheath remnants, with (over distal 2 m of trunk) or without a disintegrated fibrous mass; base of trunk with aerial roots; internodes c. 7 cm.; base of crown bulbous, 8 cm diam.; wood hard. LEAVES c. 18 in the crown, porrect to arching and held on edge in distal half of the leaf, with the leaflets in one plane; sheath 28-50 cm, 6-9 cm wide, more distally with a central woody part of 3-4 cm wide with two fibrous "wings" of c. 4.5 cm wide, with short fine brown tomentum with fibrous tattered margins, and opposite the petiole with a long brown tongue, 100-120 x 5-5.5 cm; petiole 39-40 cm long, proximally 1.5-2.7 x 1.5-2 cm, distally 1.7-2.1 x 1-1.2 cm, convex or channelled with rather sharp margins and a thin grey to red-brown tomentum; rachis c. 2.8 m, in mid-leaf 0.8-1.5 cm wide and keeled, with red-brown to grey tomentum but glabrescent; leaflets 62-64 on each side of the rachis, regular, mid-green, glabrous, the proximal 62-86 x 1.1-2.4 cm, median 52-78 x 3.3-5 cm (interval 3-4 cm), distal 16-44 x 0.9-3.5 cm, apices attenuate, main veins 5-7, distinct, midrib prominent adaxially, ramenta few, spaced, rather small, on the abaxial midrib of median leaflets. INFLORESCENCE erect, only a single stage present at one time, branched to 2 orders, 106-150 cm, with spreading or semi-pendulous rachillae; peduncle 75-84 cm long, proximally 4.2-6 x 2.4-3 cm, distally 2.5-2.7 x 1.6-2 cm, green with short reddish tomentum; prophyll 45-64 x 6.5-8 x 2-3 cm, borne at c. 6 cm above the base of the peduncle, 2winged, split abaxially; peduncular bract inserted at 15-20 cm, abscising and carried upwards by the lengthening bud, 102-106 x 9.5-18 cm, beaked and closed for 5.5-9 cm, glabrous and pale red-brown abaxially, yel-low-brown adaxially; incomplete peduncular bracts 3-6 x 36 mm; rachis 31-37 cm, proximally 3.5-5 x 2.5-3 cm diam., with 13-17 branched and 13-16 unbranched first order branches, these puberulous, with bulbous bases and proximally 1.5-2 x 0.4-1 cm; rachillae 25-56 cm, 3-5 mm diam., angular in bud and slightly zigzag, proximally with dense stellate scales, more distal with fewer scales, pitted; rachilla bracts c. 2 mm. STAMINATE FLOWERS slightly trigonous; sepals unequal, 3-4 x 4-7 mm, the innermost the largest, fleshy, keeled, hooded, broadly ovate, rounded, with a minute fringe of tiny hairs; petals purplish white, 4.4-4.5 x 5 mm, fleshy, ovate, slightly acute, inserted on the edge of a fleshy receptacle c. 3 mm high and 4 mm diam.; stamens 6, slightly bi-seriate with the antepetalous stamens inserted slightly higher and the anthers shorter; filaments 2.5-3 mm, connate in a basal ring around the pistillode, anthers dorsifixed, the locules parallel, 2.8-3.2 x 1.8-2 mm; pistillode 1.7-1.8 x 1.7 mm, trigonous. PISTILLATE FLOWERS trigonous at base, distinctly asymmetrical, 6 mm high in bud; sepals 4.5-6 x 6-7 mm, unequal, fleshy, keeled, hooded, fringed, imbricate, the innermost largest; petals purplish white, 7-8.3 x 7 mm, broadly ovate, acute, hooded; gynoecium 6- 8 x 4.5-6.5 mm, asymmetrical, the distal part partly split in 3, stigmas short, pyramidal; staminodes 6, 0.4-0.7 mm, flat. FRUIT not seen in mature state, young fruit 11 x 13 mm, asymmetric. EOPHYLL bifid; seedling with 2 scale leaves.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW Madagascar, only known from Lokobe forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest; steep mid slope; alt. 100-185 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Only known from a single forest, in which several palm species, including this one, are felled for planks. Total numbers seen were less than twenty-five.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Wood used in construction.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>HB believes he has seen two trees of this species on the Antsahampano peninsula on the mainland near Nosy Komba, but as he was on public transport at the time was unable to make sure. This would not change the conservation status, as the vegetation of this peninsula is also under threat. The type of V. nossibensis consists of an inflorescence and a very young leaf. We have omitted the measurements of the leaf from the above description.\r
+NOTE: this name is predated by Chrysalidocarpus lucubensis Becc from 1906, which is a synonym of C madagascariensis Becc</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Nosy Be: Lokobe, March 1851 (fl.), Boivin s.n. (P, type of <name>Chrysalidocarpus nossibensis</name>); idem, anno 1913 (fl.), Perrier 12028 (P, type of V. loucoubensis); Lokobe forest near Ampasindava, July 1992 (ster.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4695 (K, TAN); idem, July 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4698 (K); near Pointe Lokobe, Feb. 1992 (fl.), Birkinshaw 124 (K); idem, June 1992 (fl., y.fr., seedling), Beentje & Birkinshaw 4704 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+ <mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis occidentalis</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 301(1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Tsaratanana; Perrier; 12040</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga occidentalis</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (3): 24 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 21 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 68 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A clustering undergrowth palm with pinnate leaves and a long, unbranched inflorescence. Occidentalis is Latin for 'western', a name which probably comes from the type locality in the protologue - which we believe is faulty.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 6-8. STEMS 0.5-2 m high and 7-8 mm diam. LEAVES 5-8 in the crown, pinnate; sheath 8-14 cm long, with scattered scales to densely pubescent, and 5 mm long triangular auricles; petiole absent or to 5 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, with scattered scales; rachis 29-40 cm long, in mid-leaf to 3 mm wide, with scattered scales; leaflets 4-13 on each side of the rachis, ± regular (with few leaflets) to grouped (when more leaflets are present), sigmoid, the proximal 9-27 x 0.2-1 cm, median 15-30 x 1-5 cm, distal 13-21 x 1.9-3.5 cm, the distal pair joined for 2-5 cm, main veins 1, rarely a 2-4-fold leaflet with 3-4 veins, with scattered scales on the minor veins, apices acuminate, the terminal pair dentate over a width of 1-2 cm. INFLORESCENCE unbranched, erect; peduncle 22-40 cm long, 1-3.5 mm diam., ?glabrous or minutely puberulous; prophyll 12-23 cm long, 3-9 mm wide, open for 1-7 cm, with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at 10-15 cm from the base of the peduncle, 9-31 cm long, open in the distal part and tattering, with a beak of up to 6 mm; rachilla 15-31 cm long, 1-2.5 mm diam., glabrous or minutely puberulous, the triads distant. STAMINATE FLOWERS (in bud) with sepals 0.7-0.9 x 0.6-1 mm; petals 1.1-1.4 x 0.6 mm; stamens 6, ?1-seriate, the filaments 0.4-0.7 mm and thin, anthers 0.5-0.7 x 0.2-0.3 mm; pistillode not seen. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.6-1.3 x 0.6-1 mm; petals 1.3-1.8 x 0.8-1 mm; staminodes 0.3-0.4 mm high; gynoecium 0.8-1 x 0.3-0.6 mm. FRUIT reddish-orange, ellipsoid, 9-10 x 4-5 mm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Tsaratanana, Anjanaharibe and Marojejy massifs.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Montane or submontane forest; 450-1400 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Uncertain. These mountains are not well known botanically.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>None recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The protologue of N. occidentalis declares that the type specimen comes from the W slopes of Tsaratanana; we read Perriers handwriting on the label of the type as N, as it does not remotely resemble an O (for Ouest).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambilobe/Iharana: between Iharana (Vohemar) and Ambilobe, July 1939 (fr.), Decary 14709 (P). ?Ambanja, Tsaratanana Mt. area, N side, Nov. 1912 (bud), Perrier 12040 (Holotype P). Andapa: NE Marojejy, E of Ambalamanasy II, Nov./Dec. 1948 (bud), Humbert & Capuron 22173 (P); Ambatoharanana Valley to upper Antsahaberoka R., Nov./Dec. 1959 (fl.), Humbert & Saboureau 31703b (P); Anjanaharibe W of Beamalona, June 1992 (bud), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4684 (K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis onilahensis</name>\r
+<author>(Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 207 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Onilahy basin, Mt Votaka near Benenitra; Perrier; 12074</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus onilahensis</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H.Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H.Perrier. Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 37. t. 18 (1913)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 10, 3: 15 (1922)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 10 (1938)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Fl. Madagascar 30: 108 (1945)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus midongensis</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 10, 3: 17 (1922)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 10 (1938)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum., Fl Madagascar 30: 109 (1945)</bibref> \r
+<type>Madagascar, E of Midongy; Perrier; 12499</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotypus P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus brevinodis</name>\r
+<author>Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref>Perrier, Not Syst 8: 47 (1939)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 104, fig 29: 4-6 (1945</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A handsome, medium-sized clustering palm which would do well in cultivation in the drier tropics. The species name comes from the Onilahy River, south of Toliara.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kindro (Antankarana); Sihara (Bara).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 3-10 (occasionally appearing as solitary, fide Humbert). STEMS 2-20 m high, 2.5-15 cm diam. (-30 cm, fide Perrier), distally stepped and ringed; internodes 0.3-20 cm, proximally grey, distally dark green, nodal scars 0.2-0.5 cm, white. LEAVES 5-7 in the crown, gracefully arching to half-pendulous; sheath 18-60 cm, 4.5-6 cm diam., open for about one third, abaxially dark grey-green, pale green to pale brown but nearly always with a white waxy bloom, distally reddish-pubescent but glabrescent, adaxially rich red-brown, without or with only slight ligules to 1.5 x 4 mm; petiole absent or up to 40 cm long, proximally 1.2-2.3 x 1-1.5 cm with an adaxial triangular swelling as a sheath lining extension, distally 1.3-1.7 x 0.6-1.6 cm, slightly channelled with sharp edges, glabrous or with reddish scales on both surfaces, dark green with flecks of dark brown; rachis 1-1.8 m long, proximally channelled, in mid-leaf keeled and 0.7-1.7 cm wide, with reddish scales or glabrous; leaflets 42-64 on each side of the rachis, regular, in one plane, opposite leaflets also in one plane (in Isalo) or at an angle of 90° (elsewhere), slightly pendulous, curving or stiff with only the distal part arching, dark green and hardly shiny adaxially, mat and glaucous abaxially, the proximal (22-) 38-106 x 0.2-2 cm (interval up to 19 cm), median 35-75 x 0.8-2.5 cm (interval 0.8-4 cm), distal 8-44 x 0.2-1.9 cm (the distal pair joined for up to 2 cm), main veins 1-5, rather faint with only the midrib adaxially prominent, adaxially with proximal or scattered red-brown rather large (6-30 mm) ramenta on the midrib, otherwise glabrous, apices long- atten-uate, bifid. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar or infrafoliar at anthesis, infrafoliar at the fruiting stage, curved with spreading rachillae, branched to 2 orders (once to 3 orders in Humbert 7025); peduncle 15-78 cm long, usually curving through 180°, proximally 0.6-4 x 0.4- 1.2 cm diam., distally 0.9-4 x 0.6-1.5 cm, with scattered scales or glabrous; prophyll 11-87 cm, borne at 3.5-45 cm above the base of the peduncle, 2-6 cm wide with narrow wings to 3 mm wide, split only at the apex for some 3 cm or open for up to 50%, yellow turning pale brown with scattered reddish scales distally; peduncular bract often quickly deciduous (in trees with long peduncles), inserted at 6-42 cm from the base of the peduncle, 18-55 cm long, beaked for 0.5-4 cm, splitting completely (except for the beak), adaxially glabrous and redbrown, abaxially pale green with scattered red-brown laciniate scales; non-tubular peduncular bracts usually two near the peduncle apex, 0.2-2.5 x 0.5 cm; rachis 16-40 cm long, waxy pale green, with 5-15 branched and 8-12 unbranched first order branches, the most proximal with a rachis of up to 7.5 (-26.5 in Humbert 18432) cm and 0.8-1.7 x 0.3-0.5 cm proximally, with 4-12 rachillae; rachis bracts up to 1 cm; rachillae 6-30 cm long, sinuous distally, 1.5-4.5 mm diam., glabrous, with distant triads in slight pits with an acute triangular rachilla bract 1-1.5 mm. STAMINATE FLOWERS creamy green or yellowish, with a sweet or unpleasant smell, with sepals 1.4-2.9 x 1.5-2.8 mm, concave, acute, keeled and gibbous; petals free or connate up to 1 mm, 2.2-4.2 x 1.5-3.4 mm, ovate and concave, acute; stamens 6, uniseriate or very vaguely biseriate (then with 0.1 mm difference in insertion and a callus between the filaments), filaments 1.2-3 mm long and thinly cylindrical, anthers 1.3-2.8 x 0.6-1.3 mm, dorsifixed, versatile, the locules parallel or proximally slightly divergent; pistillode 1-2.3 x 0.4-1.3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.2-3.1 x 2.2-3.2 mm, rounded; petals 2.5-3.5 x 2.5-4 mm; staminodes 0.3-1 mm; gynoecium 2.8-3.5 x 1.5-2.9 mm. FRUIT yellow, waxy?, ovoid to subglobose, 10-18 x 7-15 mm, the apex rounded; endocarp very fibrous with almost free fibres. SEED black, 9-17 x 6.5- 12 mm, ellipsoid with pointed base and rounded apex, and a small subbasal depression; endosperm homogeneous. EOPHYLL bifid.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NW and W Madagascar and South-Central Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Riverine forest, alt. 50-300 m (in the North) or riverine to evergreen forest (remnants) at 750-2400 m (Mountains of the Centre-North; Centre-South). Humbert states the palm is abundant on the rocky banks at flood level of the Analabe River in the north.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Though the distribution area is fairly large, the habitat is prone to destruction by fire. Numbers are estimated at less than a thousand. The population in the Isalo National Park is well-protected, but numbers less than a few hundred individuals.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>We are sinking C. brevinodis and C. midongensis as there are no distinguishing characters to separate these taxa from the bulk of D. onilahensis. Even the habitats seem to be identical. The protologue of C. brevinodis mentions as one of the syntypes Humbert 19032: Analamera, Analabe R banks. We believe this is an error; in the Flore the number (with the same data) is cited as 19245; on the sheets of Humbert 19245 (with the same data) Perrier has written C. brevinodis Perrier states that the stems are sometimes branched. In the southern populations there is a gradual cline from north to south as regards leaflet length (decreasing) and number (increasing), and inflorescence parts lengths such as peduncle, prophyll, peduncular bract (all increasing). The type of D. onilahensis is from the middle of the range, and nicely intermediate. \r
+The name midongensis refers to an obscure hamlet in the Itremo Massif, rather than to the large town in the south-east; before HB had realized this, he went to the large town and searched for this taxon. Not surprisingly, he did not find it, but in a nice case of serendipity, he found D. prestoniana. D. acuminumis very close, only distinguished by being solitary; by its fewer leaflets (30) which are on the short side, and by the inflorescence which is branched to one order only (though the type has one bifurcate rachilla). This species is extraordinaly close to D. baronii, and only differs in the habitat, the absence of minute reddish glands on the leaflets (not always present in D. baronii), and the homogeneous endosperm; the ruminations in D. bar onii are difficult to see at times, being very small, and D. baronii has been found in sites which are really in D. onilahensis territory, such as the forest of Ambohitsaratelo. In the absence of fruit, several collections could not be identified as belonging to one or the other [Miandrivazo: NW of Ambohitsaratelo-Bebao, July 1974 (fl), Morat 4590 (P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1986 (fl., y.fr.), Dransfield et al. 6447 (K, P, TAN)] but since Dorr et al. 3532 from the same locality has ruminate endosperm, they are more likely to be D. baronii. This whole complex deserves further study.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Antsiranana: Analamera, Analabe R banks, Jan. 1938 (fr.), Humbert 19245 (P, syntype of C. brevinodis). Ambilobe: upper Mananjeba basin, Aug. 1913 (fl., fr.), Perrier 15800 (P, syntype of C. brevinodis). Ambanja: Manongarivo, 1200 m, May 1909 (fl.), Perrier 12083 (P); Tsaratanana, upper Sambirano valley, Nov./Dec. 1937 (fr.), Humbert 18432 (P). Andapa: Mt Mainborondro, March 1949 (fr.), Humbert 23377 (K, P). ?Maevatanana: Tampoketsa d'Antongodrahoza, upper Betsiboka R, Sept. 1922 (fl.), Perrier 14839 (P). Ankazobe: Ikopa R, March 1920 (fr.), Decary 7556 (P). Ambatofinandrohana: E of Midongy de l'Ouest, Feb. 1919 (fr.), Perrier 12499 (P, type of C. midongensis). Ihosy: Isalo, Oct. 1924 (fl.), Perrier 16548 (P); idem, Oct. 1924 (bud), Humbert 2822 (P); idem, NW of Ranohira, July 1992 (buds), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4709 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem (seedling), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4713 (K); idem, Feb. 1990 (fr.), B. Du Puy et al. MB 673 (K); SW of Ranohira, Feb. 1990 (y.fr.), Phillipson 3406 (K, MO, TAN); 22km NNE of Zazafotsy, Feb. 1992 (seed), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4586 (K); idem, Dec. 1992 (fl.), Beentje 4768 (K, MO, P, TAN). Benenitra: Mt Votaka near Benenitra, July 1910 (fl.), Perrier 12074 (P, type of C. onilahensis). Betroka: Vohipolaka, Nov. 1933 (fl.), Humbert 11653 bis (P). Betroka/Befotaka: Ivohibe Peak, Sept. 1921 (bud), Perrier 12079 (P). Amboasary Atsimo: Ivakoany Massif, W slopes, Dec. 1928 (fl.), Humbert 7025 (K, P) and Nov.-Dec. 1933 (fl., y.fr.), Humbert 12248 (P). Tolanaro: Beampingaratra Mts, Maloto R valley Oct./Nov. 1928 (fl.), Humbert 6283 (P); upstream from Mahamavo, Jan./Feb. 1934 (fr.), Humbert 13905 (K, P); Col du Vavara, Nov. 1928 (fl.), Humbert 6539 (K, P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis oreophila</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 226 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Tsaratanana; Perrier; 16076</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neodypsis gracilis</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille 1, 1: 19 (1933)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 17 (1938)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phloga gracilis</name>
+<author>(Jum.) H.Perrier</author>
+<bibref>(Jum.) H.Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 126 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Another clustering, montane species, with distinctive small inflorescences. The epithet oreophila means mountain-loving, a reference to the habitat. This is a very attractive species.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kindro, Lafaza (Antankarana); Fitsiriky (Sambirano Sakalava).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm, occasionally appearing solitary. TRUNK 2-8 m high; diam. 3-4 cm, stepped and ringed, with some of the bark corky (diseased?); internodes distally dark green, 1-3.5 cm, scars 0.2-1.2 cm wide, pale brown; crownshaft conspicuous, pale green with wax. LEAVES 6-8 in the crown; young leaves tinged pink; sheath pale brown, 18-55 cm long, with rounded shoulders, pale green or brown, waxy, distally with few to many reddish scales; petiole 2-50 cm long, proximally 0.5-1.5 x 0.3-0.9 cm, distally 0.5-0.9 x 0.4-0.5 cm diam., with many scattered reddish scales, proximally with a triangular adaxial extension to the sheath lining; rachis 0.5-1.5 m long, in mid-leaf 0.3-1.6 cm wide, slightly keeled, with many reddish scales or only with some white waxy scale remnants; leaflets 25-45 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-5 in mid-leaf, group interval 2.5-12 cm, fanned within the groups, the proximal 8-33 x 0.4-1.8 cm, median 14-46 x 1.1-2.7 cm (interval 0.3-2 cm), distal 5.5-30 x 0.3-2.6 cm, main vein 1, plus thickened margins, with scattered scales to glabrous, or with a few ramenta 3-5 mm long, apices bifid, unequally attenuate. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, recurved, branched to 1-2 orders; peduncle 6- 11.5 cm, proximally 9-10 x 4-5 mm diam., distally c. 5 x 5 mm, glabrous; prophyll 8-34 cm x 1.2-4 cm, borne at 2-4.5 cm above the base of the peduncle, split over most of its length, pale brown, waxy, with scattered scales to glabrous; peduncular bract inserted at 3.5-7 cm from the base of the peduncle, 10-24 cm long, splitting over its entire length except for the 1-5 cm long beak, sometimes deciduous, pale brown, waxy, with scattered scales or glabrous; non-tubular peduncular bract c. 4.5 cm long; rachis 1.5-9 cm long, glabrous, with 0-9 branched and 5-19 unbranched first order branches, the proximal of these with a rachis up to 2 cm long, 5-8 x 3-4 mm diam., with up to 4 rachillae; rachillae 3.5-14.5 cm, green to cream at anthesis, sinuous, 2-3 mm diam., with scattered reddish scales or glabrous, the triads spirally arranged, quite dense, slightly sunken; rachilla bract rounded or acute, 1.5-2 mm; flowers cream or reddish, without scent. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.8-3 x 2.6-3.2 mm, broadly ovate, proximally gibbous, keeled, acute or obtuse, ciliolate; petals connate to a receptacle 1.8 mm high, free for 2.8-3 x 2.6-3 mm, triangular and acute; stamens 6, equal, the filaments connate at their base for 0.3-0.5 mm, 2.8- 3.3 x 0.8 x 0.3 mm, flattened with reddish specks, the anthers 1.7-2 x 0.8-0.9 mm, dorsifixed, versatile, the locules parallel and obtuse; pistillode conical-columnar, 2.4-2.8 mm high, 0.6-1.2 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.8-3.5 x 2.3-3.8 mm, keeled, rounded, ciliolate;petals 2.8-4.5 x 2.6-4.6 mm, ciliolate; staminodes six, flat, elongate, 0.6-1.3 mm long; ovary c. 3.8 x 3.2 mm. FRUIT subglobose to slightly obovoid, rounded at base and apex, 5-11 x 3-8 mm; mesocarp 0.5 mm thick; endocarp fibrous, densely anastomosing. SEED ellipsoid, 6-7.5 x 3.5-7 mm, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex, with a slight subbasal depression, the surface with anastomosing channels; endosperm ruminate, the intrusions somewhat dense, irregular, 1.5-2.5 mm deep.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Tsaratanana, Marojejy, high ground near Maroantsetra and Mandritsara.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist montane forest, on steep slopes; 500-1700 m. Said to be frequent in the forests of the Tsaratanana peaks, between 1000-1600 m (protologue).</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. The distribution area is limited. The fact that the palm-heart is highly esteemed bodes ill for the future. Numbers unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Palm-heart edible, highly esteemed. The hollowed out stems are used for blowpipes.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Close to D. tsaratananensis, but differs in the much shorter inflorescence rachis (6-9 rather than 24+ cm), fewer leaflets (25-45 on each side of the rachis, rather than 55-60 on each side of the rachis, smaller leaflets (median 14-46, not 55-60 cm), fruit (5-11 x 3-8, not 12-15 x 9-11) and seed (6-8 x 3-7, not 13-14 x 9-11). Most of these characters are not very strong, except for the fruit and seed ones, which in our opinion are important. Maybe further collections will blur the distinctions. It is rather unclear why this was included in Phloga in the Flora (Jumelle and Perrier, 1945). Staminate flowers were unknown, so the only reason must have been its size. Jumelle and Perrier (1945) included Phloga sambiranensis as a synonym, but this has a much longer inflorescence and we believe this is wrong.
+NOTE: the specific epithet was predated in Dypsis; Adelodypsis gracilis Becc from 1906 is a synonym of D pinnatifrons</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja/Ambilobe/Bealanana: Massif de Tsaratanana, Jan. 1923 (y.fr.), Perrier 15647 (P, syntype); idem, April 1924 (bud, fr.), Perrier 16076 (P, syntype). Andapa: Marojejy East Peak, NW of Mandena, Oct. 1988 (fl., y.fr.), Miller 3510 (P); idem, Feb. 1989 (fr.), Miller & Lowry 3975 (K, MO); idem, Nov. 1989 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6756 (K, P, TAN); W slopes of Mt Beondroka, Oct. 1989 (fr.), Miller & Randrianasolo 4378 (K). Maroantsetra: Mafaipoza, Oct. 1912 (fr.), Perrier 12055 (P). ?Mandritsara: between Andalimena and Mandritsara, Nov. 1922 (bud, y.fr.), Perrier 14980 (P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis oropedionis</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 158 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar: Ambohitsaratelo; Dransfield et al.; JD6446</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Although the material of this palm is incomplete, it needs a name; it is clearly distinct, and severely threatened. The specific name is Greek for 'of the plateau', referring to the habitat.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>inter species maximas foliolis fasciculatis inflorescentiis multo ramosis pedunculo breve rachillis glabris endospermio ruminato distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 8-20 m tall, 27-35 cm diam., near the crown c. 20 cm diam.; internodes 10-20 cm, grey-brown but distally green, nodal scars pronounced, 4-5 cm; crownshaft grey-green, covered in white wax. LEAVES tristichous, 6-11 in the crown, porrect to spreading; sheath grey-green, white-waxy, 80-157 cm, without auricles; petiole 25-35 cm long, channelled, densely scaly, 5.5-6 x 4.5-5 cm diam.; rachis c. 3.1 m, in mid-leaf c. 3.5 cm wide; leaflets 80-172 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 3-9 and fanned within the groups, stiff with the distal 1/3 pendulous, the proximal 80-93 x 1.7-2.1 cm, median 102-110 x 2-3.5 cm, distal 15-43 x 0.8-1.8 cm, main vein 1, plus thickened margins, with few ramenta to 8 mm long, otherwise glabrous, apices unequally bifid, attenuate. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, branched to 3 orders, spreading, 85-130 x 90-100 cm; peduncle 18-40 cm, c. 10 x 6 cm diam., glabrous; prophyll c. 72 x 20 cm, borne at c. 11 cm above the base of the peduncle, erect, split over its length; peduncular bract deciduous, inserted at 18 cm from the base of the peduncle, 87 cm long, 24 cm wide, closed for its distal 7 cm beak; rachis with c. 27 branched and 13 unbranched first order branches, these proximally 3.4-4 x 1.4-1.5 cm diam.; rachis bracts to 7 mm long; rachillae spreading-pendulous, cream, 10-37 cm long, 3.5-5 mm diam., glabrous, with distant</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from two sites on the western side of the central high plateaux.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Relict dry evergreen plateau forest in steepsided valleys; 1100-1450 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Numbers within the two sites were low; both populations are without real protection, with their habitat under serious threat from annual fires as well as tree-cutting.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Probably closest to D. pilulifera.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Miandrivazo: Ambohitsaratelo, Nov. 1986 (fl., fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6446 (Holotype K; isotype TAN). Ankazobe: Manerinerina, April 1992 (fr.), Beentje et al. 4659 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis ovobontsira</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 180 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Antanambe; Beentje et al.; 4645</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a beautiful palm of restricted distribution. The name is taken from the Betsimisaraka name for this species.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ovobontsira (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>inter species arborescentes foliolis regulariter dispositis endospermio ruminato inflorescentia interfoliacea pedunculo longo foliis spiraliter dispositis vagina folii hirsutissima distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK to 8-10 m, 13 cm diam., near crown 9 cm diam.; internodes 14 cm, near crown 2-2.5 cm; wood pink, with dense fibre-layer below bark. LEAVES spiral, 6, arching; sheath c. 62 cm, at crown 14 cm diam., green with dense brown and white scales; petiole c. 47 cm, green with dense white scales, proximally 6 x 5 cm, distally 5 x 4.5 cm, channelled with sharp edges; rachis 2.5-2.6 m, in midleaf 2.5 x 2.3 cm, green, waxy with sparse scattered scales; leaflets 68-69 on each side of the rachis, very regular, stiff, in 1 plane, the proximal 68-71 x 3.3-4.2 cm (sometimes with long pendulous reins), median 86-90 x 4.6-5.2 cm, dark green, glabrous. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, arching with spreading rachillae, 170 x 90 cm, branched to 3 orders; peduncle 79 x 7 x 2 cm proximally, distally 7 x 4 cm; prophyll borne at 34 cm above the base of the peduncle, 56 cm x 14 cm, split very much on 1 side; peduncular bract deciduous, borne at 53 cm above the base of the peduncle; rachis with 22 branched and 19 unbranched first order branches, these proximally flattened, 4 x 1.7 cm; rachillae 10-18.5 cm, c. 6 mmacross. FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT green, 15-17 x 13-15 mm when fresh, 10 x 7 mm when dried. SEED 13-15 x 11-13 mm, rounded at the apex, pointed at the base, broader than wide, with sub-basal depression; endosperm slightly ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the Mananara Biosphere Reserve.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest, steep mid slope, ultramafic soils with deep humus layer; c. 265 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Only known from a single site, where less than ten individuals are known.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In its group of large palms with regular leaflets and ruminate endosperm distinct by the interfoliar inflorescence with its long peduncle and bracts, the very hairy leaf sheath, and the spirally inserted leaves. It does not really resemble any other species closely.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananara Avaratra: 10 km W of Antanambe, April 1992 (fr.), Beentje et al. 4645 (type; BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis pachyramea</name>
+<author>J.Dransf. </author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 403 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Masoala, Hiaraka; Dransfield et al.; JD6362</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is one of the smallest members of the genus. It is an attractive species with mid green, deeply plicate leaves and short, squat inflorescences hidden among the leaf bases. It is found in very humid lowland forest on the western side of the Masoala Peninsula. The species name is derived from the Greek for thick branches.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Habitu et forma inflorescentia congesta rachillis brevibus crassisque D. angustifoliaesuperficialiter similis sed gregem specierum floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antepetalis, staminodiis antesepalis alternantibus pertinens. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering undergrowth palmlet occurring in rather dense stands. STEMS to 50 cm tall, usually less, decumbent, rooting at the ground and sprouting at the rooting point, 7-8 mm diam., in the upper part obscured by marcescent leaf sheaths, internodes 7-23 mm long; nodal scars c. 2 mm wide, stem surface covered in scattered chestnut-brown scales. LEAVES c. 8 in the crown; sheaths tubular, 60 x 9-14 mm, striate when dry, apically with 2 short triangular auricles 4.5 x 3 mm, these soon disintegrating, the sheath surface covered in dense caducous fimbriate-margined chestnutbrown scales; petiole absent or to c. 9 cm long, triangular in cross section, 2 mm wide, densely covered in fimbriate-margined caducous chestnut-brown scales; blade narrow triangular, entire bifid, plicate, matt mid green, 39-43 cm, with costa 20-23 cm long, the lobes 17-20 cm long, 3.5-4.0 cm wide at the base, tapering to 1 cm wide at the shallowly dentate tips; costa bearing abundant caducous chestnut-brown scales, adaxial blade surface with scattered brown punctiform scales both on and between the ribs, abaxial surface with caducous fimbriate scales along ribs and scattered punctiform brown scales between ribs. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, erect or sharply reflexed, much shorter than the leaves, 7-15 cm, branched to one order only; peduncle to 10 cm long, 3 mm diam. distally, densely covered with fimbriate dark brown caducous scales; prophyll inserted to 10 mm above the base of the peduncle, 46 x 6 mm, tattering and bearing caducous dark brown scales; peduncular bract inserted c. 2 cm above the prophyll insertion, 40 x 6 mm, tattering and scaly as the prophyll; rachis to 3 cm; rachillae 5-10, thick, short, 10-25 x 3 mm in liquid-preserved specimen, the longest being the continuation of the rachis, rachilla surface obscured by dense fimbriate scales. Triads borne congested ± throughout the rachilla length, partially obscured by the scales and partially sunken in pits, the rachilla bracts rounded, c. 0.5 x 1 mm, forming the lower lips of the pits. STAMINATE FLOWERS at anthesis c. 1.1 mm, spherical; sepals rounded, c. 0.8 mm diam., margins irregularly dentate or entire; petals ± free except at the very base, broadly triangular, 1 x 1 mm, striate, glabrous; androecium with 3 antepetalous stamens, filaments forming a fleshy ring c. 0.4 mm high, anthers didymous, 0.2 mm, ± sessile, introrse, connective c. 0.1 mm, staminodes scarcely visible as 3 minute triangular lobes positioned between the anthers; pistillode scarcely visible. PISTILLATE FLOWERS at anthesis 2 x 1.5 mm, briefly stalked; sepals ovate, margins irregularly dentate, 1.2-1.5 x 0.9 mm; petals 1.5 x 1 mm, free, with thick triangular striate valvate tips, basally weakly imbricate; staminodes 6, irregularly triangular, 0.1-0.75 mm, irregularly grouped at one side of the ovary or separated, if grouped then connate; ovary spherical, c. 1.1 mm diam., stigmas eccentrically apical, to 0.2 mm, basally connate. Immature FRUIT green, fusiform, mature fruit cherry-red, ellipsoid, 17 x 7 mm; epicarp smooth, mesocarp 1-2 mm thick, endocarp 0.4 mm thick with sparse anastomosing fibres. SEED ellipsoid, 14 x 5 mm, embryo lateral.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Masoala Peninsula.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland forest, on steep slopes and in humid valley bottoms; to 400 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Only known from two sites.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species was at first confused with Dypsis humbertii var. angustifolia (= D. angustifolia). The inflorescences of both taxa are remarkably similar and unlike other species of Dypsis in the few short fat rachillae densely covered with hairs that obscure the flowers. There are also similarities in habit and form of the leaf. However, stamens in the new taxon are antepetalous, while in D. angustifolia they are antesepalous.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Masoala Peninsula, Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6362 (Holotype K, isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN); Andranofotsy River, Sahavary, swamp at headwaters of Sahafotra River, Feb. 1988 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6451 (K, MO, NY, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis paludosa</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 342 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, East Coast, Ampasimanolotra, Ambila-Lemaitso, c. 5 km south of village; Dransfield et al.; JD6439</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, TAN</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Adelodypsis boiviniana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc. (non Baill.) Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38 Beibl. 87: 17 (1906)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dypsis boiviniana</name>
+<author>Becc.</author>
+<bibref>Becc., (non Baill., 1894), Palme del Madagascar 19 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3. 6(1): 25 (1918)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 12 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 50 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This species occurs in small pockets of peat swamp developed on white sands behind the beach along the East Coast. Near Mananara Avaratra, it has been collected up to c. 300 m elevation. It is very variable in leaf dissection within populations. Some forms with entire leaves are very beautiful and would make fine ornamentals. The species name is the Latin for marshdwelling, referring to the habitat.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma mediocris, stolonifera vel rare solitaria, foliis plerumque epetiolatis, irregulariter divisis, segmentis plerumque latis, inflorescentia 2- ramosa, rachillis numerosis, crassiusculis, bracteis rotundatis, floribus staminatis triandris, staminibus antesepalis, pistillodio conico.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering (rarely solitary) forest undergrowth palm, tending to form rather open colonies by short stolons. STEMS 4-6 (-9) m tall, (1.5) 2.5-5 cm diam.; internodes 1-6 cm long, grey-brown near base, green near the crown, when young covered rather densely with caducous red-brown scales. LEAVES 9-12 in crown, tending to be porrect, giving the crown a characteristic shuttlecock appearance; crownshaft well developed, c. 30 cm long; sheaths 21-27 cm long, 6-10 cm wide when split and flattened out, abaxially rather densely covered with red-brown stellate scales, scattered or arranged in longitudinal lines, auricles irregularly triangular, to 2 x 0.7-1.5 cm, soon tattering; petiole absent or very short, rarely to 7.5 cm, 10-16 mm wide, adaxially flat or shallowly channelled, abaxially slightly angled, scaly as the leaf sheath; rachis 41-114 cm long, tapering from up to 16 mm wide at base, adaxially channelled near the base, abaxially somewhat angled, abaxially bearing sparse to dense caducous dark brown or pale scales with dark brown punctiform bases; blade coriaceous, very variable, tending to be ± cuneate in outline, entire bifid, or basally entire and with 1-3 distal leaflets or irregularly or regularly pinnate with 2-13 leaflets, when entire, blade to 90 cm long with lobes to 70 x 15 cm, when split into leaflets, leaflets very varied in length and width, mid-leaf leaflets 30-70 x 1.4-5 cm, basal leaflets sometimes very short and slender, 10 x 0.5 cm, all but the apical pair acuminate, apical pair shallowly lobed; leaflets on drying tending to have reflexed margins; adaxial blade surface with very sparse punctiform scales, abaxial surface with scattered brown punctiform scales. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, rarely becoming infrafoliar with age, shorter than the leaves, branching to 2 orders; peduncle 15-50 cm long, 7-15 mm diam., densely rusty hairy; prophyll (8) 15-43 x 1-3 cm, inserted 3-14 cm above the base of the peduncle, sparsely dark brown scaly; peducular bract 20-30 x 1.5-3 cm, inserted 19-28 cm above the base of the inflorescence, similar to prophyll; rachis 12-25 cm, sparsely to densely dark brown hairy; rachillae numerous (c. 50), 15-35 cm, spreading to pendulous, c. 2.5-3 mm diam. when fresh, shrinking on drying, glabrous to rather densely covered in dark brown hairs; rachilla bracts, entire, low, c. 0.5 x 1.5 mm tending to form shallow pits, c. 1.5-2 mm apart. STAMINATE FLOWERS in immature bud c. 1.1 x 0.8 mm; sepals 1 x 0.8 mm, irregularly imbricate; petals 0.8 x 0.5 mm; stamens 3, antesepalous, anthers sagittate, 0.5 x 0.3 mm; pistillode conical, c. 0.3 mm high. PISTILLATE FLOWERS at anthesis c. 3 x 2.5 mm; sepals 1.8 x 1.8 mm, irregularly explanate, imbricate, splitting; petals striate, 3 x 2.5 mm, basally imbricate, apically triangular, valvate, somewhat reflexed at anthesis; staminodes 6, minute, dentiform, c. 0.3 x 0.1 mm; ovary irregularly globose, 2.5 x 2.5 mm, stigmas 3, slightly reflexed. FRUIT ellipsoid, sometimes somewhat fusiform, c. 18 x 9 mm in immature but probably full grown state, endocarp with coarse fibres. SEED 11 x 5 mm; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>East Coast: Mananara Avaratra to Ambila-Lemaitso, south of Toamasina, Î;le Sainte Marie.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Peat swamp forest on white sand behind the coast and in swampy places further inland; to 400 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable; although widespread, D. paludosa occurs in coastal lowland forest that is much threatened.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>For an account of the interpretation of Dypsis boiviniana, see under that species. D. paludosa is the palm that Beccari (1912, 1914) interpreted as D. boiviniana based on the mixed gathering by Boivin from Î;le Sainte Marie. When we made collections of a dypsid from Ambila-Lemaitso, we thought that we had at last refound the palm interpreted as D. boiviniana by Beccari and the Flore de Madagascar (1945). However, the new material has glabrescent or completely glabrous rather than hairy rachillae. A collection made by Perrier (12054 in P) from near Mananara is a close match for the original Boivin three-stamened plant, and has hairy rachillae. In leaf it is indistinguishable from the Ambila-lemaitso taxon and also from a sterile collection in P made by Boivin (No 1706 from Tafondrou, Î;le Sainte Marie). This Boivin collection almost certainly represents the leaves of the specimen with the second order hairy rachillae, that Beccari interpreted as being the type of D. boiviniana; the labels on the sheets and state "Forêt de Tafondrou, 1849, Sainte Marie de Madagascar" and are undoubtedly original, rather than new labels written by Beccari. Furthermore, this taxon survives to this day on Île Sainte Marie. The great similarity in form, texture and size of the leaves of the Ambila-Lemaitso taxon, Perrier 12054 and Boivin 1706 and the similarity in the form of the inflorescences, suggest to us that the hairiness of the rachillae is probably a variable feature, and we are thus including all these collections in the same species that we describe as new and name D. paludosa. A collection (Dransfield JD7524), made in November 1994 in the Forêt de Kalalao, about 20 km north of Tafondrou, matches the early specimens of Boivin, but is in very young inflorescence bud. The inflorescence branches to two orders and the rachillae are hairy although very young. It is interesting to record that true D.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananara Avaratra: Mananara, Sept. 1912 (buds), Perrier 12054 (P); Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (fl.), Beentje 4462 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, April 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Dransfield 4620 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, April 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Dransfield 4647 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Oct. 1994, (bud), Dransfield & Beentje JD7503 (K, TAN). Î;le Sainte Marie: Tafondrou, 1849 (sterile), Boivin 1706 (P); said to be Ravin-tsara (but probably same as Boivin 1706, mixed with type of Dypsis boiviniana Baillon), Boivin s.n. (P); Forêt de Kalalao, Nov. 1994 (buds), Dransfield JD7524 (K, TAN). Ampasimanolotra: Ambila-Lemaitso, c. 5 km south of village, Nov. 1986 (buds), Dransfield et al. JD6438 (K, TAN), JD6439 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, TAN); c. 6 km south of village, March 1988 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6492 (K, TAN), JD6493 (K, TAN), JD6494 (K, TAN); 8.6 km south of village, Sept. 1991 (fl.), Beentje 4443 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); 7.2 km south of village, Sept. 1991 (fl.), Beentje 4448 (K, TAN). 1</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis pembana</name>\r
+<author>(Moore) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 218 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Tanzania, Pemba, Ngezi forest; Williams; H 177/56-7</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype BH; isotype EA, K</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus pembanus</name>\r
+<author>Moore</author>\r
+<bibref>Moore, Principes 6: 109 (1962)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Dransfield, Fl. Trop. E. Africa: Palmae: 46 (1986)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus sp.</name>\r
+<bibref>Williams, UOPZ: 190 (1949)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A curious 'outlier' of the genus, only known from Pemba Island, just off the African mainland, from which it takes its name. Pemba has several more links with Madagascar: there is the fruit bat Pter opus voeltzkowi, with the other members of its genus in Madagascar, the Comoro Islands and through to southeast Asia and the Pacific; and the Aroid Typhonodorum lindleyanum occurs in Pemba, Zanzibar/Unguja and Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Mpapindi, less often Mpopo wa mwitu (Swahili).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm. STEMS 4-12 m high, 6-15 cm diam.; internodes to 24 cm long, pale brown to green, strongly ringed with leafscars. LEAVES c. 10 in the crown, arching, arranged in ± 3 ranks; sheath 50-60 cm long, waxy green, sparsely tomentose when young; rachis to m long, in mid-leaf to 1.5 cm wide; leaflets 40-50 on each side of the rachis, regular, arching, the leaflets on opposite sides of the rachis at an angle of c. 90° with each other, dark green adaxially, abaxially waxy, the proximal 70-76 x 1.3-2.8 cm, median 46-74 x 3-3.9 cm (interval 4-5 cm), distal 14-45 x 1.4-2.4 cm, main vein 1, with 2 marginal veins, midrib prominent adaxially, apices acuminate or attenuate, abaxially with a dense cover of minute waxy scales, with small shining brown scales on all the veins, with one or a few irregularly spaced large bifid ramenta with brown centres and laciniate margins on the midrib. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 3-4 orders with spreading branches, lengthening in fruit by some 40%; peduncle c. 60 cm long, stout, ± flattened, densely reddish tomen-tose, distally curving through 90°; prophyll > 30 cm, c. 5 cm wide, glabrous, dull waxy; peduncular bract 30-55 cm long, splitting over its length, rustypubescent or glabrous and waxy, beaked for 2-3 cm, deciduous; first order branches slightly reddish-pubescent but glabrescent, with up to 15 second order branches; rachillae glabrous, 11-19 cm long, 1-2 mm diam.; triads distant; rachilla bract 0.5-0.7 mm, obtuse to acute. STAMINATE FLOWERS only known from buds, with sepals 1.3-1.6 x 1.4-1.8 mm, concave, proximally gibbous, keeled, ciliolate; petals 2.3- x 1.5-1.8 mm; stamens 6, slightly biseriate, offset 0.2 mm, the filaments 1.4-1.5 mm and thin-cylindrical, the anthers 1.3-1.5 x 0.4-0.7 mm; pistillode columnar, 1.8-2.8 x 0.6 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown at anthesis, the petals in fruit 2-2.6 mm long. FRUIT dark red, oblong-ovoid, 12-15 x 5-7 mm; endocarp fibrous, the fibres anastomosing. SEED 10.5-11 x 5-5.5 mm; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Tanzania: Pemba.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist lowland forest, littoral forest; alt. 1-50 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Numbers are estimated at 3000, but these are all within a single forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>HB has seen trunks of this species used to construct a football-goal near Ngezi forest; no other uses known.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Pemba: Ngezi Forest, July 1901 (ster.), Lyne 100 (K); idem, Feb. 1929 (y.fr.), Greenway 1488 (K); idem, anno 1956 (fr.), Williams 177/56-7 (type, EA, K)</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis perrieri</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 351 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Maroantsetra-Mananara; Perrier; 11946</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Antongilia perrieri</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (2): 19 (1928)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 7 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 127, fig. 34 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus auriculatus</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 5, 1 (1): 25 (1933)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 8 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 117 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Masoala, Marambo Hills; Perrier; 11942</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus ruber</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 5, 1 (1): 23 (1933)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 11 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 100 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Masoala; Perrier; 11941</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>D. perrieri is a rather massive stocky, litter-trapping palm of the lower strata of rain forest. In habit it is reminiscent of other litter-trapping species such as Masoala madagascariensis, Ravenea albicans, and Dypsis marojejyi, having a rather short stem and large leaves that do not fall neatly from the stem. It is easily distinguished when in flower because of the large torpedo-like peduncular bract, densely covered in thick red tomentum. In shape this bract is very reminiscent of that of Beccariophoenix madagascariensis, but the flowers, fruit and thick tomentum are very different. Found on Marojejy and around the bay of Antongil, this species has recently been found near Antanambe, south of Mananara Avaratra.The name refers to the collector of the type, and of many other exciting palms, Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie (1873-1958), whose many excellent collections have given the world a wealth of information on many common, rare, and several now possibly extinct species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Besofina (Betsimisaraka, meaning big ears, because of the large sheath auricles); Menamosona (Betsimisaraka, meaning red back, because of the red tomentum on the sheath and bracts), Kase.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Massive, squat solitary palm. TRUNK 2-8 m high, 20-30 cm diam., near the crown c. 12 cm diam. Trunk with marcescent leaves and persistent bases of leaf sheaths; internodes c. 4 cm; nodal scars dotted with fibre remains, c. 2 cm wide. Base of crown litter-accu-mulating. LEAVES 12-20 in the crown, porrect; sheath c. 1 m long, abaxially densely reddish-tomentose to floccose, turning fibrous and desintegrating with age, with auricles 3-12 cm long; apparent petiole 40-160 cm long, proximally c. 5 x 2.5 cm diam., distally 3-3.5 x 2-2.7 cm, the margins often with a slight wing formed by the rein of the proximal leaflets, deeply channelled with sharp margins, abaxially densely reddish-tomentose to reddish-brown scaly, glabrescent, dark green under the tomentum; rachis c. 3-3.5 m long, proximally channelled, in mid-leaf 1.3-1.8 x 2.3 cm diam., distally keeled, with patches of pale white, pale brown or dark red tomentum of peltate laciniate scales; leaflets 45-50 on each side of the rachis, regular, rigid and plicate, adaxially dark green, abaxially bright green, the proximal 80-148 x 1.2-3.4 cm, the most proximal ones inserted at different levels, median 69-107 x 3-5.5 cm (interval [0.5 -] 4-6.5 cm), distal 21- 60 x 1-3 cm, the distal pair joined for 3-6 cm, main veins 3-7, apices acuminate and unequally bifid, with scattered minute scales on the minor veins, occasionally with large brown or red ramenta 5-15 mm long on the abaxial midrib, once (in the type) with dense silvery hairs on the abaxial midrib. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar to infrafoliar, branched to 2 or 3 orders, spreading to pendulous, to 2 x 1.5 m; peduncle 57->100 cm long, proximally 8-9 x 2.5 cm, distally c. 5.5 x 3.5 cm, glabrous in young fruit; prophyll erect, 40-60 cm long, c. 5.5 cm wide, borne at c. 3 cm above the base of the peduncle, rufous brown, sometimes rotting away early; peduncular bract inserted at c. 8 cm from the base of the peduncle, circumscissile and carried upwards by the lengthening inflorescence, woody, 80-150 cm long, 3.5-4 cm diam., with a 9-10 cm long beak, densely reddish tomentose, splitting over its whole length except for the distal 16-20 cm; non-tubular peduncular bracts in the distal part of the peduncle, 4-5 x 2 cm; rachis 30-40 cm long, glabrous, with 12-25 branched and 10 unbranched first order branches, the proximal of these with a rachis to 36 cm long, up to 2.2 x 1.1 cm diam. proximally, and with up to 16 second order branches; rachillae spreading or pendulous, 15-50 cm long and 2-6 mm diam.; triads distant, in slight pits, with a narrow, obtuse rachilla bract. STAMINATE FLOWERS cream, with sepals 1.5-3 x 1.6-3.2 mm, the outermost smallest, proximally gibbous, keeled, ovate, rounded, ciliolate; petals 4-5.2 x 2.8-3.8 mm, elliptic, acute; stamens 6, 2-seriate, the antepetalous more adaxial and inserted slightly higher up, filaments 1.3-2 mm long with slightly triangular bases, anthers 2.3-3.5 x 1-1.6 mm, dorsifixed, versatile, the locules slightly divergent proximally and obtuse or apiculate, slightly unequal, with a wide (-0.8 mm) dark-coloured connective; pistillode conical, 1-1.4 x 0.5-1.1 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.2-4 x 4.5-6.5 mm, concave and enveloping through up to 230°, broadly elliptic, rounded with a fleshy, solid abaxial bulge, ciliolate; petals 5-7.5 x 5-8 mm, concave and enveloping to c. 270°, in fruit 9.7-11 mm wide, with membranous margins, broadly elliptic; staminodes 6, flat, triangular, obtuse, 0.8-1.4 mm high; gynoecium asymmetrical, 3.5-4.5 mm x 2.8-4 mm. FRUIT ellipsoid, dull greenish brown, 15-19 x 12-16 mm, rounded or shortly stalked at the base, rounded at the apex; mesocarp up to 2 mm thick; endocarp very fibrous, with few anastomizations. SEED slightly obovoid or ellipsoid, 14-16 x 11-12 mm, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex, with a subbasal depression corresponding to the embryo; endosperm ruminate, with the intrusions dense, irregular, up to 1.3 mm thick but usually c. 0.3 mm thick and up to 5.5 mm deep.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Marojejy, Masoala and Mananara Avaratra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest, on steep slopes, near waterfalls on rocks or in valley bottoms; 150-800 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Despite its fairly large distribution area, this species is not common in any of its sites; the fact that the palmheart is eaten is a contributing factor to its status.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Good palm-heart.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Jumelle (1928b) described this as a new genus, based on the sagittate anthers and the very fibrous endocarp of the fruit. On examining the type the first character is not correct - the locules are parallel. The second character is more difficult to evaluate, since there are no fruits present in the type. The types of C. auriculatus and C. ruber are clearly conspecific; the fruit mentioned in the protologue of Chrysalidocarpus auriculatus are of doubtful provenance - they have homogeneous endosperm, so they are unlikely to belong to D. perrieri. These fruits were the reason why the taxon was included in Chrysalidocarpus; but they are not present on the P sheets of this number.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Marojejy, Dec. 1972 (bud), Guillaumet 4202 (TAN); idem, NW of Mandena, Oct. 1988 (fl.), Miller et al. 3435 (K, MO, P, TAN); idem, N of Mandena, Nov. 1989 (fl., fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6749 (K, P, TAN). Antalaha: Marambo, Oct. 1912 (bud), Perrier 11942 (P, type of C. auriculatus); Masoala Peninsula, without date (fl.), Perrier 11941 (P, type of Chrysalidocarpus ruber). Maroantsetra: Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6475 (K, P, TAN); between Maroantsetra and Mananara, without date (fl.), Perrier 11946 (Holotype P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis pervillei</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 269 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, NW region, anno 1841; Pervillé; </type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Haplodypsis pervillei</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 147: 1167 (1894)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga pervillei</name>\r
+<author>(Baill.) Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Baill.) Becc., Bot Jahrb Syst 38, Beibl 87: 26 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc, Palme del Madagascar 29, fig 22, t 28 (1912)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 4, 6 (3): 28 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 22 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 71 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>Another of those rare palms with unbranched inflorescences, not seen for many years. The name refers to the collector of the type, Auguste Pervillé, who collected in Madagascar between 1837 and 1841.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>No data about habit. LEAVES: sheath 8-9 cm long, distally redpubescent or with scattered scales, with auricles 3-15 mm high and triangular; petiole 2-9 cm long, 2-3.5 mm diam., with scattered reddish scales; rachis 19-35 cm long, in mid-leaf 1.5-2 mm wide, with scattered scales; leaflets 9-12 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-5, interval within the groups 0.5-0.7 cm, interval between the groups 4-9 cm, proximal leaflets 8-16 x 0.4-1.3 cm, median 11-23 x 0.8-1.5 cm, sigmoid, main vein 1, long acuminate, with scattered scales on minor veins on the abaxial side but glabrescent, with scattered scales on margins, distal pair 9-15 x 1-2 cm, connate for 2-2.5 cm, apices 5-10 mm wide and truncate and dentate, with 2-3 main veins. INFLORESCENCE unbranched, 25-60 cm; peduncle 12-31 cm long, 2-4 mm diam., densely red-scaly; prophyll 8-14 cm long, 6-7 mm wide, borne at 1-4 cm above the base of the peduncle, with dense white or reddish scales, glabrescent, opening at the very apex; peduncular bract inserted at 4-11 cm from the base of the peduncle, 6-18 cm long, open in the distal 1-3.5 cm, with scattered scales; rachilla 14-24 cm long, 2-3 mm diam., densely puberulous; triads in slight pits. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1-1.6 x 0.9-1.7 mm; petals 2.6-2.8 x 1.3-1.5 mm; stamens 6, not seen, described by Baillon and Beccari as: filaments slender, biseriate according to Baillon but ± equal according to Beccari, anthers dorsifixed, versatile, oblong, obtuse, the locules parallel or slightly divergent at the base. PISTILLATE BUDS with sepals 1.2-1.4 x 1.3-1.9 mm; petals c. 3 x < 1 mm; staminodes at least four, 0.2-0.5 mm; gynoecium 2-2.5 x 1-1.7 mm. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>The only certain site is Betampona.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Forest.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Presumably extinct. Not seen for seventy years.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>On the type sheet labels (underneath the "Madagascar N. O. 1841" in ink) there is a note in pencil "plus probable Ste. Marie". In a little pocket on one of the type sheets there is some anther material (with some loose staminate petals 2-2.4 x 1.2 mm) with uniseriate filaments c. 1 mm long and thin, and anthers 1.4-1.5 x 0.7-0.8 mm, dorsifixed with parallel locules. Though difficult to key out from D. heterophylla (except for the rachilla), we feel this is nevertheless a distinct species, related to D. curtisii and D. soanieranae.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>NW Madagascar, without further locality, 1841 (fl.), Pervillé s.n. (P, type). Toamasina: Betampona, Dec. 1925 (bud), Perrier 17470 (P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis pilulifera</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Beentje & J.Dransf. </author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 160 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, anno 1841; Lastelle; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus piluliferus</name>\r
+<author>Becc</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38, Beibl. 87: 37 (1906)</bibref> \r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier in Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 45 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc. in Palme del Madag.: 46, t. 45, fig. 37 (1914)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. in Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 10, 3: 21 (1922)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. in Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 11 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier in Fl. Madagascar 30: 118 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus paucifolius</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 10, 3: 9 (1922)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 11 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 102 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Analamazaotra; Perrier; 12004</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A large and beautiful tristichous palm, virtually unknown until a few years ago, but found recently in several places.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ovomamy (Tsimihety), Lavaboko (Marojejy), Hozatanana (Mantady).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 8-30 m, 10-40 cm diam., 10-12 cm diam. near crownshaft, internodes 20-60 cm proximally, 2-3 cm near the crownshaft, green becoming greyish or dark brown, conspicuously ringed, nodal scars c. 1.5 cm; wood medium hard. LEAVES 4-9, tristichous, slightly arching; sheath 1.1-1.7 m long, 3 mm thick, abaxially green, pale brown to peach-coloured with some wax and with slightly sunken large (3-8 x 1-2 mm) reddish-tomentose scales, the continuous cover flaking and glabrescent, with disintegrating auricles of c. 4 x 6 cm; petiole absent or up to 40 cm long, with the same indument as the sheath but with only remnants of the scales present, 7 x 4 cm in diam., canaliculate; rachis 2.9-5 m long, in mid-leaf c. 2 x 1.5 cm, with small scattered scales, proximally canaliculate, distally keeled; leaflets grouped and fanned or slightly irregular, 70-144 on each side of the rachis, closely set, the proximal 56-160 x 0.5-1.8 cm, median 88-124 x 2.4-3.7 cm, distal 10-44 x 0.4-2 cm, glabrous or with minute scattered scales, with distant red ramenta, main vein 1, with unequally acute apices. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, branched to 3-4 orders, erect in bud, pendulous in fruit; peduncle c. 23 cm long, 8 x 3.5 cm diam.; prophyll 40-50 x 9-15 cm, borne at c. 3 cm above the base of the peduncle, beaked for up to 10 cm, pale brown abaxially, chestnut brown adaxially; peduncular bract inserted at c. 7 cm above the base of the peduncle, 37-70 x 6.5-13 cm, split over its length but closed in the distal part which forms a beak 10 cm long; rachis with up to 20 first order branches; rachillae cream, (7-) 20-40 cm long, 2.5- 3 mm diam., with quite dense triads in pits. STAMINATE FLOWERS (from detached material) with sepals 1-1.2 x 1.5-2 mm; petals 1.8-2 x 1.4 x 0.7 mm, versatile; pistillode columnar, 1.8 x 0.7 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.3-2.1 x 1.4-2.2 mm, hooded and rounded; petals 2-2.9 x 1.8-2.5 mm; staminodes six, 0.2-0.6 mm high; gynoecium 2-2.8 mm high, 1.5-2.3 mm diam., slightly asymmetrical with spreading terminal stigmas. FRUIT globose, 5-7 mm, with fibrous endocarp, the fibres anastomosing. SEED globose or nearly so, 4-5 mm, rounded at base and apex with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Sambirano region, Marojejy, and Mantady.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist submontane forest; slight or steep mid slopes; alt. 750-950 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Though the populations in the Marojejy and Mantady occur within protected areas, the harvest of the palm-heart continues, with fatal consequences for the trees.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Good palm heart, and cut down for this.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Despite the fact that the type of D. pilulifera consists of an inflorescence with fruits and lacks any vegetative material, it is one and the same as the other populations from the North, rather than D. mananjarensis. Another collection by de Lastelle (the type of D. lastelliana) is also without locality, but judging by the distribution of that species, must have been from NE Madagascar. Beccari and Jumelle state that the type of D. pilulif-(Photo: D.N. Cooke). era was called Neodypsis lastelliana by Baillon, \r
+but in fact Baillon compared it to that taxon, and wrote that it was quite likely a different species. \r
+The material of Chrysalidocarpus paucifolius is scanty, but a second collection made in the type area some seventy-five years later is conspecific, and allows us to state with almost complete certainty that this taxon is identical to D. pilulifera. \r
+Close to D. mananjarensis, from which it can be distinguished by the indument: reddish tomentose scales in D. pilulifera, against large white waxy scales in D. mananjarensis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja: Manongarivo, May 1909 (fl., fr.), Perrier 11961 (P); idem, Bekolosi, Feb. 1992 (fl., sd.), Beentje et al. 4574 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Antsatrotro, March 1993 (fl.), Malcomber et al. 2309 (K, P). Andapa: Marojejy Est, Nov. 1989 (bd., fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6766 (K, TAN). Moramanga: Analamazaotra, sine die (fl.), Perrier 12004 (P; type of C. paucifolius); Mantady, April 1992 (dead infl.), Beentje et al. 4654 (K).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis pinnatifrons</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (ed. 1): 180 (1838)</citation>
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 147: 1162 (1894)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar; Commerson; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Type P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Areca gracilis</name>
+<author>Thouars in Mart lc (non Roxb)</author>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dypsis gracilis</name>
+<author>Bory ex Mart.</author>
+<bibref>Bory ex Mart., Hist Nat Palm 3 (ed 2): 181 (1845)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 17 (1912)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 3, 1 (1): 23 (1913)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 3, 6 (1): 36 (1918)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Bull. Acad Malgache 6: 16 (1923)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 12 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum & H. Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 29 (1945)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar; Perrotet; s.n.</type>
+<type_loc>Type P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Adelodypsis gracilis</name>
+<author>(Bory ex Mart.) Becc.</author>
+<bibref>(Bory ex Mart.) Becc., Bot Jahrb Syst, Beibl 38: 17 (1906)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dypsis gracilis var. sambiranensis</name>
+<author>Jum. & H. Perrier</author>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 3, 1 (1): 24 (1913)</bibref>
+<type>Madagascar, Lokobe; Perrier; 18742 </type>
+<type_loc>Type P</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Dypsis sambiranensis</name>
+<author>(Jum & H Perrier) Jum.</author>
+<bibref>(Jum & H Perrier) Jum., Ann Inst Bot- Géol Colon Marseille sér 5, 3: 15 (1933)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 14 (1938)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus sambiranensis</name>
+<author>(Jum & H Perrier) Jum.</author>
+<bibref>(Jum & H Perrier) Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 5, 1: 21 (1933)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Adelodypsis sambiranensis</name>
+<author>(Jum. & H. Perrier) H.P. Guérin</author>
+<bibref>(Jum. & H. Perrier) H.P. Guérin, Ann Sc Nat, sér II, Bot 10: 28, 37 (1950)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phloga polystachya</name>
+<author>Becc. (non Baker)</author>
+<bibref>Becc. (non Baker), J. Linn. Soc (Bot) 29: 62 (1890)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a handsome palm that has become quite widespread in cultivation outside Madagascar. The great altitudinal and latitudinal range of the species suggests that there may be considerable variability of value for the selection of different strains to suit particular gardening climates. D. pinnatifrons is superficially very similar in habit, inflorescences and, especially, leaf form to D. nodifera. If staminate flowers and/or fruit are available, then there is no difficulty in separating them, for the former has three stamens and a seed with homogenous endosperm while the latter has six stamens and a seed with ruminate endosperm. There do appear to be good differences between the seedlings at about the six-leaf stage, D. pinnatifrons with numerous leaflets that are already clearly grouped and divergent within the groups, each leaflet abruptedly narrowed at its tip and D. nodifera with entire leaves or with parallel-sided leaflets that are not obviously grouped and divergent. This apparent difference needs confirmation. The species epithet, pinnatifrons, meaning pin-nate-leaved, would be appropriate for many a palm in Madagascar but was probably appropriate when it was first published to distinguish the species from the other two species of Dypsis known at that time (D. forficifolia and D. hirtula).</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tsingovatra, Tsingovatrovatra, Ovatsiketry, Ambolo, Hova, Tsobolo.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm of forest undergrowth or middle story. STEMS erect, caducous pale and dark scales; leaflets ± sigmoid, often acuminate 2.5-12 m tall, 4.5-15 cm diam. at maturity, juvenile stems tending in a long drip tip, 22-46 on each side of the rachis, arranged in to be more slender and stem increasing in diameter with age, distant groups of 2-7, the leaflet bases crowded on the rachis and internodes 2-8 cm, very short near crown in old stems, stem surface usually strongly swollen to form somewhat corky pulvini, the leaflets green and sometimes somewhat mottled when young, becoming fanned within the groups, the proximal leaflet of the group usual- grey-brown and often corky-warted and vertically cracked with age, ly shorter than the distal, distal few leaflets usually almost regularly the nodal scars then becoming obscure. LEAVES c. 8-16 in crown, arranged; proximal leaflets (especially when petiole lacking) very spreading, sometimes with a tendency to be marcescent; crownshaft short and slender, c. 7 x 0.5 cm, or longer, mid-leaf leaflets 17-49 well developed, tending to be rather swollen, green, sometimes x 3-7.5 cm, apical leaflets 8-15 x 1-4 cm; emerging leaf often tinged bright pink when young; sheaths 25-48 cm long, 6-18 cm tinged pink, leaflet surfaces glabrous. INFLORESCENCES interfoliar, diam., lacking distinct auricles, flecked with vertical patches of spreading, or somewhat pendulous, shorter than the leaves, c. reddish to chocolate-brown scales and patchy white wax; petiole 80-130 cm long, branching to 3-4 orders; peduncle 35-66 cm usually very short or absent, rarely 8-36 cm long, 0.8-3 cm diam., long, 1.4-3 cm wide at base, ± crescent-shaped in cross section, densely covered with caducous pale and dark scales; rachis 75-220 densely covered with red-brown indumentum when young; pro-cm, to c. 3 cm wide at base, usually less, densely covered with phyll inserted c. 8-20 cm above the base of the peduncle, 24-47 x 2-4 cm, with scattered dark red-brown scales; peduncular bract inserted 10-12 cm above the prophyll insertion, 19-35 x 2.5-3.5 cm; rachis 40-55 cm, with red-brown indumentum; rachillae very numerous, usually at least 200, somewhat arched or pendulous, 4-45 cm long, slender, glabrous, c. 1.5 mm diam., increasing in diameter with age, triads c. 1-3 mm apart. STAMINATE FLOWER c. 2 x 1.2 mm; sepals 0.8 x 0.8 mm, ± rounded, irregularly gibbous and keeled; petals 2 x 1 mm, striate; stamens 3, antesepalous, c. 1.3 mm long, filaments 0.9 x 0.4 mm, anthers sagittate, 1.0 x 0.7 mm, thecae 1.0 x 0.3 mm; pistillode pyramidal 0.8 x 0.4 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWER globular; sepals very broad, 1 x 1.5 mm, irregularly explanate, striate, with dark tips; petals 2.5 x 2.5 mm, basally imbricate, with triangular valvate tips; staminodes 3-6, irregularly toothlike; ovary c. 1.5 mm diam.FRUIT green at first, ?turning brownish at maturity, 14 x 6.5 mm. SEED 10 x 4 mm; endosperm homogenous; embryo lateral, near the base.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Widespread throughout all humid forested areas; one of the commonest palms in Madagascar.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland and montane forest, somewhat tolerant of disturbance; to 1000 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Not threatened. Widespread.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems used for making blowpipes.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The typification of the name Dypsis pinnatifr ons is most complex and open to several interpretations. According to Beccari (1914), Martius' concept of this palm includes several elements, referable to Phloga polystachya (our D. nodifera), Vonitra thouarsiana (our D. fibrosa) and Dypsis gracilis (see also Dransfield & Moore, 1982) - as Beccari stated -"un grande imbroglio di nomenclatura". Typified on the element Martius noted in passing as <name>Areca gracilis</name> Bory non Roxb., an unpublished name on a herbarium sheet, D. pinnatifrons is the name applicable to the palm described above. Inflorescences of D. pinnatifr ons are usually branched to three orders. In some areas, e.g. Marojejy and Nosy Be, individuals with inflorescences branched to four orders are found. These are often very robust palms, almost twice as large as "normal" D. pinnatifrons. Nosy Be is the type locality of D. sambiranensis and all modern collections from the island display inflorescences branched to four orders. However, the type specimen, Perrier 18742, has inflorescences that appear to be branched to three orders only. Where individuals with inflorescences branched to four orders occur together with individuals with inflorescences branched to three orders, as on Marojejy, the two types of palm look distinctly different, and for some time it appeared that we would maintain two taxa. However, apart from the difference in numbers of orders of branching, there are no obvious differences discernible in the herbarium, and furthermore, the previously conceived restriction of these palms with inflorescences branched to four orders to the northern part of the island does not hold true; one collection from Analamazaotra, Perrier 12010, also has inflorescences branched to four orders.We thus feel that it is not possible at present to distinguish two taxa. However, this variation deserves further study in the field.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Nosy Be: Ampasindava, Lokobe Forest Reserve, Sept. 1932 (fr.), Perrier 18742 (P; Holotype of D. sambiranensis); idem, July 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4696 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Ambanja: Ampasindava, path from Ampopo to massif Ambohimarahavavy, Jacquemin H524J (P); Manongorivo, 2 km S of Ambalafary, Jan. 1992 (fl.), Beentje et al. 4563 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Bekolosi, Feb. 1992 (fr.), Beentje et al. 4573 (K); Antsatrotro, March 1993 (fl.), Malcomber et al. 2280 (K, TAN). Andapa, Marojejy, N of Mandena, Nov. 1989 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6765 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1989 (fl.), Miller & Lowry 4027 (K, MO). Sambava: 6 km SW of Ambodivoara, Ankatoka R., June 1992 (fl., fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4688 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Maroantsetra: Masoala, April 1971, Moore 9917 (BH, P); south of Maroantsetra, Oct. 1986 (fl, fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6357 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Nosy Mangabe, Oct. 1987 (fl.), G.E. Schatz 1665 (K, MO, P); idem, Feb. 1988 (fl.), Henderson et al. 755 (K, MO, NY, P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1989 (fr.), Carlson 27 (K, MO, P); Bay of Antongil, 1837, Richard 16 (FI, P). Soanierana-Ivongo: Soanierana-Ambohoabe, Dec. 1938 (fl.), Lam & Meeuse 5660 (K, L, P); Tanambo, April 1851, Boivin s.n. (FI, P). Toamasina, Mahatsara Forest Reserve, Mahavelona, Feb. 1992 (fl.), Noyes et al. 939 (K, MO, TAN); road between Toamasina and Fenerive, near PK 83, Croat 32533 (MO, P); Ambodirafia, June 1955 (fl.), Martin 7257 RN (K, P). Ampasimanolotra: Anivorano Kely and Andrambolahy Kely, April 1951 (fr.), Cours 4496 (K, P); Ambila, May 1928 (fl.), Decary 6448 (K, P). Moramanga: Andasibe, Analamazaotra, Nov. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6415 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, March 1991 (fr.), Beentje & Raharilala 4402 (K, P, TAN); idem, Nov. 1970 (fl.), Keraudren 25334 (K, P); idem, (fl.), Perrier 12010 (P); idem, (fl.), Perrier 12092 (P); idem, Service des Eaux et Forêts 3305 (P); idem, Moore 9908 (BH, P); Bemainty, Rahobevava, March 1951 (fl.), Cours 4200 (P). Vatomandry: 1903 (fl.), Bernard s.n. (P). Vohipeno: Matitana, Baie Mienaru, Aug. 1911 (fl.), Perrier 12059 (P). Ifanadiana, Ambinanindrano, Jan. 1993 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4800 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN). Mananjary: Mananjary, March-April 1909 (fruit), Geay 7188 (P); idem, (seedling), Geay 7267 (P); idem, (fl.), Geay 8053 (P). Farafangana, Vondrozo, Tsararano, Dec. 1963 (fl.), Bosser 18553 (K, P). Tolanaro: Manentenina, Forêt de Marovony, 29 Oct. 1990 (fl.), A. Randrianosolo et al. 185 (MO, P); 13km N of Ezoambo, March 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4598 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); Tolanaro, June-July 1890 (fr.), Scott Elliot 2957 (K); idem, Jan. 1962 (fl.), Rabevazaha 12183 (P); Réserve Naturelle 11, Nov. 1952 (fl.), Rakotoniainia 4884 (K, P); Ampalanana, Dequaire 27682 (P). Without locality, April 1890 (fr.), Scott Eliot s.n. (FI, K); idem, 1819, Perrotet s.n. (FI, P) (syntype of Dypsis gracilis); idem, Chapelier s.n. (FI, P); idem, Commerson s.n. (P) (lectotype of D. pinnatifrons).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis plurisecta</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 6 (1): 35 (1918)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Bull. Ac. Malgache 6: 14 (1923)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 14 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 46, fig. 12 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Probably from the Maroantsetra area; Perrier; 11966</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A fairly non-descript species, even though it is only known from the type - but under the microscope a most amazing feature becomes apparent: the stamens have the locules pendulous from a broad connective. These socalled 'geonomoid' stamens are known from very few Dypsis species, and resemble those of the genus Geonoma from South America (see page 125). The name 'plurisecta' is Latin for 'divided into several segments'.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Habit unknown. Distal internodes 0.5-1 cm long, c. 0.7 cm diam. LEAVES with the sheath 5-7 cm long, mostly glabrous but distally with scattered scales; petiole absent or up to 5 mm long; rachis 16-24 cm long, with scattered scales, in mid-leaf 1-1.5 mm diam., with c. 1 mm broad wings between the leaflets; leaflets 5-6 on each side of the rachis, regular or nearly so, opposite or occasionally one pair not opposite, the proximal 5-7 x 0.6-1.1 cm, median 10-15 x 1-2 cm, distal 6-10.5 x 1-2.2 cm, slightly sigmoid with attenuate apices, main veins 2-3, with minute scattered white scales on the minor veins, distal pair joined for 3-4 cm, dentate over c. 1 cm. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 1 order; peduncle 15-18 cm long, c. 1 mm diam, with scattered scales; prophyll 9-10 cm long, c. 3 mm wide, open in the distal 1 cm; peduncular bract insertedat 7-11 cm from the base of the peduncle, 5-7 cm long, open in the distal 1-2 cm; rachis 5-7 cm long, with c. 9 rachillae; rachillae 2.5-3 cm long, c. 1 mm diam., with scattered scales. STAMINATE FLOWERS in bud with sepals 0.5-0.7 x 0.6-0.8 mm; petals c. 1 x 0.8 mm; stamens 6, biseriate, the inner inserted higher up, filaments c. 0.2 mm long, anthers 0.3-0.4 x 0.3-0.4 mm, the locules pendulous from a broad connective (sub-geonomoid); pistillode c. 0.2 mm, conical. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Uncertain, possibly Maroantsetra.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Presumed extinct; not seen for over seventy years.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The protologue describes the stamens as three in number, with short filaments, a broad connective, and pendulous locules. All this is quite correct, except for the number of stamens, which is six. In a table on p. 29 of the publication which contains the protologue, there is a description of the leaf sheath anatomy. This type of stamen also occurs, within Dypsis, in D. fasciculata, D. lokohoensis and D. thouarsiana, all species with three stamens.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Probably Maroantsetra ("label lost, without a doubt from the Maroantsetra area"), date unknown (before Aug. 1919), Perrier 11966 (Holotype P). C</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis poivreana</name>\r
+<author>(Baill.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 306 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar (probably); Poivre; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotypus P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Haplophloga poivreana</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 147: 1168 (1894)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga poivreana</name>\r
+<author>(Baill.) Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Baill.) Becc., Bot Jahrb Syst 38, Beibl 87: 24 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 26 fig 19, t 25-26 (1912)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 4, 6 (3): 16 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 22 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 62, fig 16 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A small solitary undergrowth species from littoral forest, distinct by its entire, deeply lobed leaves and long unbranched inflorescence. The name refers to the collector of the type, Pierre Poivre (1719-1786).</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Hovoka (fide Baron).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm to 80 cm. STEM c. 8 mm diam.; internodes 2.5-4.5 cm, densely pubescent distally. LEAVES c. 8 in the crown, entire; sheath 11-13 cm long, 1/2 to 2/3 closed, with dense scales, auricles 0.7-1 cm; petiole 3-19 cm long, distally 2-3 mm diam., densely scaly or with scattered scales; lamina entire, 24-42 cm long, midrib 5-10 cm long, lobes 19-37 x 2.4-4.5 cm, main veins 5-7, with scattered scales on minor and major veins, apex dentate over a width of 4-12 mm. INFLORESCENCE unbranched; peduncle 14-26 cm long, c. 2 mm diam., densely red-pubescent; prophyll 6-13 cm long, 4.5 mm wide, with reddish flaking pubescence, borne at c. 4 cm above the base of the peduncle, open in the distal 1-1.5 cm; peduncular bract inserted at 6-21 cm from the base of the peduncle, 8-14 cm long, with scattered scales, open in the distal 2 cm, sometimes with a 5 mm beak; non-tubular peduncular bract sometimes present, c. 2 mm; rachilla 11-26 cm, 1.5-2 mm diam., densely scaly, with spaced triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.3-1.7 x 0.8-1.8 mm; petals on a 0.2-0.4 mm high receptacle, 2-2.6 x 1.3-1.7 mm; stamens 6, biseriate (offset 0.2-0.3 mm), filaments 0.9-1.7 mm and thin (and occasionally connate for c. 0.2 mm), anthers 1.3-1.8 x 0.4-0.6 mm, versatile; pistillode 0.6-1 x 0.3-0.5 mm, pyramidal. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.2-2.2 x 1.6-2.1 mm; petals 3-3.9 x 2.8-3.6 mm; staminodes 0.3-0.9 mm; gynoecium 2.8-4 x 2-2.6 mm, trifid. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Coastal strip around Fenoarivo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Littoral forest (fide Guillaumet). The type of D. poivreana has the description 'palmier aquatique' which seems unlikely.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Known from only a very small area, in which this kind of vegetation is disappearing rapidly. Not seen in the last twentyfive years.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species slightly resembles D. digitata but is distinct in its shorter petioles and closed leaf sheaths; it is close to D. andapae, but that species clusters and occurs in high mountains.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Fenoarivo Atn.: without precise locality, 1909 (fl.), Geay 9064 (P); Maningory ferry, Jan. 1964 (fl.), Peltier & Peltier 4635 (K, P; some galled flowers present); Tampolo, Feb. 1969 (fl.), Guillaumet 2370 (P). Central Madagascar, without date (fl., y.fr.), Baron 2323 (K). Without any lcality, without date (around 1750?), Poivre s.n. (Holotype P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis prestoniana</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 167 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, 6km ENE of Midongy; Beentje and Andriampaniry; 4672</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A species which was discovered through serendipity: HB was trying to refind Chrysalidocarpus midongensis (now a synonym of D. onilahensis), unaware that that taxon came from a totally different Midongy (a small hamlet in the Itremo Mountains), failed to find it, but spotted this elegant tree on the skyline of a hill. The specific epithet honours Mr. Paul Preston, President of McDonald's Restaurants Limited (UK), who sponsored the four-year Palms of Madagascar fellowship.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tavilo (Betsimisaraka); Babovavy, Tavilo (Antaisaka).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma excelsa inter species maximas foliolis aggregatis rachillis dense puberulis endospermio homogeneo distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 4-12 m, 24-40 cm diam.; basal boss about 15 cm high, 40 cm diam.; internodes 10-15 cm, pale grey-brown, distally green and smooth; nodal scars c. 3.5 cm, pale grey. LEAVES 8-10 in the crown, spiral, porrect to spreading, arched gracefully in the distal part; sheath 90% open, green to pale brown or grey, with waxy covering, with flaking brown tomentum of peltate scales, c. 114 x 28 cm, with distinct rounded shoulders, the sheath in cross-section slightly triangular with thick middle section and thin flat margins; petiole 0-17 cm, c. 7 x 6 cm diam., deeply channelled; rachis c. 4.4 m, channelled in its proximal part (channel 6 cm wide near petiole) but in midleaf c.
+3.5 x 3 cm diam., with slightly sunken circular waxy scales; leaflets c. 164 on each side of the rachis, grouped and fanned within the groups, the groups 3-9 in number, dense and irregular, c. 4 cm apart, the individual leaflets 0.3-2 cm apart, the proximal 76 -123 x 1-2.5 cm, the most proximal often with long pendulous reins, median 97-112 x 2.7-4.7 cm, distal 17-50 x 1.3-2.6 cm, main veins 3, plus very thickened margins, abaxially glaucous with white wax, as well as with dense patches of large (- 8 mm) red-brown ramenta on the midrib near the base, leaflet apices unequally bifid and acute. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, erect with spreading or recurved branches, branched to 3 orders, c. 226 x 90 cm; peduncle c. 118 cm long, 12 x 4 cm diam. proximally, 8 x 4.5 cm diam. distally, yellow with brown scales, turning green with redbrown scales;
+A prophyll c. 60 x 20 cm (to 1.2 m, fide Perrier), woody, densely scaly, slightly beaked, only opening near the apex; peduncular bract deciduous (inserted at 55 cm), the distal portion seen with white wax and minute peltate scales, probably beaked; non-sheathing peduncular bract at 91 cm (4.5-5 cm high, base around peduncle), at 105 cm (3.5 cm high, 9 cm wide), at 110 cm (1 x 9 cm); rachis c. 106 cm, densely puberulous, with c. 26 branched and 8 unbranched first order branches; main first order branches with a rachis of up to 42 cm, proximally up to 4 x 1.5 cm diam., with up to 12 branched and 9 unbranched secondary branches; rachillae 9-42 cm, densely puberulous, 2.5-4 mm diam., whitish or pale yellow; triads dense, set in slight pits subtended by entire, rounded bracts. STAMINATE FLOWERS in bud with sepals 1.2-1.3 x 1.2-1.3 mm; petals 1.5-1.8 x 1.3-1.4 mm; stamens 6, 1-seriate, with filaments c. 1 mm and narrowly cylindrical, anthers 1-1.2 x
+0.4 mm with parallel locules, versatile and dorsifixed; pistillode c. 0.8 x 0.3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.5-2.2 x 1.6-2.4 mm, concave, orbicular, rounded, minutely ciliolate; petals 2-2.6 x 2.1-2.8 mm, broadly obovate with a small apiculus; staminodes 6, 0.4-1 mm high, thin and flat; ovary c. 2.5 x 1.8 mm, asymmetrical. FRUIT ellipsoid with rounded apex, 12-15 x 6-8 mm, orange; endocarp fibrous. SEED narrowly ellipsoid, 11-12 x 5-5.5 mm, acute at base, rounded at apex, with homogeneous endosperm with slight marginal undulations.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the Midongy area; an old collection from Mahanoro.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest; slight slope; clay soils derived from laterite; alt. 50-550 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. At present only known from the Midongy area, where numbers do not exceed two hundred. None occurs in a protected area. HB has visited the Mahanoro area, which is nowadays devoid of tree palms.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Palm-heart edible (fide Perrier).</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Quite distinct from other large solitary species with grouped leaflets by its long and interfoliar inflorescence with densely puberulous rachillae, and homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mahanoro: Masomeloka, Jan. 1922 (fl.), Perrier 14202 (P). Midongy: 6 km ENE of Midongy, May 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4672 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN; type); 8 km ENE of Midongy, May 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4673 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis procera</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 6 (1): 33 (1918)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Bull. Ac. Malgache 6: 7 (1923)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 14 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 36 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Fananehana; Perrier; 12089</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Dypsis longipes</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann Inst Bot-Géol Colon Marseille sér 3, 6 (1): 37 (1918)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Bull Ac Malgache 6: 18 (1923)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 13 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum & H Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 24 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Rantabe; Perrier; 12030</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>D. procera is an attractive palm of the undergrowth of the very humid forests that surround the Bay of Antongil. The leaf sheaths with their discrete patches of red-brown scales are distinctive. Leaf dissection varies greatly. There are some particularly beautiful forms with entire bifid leaves that would make splendid ornamentals. D. procera is cultivated in several Australian collections (and probably elsewhere), where it has been misidentified as D. hildebrandtii (see Stewart 1994, p. 97). The species name, procera, meaning very tall, or high, seems inappropriate for this undergrowth palm, but it is one of the taller of the palms that belong to Dypsis in the restricted sense, rather than the present broad sense.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate-sized clustering (very rarely solitary) palm of forest undergrowth, tending to form diffuse colonies by few short stolons. STEMS erect, to 6 m tall, 1-2.5 cm diam., internodes 2-10 cm long, when young green, with scattered caducous brown scales. LEAVES c. 8 in crown; leaf-sheaths forming a crownshaft; sheath 17-31 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm diam., pale green, covered in caducous red-brown scales, these frequently in irregular vertical patches c. 3-22 x 1 mm, leaf sheath mouth with irregularly tattering ligule; petiole rarely very short (3-4 cm), usually 10-25 x 0.5-0.8 cm, bearing scattered, caducous red-brown scales; rachis 38-60 cm long (?rarely more); blade entire bifid or irregularly divided into 2-8 narrow to broad leaflets; basal leaflets 43-80 x 2-15 cm, mid-leaf leaflets 25-50 x 1.2-8.5 cm, apical leaflets 23-55 x 1.5-15 cm; lamina surfaces bearing numerous minute punctiform scales along main and minor veins. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 2 orders; peduncle 35-46 cm long, 0.5-0.7 cm diam., brown scaly; prophyll 21-36 x 0.5-0.7 cm, borne 5-12 cm above the base of the peduncle, membranous, bearing caducous scales; peduncular bract, rarely preserved, usually abscising before expansion of rachillae from bud, borne at least 12 cm above prophyll, to 16 x 7 cm; rachis 14-35 cm long, scaly as the peduncle, bearing 8-13 first order branches, lower 2-6 branched; rachillae 10-18 in number, 15-50 cm long, 1.2 mm diam., densely covered in redbrown branched trichomes, triads c. 2 mm distant. STAMINATE FLOWERS c. 2 x 1.3 mm; sepals rounded-triangular, 0.8 x 0.7 mm, keeled, glabrous; petals ± elliptic, valvate, striate, 2 x 1.4 mm; stamens 3, antesepalous, filaments 1.1 x 0.4 mm, strap-like, anthers sagittate to subpendulous, 0.9 x 0.5 mm; pistillode conical, to 3 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS in very young bud c. 1 mm diam., rounded; sepals broadly imbricate, 1 x 1.1 mm; petals triangular-rounded, striate, 1.1 x 0.5 mm; staminodes 3, minute, irregularly dentiform; immature ovary c. 0.5 x \r
+0.2 mm. Mature FRUIT unknown; immature fruit ellipsoid, 7 x 3 mm, green. SEED with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Around the Bay of Antongil.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest, usually on flat land, sometimes on slopes; to 600 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Restricted in distribution in an area where the forest is unprotected and under some threat by shifting cultivators.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Jumelle distinguished <name>Dypsis longipes</name> from all other species of Dypsis sensu stricto by the combination of entire bifid leaf and spicate inflorescence borne on a long peduncle. However, the inflorescence of the holotype clearly displays six scars near the base of the "spike" where branches have been broken off, and there is no doubt that the inflorescence originally bore several long flexuous branches. With this spurious difference removed, <name>Dypsis longipes</name> is clearly conspecific with D. procera. Furthermore, of the leaf blades in the type one appears to be entire bifid, the other has two leaflets on one side of the rachis; however, in both cases the rachis at the base of the lamina is much narrower than the petioles on the same sheath, suggesting that, far from being whole laminae, the two leaf samples represent the apical portions of two pinnate leaves. D. procera is a distinctive but rather variable taxon that occurs with some frequency in forest surrounding the Bay of Antongil, in the lowlands and up to altitudes of about 400 m. It is a colonial palm tending to form diffuse clumps by short stolons. Lamina dissection varies from narrowly to broadly and irregularly pinnate, to entire bifid, the entire-bifid forms being particularly striking and beautiful. In most collections the leafsheaths bear scales in distinctive irregu lar vertical patches. Dransfield JD6397 differs from other col lections in being rather smaller in all its parts, with a short entire bifid leaf and with leaf \r
+sheaths that lack the distinctive patches of scales, but are nevertheless scaly; the rachillae are similar to those of</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Masoala Peninsula, Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6365 (K, TAN); idem, Oct. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6369 (K, TAN); Ambanizana, Oct. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6397 (K, TAN) (see note above); Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6471 (K, NY, TAN); idem, Nov. 1989 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6743 (K, TAN); Nosy Mangabe, Feb. 1964 (fl.), Dransfield JD6464 (K, TAN); Andranofotsy River, Sahavary, Feb. 1988 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6455 (K, TAN); idem, Feb. 1988 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6449 (K, TAN); hill 5 km west of Maroantsetra town, Oct. 1986 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6361 (K, TAN); Fananehana, Bay of Antongil, Aug. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 12089 (Holotype P); Rantabe, Bay of Antongil, Aug. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 12030 (Type of <name>Dypsis longipes</name> Jum., holotype P). Ampasimanolotra: Ambalarondra, Andranampony, April 1951 (fl.), Cours 4537 (K, P). 1</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis psammophila</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 216 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Ambila-Lemaitso; Dransfield; JD6495</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Another species close to D. lutescens, but much more slender with spindly stems towering above the coastal bush. The name means 'sand-loving', since this taxon is restricted to coastal white sands.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. lutescens affinissima sed caulis gracilioribus nigris, vagina folii breviore, foliolis brevioribus angustioribus, inflorescentia in 2 ordines ramificanti differt. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm. STEMS to 4 (-6) m, 3 cm diam., 1.7 cm diam. near crown; bark tending to be black, internodes c. 15 cm near base, 1.2-1.8 cm near crown; crownshaft 40 cm, green with white wax. LEAVES arcuate, c. 2 m; sheath 27-30 cm, with dense scattered scales, no ligule; petiole 20 cm, proximally 0.5 x 0.45 cm, distally 0.5 x 0.4 cm diam., with minute scales; rachis c. 76 cm long, with densely scattered scales; leaflets c. 40 on each side of the rachis, regular, strongly curved, proximal 27-41 x 0.3-0.8 cm, median 36-37 x 0.7-0.9 cm, distal 8.5-37 x 0.2-0.9 cm, adaxially glaucous, main vein 1, ramenta few or sometimes 0-1, basal, otherwise glabrous, apex attenuate, unequally bifid. INFLORESCENCE branching to 2 orders; peduncle 31 cm, with non-sheathing peduncular bracts (10-12 mm) at 26 and 29 cm above the base of the peduncle; prophyll 21-2 cm; peduncular bract 41 cm (from base of peduncle, not insertion point), glabrous; rachis c. 13 cm, 7 x 4 mm diam. proximally; narrowly triangular, 7 mm; rachillae 13-18 cm, with bare basal part 1.5-2 mm diam., glabrous, with triads distant and in slight pits; on the Onive R., April 1971, fr., Moore 9920 at P) seems intermediate between this taxon and D. onilahensis. It occurs in low canopy rain forest, has the inflorescence and fruit of the former, but the leaves resemble those of the latter - although admittedly on the short side. It has no petiole. The habit is also more like onilahensis, with a solitary trunk c. 10 m high and 7.5 cm in diameter. The local name was lafazovombona.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>E Madagascar, between Soanierana- Ivongo and Ambila-Lemaitso.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Coastal forest on white sand; alt. 5 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. The distribution area is small, and over the whole area the habitat is being destroyed. Numbers are estimated at less than a hundred.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ampasimanolotra: 5km S of Ambila-Lemaitso, Nov. 1986 (bud), Dransfield JD6437 (K, TAN); idem, March 1988 (fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6495 (K, TAN; type).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis pulchella</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 297 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Mahanoro, lower Mangoro; Perrier; 18046</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>An attractive undergrowth palmlet with very much the appearance of D. louvelii, but with shorter inflorescences and staminate flowers with six rather than three stamens. The species name refers to the pretty appearance of the three known specimens.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. louveliifoliis et inflorescentiis superficialiter similis, sed pedunculo breviori floribus staminatis 6 staminibus biseriatis bene distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender ?clustering palm of the forest undergrowth. STEMS probably not exceeding 1 m tall, 4-7 mm diam., internodes 8-13 mm, with sparse scattered dark brown scales. LEAVES 5-8 in crown; sheath 3-6 cm long, c. 1 cm diam., covered with scattered dark brown scales, auricles triangular, to 15 x 5 mm, membranous, soon disintegrating; petiole absent or to 2 cm long, c. 2 mm wide, with scattered dark brown scales; blade entire, bifid, plicate, 20-23 cm long, 8-10 cm wide, divided to just under to over half the length, costa 6-11 cm long, the two lobes 12-15 x 2.5-3 cm, adaxially with scattered brown punctiform scales, abaxially densely covered with brown punctiform scales and larger laciniate scales in bands, leaf tips shallowly lobed. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, shorter than the leaves, branched to 1 order; peduncle 13-17 cm long, 1-1.5 mm diam., with scattered dark brown laciniate scales; prophyll inserted c. 2.5 cm above the base of the peduncle, 5-12 cm long, c. 7 mm wide, membranous, with scattered dark brown scales; peduncular bract inserted 3-8 cm above the prophyll insertion, 6-9 cm long, c. 7 mm wide; rachis 2.5-4 cm long, straight or somewhat zigzag, bearing scattered dark brown scales; rachillae 6-9, 2.5-3.5 cm long, c. 1 mm diam., dark brown scaly, triads c. 1-3.5 mm distant, rachilla surface with scattered dark laciniate scales and minutely papillose. STAMINATE FLOWER c. 2.5 x 1.5 mm; sepals rounded, 1.1 x 1.1 mm, irregularly keeled; petals triangular, 1.6 x 1.3 mm, striate; stamens 6, biseriate, antepetalous filaments 0.8 x 0.2 mm, antesepalous filaments 0.5 x 0.2 mm, anthers didymous, the antesepalous c. 0.4 x 0.4 mm, the antepetalous smaller; pistillode scarcely evident. PISTILLATE FLOWER bud immature, c. 1 mm diam. FRUIT, only immature known, fusiform, 6-7 x 2-3 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>E Madagascar, Andasibe and lower Mangoro.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rain forest; 300-1000 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Presumed extinct. Not seen</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>S. This taxon was included in the folders of D. louvelii in the Paris Herbarium. However, the inflorescence has a relatively shorter peduncle and the sometimes zigzag rachis gives the inflorescence a different appearance, but it is the staminate flowers which immediately separate the taxon from D. louvelii. There are six biseriate stamens, in form reminiscent of those of D. nodifera. The two collections from the lower Mangoro are clearly conspecific; the collection from Andasibe differs slightly in having a zigzag inflorescence rachis.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Moramanga: Andasibe, Feb. 1925 (fl., fr.), Perrier 17216 (P). Mahanoro: Mangoro, Oct. 1927 (fl.), Perrier 18045 (P); idem (fl.), Perrier 18046 (Holotype P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis pumila</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+ <citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 223 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Marojejy summit; Cours; 3576</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus P; isotypi K, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A species from high mountains in the north; the specific name means 'dwarf', and refers to the habit: in this case short and stocky rather than the 'tiny' it often means. This species holds the altitude record for Madagascar palms as it occurs at a higher elevation than any other.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma nana monticola si caespitosa D. heteromorphae affinis sed multo breviore vagina folii minima foliis minoribus inflorescentiis semel ramificantibus, si solitaria D. acuminum affinis sed endospermio ruminato vagina folii minima differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Dwarf palm 0.3-1 m, apparently solitary. STEM erect or procumbent, 2.2-7 cm diam., internodes 2-5 mm distally. LEAVES 3-4 per crown; sheath 11-19 cm long, c. 2 cm diam., waxy and distally densely scaly, without auricles but with square shoulders; petiole absent or up to 4 cm, 7-11 x 4-8 mm diam., densely scaly; rachis 26-47 cm, densely scaly; leaflets regular, 19-21 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 11-18 x 0.3-1.2 cm, median 13-20 x 1-2.1 cm (interval 0.8-2 cm), distal 2.5-9 x 0.2-1 cm, apices attenuate, not bifid, main vein 1-3, as well as thickened margins, few to many small scales on midrib and margins abaxially, with a few scales on the proximal midrib adaxially. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, branching to 1 order; peduncle 7-16 cm, 4-8 mm diam.; prophyll dark green, 17-24 cm long, borne at 2.8-8 cm above the base of the peduncle, 3-3.5 cm wide, the distal half open; peduncular bract inserted at 4.5-12.2 cm, 10-15 x 3.6 cm, open, with scattered small scales; rachis 3-5 cm long, glabrous, with 9 rachillae (always?); rachillae 6-10 cm long, 1.5-3 mm diam., glabrous, the triads distant, sunk in pits; rachilla bracts acute, entire. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.3-3.9 x 1.8-3.2 mm, ovate or elliptic, proximally slightly gibbous, keeled, with membranous margins, acute or obtuse, entire; receptacle 1.8-2 mm high; petals 3-5.8 x 2.6-3.6 mm, ovate or elliptic, striate, acute; stamens 6, uni- or biseriate, filaments 2.8-5 x 0.7-1 mm, flat, anthers 1.4-1.8 x 0.8-1 mm, dorsifixed, versatile, the locules slightly diverging proximally, obtuse; pistillode c. 1.8-3 x 0.7-1 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.6-3.2 x 1.7-3.3 mm (to 4.7 mm wide in fruit), (broadly) ovate, concave, acute; petals (in bud) imbricate with a minute valvate apex, broadly ovate, 2.2-2.8 x 1.8-2.2 mm, or (in fruit) white and reddish, 4.2-4.8 x 5-5.5 mm; staminodes (four seen) flat, up to 0.6 mm high; gynoecium c. 2.2 x 1.5 mm. FRUIT subglobose to slightly obovoid, 17-26 x 12-20 mm, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex; endocarp fibrous, but not adhering to the seed. SEED slightly obovoid, 16-17 x 13-14 mm, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex, with a faint subequatorial depression; endosperm ruminate with many intrusions, 2- 6 mm deep.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>NE Madagascar, only known from the Marojejy Mts.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>On gneiss and quartzite, in ericoid vegetation or montane forest, also in high altitude swamp; 1500-2100 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Only known from a single locality, which is protected. Not collected in recent years.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is near D. heteromorphus but is solitary, much shorter, has a shorter sheath, smaller leaves, and the inflorescence branches to only one order; it is also near D. acuminum but is distinct by its ruminate endosperm and shorter sheath.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Marojejy E peak, Dec. 1948 (dead infl.), Humbert 22756 (K, P); idem, March 1949 (fl., fr.), Humbert 23679 (K, P); idem, March/April 1949 (fr.), Humbert & Cours 23799 (K, P); Marojejy summit, April 1949 (fl.), Cours 3576 (K, P, TAN); Marojejy, without further loc., 1900 m, Nov. 1972 (??), Guillaumet 4059 (TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis pusilla</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 369 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Antalavia; Dransfield et al.; JD6474</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is the smallest species of the "Vonitra" group. It is an attractive palm of the undergrowth in valley bottoms. The stems are almost always unbranched, and often solitary, and densely clothed with very short piassava. It can be distinguished from other species in the group by the short usually unbranched stems, the short piassava, the delicate curving leaflets and the inflorescence that is branched to one order only. Its rather dainty appearance is reflected in the species name. As far as we know, this species is not in cultivation, but it would clearly be an attractive subject for a small garden.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Vonitra (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. fibrosae affinis insignis statura pusilla, trunco raro ramificanti, inflorescentia brevi semel ramificanti. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustered palm. STEM 0.8-2 m, usually unbranched, sometimes dichotomous; bare stem 4-5 cm diam., but usually covered with very thick layer of persistent fibrous leafbases and then c. 12 cm diam.; fibres coarse, short, not pendulous. Trunk with basal surface roots and occasionally with aerial roots at 40-50 cm from ground; bark brown, internodes 3-10 mm long. LEAVES 15-16 in the crown, up to 2 m long, porrect with arching rachis; sheath 22-26 x 6-7.5 cm, with rather dense red or blackish laciniate scales, auricles (up to 5 cm long) and margins disintegrating quickly; petiole 75-100 cm long, c. 1 x 0.6 cm (proximal), x 0.6 x 0.4-0.5 cm (distal), flattened or slightly convex adaxially, convex to keeled abaxially, green to purplish with dense red laciniate scales; rachis 78-94 cm, in mid-leaf 3-4 mm wide, angular, with scattered scales; leaflets 25-28 on each side of the rachis, stiff, proximally at an angle of 90° with the leaflets on the opposite side of the rachis, more distal in one plane, regular, glossy dark green, proximal ones 19-41 x 0.3-2.5 cm (most proximal ones short and narrow), median 38-51 x 1.8-3.2 (interval 2.5-3 cm), distal 13-31 x 0.8-2.5 cm, the apical pair hardly connate, apices attenuate and bifid, main veins 3, with the midrib prominent adaxially, leaflets glabrous or with a few scattered scales near the base. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, erect, branching to one order (in Beentje 4651 with the most proximal rachilla bifurcate); peduncle 47-132 cm, proximally 5-6 x 4 mm, distally 3- 5 x 2-4 mm, with dense reddish laciniate scales but soon glabrescent; prophyll 10-34 cm long, 2-keeled, with a few scattered reddish scales, cylindrical, split at apex only, soon disintegrating at the apex; peduncular bract inserted at 7-14 cm from base, 30-48 cm long, pale brown with patches of dense reddish scales, circumscissile but carried up and covering the rachillae until expansion, beaked for 9-10 cm; rachis 7- 15 cm, with 17-22 branches; rachillae green, occasionally with a bulbous base, 12-32 cm long, 2-2.5 mm diam., covered in minute stellate scales; triads spirally arranged, quite close, in pits. STAMINATE FLOWERS globose in bud; sepals 0.6-1 x 1-1.3 mm; petals 1.7-1.8 x 1.2-1.5 mm, ovate, acute; stamens 6, in 2 series, didymous, filaments 0.4-0.8 mm long, anthers 0.4-0.5 x 0.5-0.6 mm, rounded; pistillode 0.2-0.9 x 0.4-1 mm, hexagonal with central trifid apex. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals c. 0.5 mm high, 1 mm wide, petals 1.4 -1.8 x 1.2-1.3 mm; ovary 1-1.4 mm high, 1.1-1.2 mm diam., slightly asymmetrical; staminodes 0.3 mm high. FRUIT purple to black, obovoid, rounded, 13-19 x 9-15 mm; mesocarp 1.2 mm thick, rather fleshy; endocarp fibrous. SEED 15-16 x 9-12 mm, with endosperm ruminations 3-4 mm deep.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Masoala Peninsula and Mananara Biosphere Reserve.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Littoral forest on deep humus near the beach, riverine in moist forest, or on humus banks in moist forest on steep hillside; 1-220 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. With a fairly small distribution area and low numbers of individuals per population, this species might move into the Endangered category in the near future, if shifting cultivation continues apace in its native habitat.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinct by its small stature, its trunk which rarely branches and its short inflorescence branched to only one order; only very few inflorescences are present at the same time, which is unusual in the Vonitra group.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Antalavia, Feb. 1988 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6467 (K, TAN); idem, Feb. 1988 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6474 (K, P, TAN); Ambanizana, Nov. 1992 (bud, fr.), Schatz et al. 3394 (K). Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (bud), Beentje 4461 (K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Oct. 1991 (fr.), Beentje 4468 (BH, K, TAN); idem, April 1992 (fr.), Beentje et al. 4651 (K, TAN). 1</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis ramentacea</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 411 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Mananara, Antanambe; Beentje; 4458</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This pretty little palm is known from a single collection from forest undergrowth in the lowlands near to Mananara Avaratra. The species name refers to the scales (ramenta) on the undersurface of the leaves.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Habitu inflorescentiaque D. louvelii superficialiter similis sed petiolo longiori, pagina inferiori laminae ramentas ferenti rachillis inflorescentiae papillosis differt (floribus ignotis). </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender solitary forest undergrowth palmlet to 70 cm tall. STEMS c. 4-5 mm diam., when dry, when fresh to 8 mm diam., internodes 4-12 mm long, sparsely and minutely scaly. LEAVES 9-10 in crown, apparently marcescent, crownshaft poorly defined; sheath 5-6 cm long, 1 cm diam., rather densely covered in caducous dark red-brown indumentum; auricles triangular, to 5 x 3 mm, membranous, soon tattering; petiole 9-15 cm long, c. 2 mm wide, ± triangular in section, bearing scattered dark brown scales; lamina entire 25-31 cm long, deeply bifid, the rachis 8-9.5 cm, the two lobes to 18-22 x 3.5 cm, diverging at an acute angle, the lobes shallowly toothed, adaxial lamina surface with sparse, minute brown punctiform scales, abaxial surface with conspicuous, abundant dark brown ramenta on all major veins and scattered red-brown punctiform scales. INFLORESCENCES 25-30 cm long, arching or semi-horizontal, branching to 1 order; peduncle to 21 cm, 1 mm diam., covered in discrete elevated dark brown scales; prophyll to 15 x 0.4 cm, membranous, straw-coloured, with sparse dark scales; peduncular bract exceeding the prophyll by 7 cm, similar to prophyll; rachis 5-6 cm; rachillae 8-10 in number, 2-3.5 cm long, c. 0.6 mm diam., with dark brown papillae, triads 1-3 mm distant. FLOWERS said to be red in bud, opening white, not available. Mature FRUIT bright red, ovoid, 13 x 8 mm; seed 1-2 x 6 mm; endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral near the base.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Mananara, Antanambe.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; 115 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical; found in a tiny patch of forest near agricultural land; individuals seen less than twenty-five.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Although no flowers have been available for study, the habit and inflorescence structure suggests that this is probably a species of Dypsis with three stamens and is certainly undescribed. Because it is so distinctive, we have named it D. ramentacea, even though staminate flowers that would suggest relationships are missing. The inflorescence is reminiscent of that of D. louvelii but the rachillae are distinctive in the presence of dark papillae. The undersurface of the leaf bears abundant ramenta, whence the specific epithet. Such ramenta are also present in D. mocquerysiana but this species has a very different erect inflorescence with many rachillae, and the leaves are usually epetiolate. There is also a superficial similarity with D. glabrescens but in the latter ramenta are absent, there is no petiole and the rachillae are shorter.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, 1.5 hours walk upstream from first ferry north of Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (fr.), Beentje 4458 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis remotiflora</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 331 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, East Coast, Ambadikala; Vigreux; 15417</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus P</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>Known only from a single collection, this small undergrowth palm has the general appearance of</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Inter species floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antesepalis pistillodio carenti, rachillis gracillimis floribus paucis remotis distinctissima. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary (?) or clustered (?) palm. STEM to 1 m tall, at least 1 cm diam. (as suggested by diameter of leaf sheaths). Leaf sheaths of unknown length, c. 1 cm diam., striate, bearing abundant dark brown laciniate scales. LEAF to 40 cm long, including petiole c. 9 mm long, c. 4 mm wide, broadly triangular in cross section, bearing scattered dark brown scales; rachis 22-29 cm; leaflets 3-4 on each side of the rachis, subopposite or almost alternate (basal leaflets only); basal pair 5-7 x 0.3-0.7 cm, mid-leaf pair to 23 x 5.5 cm, apical pair widely divergent, to 13 x 4.5 cm, somewhat sigmoid; both lamina surfaces with very sparse, minute, brown, punctiform scales. INFLORESCENCE only partially represented in type, branching to 4 orders; prophyll, peduncular bract and peduncle not represented; rachis at least 35 cm long, somewhat sinuous, it and all branches glabrescent; rachillae very numerous, very slender, sinuous, 1.5-4 cm long, c. 0.2 mm diam., each bearing about 3-4 triads only, c. 7 mm distant; rachilla bracts triangular, c. 0.5 mm long. STAMINATE FLOWER c. 1.0 x 0.8 mm; sepals ± rounded, imbricate, slightly keeled, 0.5 x 0.6 mm; petals ± elliptic in outline, valvate, 1.0 x 0.7 mm; stamens 3, antesepalous, filaments very short, c. 0.2 x 0.1 mm, connective broad abaxially, anthers 0.3 x 0.1 mm, ± didymous; staminodes absent; pistillode absent. PISTILLATE FLOWER slightly smaller than the staminate; sepals imbricate, c. 0.5-0.6 mm; petals basally imbricate, distally val-vate, c. 0.7 x 0.4 mm; staminodes 3, minute, dentiform; ovary c. 0.7 x 0.4 mm, ellipsoid, stigma terminal, slightly curved. Mature FRUIT ellipsoid, 9.5 x 4 mm. SEED ellipsoid, 6 x 3.5 mm; endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>East Coast.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Presumed extinct; not seen for forty years, and the type locality is now devoid of forest.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is remarkable for its extremely slender rachillae with few remote triads of flowers. It is known only from the type. There are two entries for Ambadikala in the US Army Gazetteer for Madagascar, one at 23°19á S 47°24á E, the other at 18° 15á S 48° 56á E., of which only the former is recorded on the 1: 500,000 Series maps of Madagascar. This lies in the vicinity of Farafangana.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Farafangana: Ambadikala, Sept. 1954, (fl., fr.) Vigreux 15417 (Holotype P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis rivularis</name>\r
+<author>(Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 232 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Boina; Perrier; 11970</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus rivularis</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H. Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 40, t. 20 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.- Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 10, 3: 20 (1922)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 11 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 116 (1945)</bibref> \r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A charming palm, but with a rather untidy look to it, due to the irregular grouping of the leaflets. The name indicates its habit of growing along rivers. This species may be in cultivation in Queensland, where JD has seen juveniles of a palm that seem to match the herbarium specimens from the wild.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sarimadiovozona (Sakalava).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm, with untidy crown and stilt roots. TRUNK 4-5.5 m, 4.5-15 cm diam., internodes 3.5-6 cm long, near the crown c. 2 cm. LEAVES spirally inserted, arching, 7-14 in the crown; sheath 3/4 open, 26-43 cm, yellow with few scattered reddish scales and erose ligules c. 1 cm long; petiole absent or up to 2 cm; rachis c. 1.4 m long, proximally 1.5-2 cm wide, in mid-leaf 0.8-1.3 cm wide, reddish with dense pale flaking indument, glabrescent; leaflets c. 32 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-5 in the proximal and middle part of the leaf to almost over the entire length of the leaf, the groups 8-19 cm apart, but often with the leaflets in the distal half or third regular; proximal leaflets 12-64 x 0.3-3.7 cm, median 42-68 x 3.3-6 cm (interval within groups 1.5-3.5 cm), distal 13-36 x 0.6-2.8 cm, main veins 5-7, veins with many minute reddish scales abaxially and sometimes adaxially, few or no ramenta, apex (unequally) attenuate. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar at anthesis to infrafoliar in fruit, c. 90 cm, branching to 3 orders; peduncle 43-46 cm, densely puberulous, proximally c. 8 x 3 mm, distally c. 7 x 4 mm diam.; prophyll 39-56 cm, borne at 8-14 cm above the base of the peduncle, 1.6-4.5 cm wide, with rather dense reddish scales and sometimes with a waxy bloom; peduncular bract inserted at c. 26 cm, 20-32 cm long, beaked for c. 1 cm, with scattered scales, deciduous; rachis 30-50 cm, densely reddish puberulous, with 17-20 branched and 3-7 unbranched first order branches; proximal first order branches to 50 cm long, with 7-10 branched and 10 unbranched second order branches, proximally to 1.5 x 0.7 cm diam.; rachillae 3-19 cm, densely puberulous, c. 1 mm diam.; triads distant, superficial, with entire rounded bract. STAMINATE FLOWERS unknown at anthesis, but in young bud with sepals 0.7-1 x 1-1.3 mm, ciliolate; petals 1.2-1.6 x 1.2-1.4 mm; stamens 6, biseriate, with filaments 0.4-0.5 mm long, cylindrical, with didymous anthers 0.5-0.6 x 0.5 mm; pistillode < 0.5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS yellow, without discernible scent, with sepals 0.8-1.1 x 1.4-1.8 mm, broadly elliptic, rounded, minutely ciliate; petals 1.8-2.6 mm long, with the lower part membranous, concave, 1-1.4 x 1.3-2 mm, the upper part fleshy, triangular, flat, 0.8-1.2 x 1.2-1.4 mm; staminodes 6, 0.2-0.3 mm; ovary 1.5-1.8 mm high, asymmetrical, 1.8-2.2 mm diam., with very divergent stigmas 0.5-0.6 mm long. FRUIT ellipsoid, slightly curved, 12-14 x 5-7 mm, asymmetrical; base and apex rounded; endocarp fibrous, the fibres hardly anastomosing. SEED 10-11 x 4.5-5 mm, rounded at base, slightly pointed at apex, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Mananjeba River, Manongarivo, Ankarafantsika.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Moist forest stream edge, among boulders; alt. 130-300 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Only known from two recent sites; total population estimated at less than a hundred.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>There are some differences between the type (which is from the Ankarafantsika) and the Manongarivo populations. These consist of the width of the leaflets (much wider in the type: 6 cm as opposed to 3-4 cm) and the length of the rachillae (shorter in the type: 3-7 cm as opposed to 8.5-19 cm). However, we feel these differences can be attributed to variation between populations, and we do not believe they warrant taxonomic distinction, since the similarities between the type and the other population are large. \r
+Jumelle describes the palm as 5-10 m tall. This information does not appear on any of the Perrier specimen labels, and we have not included it in the description. There are recent but unsubstantiated reports of a population of large palms growing along a river in the Ankarafantsika, which might confirm Jumelle's data. He also describes the male flowers as having sepals 1.35 x 1.5 mm; petals 2 x 2 mm; anthers with short, wide filaments and a connective projecting beyond the locules, which are said to be divergent at the base. We have only been able to find young staminate buds on Perrier 15803; these differ from Jumelle's description.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambilobe: upper basin of Mananjeba R., July 1913 (fl., y.fr.), Perrier 15803 (P). Ambanja: SE of Beraty, May 1989 (y. bud, fr.), B. Du Puy et al. MB 176a (K, TAN); Ambalafary, Jan. 1992 (fl.), Beentje et al. 4562 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Feb. 1992 (y.fr.), Beentje et al. 4581 (K, MO, TAN). Marovoay: Ankarafantsika, without date, (y.fr.), Perrier 11970 (Holotype, P; the label only says Boina, but publications give the above site). Ambato-Boeni: Tsaramandroso, April 1952 (fl.), Ramamongisana 4185 RN (P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis sahanofensis</name>\r
+<author>(Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 289 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, upper Sahanofo R basin, between Ambohimanga Atsimo and Ambositra; Perrier; 12060</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Chrysalidocarpus sahanofensis</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Jum. & H. Perrier) Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 2, 10 (3): 6 (1922)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.- Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 6, 3: 9 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 11 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 110 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga sahanofensis</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H. Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H.Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 32, t. 15-16 (1913)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This was one of our mysteries, only known from the type (collected in 1911) with very fragmentary material and no description to speak of. Then, just before taking this book to press, we visited Mt Vatovavy, some 70 miles/100 kilometers from the type locality, and we collected a medium-sized palm which turned out to match the type material beautifully. This kind of discovery gives a real thrill!</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in groups of c. 12. STEMS 5-6 m long, 3 (-8, fide Perrier) cm diam.; internodes 12-13 cm long. LEAVES with sheath 20-31 cm long, with sloping shoulders, adaxially dark red-brown, abaxially pale green to mid-brown with some wax and orangebrown caducous scattered scales; petiole 17-18 cm long, proximally c. 1.5 x 0.5 cm, distally c. 1.1 x 0.5 cm, densely scaly on both surfaces, convex on both surfaces with sharp margins; rachis c.1 m long, in mid-leaf 0.5-0.7 cm wide, abaxially with scattered scales, adaxially with a few scales, slightly keeled; leaflets 23-24 on each side of the rachis, grouped to irregular and slightly fanned within the groups, in mid-leaf in groups of 3-5, the groups at intervals of 3-13 cm, the leaflets within the groups at intervals of 0.2-2.5 cm, proximal 26-33 x 0.6-1.4 cm, median 29- 38 x 1.7-3 cm, distal 13-23 x 0.5-1.5 cm, glabrous or nearly so, main vein 1, apices attenuate. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 2 orders; peduncle c. 43 cm, proximally 1.7 x 0.4 cm, distally 1.3 x 0.9 cm, densely reddish-scaly; prophyll 29-44 cm long, borne at 9-25 cm above the base of the peduncle, glabrous or nearly so; peduncular bract inserted at 20-33 cm from the base of the peduncle, c. 34 cm long, deciduous; non-tubular peduncular bract inserted at c. 27 cm from the base of the peduncle, 5 mm long; rachis c. 27 cm, puberulous, with c. 5 branched, and 11-16 unbranched first order branches, the proximal of these with a secondary rachis of up to 5 cm long and 7 x 2.5 mm diam. at base, with up to 3 rachillae; rachillae 19-33 cm long, 1-3.5 mm diam., puberulous, with very distant triads in pits with proud acute rachilla bracts. STAMINATE FLOWERS only seen in young bud: sepals to 1.5 x 1.3 mm, keeled and slightly hooded; petals still smaller than the sepals at this stage; stamens still less than 0.3 mm, but clearly 6, anthers probably versatile. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.6-3.2 x 2.5-3 mm; petals connate for 0.6-0.8 mm, free for 5.1-5.7 x 3-3.5 mm; staminodes 6, 0.8-1.2 mm long; ovary 5-5.3 x 2-2.2 mm. FRUIT not seen.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>E Madagascar; only known from the type and one recent collection.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Rain forest; 315-1400 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. The forest on Vatovavy is not protected, except by local fady (taboos), and population numbers were low. If forest clearance in the area continues, the status will become Critical within a few years.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The type at P consists of three sheets. Two sheets of Perrier 12049, Neophloga littoralis, (sheath and middle part of rachis) were originally excluded by us as not belonging to that taxon. In fact the two pieces not only match those of the type of D. sahanofensis, but fit parts of the rachis on the type sheet! There is no doubt that they are the same number; the sheath is figured in Jumelle & Perrier (1913).</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambositra: upper Sahanofo basin between Ambohimanga du Sud and Ambositra, Nov. 1911 (fl.), Perrier 12060 (P; type). Mananjary: Vatovavy, Nov. 1994 (bud), Beentje & Dransfield 4835 (K, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis saintelucei</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 178 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, St. Luce; Beentje; 4760</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A medium-sized, elegant palm which would probably do well in cultivation. It occurs on white sand, and so would probably do well in the drier tropics; the habitat is that of D. lutescens, one of the most successful ornamental palms</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>inter species arborescentes tristichas foliolis regulariter dispositis endospermio homogeneo D. ampasindavae affinis sed vagina folii clausa et inflorescentia interfoliacea longa differt</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm (occasionally in clumps of 2-3). TRUNK 6-10 m, c. 14 cm diam.; internodes 3-5 cm long, grey, green more distally; nodal scars 1.6 cm high, whitish; wood very hard, red; crown shaft waxy green. LEAVES tristichous, 7-11 per crown, porrect, slightly arch ing distally; sheath c. 80 cm, 12 cm diam., closed, waxy pale green, smooth, with brown-tattering shoul ders; petiole absent or up to 13 cm long, 2-2.5 x 2-2.5 cm diam., channelled with sharp edges, green, glabrous; rachis 2.3-2.4 m long, proximally deeply channelled and 4 x 3 cm, more distally keeled, green, in mid-leaf 1.5-2.3 cm wide, proximally with thin grey wax or scales, distally glabrous; leaflets 59-61 on each side of the rachis, regular, stiff, pale waxy green abaxially, the proximal 116-134 (-188) x 2.2-3.5 cm (16 cm apart, the most proximal often pendulous), median 90-104 x 3-3.7 cm (interval 2.5-4 cm), distal 15-40 x 1-2.2 cm, main veins 1, only the midrib prominent on both surfaces with large distant brown ramenta, the other veins faint and with densely set small red-brown glands, apices attenuate, unequally bifid. INFLORESCENCE solitary, interfoliar at anthesis, erect within sheath, 175-225 cm, branched to 3 orders; peduncle 89 -138 cm, proximally 6-10 x 2-2.5 cm and convex abaxially, concave adaxially, distally c. 7.5 x 4 cm diam., glabrous; prophyll 100-130 cm, borne at 30-56 cm above the base of the peduncle, c. 9 cm wide, glabrous; peduncular bract 68-73 cm, closed in the distal 6 cm, beaked for c. 2 cm, inserted at 61-97 cm, abaxially pale waxy green, adaxially chestnut-brown; rachis 70-87 cm, green, glabrous, with 17 branched and 11-20 unbranched first order branches; rachillae 16-27 cm, green, glabrous, c. 5 mm diam.; triads distant, superficial, with low, rounded bract. STAMINATE FLOWERS slightly scented; sepals 1.8-2.5 x 2.2-2.9 mm, keeled, gibbous, broadly ovate, concave, the broad margins membranous; petals yellow, connate for 1-1.6 mm to the receptacle, free lobes 2.9-3.5 x 3-3.2 mm, ovate, acute, with adaxially and proximally with 2 swellings on each side of the base of the antepetalous stamen; stamens 6, uniseriate, filaments 3.8-4.4 mm long, connate at the very base for c. 0.3 mm, anthers 2.4-2.5 x 1 mm; pistillode columnar, 1.8-2.3 x 1.4-1.6 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS only known in bud, with sepals 2.6- 2.8 x 3.3-3.4 mm, ciliolate; petals c. 2.2 x 2.5 mm; staminodes 6, 0.4-0.6 mm; ovary asymmetrical, c. 2.3 x 2.3 mm. FRUIT not known but for seed and endocarp found under Beentje & Andriampaniry 4609; endocarp fibrous. SEED ellipsoid, 11.5-13 x 7 mm, rounded at one end, pointed at the other; endosperm deeply ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the Sainte-Luce forest in the extreme South-East of the island.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Coastal forest on white sand; 10-20 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Only known from a single forest, with numbers less than fifty; this is right in the middle of the area where mining operations for mineral sand (ilmenite ore) are proposed.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>In its group of large tristichous palms with regular leaflets and ruminate endosperm closest to D. ampasindavae but distinct in the closed leaf sheath and the interfoliar inflorescence, resulting in long peduncles and very long bracts.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tolanaro: 5km W of Manafiafy (Ste. Luce), March 1992 (ster.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4609 (K); idem, Dec. 1992 (fl.), Beentje 4760 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis sanctaemariae</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 264 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Île Sainte Marie, Forêt d’Ambohidena; Dransfield et al.; JD7526</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A handsome palm of the undergrowth of wind-pruned coastal forest on white sand raised-beaches on the Indian Ocean coast of Î;le Sainte Marie. It occurs in two forms that grow together, one with a pinnate leaf, the other with an entire leaf. In the field we thought that this species might be a form of D. paludosa with inflorescences branched to one instead two orders, but there are six stamens so the relationships are with D. boiviniana. The species epithet is derived from Sainte-Marie.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>forma inflorescentiae floribus staminatis 6-staminibus D. boivinianae affinis sed foliis epetiolatis, integris-bifidis, vel foliolis approximatis non fasciculatis, rachillis gracilioribus bracteis inconspicuis distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm of the forest undergrowth. STEMS to 2.5 m tall, c. 2 cm diam.; internodes c. 3 cm long, basally grey-brown, distally green, with scattered brown scales. LEAVES c. 8 in crown, porrect, forming a "shuttlecock" and tending to trap litter; sheath yellow green or crimson, 17-20 cm long, 2-3 cm diam., densely covered in evenly spaced red-brown scales, auricles triangular, 0.5-2.5 x 1- 2 cm; petiole absent; blade to 120 cm long, entire, bifid, or with 2 very broad leaflets on one side of the rachis, the apical cleft to 48 cm deep, or irregularly divided into leaflets; costa or rachis 80-88 cm long, 7-9 mm wide at the base, abaxially densely covered with red-brown scales; leaflets very variable in width, to 10 on each side of the rachis, proximal leaflets 35 x 0.5 cm, then leaflets increasing in length and width towards the middle of the leaf, where 44 x 2.3 cm, then decreasing in length to the broad distal pair to 26.5 x 3.5 cm, adaxial surface with very sparse minute brown punctiform scales along major veins, abaxially with abundant brown punctiform scales and bands of looser brown scales. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to one order; peduncle 41-45 cm long, erect or strongly reflexed, c. 10 mm wide at the base, tapering to 4-6 mm wide distally, thinly covered with red-brown tomentum; prophyll inserted 8.5-10 cm above the base of the peduncle, 18-36 x 1.2-1.3 cm, striate, sparsely covered with red-brown scales; peduncular bract inserted at least 14 cm above the insertion of the prophyll, 25 x 2 cm when split and opened out, scaly as the prophyll; rachis 11-13 cm, 4-6 mm diam. at the base, red-brown tomentose; rachillae 5-6, pendulous, 30-40 cm long, c. 3.5 mm diam. when fresh, shrinking to c. 2 mm diam. in dried specimens, with a basal bare portion 1-6 cm long, surface with scattered short brown hairs; triads c. 2 mm distant, partially sunken in shallow pits, the rachilla bracts inconspicuous, c. 0.5 x 2.5 mm. STAMINATE FLOWER buds bluntly pointed, c. 2.5 x 1.5 mm; sepals rounded, 1.5 x 1.5 mm, irregularly keeled; petals 2.5 x 1.5 mm, triangular; stamens 6, filaments (in bud) 0.7 mm long, anthers 1.5 x 0.5 mm; pistillode conical, trifid, minute. PISTILLATE FLOWER 4 x 2.5 mm; sepals 1.8 x 1.8 mm, broad imbricate; petals triangular 3.5 x 2 mm; staminodes 6, minute; ovary 3 x 2 mm, conical, stigmas eccentric. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from Î;le Sainte-Marie.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>White sand forest; 20 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical; known from a single population. The Forêt d'Ambohidena is under threat by the development of a new resort hotel.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>The form of the inflorescence and stamen number suggest that this species is related to D. boiviniana. It may be distinguished from the latter species by the form of the leaf, which is entire and bifid, or with few irregular approximate leaflets as opposed to numerous fascicled and divergent leaflets, and the rachillae which are more slender and with inconspicuous rachilla bracts. It is similar to D. mangorensis but differs in the very much larger leaf, lacking a petiole and in the much longer rachillae.
+Maroantsetra: Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (bud), Dransfield et al. JD6367 (K, TAN) seems a very slender (clustering) plant of this species; the stem is 1 cm thick, the sheath 15 -16 cm long, the petiole is almost absent; the leaflets are regular and slightly smaller than in the above description; the inflorescence is also slender, with a 2 mm thick peduncle; there are four rachillae 21-23 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Î;le Sainte Marie: Lokintsy, Forêt d'Ambohidena, Nov. 1994 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD7526 (Holotype K; isotype TAN), JD7527 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis scandens</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 255 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Ifanadiana; Dransfield and Beentje; JD7515</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This remarkable species is the first climbing palm to be recorded for Madagascar. In habit and texture, it bears an uncanny resemblance to the central American climbing palm, Chamaedorea elatior Mart., so much so that on first finding it in November 1994, we had to examine the inflorescences closely to convince ourselves that the plant was an Arecoid palm rather than a Ceroxyloid. Its discovery, just before the manuscript of this book was completed, emphasises yet again the extraordinary richness of the Madagascar palm flora and how much there may yet be to discover and describe. The species name is Latin for ‘climbing’.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Olokoloka (Tanala).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>habitu scandenti, caudicibus gracilibus vaginis foliorum glabris, foliolis divaricatis, basin pulvinatis, inflorescentia in 2 ordines ramificanti instanter distinguibilis.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, climbing palm. STEMS to 8–10 m long, flexible, 7–12 mm diam., internodes 20–31 cm long, bright green, with scattered dark brown scales, nodal scars c. 2 mm wide; sheathed stem c. 1.5–1.8 mm diam. Stems carrying about 15 green leaves and several dead marcescent leaves. LEAF-sheaths 15–30 cm, pale green, smooth, with thin white wax, glabrous, turning dark blackish brown on drying, auricles absent; petiole absent; rachis 1.1–1.45 m, 7 mm wide at the base, triangular in section, tapering to c. 1 mm diam. at the tip; leaflets c. 15–18 on each side of the rachis, grouped, lanceolate, long acuminate, mostly strongly reflexed and with a conspicuous basal woody pulvinus, basal leaflets arranged singly, then two distant groups of two leaflets, then mostly singly to the tip, the leaflets dull green, glabrous, turning dirty brown-black on drying, basal leaflets 20 x 0.2 cm, median 24–30 x 3–3.5 cm, distal to 6 x 1.5 cm. INFLORESCENCE, only dead mummified material available, interfoliar, branched to 2 orders; peduncle mostly enclosed by the subtending leaf sheath, 16–45 cm, 7–20 mm wide at the base, 3–10 mm diam. near the tip; prophyll borne up to 10 cm above the peduncle base, to 15–34 x 1.6–3.1 cm, membranous, somewhat striate, glabrous; peduncular bract only fragments known, c. 15 x 1.5 cm, much tattered; rachis 27–40 cm long, bearing c. 13–15 first order branches; lowermost branches 12–18 cm, bearing 3–6 rachillae; rachillae c. 40–50 in total, 8–12 cm long, c. 1.2 mm diam., triads c. 1–3 mm distant. STAMINATE FLOWER rounded; sepals ± rounded, gibbous, keeled, c. 0.8 mm diam., smooth; petals triangular, c. 1.5 x 1.5 mm, striate; stamens 6, somewhat biseriate, the antepetalous longer than the antesepalous, filaments 0.3–0.5 mm, anthers elongate c. 1 x 0.2 mm, joined to connective throughout their length; pistillode low, conical. PISTILLATE FLOWER with sepals rounded, c. 0.8 mm diam., smooth; petals triangular, striate, 1.8 x 2 mm, enlarging to 2 x 2 mm in fruit, ovary c. 1 mm diam. FRUIT ellipsoid, 8 x 4.5 mm; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Ifanadiana area, only known from one site.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Low canopy forest with small crowns on poor soils on quartzite ridge; 500 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Probably endangered if not critical. The forests in this area are not protected, and are under pressure from shifting cultivation.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems harvested for splitting to make fish traps, bird cages and hats. Said to be widespread in the area, but much harvested.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Unfortunately the type bears only dead inflorescences; however, we found one mummified fruit and several flowers still attached to the inflores cences and this has allowed a rather complete description to be prepared. The climbing habit makes this species instantly identifiable. The leaves have distinctive distant reflexed leaflets that are grossly swollen at the base in the manner of those of D. pinnatifrons and D. nodifera. These reflexed leaflets presumably act, as in Chamaedorea elatior, as grapnels that help to support the long flexible stems. Leaf texture and inflorescence, flower and fruit structure suggest that the relationships of D. scandens are probably with D. jumelleana and related species.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ifanadiana: c. 10 km east of Ifanadiana, Nov. 1994 (dead infl.), Dransfield & Beentje JD7515 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, P, TAN)</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis schatzii</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 278 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Betampona; Schatz et al.; 2687</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus MO</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a very handsome small undergrowth palm; it is named for the collector of the type, George Schatz of Missouri Botanical Garden, who has worked with us in the field, often helping greatly with logistic arrangements.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tsinkara (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. integraesimilis sed statura robustiore foliis majoribus inflorescentia ramosa triadibus confertim dispositis differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering palm. STEM(S) 2-3 m tall, to 1 cm diam.; internodes 2-6 cm long, distally with dense reddish scales, often with sheath remnants clothing the stem in its distal part. LEAVES 6-13 in the crown, entire or with 2 pinnae; sheath 8-12 cm long, dense reddish scaly, closed, with triangular auricles 0.6-1.2 cm long; petiole absent or up to 10 cm long, distally c. 2 mm wide, densely scaly; lamina dark green, when entire obovate, 17.5-41 cm long, 6.8-11 cm wide, with lobes 2.6-7 cm long; main veins 11-13, faint, only the midrib prominent; apices long-dentate, the teeth continuing along the outer margins to about halfway down the leaf, the teeth to 1 cm long, rarely a deep lacuna almost reaching the midrib; midrib densely scaly, minor veins with bands of scattered scales abaxially, as well as white-punctate abaxially which gives the abaxial side a silvery appearance; when pinnate with a rachis 18-22 cm long, leaflets 2 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 9-10 x 1.1-1.7 cm, acuminate, leaflet interval 2-3 cm, distal leaflets obovate 17-24 cm long, c. 7 cm wide, with 3-5 main veins, connate for > 80%. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 1 order; peduncle 28-31 cm long, distally 1.5-2 mm diam., densely reddish-scaly; prophyll 18-21 cm long, 6-7 mm wide, borne at c. 4 cm above the base of the peduncle, opening in the distal 1.5-2 cm, with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted 14-18 cm from the base of the peduncle, 9-11 cm long, opening in the distal few cm, with scattered scales; non-tubular peduncular bracts 2-3 mm long, sometimes almost tubular; rachis 1-5 cm long, beige in fruit, with 3-6 first order branches; rachillae 6.5-13 cm long, minutely puberulous with reddish stellate scales and dense triads; rachilla bract 0.6-0.8 mm, rounded. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.1-1.4 x 0.6-1.6 mm, the middle one very asymmetrical; petals 1.6-2 x 1.2-1.4 mm; stamens 6, slightly biseriate (offset < 0.1 mm), filaments reflexed rachilla 2.5-3.5 cm long. The sepals are c. 0.7 mm long, and the stamens seem to be didymous;the plant is in young bud, so we are unable to reach a conclusion as to its identity.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>E Madagascar; only known from Betampona.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest, steep mid slope; 500-565 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Only known from a single site; numbers estimated to be less than fifty.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems used to make blowpipes.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Toamasina: Betampona, Dec. 1925 (bud), Perrier 17467 (P); idem, April 1989 (fr.), Schatz et al. 2687 (Holotype K; isotype MO, not seen); idem, Oct. 1991 (bud), Beentje 4487 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis scottiana</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Beentje & J.Dransf. </author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 239 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, forest near Fort Dauphin (Tolanaro); Scott Elliot; 2615</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype K</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga scottiana</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>(Becc.) Becc. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38, Beibl. 87: 22 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 22, fig. 15, t. 20 (1912)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 22 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 91 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Phloga scottiana</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., J. Linn. Soc. 29: 61 (1891)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Baill., Bull. Soc. Lin. Paris 150: 1195 (1894)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga affinis</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot Jahrb Syst 38, Beibl 87: 22 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Palme del Madagascar 21 (1912)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat Pl Madagascar, Palmae: 19 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl Madagascar 30: 91 (1945)</bibref> \r
+<type>Madagascar, Fort Dauphin (Tolanaro); Cloisel; 108</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A very distinct species from the white sand forest of southern Madagascar, with elegant, slender inflorescences with short rachillae. This species would probably do very well as an ornamental; not only is it beautiful, but its habitat indicates it would tolerate fairly dry climates, probably along the lines of D. lutescens. The name refers to the collector of the type, George Francis Scott Elliot (1862-1934) who collected in Madagascar between 1888 and 1890.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Raosy (Antanosy).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 3-16 STEMS 2-4 m tall, 0.6-2 cm diam.; internodes 1-5 cm, pale grey, nodal scars 2-3 mm, slightly stepped. LEAVES 4-7 in the crown, porrect to spreading; sheath 8-31 cm long, 0.8-2 cm diam., 2/3 closed in outermost leaves, light brown with dense red scales, glabrescent but distally always with some patches of scales, with small triangular auricles up to 2 mm high; petiole 4-30 cm long, 0.2-0.5 x 0.2-0.3 mm diam., adaxially flat or slightly channelled, abaxially convex, with scattered scales, proximally often with a raised triangular continuation of the inner sheath lining; rachis 15-66 cm long, in mid-leaf 1-4 mm wide, with scattered scales on both surfaces; leaflets 11-27 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-8 (regular or nearly so in Decary 10729), interval between the groups 2.5-8 cm, interval between the leaflets 0.5-2 cm, the proximal 7-22 x 0.3-0.8 cm, median 8-24 x 0.6-2 cm, distal 6-15 x 0.4-2.7 cm, proximal and median with cuneate base, 1-3 main veins (prominent adaxially), and acuminate apex, glabrous or with a few scattered scales near the base and on the margins, the distal pair joined for 0.4-3.5 cm, with 3 main veins, narrow and dentate at the apex. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar to infrafoliar, erect to spreading to semi-pendulous, branched to (2) 3 (4) orders, 25-55 cm long; peduncle 12-25 cm long, proximally 3-6 mm diam. and flattened, distally 1.6-5 mm diam. and cylindrical, densely scaly but glabrescent; prophyll 14-26 cm long, borne at 2-3.5 cm above the base of the peduncle, up to 1.3 cm wide, pale brown with scattered scales, opening near the apex only; peduncular bract quickly deciduous, inserted at 7-14 cm from the base of the peduncle, 15-19 cm long, split in its distal half except for the distal 1-2 cm, with a narrow beak of 0.5-1 cm, pale brown with scattered scales; rarely with a small (1.5 mm) non-tubular peduncular bract in the distal part of the peduncle; rachis 7-40 cm long, scaly, with 7-27 branched and 0-10 unbranched first order branches, the proximal ones near their base 1.5-3 mm diam. and hardly flattened; rachillae 0.7-6.5 cm long, c. 1 mm diam., sparsely scaly, with distant superficial triads, with green to cream flowers. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.5-0.8 x 0.8-1 mm, keeled, gibbous at the base, broadly ovate, rounded; petals on a 0.4 mm high receptacle, 1.4-1.8 x 1.4-1.6 mm, ovate to elliptic, acute, opening only slightly; stamens 6, at anthesis poking through the slits in the corolla, with the anthers held vertically, their openings upward, slightly 2-seriate, the antepetalous filaments with small swellings at the base and inserted slightly higher than the antesepalous ones, 1.2-1.5 mm long, thin, anthers 1.2-1.3 x 0.4-0.5 mm, dorsifixed, versatile, the locules parallel and obtuse; pistillode 0.7-0.8 mm high, ellipsoid, 0.5-0.6 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.8-1.1 x 1.2-1.8 mm, broadly ovate, rounded, concave; petals proximally imbricate and broadly ovate, distally triangular, fleshy and acute, 2-2.3 x 1.6-2.2 mm; staminodes 6, 0.3-0.5 mm, dentiform, flat; gynoecium 2.4-2.6 x 2-2.2 mm, asymmetrically gibbous. FRUIT red, ellipsoid, 6 -11 x 3.5- 6.5 mm, with slightly pointed apex; mesocarp fleshy, c. 1 mm thick; endocarp fibrous with free fibres. SEED ellipsoid, 6.5-9 x 3-5 mm, obtuse to pointed at both ends; endosperm homogeneous. EOPHYLL bifid.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>SE Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Forest on white sand, heath scrub on white sand, once found in lowland rain forest; 10-515 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Distribution area small, in a specialized habitat which is under threat of mining operations and fire. Numbers are estimated at less than five hundred.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>N. affinis was described by Beccari based on an inflorescence collected by Cloisel (called Choisel by Beccari), which resembles that of N. scottiana closely. Beccari distinguished the species by the branching of the inflorescence: N. scottiana branched to two orders, N. affinis branched to three orders. However, the type of N. scottiana is clearly branched to three \r
+orders, and we hereby put N. affinis into the synonymy of D. scottiana. \r
+Jumelle mentions the two species only briefly in his 1929 revision of Neophloga, since he did not believe the two taxa belonged to the genus. Not hampered by the fact that he had not seen the type of N. scottiana, he based his opinion on the description by Beccari (to whom he usually refers to as 'the Italian botanist'). In the Flora (Jumelle & Perrier 1945) the species are treated under Neophloga, with the brief remark that they are intermediate between Neophloga and Chrysalidocarpus. \r
+A collection from lowland rain forest (Beentje 4599) matches the collections from white sand forest and heath scrub at much lower altitudes; the main differences are the higher number of leaflets (up to 27 on each side of the rachis, rather than the 11-19 of the white sand populations) and the slightly longer petiole. The inflorescence agrees perfectly, however, and we see no reason to distinguish the forms formally. A collection from Manombo Forest, much further north, looks similar to D. scottiana, but with the following differences: leaf sheath 6.5-9.5 cm long; LEAFLETS 7-11 on each side of the rachis; inflorescence branched to 2 orders; prophyll and peduncular bract slightly shorter; rachis with 1-5 branched and 8-9 unbranched first order branches; STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.7-1.2 mm. Other characters overlap [Farafangana: Manombo, Jan. 1993 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4782 (K, MO, P, TAN]. It is not the same, but is verging towards it!</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tolanaro: forest near Fort Dauphin (Tolanaro), May 1890 (fl.), Scott Elliot 2615 (Holotype K); between Pic St. Louis and the sea, 1928 (fl.), Humbert 5958 (P); 13 km N of Ezoambo, March 1992 (fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4599 (K, MO, TAN); 24 km N of Tolanaro, April 1989 (ster.), Rabevohitra et al. 1932 (K, P); idem, March 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4607 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN) and (fl., fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4608 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); St. Luce forest, March 1992 (fl., fr.), Phillipson et al. 3961 (K); idem, Dec. 1992 (fl.), Beentje 4759 (K, MO, P, TAN); L. Mananivo-Andriamanga, March 1989 (fl.), Dumetz et al. 616 (K, P); NW Marokoky, March 1989 (y.fr.), Dumetz et al. 618 (K, P, TAN); Mandena, March 1989 (fl., fr.), Dumetz et al. 503 (MO); idem, (fl.), Dumetz et al. 527 (K, P); idem, April 1989 (bud, fr.), Rabevohitra et al. 1888 (K, P). Fort Dauphin (Tolanaro), without further locality, without date (fl.), Cloisel 108 (P, type of N. affinis); idem, Oct. 1932 (fl., fr.), Decary 10729 (K, P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis serpentina</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 205 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Mananara Avaratra Biosphere Reserve; Beentje et al.; 4646</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>In its habit this is a most unusual and curious, rather than beautiful species.The stems appear to flop over under their own weight, and branch, the branches being of smaller diameter than the axes below the branching point. In this way the plant develops into a thicket of aerial stems that flop about the surrounding vegetation. Not strictly a climber, this palm is nevertheless scarcely self-supporting. The name reflects the habit of the palm: snaking through the undergrowth, and also alludes to the soil type, although it grows on ultramafic soils rather than true serpentine ones.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. baronii et D. andrianatongae similis sed foliolis aggregatis et petiolo longo, a D. baronii vagina breve et caule ramificanti, a D. andrianatongagrana minore bractea pedunculi breviore differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustering rather floppy palm. STEMS 5-6 m, 3-4 cm diam., starting vertical, then leaning over with almost horizontal part, the apex again vertical; nearly all stems seen branched twice or more, with the branches closely parallel; internodes distally 1-8.5 cm, glabrous, proximally corky, cracked vertically with lenticels, dull grey-brown, the upper branches green; nodal scars 0.8-1.2 cm, brown. LEAVES c. 6 in the crown, spirally inserted; sheath 21-26 cm long, green with a white bloom, with a few scattered scales distally; petiole 43-75 cm long, distally 2-3 mm wide, with scattered scales; rachis 50-120 cm long, in mid-leaf 0.2-0.3 cm wide; leaflets 7-17 on each side of the rachis, irregular or in groups, the group interval 4-9 cm, proximal leaflets 40-70 x 2.4-3.5 cm, median 25-46 x 1-1.6 cm, distal 13-20 x 0.7-1.7 cm, main veins 1-2 (distal 2-3), but in multifold leaflets 3-5, few ramenta, otherwise glabrous, some sinuous transverse veins, distal leaflets connate for c. 2 cm, dentate over a width of c. 2 mm, distal pair joined for c. 0.6 cm. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, branched to 1 order, recurved; peduncle 8-10 cm long, distally 0.4-0.5 x 0.3-0.5 cm diam., stel-late-scaly; prophyll 12-18 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide, borne at 2-3 cm above the base of the peduncle; peduncular bract inserted at 5-7 cm from the base of the peduncle, 7-12.5 cm long; rachis 2.5-3 cm long, with scattered stellate scales, with 5-7 branches; rachillae 4-8 cm long, 1-2 mm diam., with scattered scales; triads distally distichous. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.9-2 x 1.5-1.8 mm, the innermost the widest; petals in young bud c. 1.8 x 1.3 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate?, filaments in bud 0.3 mm, anthers 0.6-0.8 x 0.3 mm; pistillode c. 0.8 x 0.2 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 3-3.2 x 2.6-3.3 mm; petals 3.5-4 x 2.8-3.2 mm; staminodes 0.8-1 mm; gynoecium c. 4.2 x 2 mm. FRUIT purplish-tinged, ovoid, 12-14 x 9-10 mm. SEED c. 11 x 8.5 mm, endosperm ruminate, the ruminations 1-2.5 mm deep, distant, embryo lateral near the base.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from the Mananara Biosphere Reserve.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; may form thickets on steep mid slopes or in heath-like forest on ridgetops, with Satranala and Pandanus on very thick humus layer on ultramafic soil; 240-280 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Single-site status, but is fairly abundant in this site, which is protected.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Related to D. andrianatonga and D. baronii.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, April 1992 (fl.), Beentje et al. 4646 (type; BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Oct. 1994 (fr.), Dransfield & Beentje JD7502 (K, TAN); idem, Oct. 1994 (fl, fr.), Beentje & Dransfield 4813 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis simianensis</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 317 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Simianona (Simiane) River; Perrier; 11943</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga simianensis</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (3): 13 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 23 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 61, fig. 15 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>A very handsome small palm, with entire, very narrow leaves with only a short notch at the tip. We have never seen the fruit, but this species would make an exquisite ornamental. The name comes from the type locality, which was slightly mis-spelt on the label.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 2-12 stems. STEMS 0.5-2 m long, 0.4-1 cm diam., erect or curving; internodes 0.5-2 cm long, distally with reddish laciniate scales. LEAVES 5-15 in the crown, spreading, entire; sheath 4.5-6.6 cm long, pale yellow-brown with scattered reddish scales, densest distally, closed for 60-90%, with oblique opening and minute triangular ligules 2 mm high; petiole 0.5-6.6 cm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, adaxially flat, with a few scattered scales; blade dark green, narrowly triangular, acute at the base, 15-35 x 2.5-4.7 cm, the apex bifid for 2.1-4.2 cm, the apices of the lobes truncate and dentate and 1-1.2 cm wide, only the midrib prominent on both surfaces, with reddish scattered scales, the other veins faint, glabrous, c. 9 on each side of the rachis. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, erect to spreading, unbranched; peduncle 5.5-24 cm long, c. 1.5 mm diam., proximally with a few scattered scales; prophyll 8-12 cm, borne at 2.5-4 cm above the base of the peduncle, 3 x 2 mm diam., with a few scattered scales mainly on the narrow wings, split only in its distal 5 mm; peduncular bract inserted at 7-8 cm from the base of the peduncle, 4.5-13 cm long, with a few scattered scales, split only in its distal 5 mm; rachilla 5-16 cm long, c. 2 mm diam., glabrous or minutely puberulous, with distant superficial triads; rachilla bract entire, rounded. STAMINATE FLOWERS white; sepals 1.3-1.7 x 1.2 -1.3 mm, keeled, gibbous, rounded, ciliate; petals 1.7-1.8 x 1.1-1.4 mm, ovate, acute, striate, at anthesis hardly opening and leaving an opening of only 0.6 mm wide for the stamens; stamens 6, uniseriate, the filaments connate for 0.2-0.5 mm, in bud 1 mm long but rapidly lengthening at anthesis to c. 2.5 mm, the antepetalous slightly wider than the antesepalous, anthers 1.2-1.4 x 0.5-0.6 mm, dorsifixed, the locules slightly divergent at the base; pistillode c. 1.5 mm, narrowly ovoid, 0.8 mm diam. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown except for very young buds. FRUIT unknown, except for the fibrous endocarp with almost free fibres. SEED c. 8 x 6 mm, rounded at both ends, with homogeneous endosperm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Mananara, Soanierana-Ivongo, Zahamena and Manombo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest to rather dry forest; steep to gentle mid slope, soils rocky; 65-250 (-850) m. NATURAL HISTORY. In Manombo HB photographed an insect visitor to the open male flowers, tentatively identified by Dr. Verdcourt as a Sphecoid wasp; it visited several open staminate flowers and inserted its mouth parts. One of the flowers of Beentje & Andriampaniry 4786 is much larger than the others (some 3.5 mm), and it proved to contain a 3 mm long white caterpillar; such galled flowers are of very common occurrence in undergrowth species of Dypsis, particularly in those species with three stamens. Male flowers are open when female buds are still minute.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Known from a limited number of sites, with the individual populations consisting of few individuals. Recent collections are few; HB has seen a total of less than forty plants.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Cours 4192 is from higher altitude than the other specimens; it has very short inflorescences with shorter rachillae than usual.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct. 1991 (bud), Beentje 4451 (K, MO, P, TAN). Soanierana-Ivongo: Simiane (Simianona) R, Sept. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 11943 (P, type). Ambatondrazaka: Bemainty, March 1951 (fl.), Cours 4192 (P, TAN). Farafangana: Manombo, Nov. 1991 (bud, seed), Beentje 4518 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Jan. 1993 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4786 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis singularis</name>
+<author>Beentje </author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 241 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Manombo; Beentje; 4513</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A handsome small palm, sadly on its way to extinction. The name indicates that it is a peculiar taxon (due to the didymous stamens on a palm of this habit), as well as the fact that it is known from a single collection from only one site. Nevertheless, it is a distinct species.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma concinna foliolis paucis connatis inflorescentia in 2 ordines ramificanti D. commersonianae affinis sed antheris didymis distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm to 6 m. STEM distally c. 1 cm diam; internodes distally c. 0.5 cm, nodal scars c. 1 mm. LEAVES c. 6 in the crown, porrect, pinnate; sheath 9-13 cm long, with scattered reddish scales which are rather dense distally, and auricles to 1 cm long; petiole 0-1.5 cm long, 3-7 x 2-3 mm diam., with scattered scales; rachis 40-59 cm long, in mid-leaf 2.5-4 mm wide, with tiny scattered scales; leaflets 3-7 on each side of the rachis, solitary or in groups of 2, group interval 6-16 cm, leaflet interval 0.5-0.8 cm, proximal 8-16 x 0.6-2.2 cm, median 16-25 x 1.5-5 cm, distal 14-19 x 3.5-6 cm, main veins 3-5 (but faint), up to 7 in the distal pair, with scattered scales on the major and minor veins, distal pair joined for 4-8 cm, dentate over a width of 0.5-1.7 cm. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 2 orders; peduncle 51-61 cm long, 2.5-3 mm diam., glabrous; prophyll 29-37 cm long, 8-18 mm wide, borne at 4-10 cm above the base of the peduncle, open in the distal 1.5-4 cm with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at 18-20 cm from the base of the peduncle, 36-41 cm long, open in the distal 3.5-5 cm, with scattered scales; rachis 37-69 cm long, glabrous, with 13-23 branched and 15-23 unbranched first order branches, the proximal to 12.5 cm long and with up to 7 rachillae; rachillae 5-19 cm long, 1 mm diam., glabrous. STAMINATE FLOWERS in young bud with sepals 0.5-0.7 x 0.5-0.8 mm; petals 0.8-1.3 x 0.7-0.8 mm; stamens 6, uni- or biseriate, didymous, filaments 0.3 mm long (and possibly connate for mm?), anthers 0.2 x 0.3 mm; pistillode c. 0.3-0.4 x 0.4 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.6-0.7 x 0.6-1 mm; petals 1.2-1.5 x 0.9- mm; staminodes invisible; pistil 1.5-1.6 mm high, c. 1.8-1.9 mm diam. FRUIT unknown.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Manombo forest.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; slope base; c. 45
+m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Single-site status, in a forest being gradually destroyed by fire, shifting cultivation and logging; numbers low, estimated at less than a hundred.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>With its few broad, connate leaflets and inflorescence branched to 2 orders it resembles D. commersoniana and D. humbertii but is distinct in the didymous anthers.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Farafangana: Manombo, Nov. 1991 (bud), Beentje 4513 (Holotype K; isotype TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis soanieranae</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 266 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Soanierana-Ivongo, Ambahoabe; Lam and Meeuse; 5659</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus L</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>The description of this species is not complete, but the single long fat rachilla makes it so distinct that we feel obliged to give it a name, which refers to the locality.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tsinkary (a rather general Betsimisaraka name for smaller palms).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>D. boivinianae affinis folio pinnato foliolis fasciculatis sed inflorescentia spicata rachilla longa distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. STEM 4-5 m tall, distally with internodes 4-6.5 cm long, c. 1.5 cm diam., distally with dense scales; nodal scars 2-5 mm. LEAVES pinnate; sheath 16-17.5 cm long, with scattered scales and ragged shoulders; petiole 13-13.5 cm long, 5-6 x 3-5 mm diam., flat adaxially, with scattered scales but glabrescent; rachis 71-95 cm long, with scattered scales, in mid-leaf 2-4 mm wide; leaflets 19-21 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 2-3, group interval 6-9 cm, the most proximal 17 cm below the next, proximal 17-25 x 0.4-0.8 cm, median 21-37 x 1.3-1.9 cm (interval 0.3-2 cm), distal 16-22 x 1.2-2.2 cm, lanceolate or slightly sigmoid, main veins 1-3, with faint reddish scattered scales on the minor veins, apices attenuate, distal pair joined for 1-3 cm, with 2-3 main veins and narrowly (< 4 mm) dentate apices. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, unbranched; peduncle 40-47 cm long, dense red-pubescent, 3-4.5 mm in diam.; prophyll 20-28 x 0.8 cm, with scattered scales, open for the distal 1-2.5 cm, borne at c. 9 cm above the base of the peduncle; peduncular bract 22-27+ cm exserted from the sheath, opening in the distal 3-9 cm, densely scaly; rachilla (16 cm in Perrier, bud?) c. 72 cm long, 4-5 mm diam., densely puberulous, with rather densely packed triads. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.7-2.2 x 1.2-1.5 mm; petals 2.7-3.2 x 1.6-1.8 mm; stamens 6, slightly biseriate (offset 0.1 mm), filaments 1-1.2 mm, thin, anthers 1.4-1.7 x 0.6-0.7 mm, versatile to slightly sagittate; pistillode 0.4-1.2 x 0.2-0.5 mm, trifid. PISTILLATE FLOWERS not seen. FRUIT not seen.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Soanierana-Ivongo.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest, 75 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Probably extinct. Not seen since 1938, in an area where the forest has been severely fragmented and is under continuing pressure.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinct among all Dypsis species by its unbranched inflorescence combined with the large pinnate leaf and long rachilla. The inflorescence reminds us of a long version of that of D. pervillei.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Soanierana-Ivongo: Ambahoabe, Dec. 1938 (fl.), Lam & Meeuse 5659 (Holotype, L); Simianona (Simiane) R., Sept. 1912 (bud?), Perrier 12065 (FI, photo at K; absent from P).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis spicata</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 407 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Antsiranana, Réserve Naturelle de Marojejy, along trail to Marojejy Est; Dransfield et al.; JD6764</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypus TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This species is one of the smallest in the genus. It appears very similar to Dypsis catatiana and can only be separated with certainty if staminate flowers are available: D. catatiana has six stamens while the present species has only three. It is a very attractive palmlet. The species name comes from the Latin for spicate, bearing a spike, in reference to the unbranched inflorescence.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Gregem specierum floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antepetalis, staminodiis antesepalis alternantibus pertinens, inflorescentia spicata D. monostachyae affinis, sed foliis multo minoribus, integro-bifidis vel 2 foliolis, inflorescentia pilis castaneis juxta flores carentibus differt</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>
+Solitary slender palmlet to 1 m tall. STEM 3-7 mm diam., internodes 5-15 mm long with scattered scales, nodal scars c. 1 mm wide. LEAVES 5-8 in crown; sheaths 4-7.5 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam., longitudinally striate, with very sparse caducous dark red-brown scales, membranous by the mouth, sometimes tattering but lacking distinct auricles; petiole 1-3.5 cm long, c. 1 mm wide, triangular in cross section, bearing sparse caducous dark brown scales; lamina entire bifid or divided into 2 broad leaflets on each side of the rachis, rachis (or costa) 11-15 cm, sparsely scaly; entire bifid lamina 17-20 cm long, the two apical lobes 4.5-7 x 2.5-3.7 cm; where blade divided into leaflets, leaflets 6-9 x 1.5-2 cm, the distal pair not conspicuously broader than the proximal leaflets, lamina surfaces with minute punctiform brown scales borne on pale thickened bases, denser on the abaxial surface than on the adaxial; leaflets drying dark grey on upper surface, chestnut-brown on under surface. INFLORESCENCE spicate (?always-see below), interfoliar, erect at first, becoming pendulous in fruit, shorter than the leaves, 14-21 cm long; peduncle to 13 cm long; prophyll 8-11 x 0.2-0.4 cm, peduncular bract 6.5-9 x 0.2-0.4 cm, both prophyll and peduncular bract sparsely scaly; spike 3-9 x 0.15-0.25 cm, elongating somewhat after anthesis; triads rather sparse in proximal portion, more densely arranged distally, rachilla bract c. 1 mm, rounded to apiculate with laciniate scales, rachilla ± glabrous. STAMINATE FLOWERS c. 0.7 mm high; sepals c. mm long, keeled; petals ± elliptical, 0.5 x 0.4 mm; stamens 3, antepetalous, alternating with 3 antesepalous triangular staminodes, together borne on a short androecial tube ring to 0.2 mm high, connective ± triangular, anthers subdidymous, pistillode not seen. PISTILLATE FLOWERS rounded; sepals imbricate, rounded, c. 1 x 1 mm; petals imbricate, rounded-triangular, 1.2 x 1 mm; staminodes 3, minute, dentiform; ovary c. 1 mm diam., post anthesis. Mature FRUIT cherry-red, glistening, ellipsoid, c. 12 x 7 mm. SEED fusiform, 12 x mm; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Marojejy and environs.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Humid lower montane forest on steep slopes; 850-1000 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare. Occurs in a small area, though partly protected in the Marojejy Special Reserve.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>We had misidentified the plants from Marojejy and environs as Neophloga catatiana (= Dypsis catatiana); there is a quite astonishing similarity between the two taxa. However, the three antepetalous stamens alternating with staminodes, borne in an androecial ring are quite different from the six stamens of Dypsis catatiana and its relatives. At first we included these collections with D. monostachya, but later decided that the collections from Marojejy represent an undescribed taxon. D. monostachya is distinguished by it larger leaves that are divided into about six narrow leaflets on each side of the rachis, that dry pale green; in D. spicata the leaf is undivided or divided into two broad leaflets on each side of the rachis and the lamina dries dark grey on the upper surface, and chestnutbrown on the lower surface. In D. monostachya the peduncle is much longer than in D. spicata and in the former there is a distinctive cluster of shining chest-nut-brown scales on the inflorescence axis, just above and adaxial to the triads. Such hairs are absent in the latter species. D. monostachya remains a rather poorly known taxon. One further collection should be mentioned here. This is Homolle 518 (K, P), collected in the environs of Lac Alaotra, on the banks of the Maningory between Menasaka and Ambodiriana in December 1944 (fl.). It has an entire bifid leaf and seems very similar to D. spicata. However, the inflorescence bears a single branch at the base of the spike. We tentatively name it as D. spicata.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Réserve Naturelle de Marojejy, along trail to Marojejy Est, Feb. 1989 (fl., fr.), Miller & Lowry 3951 (K, MO, TAN); idem, Nov. 1989 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6747 (K, TAN); Nov. 1989 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6748 (K, TAN); idem, Nov. 1989 (fl.), JD6753 (K, TAN); idem, Nov. 1989 (fl., fr.), JD6764 (Holotype K; isotype TAN); 4km west of Beamalona, Anjanaharibe, June 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4681 (K, TAN); idem, June 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4685 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis tanalensis</name>\r
+<author>(Jum. & H.Perrier) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 182 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Matitanana basin; Perrier; 12072</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neodypsis tanalensis</name>\r
+<author>Jum. & H.Perrier</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 1 (1): 18 (1913)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 2 (2): 29 (1924)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 19 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 155, fig. 44 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>Insufficiently known Species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Matitanana, Matitana (Tanala, meaning dead hand, supposedly after the dead inflorescences when fallen on the ground).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>LEAVES with the sheath with sloping shoulders without any sign of auricles, tomentose with peltate scales with white-laciniate edges; petiole 12 cm long (cut lengthwise in the type), densely tomen-tose; rachis in mid-leaf white-tomentose, distally keeled; leaflets regular or grouped?, in mid-leaf the interval 1-2 cm; proximal leaflets c. 115 x 1.2 cm, median 129 x 2.4-2.6 cm, near-distal 63 x 2.4 cm, main vein 1, abaxial midrib with a few basal reddish ramenta to 6 mm, with scattered minute reddish glands on the minor veins, apices bifid, unequally attenuate. INFLORESCENCE branched to 1 order or more?; rachillae 26-33 cm long, 2.5 mm diam. in flower, 4 mm diam. in fruit, with minute bundles of bristles but glabrescent, the triads distant, slightly sunken, with small acute rachilla bracts. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 1.8-2 x 1.6-2.5 mm; petals 3.8-4.4 x 2.1-2.5 mm; 2.6 mm at anthesis, anthers 1.8-2.5 x 0.6-0.8 mm, versatile; pistillode 2-2.8 x 0.4-0.5 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS not seen at anthesis, in fruit with sepals 2-2.8 x 3-3.6 mm; petals 3-3.4 x 3.8-4.5 mm; staminodes 0.7-0.8 mm. FRUIT ellipsoid, 9-14 x 5.5-7 mm. SEED 8-13 x 4.5-6 mm; endosperm ruminate, with quite dense ruminations, 1-2 mm deep.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from a single collection from the Vohipeno area, south of Manakara. It was named for the people living in this area, the Tanala.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; 100 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Possibly extinct. Not seen for over eighty years; HB visited the area, which now seems devoid of tree palms.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Data given in the protologue, but not apparent from the type or its label: TRUNK 15-20 m high, diam. 20-50 cm, internodes greyish, nodal scars very evident. LEAVES (incl. sheath) 4-6 m long; sheath 1-1.5 by 0.4- 0.5 m (but then the authors go on and say it is channelled adaxially-so it is uncertain whether they refer to the petiole or the rachis), smooth, green, distally with a thin whitish puberulous indument; rachis 3-5 m; leaflets regular, median 130 x 3 cm. Every trunk with 3-4 interfoliar to infrafoliar INFLORESCENCES; these pendulous, branched to 3 or 4 orders, 1.5-2 by 1.2-1.6 m; prophyll 50 x 15 cm, opening near the apex only; peduncular bract 80 x 13 cm. The specimen looks like D. pilulifera, but the ruminate endosperm separates it from that taxon. Among ruminate endosperm taxa it resembles D. hovomantsina and D. tsaravoasira - but in every case the material of D. tanalensis does not have quite the same look or feel to it. According to the protologue, the epiphytic orchid Oeonia often grows on this palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Vohipeno: Matatana (Matitana) basin, no date (fl., fr.), Perrier 12072 (P, type).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis tenuissima</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 314 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Ezoambo; Beentje and Andriampaniry; 4592</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is one of the smallest palms in the world, with extremely slender stems. This is reflected in the species name, which is Latin for 'most slender'.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Caulibus gracillimis folio minuto tenue multo lobato distincta. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in groups of 2-6. STEMS 25-50 cm high, 2-4 mm diam.; internodes 1-4 cm. LEAVES 4-11 in the crown, entire or pinnate; sheath 2.3-6 cm, closed, with sloping, slightly laciniate shoulders and with scattered scales; petiole 2-4.6 cm, 1-1.5 mm diam., with scattered scales; entire leaves 11-19 cm long, midrib 1.7-4.5 cm, the lobes 8-15 x 0.7-1.3 cm (lobed 75-85 %), with 3-5 main veins, narrowly dentate apices, glabrous or with a few proximal scales; pinnate leaves with rachis 4.5-6 cm long, with scattered scales; leaflets 2-5 on each side of the rachis, the proximal 9-14 x 0.3-0.6 cm (main veins 1-2), median 9-13 x 0.3-4 cm (interval 0.8-1.2 cm, main vein 1), apices attenuate, distal 11-14 x 0.5-1 cm, connate for 3-4 cm, with 2-3 main veins and narrow dentate apices, glabrous. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, unbranched, 9-16 cm long; peduncle 6-11 cm long, c. 1 mm diam.; prophyll 6-9 cm long, borne at 2.5-4 cm above the base of the peduncle, with few scattered scales especially on the margins (resembling thin ramenta), open at the apex for 0.6-1 cm; peduncular bract inserted at 6-9 cm from the base of the peduncle, deciduous; non-tubular peduncular bract 1-2 mm; rachilla 3.2-4.3 cm long, 1-2 mm diam., with distant triads, glabrous. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.7-1 x 0.6-1.1 mm, only slightly keeled; petals 2.2-2.5 x 1.2-1.4 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate, filaments c. 0.8 mm and thin, anthers 1.1-1.3 x 0.3-0.5 mm, versatile and parallel; pistillode < 1 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.8-1.2 x 1.2-1.4 mm; petals 1.8-2.3 x 1.7-2.2 mm; staminodes 0.3-0.7 mm; ovary 2.1-2.4 x 1.8-2 mm. FRUIT ellipsoid, 9.5-10 x 5-5.5 mm, rounded at the apex; endocarp with almost free fibres. SEED ellipsoid, 8-9 x 3.5 mm, obtuse at both ends; endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Andohahela.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest, slight mid slope; 500-550 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Only known from a single site; numbers seen were less than a hundred. This area is outside the protected area.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Distinct in the very slender stems and the tiny, thin, much-toothed leaf.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Tolanaro: 13 km N of Ezoambo, March 1992 (fl., y.fr.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4592 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN); idem, March 1992 (ster.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4601 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis thermarum</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 376 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Fianarantsoa, Ranomafana National Park, Nov 1994 (fl); Dransfield and Beentje; JD7511</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, MO, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is clustering undergrowth palm that is abundant in the undergrowth in deep valleys of the Ranomafana National Park. It can easily be distinguished by its few narrow and long leaflets and the densely hairy short inflorescences. It forms rather untidy clumps at the foot of steep slopes. The species name is the Latin for "of the hot springs", a translation of the Malagasy ranomafana.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Fanikara (Tanala).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Inflorescentia gregem specierum floribus staminatis triandris staminibus antepetalis, staminodiis antesepalis alternantibus similis, sed floribus staminatis 6 staminibus biseriatis, antheris didymis differt, D. angustae similis sed inflorescentia rachillis numerosioribus longioribus differt, D. anovensi similis sed textura folii forma inflorescentiae diversa differt. </p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Slender solitary or clustering undergrowth palm, forming small clumps of up to 8 stems. STEMS to 2 m tall, 4-9 mm diam., internodes 10- 42 mm long, dark green with pale yellow-green vertical striping, glabrescent, or with very sparse pale brown scales. LEAVES c. 6 in crown; sheaths 6-8 cm long, 0.6 -1 cm diam., sparsely brown scaly, whitish or pale yellow-green, forming a welldefined crownshaft, auricles present, rather narrow, 6-11 x 4-5 mm; petiole 4-14 cm long, 2 mm diam., sparsely scaly; rachis 8-14 cm; leaflets 2-5 on each side of the rachis, ± equal, mostly composed of a single fold, occasionally with up to 4 folds, sometimes slightly irregular, 15-35 x 0.4-2.5 cm, adaxially lamina with scattered pale brown punctiform scales, abaxially with abundant pale brown punctiform scales and scattered bands of caducous dark brown scales. INFLORESCENCE branching to 1, very rarely to 2 orders, much shorter than the leaves; peduncle 10-16 cm long, c. 2 mm wide; prophyll 9-12 x 0.5-0.7 cm, rather densely covered in reddish brown indumentum; peduncular bract similar to prophyll, exceeding it by 0.5-4 cm; rachis 5-10 cm, c. 2 mm diam., very densely covered in long laciniate dark red-brown hairs; rachillae 11-28, tending to diverge ± at right angles, short and rather stocky, 1.5-4 cm long, c. 1.5 mm diam., increasing slightly in diameter in fruit, somewhat angular, densely covered in red-brown laciniate hairs; rachilla bracts c. 2 mm apart, short with numerous marginal laciniate hairs. STAMINATE FLOWERS rounded, c. 1.5 mm diam.; sepals rounded, irregularly keeled, 0.9 x 0.9 mm; petals triangular, striate, 1.2 x 1.4 mm; stamens 6, biseriate, antesepalous filaments 0.4 x 0.3 mm, antepetalous 0.5 x 0.3 mm, anthers didymous, 0.3 x 0.3 mm; pistillode absent. PISTILLATE FLOWERS globular, c. 1.3 mm diam.; sepals 1 x 0.4 mm, imbricate, keeled; petals 1.4 x 1.3 mm, broadly imbricate at the base, striate; staminodes 3 or more, irregular, minute; ovary c. 1 mm diam., with slightly eccentric stigmas. FRUIT orange at maturity, fusiform, 11 x 4 mm. SEED 7 x 3.5 mm; endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral near the base.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Ranomafana National Park.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Humid montane rain forest, on steep slopes; 800-1400 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare, probably not at present under threat, despite being geographically restricted.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems used for making traps to catch crayfish.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species appears to be a common palm of the forest undergrowth on steep slopes in the National Park at Ranomafana. It resembles D. angusta but can be distinguished by the staminate flowers having six rather than three stamens. The leaflets are also of a different texture. D. anovensis, known only from its type, is superficially similar, but has an inflorescence of very different form. Collections made in November 1994 (Dransfield & Beentje JD7511) have flowers at staminate anthesis, and these flowers appear to have six fertile stamens. Despite this, the affinities of the palm remain with the species formerly included in Trichodypsis.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Fianarantsoa: Ranomafana National Park, Nov. 1994 (fl.), Dransfield & Beentje JD7511 (Holotype K; isotypes BH, MO, P, TAN); idem, July 1992 (fl.), Beentje & Beentje 4734 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN); idem, Dec. 1986, Marion Nicoll 203 (K, MO, P, TAN); idem, March 1992, Malcomber & Schatz 1309 (K, MO, P, TAN); idem, April 1993, Malcomber et al. 2446 (K, MO, TAN); idem, March 1991 (fl., fr.), Beentje 4420 ( K, BH, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis thiryana</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 282 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, anno 1904; Thiry; </type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Neophloga thiryana</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38, Beibl. 87: 23 (1906)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Becc.,Palme del Madagascar 24, fig. 17, t. 22 (1912)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 6 (3): 42 (1929)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 23 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 82, fig. 23 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is not only one of the most attractive small palms from Madagascar but also one of the most easily identified. The small wedge-shaped praemorse leaflets are found only in this species and in D. trapezoidea. In the field it can easily be overlooked as the leaflets give the leaves a rather unpalm-like appearance, one more reminiscent of a fern.This would clearly be a wonderful palm to grow as a pot plant; sadly, ripe fruit seem very rarely to be produced in quantity. The name refers to the collector of the type; we have been unable to find any details about him.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tsinkiara, Sinkarambolavo maroampototra, Taokonampotatra (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm in tufts of 2-4 (solitary according to Miller & Lowry 3942, Benoist 862, and in the last specimen confirmed by roots). STEMS 0.1-1 m high (the type states 5 m, which we find hard to believe), 0.4-0.6 cm diam.; internodes 0.4-4 cm, brown, densely red-scaly; nodal scars 1-2 mm. LEAVES 8-10 in the crown, porrect; sheath 6-11 cm long, c. 0.6 cm diam., open for 1-2 cm, distally with dense red-brown and pale white scales, with rounded shoulders or with small triangular bumps to 2 mm high; petiole 1-18 cm long, 1.5-2 mm diam., densely scaly or with scattered scales; rachis 14-30 cm long, in mid-leaf 1-1.5 mm diam., densely scaly or with scattered scales; leaflets 9-14 on each side of the rachis, rich shiny green to dark green, almost regular or (more often) in groups of 2-3, the group interval 1-4 cm, the proximal 2-7 x 0.2-1.2 cm, the median 3-11 x 0.6-1.3 (-2.5) cm, cuneate at the base, with 1 (3) main vein(s), unequally praemorse and dentate at the apex, the distal half prolonged and with a dentate acumen, with some basal scales but glabrescent, rarely with the distal margin scaly, distal 3-10 x 0.8-3.2 cm, connate for 1.2-3.2 cm, with 4 main veins, truncate and dentate for up to 4 cm. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, erect, branched to 1 order (one unbranched in Perrier 17214); peduncle 12-26 cm long, 1.5-2 mm diam., ± glabrous; prophyll 10-17 cm long, to 3 mm wide, borne at up to 5 cm above the base of the peduncle, opening only near the apex, pale brown with scattered scales; peduncular bract inserted at 7-15 cm from the base of the peduncle, 6-11 cm long, opening only in the distal 2-3 cm, pale brown with scattered scales; second tubular peduncular bract often (always?) present at 12-20 cm from the base of the peduncle, 0.9-2.5 cm long, shortly tubular with a long acumen; non-tubular bract sometimes present near the rachis, 1.6 mm long; rachis 0-2.5 (-11.5) cm long, glabrous, with (1-) 2-4 (-8) rachillae; rachillae (2.5-) 6-15 cm long, c. 1 mm diam., glabrous, with distant superficial triads and white flowers. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 0.7-1 x 0.8-1 mm, the outer more keeled than the inner, orbicular, ciliolate; petals on a 0.6 mm high receptacle, 1.9-2.2 x 1-1.3 mm, elliptic or ovate, acute, striate; stamens 6, with the antepetalous filaments inserted slightly above the antesepalous ones, filaments connate for 0.15 mm, 0.8-0.9 mm long, thin, anthers dorsifixed and versatile, 1.1-1.2 x 0.4 mm, the locules parallel, slightly apiculate; pistillode c. 0.5 x 0.2 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals imbricate, 1-1.3 x 1.3-1.5 mm, orbicular, ciliolate; petals proximally ovate and imbricate, distally triangular, fleshy and valvate, 2.1-3.3 x 1.2-2.6 mm, striate; staminodes 6, 0.2-0.3 mm; ovary 1-2 x 0.8-1.5 mm, ovoid or ellipsoid with pointed apex. FRUIT bright red, ellipsoid, 9-11 x 3-5 mm. SEED c. 9 x 2-3 mm, with homogeneous endosperm. (Plate on next page).</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Marojejy and Masoala to Anosibe-an-Ala.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest, slight to steep slope or ridgetop; 220-900 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Rare. Spread over a fairly large area, though never common; usually a few individuals per population.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Meller says the plant is used for thatching; his specimen is all of 60 cm tall, roots included, and we would doubt his statement.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The Tsinkiara on the type has been taken for a locality, but is actually a Betsimisaraka name for any small palm. Baker briefly mentions the Meller specimen in a note under N. rhodotricha in J. Linn. Soc. 22: 526 (1887) as distinct, but refrains from naming it.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Marojejy NE, E of Ambalamanasy II, Nov.-Dec. 1948 (fl.), Humbert & Capuron 22171 (K, P); Marojejy E, NW of Mandena, Feb. 1989 (fl.), Miller & Lowry 3942 (K, P); idem, Nov. 1989 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6750 (K, TAN). Maroantsetra: Antongil Bay area, Oct. 1912 (fl.), Perrier 11978 (P); Sahavary, Feb. 1988 (fl.), Dransfield et al. JD6460 (K, TAN); Hiaraka, Oct. 1986 (old infl.), Dransfield et al. JD6377 (K, TAN). Mananara Avaratra: 10 km W of Antanambe, April 1992 (y.fr.), Beentje et al. 4648 (K, TAN); idem, Oct. 1994 (fr.), Beentje & Dransfield 4811 (K, TAN). Soanierana-Ivongo: Soanierana to Antasibe, Dec. 1938 (fl.), Lam & Meeuse 5858 (L). Ampasimanolotra: Ambila, March 1951 (bud), Benoist 862 (P). Moramanga: Beforon (Beforona), July 1862 (ster.), Meller s.n. 31.7.1862 (K). Anosibe-an-Ala: near confluence of Mangoro R and Onive R, Feb. 1923 (y.fr.), Perrier 17214 (P).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis thouarsiana</name>\r
+<author>Baill.</author>\r
+<citation>Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 2:1163 (1894)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar; Du Petit Thouars; s.n.</type>\r
+<type_loc>Type P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>INSUFFICIENTL Y KNOWN SPECIES</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The interpretation of the name Dypsis thouarsiana has been one of the most intriguing problems in Madagascar palm nomenclature. The name was published by Baillon (1894a) in his paper entitled "Les palmiers malgaches à petites fleurs". Loosely translated, his protologue reads "The species that we name D. thouarsiana takes after the preceding one (D. lantzeana) in the deep division of the leaves and by the confluence of the terminal segments, despite the lower ones being separate; but it is also equally reminiscent of \r
+D. pinnatifrons in the narrow rigid elongate segments, nerved like the leaves of Gladiolus, linear lanceolate and nearly half a metre long. In the plant of Du Petit Thouars and in a variety which we attribute to the same species, called Vounouthre or Talanouc by the natives of northeast Madagascar (Boivin 1709, 17092, Sainte Marie, Tafondrou), the inflorescence has a short stocky compressed peduncle, and long divisions which are two to four decimetres, rather thick, rigid and carrying three-flowered glomerules. In the male flowers, the only ones that are well developed, there are only three stamens and obtuse concave strongly imbricate sepals, the base of which is prolonged on the outside in a sort of solid obtuse spur, equalling a fifth of the total height of the sepal and running into a short obtuse keel along the dorsal median line". \r
+Thus three collections are cited in this protologue. The collection made by Du Petit Thouars, without locality, consists of leaf fragments and what appears to be a first order branching system of a very young inflorescence; floral bracteoles have developed, and three imbricate sepals are partially developed, within which are three very small valvate structures which we interpret as petals. Stamens, however, have not yet developed. Boivin 1709 consists of two leaves while Boivin 17092 consists of a first order branching system of an inflorescence, still young, but with more floral details available. Within the petals are three antesepalous stamens; these have widely divergent anther thecae that seem to be pendulous from the tip of the filament, a most unusual stamen form, though not unique to this taxon (see also D. lokohoensis and D. fasciculata). The material is so incomplete that we cannot be certain that the leaves in Boivin 1709 are from the same species as the inflorescence in Boivin 17092. The Du Petit Thouars collection seems to be conspecific with the Boivin leaf collections. A fourth collection, probably made by Boivin, is annotated "talanouac" but consists of leaves only, matching those of the other collections. \r
+The leaves of the three collections described above are relatively small; they have distinctive broad multifold basal and apical segments and single fold mid-leaf segments. There is a long petiole and at its base a short entire ligule. It must be said that these leaves are reminiscent of the plant previously named Vonitra fibrosa that has long been called Vonitra thouarsiana, so this may go some way to explain why Beccari based his Vonitra thouarsiana on Baillon's name (while preparing his description from a collection made by the Rev. Baron). Boivin 17092 also carries the name "vounouthre" -i.e., vonitra, the consistently applied vernacular name for this important and common palm. Yet there are only three stamens in Boivin 17092, as described by Baillon and clearly evident in the specimen, while in Beccari's new genus Vonitra there are six biseriate stamens. It is most surprising that Beccari did not mention this anomaly. Could it be that the four early collections represent more than one taxon? The leaves could be interpreted as juvenile D. fibrosa leaves. Only in D. fasciculata do rachilla and stamen form approach those of Boivin 17092, but this species has inflorescences branched to two orders; the inflorescence fragment in Boivin 17092 could represent the whole branched portion of an inflorescence branched to two orders, or, more likely (because of "rachis" is flattened on one side) a whole first order branching system of an inflorescence branched to three orders. It is possible that the inflorescence in the Du Petit Thouars collection represents a fragment of a very young D. fibrosa inflorescence, but the stamens that would allow identification have not yet developed. \r
+Further collecting on Î;le Sainte Marie may sort out the problems, but at present we have a species, Dypsis thouarsiana, that appears to have been typified by Baillon on the Du Petit Thouars collection (the Boivin collections are mentioned as a variety) that are too young to show the diagnostic three stamens described by Baillon. The two numbered Boivin collections may not even belong to the same taxon, as one consists of leaves while the other of inflorescence fragments, and these are clearly not conspecific with Dypsis fibrosa.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis tokoravina</name>
+<author>Beentje</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 169 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Antalavia; Dransfield et al.; JD6739</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>An immense and very beautiful palm of primary forest. We have not seen the flowers, but the tree is so distinctive, especially with its enormous leaf sheaths which are open and swollen, that it deserves to be named.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tokoravina (Betsimisaraka; toko means group, ravina leaf).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Palma ingens inter species maximas foliolis aggregatis vagina folii reclusa tumida geniculata rachillis longis gracilibus endospermio homogeneo distinctissima.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK c. 20 m, c. 60 cm diam. at the base, 45-50 cm diam. at breast height, 30 cm diam. near the crown; internodes c. 1.2 cm, dull reddish brown, vertically fissured. LEAVES 10-14 in the crown, subtristichous, arcuate; sheath scarcely forming crownshaft, 0.7-1 m long, very swollen, almost kneed, open for much of its length, greyish brown, bright red-brown within, with lateral auricles; petiole 6-34 cm long, c. 6 x 8 cm diam., deeply grooved; rachis grey-brown; rachis c. 2.7 m long, in mid-leaf c. 5 cm wide and 4 cm deep, keeled; leaflets 80-110 on each side of the rachis, stiff, held irregularly in groups of 3-8 in different planes, curled,grey-waxy beneath, interval between the groups 4-5 cm, between the leaflets within the groups 1-2 cm, the proximal c. 115 x 1.3-2.6 cm, median 100-128 x 3.3-4 cm, distal 25-37 x 1-2.3 cm, main vein 1, with thickened leaf margins, with tufts of ramenta and scattered scales on the minor veins, distal pair joined for c. 2 cm, dentate. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 3 orders, huge, c. 3 m, with rather spreading rachillae; peduncle c. 2 m long, c. 8 cm wide near the base; peduncular bract c. 1 m long, curved, reddish brown tomentose; first order branches with an axis of up to 42 cm, proximally 15 x 9 mm diam., with up to 12 rachillae; rachillae numerous, very slender (c. 2.5 mm diam.), ?glabrous, with shallow pits. STAMINATE FLOWERS unknown. PISTILLATE FLOWERS unknown. FRUIT obovoid, with pointed base, 15-20 x 11-13 mm; endocarp fibrous. SEED not seen entire, but with homogeneous endosperm. EOPHYLL entire, bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Maroantsetra and Mananara.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland rain forest; edge of swamp in val-ley bottom and ridge tops; c. 420 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Only known from two populations, with few (< 20) individual trees known; the population at Antanambe is in an area under agricultural pressure.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Though this species slightly resembles giants such as D. bejofo and D. pilulifera, the open leaf sheaths make it immediately recognizable. The open sheath and large size are reminiscent of D. prestoniana, but that taxon has a more slender trunk.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Antalavia, Nov. 1989 (dead infl.), Dransfield et al. JD6739 (K, P, TAN, type). Mananara Avaratra: Antanambe, Oct. 1994 (fr.), Dransfield & Beentje 7507 (K, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis trapezoidea</name>
+<author>J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 283 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Ifanadiana, Vatovavy; Dransfield et al.; JD7512</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi AAU, BH, MO, NY, P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A beautiful species known at present only from the isolated hill, Vatovavy, southwest of Mananjary. First collected by Bosser, we had initially included it within the variation of D. thiryana, but newly collected specimens show abundant differences between the two. This would be a beautiful ornamental. The species name refers to the leaflets that are almost trapezoid in outline.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Statura et habitu solitario foliolis praemorsis D. thiryanae affinis sed petiolo longiore, foliolis latioribus, inflorescentiae rachidi rachillas breviores aequanti vel excedenti et fructu duplo-majore differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary slender palm of forest undergrowth. STEM to 1.2 m tall, c. 8-12 mm diam. at the base, c. 4-7 mm diam. distally, often conspicuously stilt-rooted at the base, dark grey brown and vertically cracked at the base, dull green distally, internodes 8-18 mm with scattered dark brown scales, nodal scars c. 1-2 mm wide. LEAVES c. 7 in crown; sheaths 5-6.5 cm long, c. 1-1.2 cm diam., dull green with scattered evenly spaced thin brown scales, auricles absent; petiole 9-19 cm long, c. 2 mm wide, densely silvery scaly, especially when newly emerged; rachis 21-36 cm, scaly as the petiole; leaflets c. 7-10 on each side of the rachis, mostly arranged in pairs, somewhat trapezoid in outline, with conspicuous praemorse tips, basal leaflets with proximal margin 5.5-6 cm, distal margin 7-9 cm and praemorse margin 0.8-2 cm; mid-leaf leaflets with proximal margin 6.5-8 cm, distal margin 7-11 cm and praemorse margin 2-3 cm; apical leaflet pair much shorter than the rest with proximal margin 3.5-4 cm, distal margin 2.5-3 cm and praemorse margin 2-3.5 cm; leaflets drying pale green, adaxially with scattered brown punctiform scales, abaxially covered with dense white punctiform scales, abaxially also with a band of grey indumentum along the proximal and distal margins. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, much shorter than the leaves, branched to 1 order; peduncle 7-12.5 cm, c. 2 mm wide, densely covered with brown scales; prophyll 9-10 x 0.4-0.6 cm, sparsely scaly; peduncular bract exceeding the prophyll by 4-5 cm; rachis 5-8 cm, densely scaly as the peduncle; rachillae 5-6 (-8), equalling or shorter than the rachis, diverging at right angles, at maturity c. 3.5-5.5 cm, much shorter when newly emerged, c. 1.5 mm diam., sparsely papillose and scaly, bearing triads c. 1-4 mm distant, rachilla bracts round-ed-triangular, c. 1 mm high. STAMINATE FLOWER buds (still immature) rounded, c. 1.2 mm diam.; sepals rounded, imbricate, irregularly keeled, c. 0.8 x 0.8 mm, margins sparsely scaly; petals triangular, 0.9 x 0.7 mm; stamens 6, immature anthers 0.5 x 0.2 mm; pistillode columnar. PISTILLATE FLOWERS, only very young buds known. Mature FRUIT cherry-red, fusiform, 18 x 6 mm. SEED c. 15x 4 mm, endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known only from Vatovavy, Ifanadiana.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Steep rocky slope at foot of cliff, primary lowland forest.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Critical. Single-site locality; site</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Because of the praemorse leaflets this species appears very similar to D. thiryana. It can be distinguished by the consistently solitary habit, the sparse evenly distributed scales on the sheaths (rather than thick patchy scales), the much longer petioles, the wider, almost trapezoid leaflets and the more numerous but much shorter rachillae that are shorter than the inflorescence rachis (rather than being few, and much longer than the rachis). The mature fruit is also more or less twice the size of that of D. thiryana.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Mananjary: Mt. Vatovavy, Nov. 1994 (buds, fr.), Dransfield et al. JD7512 (Holotype K; isotypes AAU, BH, MO, NY, P, TAN). idem, Jan. 1964, Bosser 18905 (P, TAN).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis tsaratananensis</name>
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 225 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Tsaratanana; Perrier; 15265bis</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Neodypsis tsaratananensis</name>
+<author>Jum.</author>
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 4, 2 (2): 15 (1924)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 19 (1938)</bibref>
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 140, fig. 38 (1945)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A rare clustering palm from a montane habitat. The name refers to the type locality, Tsaratanana.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kindro (Antankarana).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering palm, intermediate in size between D. lutescens and D. baronii (Perrier). LEAVES: sheath 18 cm or more long, pale brown, distally with small scales, 5.5 cm wide when flat; petiole 12-46 cm long, proximally 1.5 x 0.4 cm, distally 1.1 x 0.3 cm, with sparse scales; rachis in mid-leaf 1.3-1.5 cm wide, keeled, sub-glabrous or with some white waxy scales; leaflets 55-60 on each side of the rachis, in groups of 1-4, group interval 3.5-8 cm, the proximal 40-70 x 0.7-0.9 cm, median 55-60 x 1.5-1.7 cm (interval < 0.5 cm), distal 13-30 x 0.5-1.7 cm, main vein 1, margins thickened, glabrous, apices unequally bifid, attenuate. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar, branched to 2 orders (more?), recurved; peduncular bract (fide Perrier) beaked, deciduous; rachis c. 24 cm long, with 9 branched and 16 unbranched first order branches; first order branches seen (distal?) with a rachis to 4 cm long, 8 x 3 mm diam., with 5 rachillae, glabrous; rachillae 9-19 cm long, c. 2 mm diam., glabrous, with distant superficial triads; rachilla bract rounded. STAMINATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.3-2.5 x 1.8-2 mm; petals connate to the receptacle for 1.8-2.2 mm, free parts 4.3-4.8 x 2-3 mm; stamens 6, uniseriate, filaments 3.6-4.5 mm, flattened, anthers 1.5-1.6 x 0.6-0.8 mm, versatile, obtuse; pistillode 2-2.3 x 0.8-1 mm. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 2.5-2.7 x 2.2-3.5 mm; petals 3-3.8 x 3 mm; staminodes c. 0.4 mm; ovary 2 x 1.2 mm. FRUIT ellipsoid, 12-15 x 9-11 mm, rounded at the apex; endocarp fibrous, the fibres much anastomosing. SEED 13-14 x 9-10.5 mm, with few ruminations to 1 mm deep, corresponding to slight grooves on the outside.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Mt Tsaratanana.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>1000-1700 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Uncertain. Not seen for more than seventy years, but this mountain has not been</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Palm-heart edible and highly esteemed.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Data in protologue, not apparent in type or its label: inflorescence branched to 2 or 3 orders. The flowers (present in one of the syntypes) are not described in the protologue, which is most unusual; Jumelle only mentions buds.
+The leaves, and local name, are reminiscent of D. madagascariensis, but the inflorescence and fruit look more like D. baronii. This species is close to D. oreophila.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Ambanja/Bealanana: Tsaratanana massif, Dec. 1922 (fl., fr.), Perrier 15265 (P, syntype); idem, May 1924 (fr.), Perrier 15265bis (P, lectotype).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+ <mods:mods>
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+ <mods:originInfo>
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
+ </mods:originInfo>
+ </mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Dypsis tsaravoasira</name>
+<author>Beentje </author>
+<citation>in J.Dransfield & H.Beentje, Palms of Madagascar: 154 (1995)</citation>
+<type>Madagascar, Sahavary, hills E of village, Andilampananina; Dransfield et al.; JD6463</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi P, TAN</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p>A majestic, tristichous palm. The leaves are in three ranks. Although the material is incomplete, this isclearly a distinct taxon. The name derives from the local name.</p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Tsaravoasira, Hovotravavy, avaboko (Betsimisaraka).</p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>inter species maximas tristichas foliolis regulariter dispositis inflorescentiis multo ramosis numero foliolorum infra glandibus dispersis tectorum distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary palm. TRUNK 10-25 m, 18-40 cm diam, prominently ringed above, scarcely below, 7.5-25 cm across near crown, internodes 5-15 cm, pale brown, distally green. Crownshaft green, swollen, 1-1.5 m. Wood pink. LEAVES 5-9, tristichous, porrect, stiff to arcuate; sheath 69-150 cm long, 12 cm across, green, distally densely scaly, with or without irregular ligule c. 22 mm; petiole 0-13 cm, distally 4.5 x 4 cm, densely scaly to glabrous; rachis strongly arcuate, 2-3.5 m long, glabrous or scaly, in mid-leaf 2-3 cm wide; leaflets 102-120 on each side of the rachis, regular, stiff to arcuate, dull dark green, the ones on opposite sides of the rachis in one plane or at a slight angle, less conspicuously so near the tip, mid-green, proximal leaflets 68-135 x 0.5-3.1 cm with conspicuous pendulous reins, median 81-127 x 2.2-3 cm (interval 1.5-3 cm), distal 10-48 x 0.2-2 cm, apex single or bifid, unequal, main vein 1, thickened margins, rest faint, scattered tufts of ramenta, and with a few scattered scales on the minor veins. INFLORESCENCE infrafoliar, branching to 3 orders, arching with pendulous rachillae; peduncle 22-26 cm, strongly curved, distally c. 4 x 3 cm, with scattered scales; prophyll 41-54 cm, borne at 6-9.5 cm above the base of the peduncle, c. 14 cm wide, persistent, pale brown abaxially, chestnut-red adaxially; peduncular bract inserted at c. 14 cm above the base of the peduncle, deciduous; rachis 47-50 cm, first order branches 14-20, 15 x 9 mm across, glabrous or with minute scattered scales, all axes green; rachillae cream-coloured, pendulous, 13-53 cm, 3-4 mm across, glabrous; triads spaced to dense, sunken; rachilla bract obtuse. STAMINATE FLOWERS only known in young bud. PISTILLATE FLOWERS in young fruit with sepals 2.8-3.7 x 4-5.2 mm, ciliolate; petals 4.5-5 x 5.6-6 mm; staminodes c. 1.2mm long. Young FRUIT 4-5 x 5-5.5 mm.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Only known from Marojejy, Maroantsetra and Mananara.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Open primary forest, steep upper slopes or ridgetop hollows; 275-1050 m.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p>Endangered. Only known from three sites, two of which are under agricultural pressure; numbers within the populations are low, and we have seen less than thirty altogether.</p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p>Palm-heart edible and highly esteemed.</p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This taxon resembles D. pilulifera but is distinct by the regular leaflets and the presence of scattered scales on the leaflets.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Andapa: Marojejy E, N of Mandena, Nov. 1989 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6760 (K, P, TAN). Maroantsetra, Sahavary, hills E of village, Andilampananina, Feb. 1988 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6463 (Holotype K; isotypes P, TAN); Antanambe, Oct. 1991, (dead infl.), Beentje & Andriampaniry 4467 (K, TAN).
+Allied Specimen: close, but with clear differences are two specimens from Andapa: Marojejy, Nov. 1984 (y.fr.), Dransfield et al. JD6762 (K, P, TAN); idem, S base of Mt. Beondroka, Oct. 1989 (dead infl.), Miller & Randrianasolo 4493 (K, P, TAN); local names: Voanioala, Lavaboko, Tsaravoasira. A solitary palm 15-20 m high, 15-20 cm diam., with 8-10 tristichous leaves; leaf sheath 62 cm, hardly scaly; petiole 0-5 cm; rachis c. 4 m with c. 70 leaflets on each side, the median 85-104 x 3.3-3.6 cm. Inflorescence branched to 2 orders; rachillae pink, 11-26 cm long, 3-4.5 mm diam., glabrous, with distant triads in slight pits. No flowers have been seen; fruit only seen when young. Similar is possibly Moore 9919 from Masoala: Ambohitralanana, April 1971 (fr.) with the leaf sheath c. 90 cm, petiole 45 cm, rachis 3.2 m, but this has interfoliar inflorescences with rachillae 19-29 cm and fruits 16-17 x 12-13 mm, with homogeneous endosperm; the leaves are said to be in five ranks. The local name is Buresy.</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis utilis</name>\r
+<author>(Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf.</author>\r
+<citation>Palms of Madagascar: 363 (1995)</citation>\r
+<type>Madagascar, no locality mentioned, probably (from Jumelle 1927) Analamazaotra; Perrier; 12005</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Vonitra utilis</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris 164: 921 (1917)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Rev. Bot. Appl. 1922: 161 (1922)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 5, 1: 16 (1927)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 26 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 131, figs. 35, 36 (1945)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is an upland palm, closely related to D. crinita, but even larger in all its parts, and with inflorescences branched to three rather than two orders. It has been seen near Analamazaotra (in fact there is a much photographed specimen opposite the station hotel at Andasibe; see photo below) and at Ranomafana. Sometimes cited as being critically endangered, this may not be so rare as was originally thought. The Latin name means 'useful', a reference to the piassava produced by the leaves and formerly exported for rope production.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Vonitra or Vonitrandrano (water vonitra).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Robust palm, solitary or more often several in a clump. TRUNK 6-17 m high, branching dichotomously 2-3 times at 9-11 m above the ground, the branches closely parallel, 25-37 cm diam., near crown c. 18 cm diam.; internodes 7-9 cm; bark light brown; wood soft, pinkish-white, moist; crown untidy with pale brown pendulous fibre. LEAVES 13-14 per crown, with the dead leaves marcescent, 4-5 m, erect to porrect, often held on edge; sheath fibrous, c. 80 cm long, brown-grey tomentose, with fibrous wings c. 4.3 cm wide each, with opposite the petiole a light brown fibrous tongue c. 50 cm long; petiole 45-100 cm (to 185 cm in young trees), proximally c. 5 x 2.5 cm, distally 2-4.2 x 1.1-1.5 cm, flat adaxially or slightly convex, convex abaxially, with sharp edges, with scattered scales, glabrescent; rachis 2.8-3.8 m, 1.5-1.9 x 1-1.3 cm in mid-leaf, keeled, straw-brown, with scattered pale or dark red scales; leaflets 65-73 on each side of the rachis, in one plane, regular, bright green, stiff, attenuate, the proximal ones 64-82 x 1.2-2 cm, median 77-92 x 3.1-4.8 cm (interval 4-4.5 cm), distal 18-47 x 1-1.8 cm, ramenta few, redbrown, quite large, abaxial on the midrib, main veins 2 on each side of the midrib and main veins, prominent abaxially, young leaves reddish. INFLORESCENCE interfoliar to infrafoliar, up to 20 per tree (in two crowns) in all stages from closed and erect to x old fruiting stage (pendent); branching to 3 orders (rarely to 2 orders?); peduncle 125-135 cm, proximally 3.3 x 2.5 cm, distally x 2 cm, green, glabrous, curved; prophyll dark brown, 25-70 cm long, 6.5 x 2.5 cm diam., split at the apex; peduncular bract 154-191 x cm, green turning mid-brown, adaxially redbrown and smooth, densely scaly but soon glabrescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially, beaked for c. 7 cm, abscising and carried upwards by the lengthening inflorescence; rachis c. 62 cm long, somewhat angled, the branches bulbous at their bases; first order branches (number unclear) proximally 1.4-1.5 x 0.5-0.7 cm; rachillae pendulous, coral-pink in bud but turning pale green, 69-91 cm long, 2.5-5 mm diam., glabrous or nearly so; triads distant, spirally arranged, slightly sunken in pits; buds yellowgreen to reddish brown, slightly trigonous. STAMINATE FLOWERS purplish or reddish at anthesis, with sepals 2-2.2 x 3.5-5 mm, unequal, the outermost smallest, fleshy, hooded; petals 2.7-2.8 x mm, fleshy, ovate, acute; stamens 6, biseriate, didymous, theoutermost inserted slightly lower than the inner, filaments 0.8-1 mm, anthers dorsifix, 0.6-0.8 mm; pistillode c. 1.5 x 0.8 mm, bottle-shaped, showing stamen indentations. PISTILLATE FLOWERS with sepals 3- x 3.5-8.5 mm, unequal, hooded, the innermost largest and enveloping the bud for some 270°; petals 3.5-4.5 x 5-7 mm, orbicular, imbricate, unequal, the innermost largest; ovary 3.5-3.8 x 2.5-3 mm, slightly asymmetric with an indistinct trigonous apex; staminodes 0.6- 0.8 mm, flat, tooth-shaped. FRUIT dull green turning purplish brown or black, globose-ellipsoid or obovoid, 17-28 x 14 -20 mm, with persistent petals c. 6 mm long; endocarp fibrous. SEED c. 23 mm x 16 mm, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex, with ruminate endosperm, the ruminations many, slightly irregular, and almost reaching the middle of the seed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>E Madagascar.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Streamsides in swamp forest or moist forest, gregarious; alt. 950- 1000 m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. Restricted to only a few sites; numbers thought to be low.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Jumelle (1927a) states that the palmheart is eaten, and that the fruit pulp is sugary and also consumed.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is the most robust member of the "Vonitra" group.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Moramanga: Analamazaotra (fl.), Perrier 12005 (Holotype P); idem, Feb. 1924 (fl.), Perrier 16067 (P); idem, Oct. 1963 (fl.), Moore 9005 (BH, TAN); idem, March 1991 (ster.), Beentje & Raharilala 4409 (K, TAN); Maromiza, March 1991 (fl., fr.), Beentje & Raharilala 4417 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+ <mods:mods>\r
+ <mods:titleInfo><mods:title>The Palms of Madagascar</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Beentje</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+ <mods:originInfo>\r
+ <mods:dateIssued>1995</mods:dateIssued>\r
+ <mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society</mods:publisher>\r
+ </mods:originInfo>\r
+ </mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="species">\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Dypsis viridis</name>\r
+<author>Jum.</author>\r
+<citation>Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille sér. 3, 6 (1): 35 (1918)</citation>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Bull. Ac. Malgache 6: 13 (1923)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum., Cat. Pl. Madagascar, Palmae: 14 (1938)</bibref>\r
+<bibref>Jum. & H. Perrier, Fl. Madagascar 30: 42 (1945)</bibref>\r
+<type>Madagascar, Bay of Antongil; Perrier; 12057</type>\r
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="introduction"><p>This is a most attractive slender clustering palm. Superficially it resembles a very slender form of Dypsis forficifolia, but the arrangement of the stamens in the present species is quite different. However, it can easily be distinguished, even when not in flower, by the numerous very slender stems in the clump, that are usually palest green, each internode marked with a vertical darker green stripe and by the irregularly divided leaflets of a thin dull green. We assume that the species name viridis (Latin - green) refers to the pale green colour that the plants assume on drying in the herbarium.</p></div>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Slender clustering forest undergrowth palmlet. STEMS to 1.5 m tall, 3-8 mm diam., internodes 12-25 mm., very pale ivory-coloured but often with a vertical green stripe. LEAVES c. 6-7 in crown; sheath 5-6 cm long, 4-8 mm diam., pale ivory-coloured, very sparsely scaly, auricles not developed; petiole 3-7 cm long, c. 2 mm wide near the base, very sparsely scaly; rachis c. 11 cm long; leaflets drying pale green, 2-7 on each side of the rachis, rather irregular, small, 7-20 x 1-3.5 cm, abaxially with scattered bands of caducous scales, otherwise glabrescent. INFLORESCENCE branching to 1 (2) orders; peduncle 12-41 cm long, glabrescent, usually shorter than the leaves but occasionally longer; prophyll 8-24 x 0.2-0.3 cm, very sparsely scaly; peduncular bract exceeding the prophyll by 4-12 cm, otherwise similar; rachis 5-8 cm, sparsely caducous scaly; rachillae 7-11, spreading, 1.2-6 cm long, c. 0.5 mm diam., somewhat angular, minutely brown papillose, ± glabrous; triads c. 1-1.5 mm distant, rachilla bracts inconspicuous. STAMINATE FLOWERS c. 1.1 x 1 mm; sepals 0.5 x 0.8 mm, broad, rounded, imbricate, somewhat erose at margin, keeled; petals striate, 0.9 x 0.8 mm; stamens 3, antepetalous, alternating with 3 low triangular antesepalous staminodes, the filaments connate in basal 0.3 mm, anthers didymous 0.2 x 0.2; pistillode conical, minute. PISTILLATE FLOWERS known only in immature bud, c. 0.8 mm diam.; sepals broadly imbricate c. 0.5 x 0.5 mm; petals striate, c. 0.6 x 0.6 mm; other parts very immature. Ripe FRUIT cherry-red, ellipsoid, 10 x 5 mm. SEED 7 x 5 mm, endosperm homogeneous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>NE Madagascar from the Bay of Antongil to Soanierana-Ivongo.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Lowland and hill rain forest on ridges; up to 400m.</p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p>Vulnerable. At present the palm is known from very few localities and only at Antanambe is it within a protected area.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>This is one of the smallest and most slender of the three-staminate species of Dypsis. It is a very dainty palm. Although Perrier 12031 is labelled as the type in Paris, Jumelle & Perrier (1945) explicitly cited Perrier 12057 as type. Both were cited as syn- types in the protologue. Two further collections may be referable to this species. Perrier 17466, from Ambodiriana, collected in November 1925 (P) is vegetatively very similar to the type of D. viridis but has an entire bifid leaf. It was identified by Jumelle as D. hirtula and used as the basis of the illustration of this species in Jumelle & Perrier (1945). It does not match the type of D. hirtula. Furthermore there are no staminate flowers to allow closer identification. D. hirtula has three antesepalous stamens while in D. viridis the three stamens are antepetalous. Cours 2513 from forest south of Mangabe, collected in January 1950 (K, P) is also similar to D. viridis in the position of the three stamens and in vegetative characters. The inflorescence has, however, more numerous and finer rachillae. It is tentatively determined as D. viridis.</p></div>\r
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>Maroantsetra: Bay of Antongil, Aug. 1912, Perrier 12057 (holotype P); Fananehana, Aug. 1912, Perrier 12031 (P). Mananara Avaratra: 10km west of Antanambe, April 1992 (fl.), Beentje et al. 4621 (BH, K, MO, P, TAN), Oct. 1994 (fl., fr.), Dransfield & Beentje JD7505 (BH, K, TAN). Soanierana-Ivongo: Soanierana to Antasibe, Dec. 1938 (fl.), Lam & Meeuse 5857 (L).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Solitary pinnate-leaved palms from South and Central America and humid Tropical Africa, including the African oil palm of commerce, distinctive in fibre spines and spines formed from leaflet midribs at the base of the leaf, and highly condensed unisexual inflorescences borne among the leaf bases, both male and female borne on the same tree.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Elaeis</name>\r
+<author>Jacq.</author> \r
+<citation>Select. stirp. amer. hist. 280 (1763).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Elaeis guineensis; Jacq.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Corozo</name>\r
+<author>Jacq. ex Giseke</author>\r
+<bibref>Jacq. ex Giseke, Prael. ord. nat. pl. 42, 92 (1792).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Corozo oleifera; (Kunth) L.H. Bailey</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Alfonsia</name>\r
+<author>Kunth in Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth</author>\r
+<bibref>Kunth in Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth, Nov. gen. sp. pl. 1: folio edition 245; quarto edition 306 (1816).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Alfonsia oleifera; Kunth</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Elaia — olive tree, olive, referring to the oil of the oil palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to robust, solitary, short to tall, armed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem procumbent or erect, bearing persistent leaf bases, eventually becoming bare, the internodes short, leaf scars wide, oblique. Leaves many in the crown, pinnate, withering and not abscising neatly except in tall-trunked individuals; sheath tubular at first, later disintegrating into an interwoven mass of fibres, those fibres attached to the base of the petiole remaining as regularly spaced, broad, flattened spines; petiole conspicuous, adaxially channelled, abaxially angled, bearing caducous tomentum, the margins armed with regularly spaced fibre spines, distally (strictly speaking the proximal part of the rachis) with margins armed with short, triangular, bulbous-based spines representing the pulvini and midribs of the proximal few vestigial leaflets, the blades of which soon disintegrate on leaf expansion; rachis curving or straight, adaxially angled, abaxially curved or flattened; leaflets numerous, single-fold, regularly arranged or slightly grouped and held in different planes, giving the whole leaf a plumose appearance, linear, gradually tapering to acute tips, sometimes with bands of caducous scales, midribs prominent, transverse veinlets very short, inconspicuous. Inflorescences interfoliar, solitary, short and condensed, unisexual (except as monstrosities), usually several adjacent axils producing inflorescences of one sex followed by several producing the other sex, branching to 1 order; peduncle short, ± elliptic in cross-section; prophyll short, tubular and flattened, 2-keeled, tomentose, included within the subtending leaf sheath, thick, traversed by numerous, thick, longitudinal fibres, disintegrating distally into a mass of fibres, the larger fibres spine-like; first peduncular bract inserted some distance from the prophyll, tubular, fibrous, thinner than the prophyll, distally disintegrating into a fibrous mass, and splitting longitudinally, subsequent peduncular bracts small, not sheathing, narrow triangular, with sharp tips, striate; rachis shorter than, ± equalling, or slightly longer than the peduncle, tomentose, bearing numerous, spirally arranged, narrow triangular, membranous to coriaceous, acute bracts, each subtending a rachilla; staminate rachillae ± cylindrical, catkin-like, often somewhat angled due to close packing, tomentose, densely floriferous except at the ± spine-like tip where bare of flowers and bracts, the flowers solitary, borne in deep, spirally arranged pits, pistillate rachillae more massive than the staminate, bearing fewer flowers, the tips prolonged into a woody spine, each rachilla proximally bearing lax, ± superficial or only partially sunken, spirally arranged membranous rachilla bracts; bracts short, acute, or prolonged into a straight or flexuous spine-like tip, each subtending a solitary flower. Staminate flowers small, only slightly protruding from the pits at anthesis; sepals 3, distinct, unequal, ± rectangular, membranous, the edges not meeting in bud, abaxially keeled; petals 3, distinct, ± ovate, ± equalling the sepals, valvate, very thin; stamens 6, exserted at anthesis, filaments broad, fleshy, united laterally to form a tube, with 6 short, distinct, reflexed, abruptly narrowed tips, anthers ± rectangular, ± versatile, introrse; pistillode columnar, trifid, slightly shorter than the staminal tube. Pollen either ellipsoidal, slight to obvious asymmetry (Elaeis oleifera), or oblate triangular (E. guineensis); aperture a distal sulcus or trichotomosulcus; ectexine perforate scabrate or perforate rugulate, aperture margin (ellipsoid pollen) similar, aperture margin (trichotomosulcate pollen) broad and psilate or psilate-perforate; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranges from 31–39 µm [2/2]. Pistillate flowers much larger than the staminate, borne with 2 acute or spine-tipped bracteoles; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rather thin; petals 3, distinct, imbricate, rather thin; staminodal ring low, 6-pointed, tanniniferous; gynoecium columnar to ovoid, trilocular, triovulate, stigmas 3, fleshy, reflexed, ± 3-angled, ovules orthotropous, attached centrally. Fruit 1–(rarely more)-seeded, ± ovoid but basally angled by close packing, variously orange or yellow, overlain with deep violet or black in exposed parts, apically beaked, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp thick, fleshy, oily, fibrous, endocarp black, woody and very hard, variously ovoid, flattened or angled, with 3 apical pores. Seed basally attached with coarse, reticulate raphe branches, endosperm homogeneous, with or without a central cavity; embryo ± apical, opposite a pore. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species. Elaeis guineensis is native to the more humid areas of tropical Africa, possibly introduced in Madagascar, now widely cultivated throughout the humid tropics as the most productive perennial oil crop, and frequently naturalised. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), phloem (Parthasarathy 1980), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), stegmata (Killmann and Hong 1989) and gynoecium (Uhl and Moore 1971). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Elaeis is monophyletic with high support (Gunn 2004). For relationships, see subtribe Elaeidinae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Elaeis guineensis is the most important commercial oil-producing plant in the tropics, and is used locally as a source of wine, thatch and building materials. Even waste endocarp has been used as road metalling. For further details, see Hartley (1988), and for references, Johnson (1983b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1914b) and Zeven (1967). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>An endocarp from the Middle Oligocene of Puerto Rico, Palmocarpon rabellii, is cautiously compared both with the endocarp of Elaeis guineensis and, due to evidence of pores, with Copernicia cerifera (Hollick 1928). In fact, the endocarps of these two palms are very dissimilar; clearly this record should be reassessed. Pollen from the Zinguinchor borehole (Middle Eocene to Lower Miocene) of Senegal shows notable similarity to that of E. guineensis (Médus 1975). Ergo (1997) describes seeds of Elaeis from the Upper Micene of Uganda. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Elaeis is notable as one of only two genera of the Cocoseae present in Africa and also for its distribution on either side of the Atlantic. See further notes under Barcella. \r
+Elaeis guineensis is the focus of ongoing evolutionary development research (Adam et al. 2005, Adam et al. 2006, Adam et al. 2007, Jouannic et al. 2005)</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), American oil palm (E. oleifera). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In the wild, it occurs on the margins of humid forest and along watercourses in drier areas. Elaeis oleifera is native to central and northern South America, and is frequent on poorly drained, sandy soils and in savannas. In Costa Rica, it is found in palm swamp and some mangrove communities (Allen 1956). </p></div>\r
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Elaeis guineensis</name>
+<author>Jacq.</author>
+<citation>Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist.: 280 (1763)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stem solitary, erect, to 10 m tall, ca. 30-50 cm in diameter. Leaves to 5 m long; pinnae 100 or more on each side, inserted in groups and spreading in different planes. Fruits glossy red to black.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Native to W Africa, but planted throughout the tropics for its oil-rich fruits which are a major source of plant oil on a world scale (Hartley, 1977). In Ecuador it is grown in large plantations below 500 m elevation, particularly in the Santo Domingo-Quinind� area.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Hybrids between this species and Elaeis oleifera are easily made and six hundred hectares have been planted with hybrid individuals in Ecuador (Carri�n & Cuvi, 1985). These plants have an erect stem and regularly inserted pinnae borne in one plane.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Elaeis oleifera</name>
+<author>(Kunth) Cort�s</author>
+<citation>Fl. Colomb. 1: 203 (1897)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Understorey palm. Stem subterranean or prostrate, 10-20 cm in diameter, erect only for a few meters. Leaves 3-4 m long; pinnae 30-90 on each side, regularly inserted in one plane, the central ones to 60 cm long and 4 cm wide. Inflorescence 50-80 cm long, with ca. 50 branches, these 10-15 cm long, with flowers borne singly and partly sunken into pits; male branches 5-10 mm in diameter, with densely positioned flowers to 5 mm long at anthesis; female branches to 15 mm in diameter, with more loosely inserted flowers, to 1 cm long. Fruits yellowish orange to red, oblong, ca. 3 cm long.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Scattered throughout Central America and N South America from Venezuela to Peru. In Ecuador it is uncommon in the E lowlands on poorly drained soil and along streams and rivers. Its present distribution may, at least in part, be anthropogenically determined (Bale�, 1989).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Acaulescent, clustering palm forming dense thickets, in swamps in Southeast Asia and West Malesia; the sheaths and petiole are densely armed with long spines; flowering is hapaxanthic; the fruit has a sarcotesta that is difficult to separate from the rest of the seed.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Eleiodoxa</name>\r
+<author>(Becc.) Burret</author>\r
+<citation>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 733 (1942).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Eleiodoxa conferta; (Griff.) Burret</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Salacca section Eleiodoxa</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(2): 71 (1918).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Eleio — swamp, doxa — glory, referring to the habitat.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate, acaulescent, clustering, armed, hapaxanthic, dioecious palm. Stem subterranean with short internodes, bearing strictly axillary sucker shoots. Leaves robust, pinnate, marcescent; sheath splitting opposite the petiole, unarmed at the extreme base, otherwise armed with neat partial whorls of robust spines and abundant caducous scales, the sheath mouth bearing a tattering ligule-like structure; petiole well developed, channelled adaxially in proximal part, rounded abaxially, circular in cross-section distally, armed with neat, somewhat oblique, partial whorls of slender, rigid spines; rachis armed as the petiole, but more sparsely so; leaflets single-fold, linear-lanceolate, regularly arranged, the apical pair slender, very rarely partly united to the penultimate pair, the margins armed with short spines, surfaces similar in colour, transverse veinlets distinct. Inflorescences aggregated into a terminal compound inflorescence, held erect at ground level between the leaf bases, the staminate and pistillate superficially similar; first-order branches of the compound inflorescence (i.e., the axillary inflorescences) each subtended by a highly reduced leaf or tattering bract, and bearing an empty, short, tubular, 2-keeled prophyll, quickly tattering, and short, tubular, tattering bracts with triangular limbs, each subtending a robust, erect, cylindrical, catkin-like rachilla; rachilla bearing a basal, 2-keeled, tubular prophyll and a few empty bracts at the base and at the very tip, otherwise bearing a tight spiral of imbricate, laterally adnate, low triangular-tipped bracts, each enclosing a dyad of flowers, comprising in the staminate inflorescence, 2 staminate flowers, and in the pistillate, 1 sterile staminate and 1 fertile pistillate flower, each flower bearing a prophyllar bracteole and surrounded by a dense pile of hairs. Staminate flowers pinkish-tinged at anthesis; calyx cupular, striate, with 3 triangular lobes; corolla tubular at the base, split to about 4/5 its length into 3 triangular, valvate petals; stamens 6, borne at the mouth of the corolla tube, filaments fleshy, elongate, abruptly contracted and inflexed at the tip, anthers elongate, introrse; pistillode absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; apertures subequatorial diporate; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, aperture margins similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 24–27 µm [1/1]. Sterile staminate flowers like the fertile but with fleshier filaments, not abruptly contracted, and with empty anthers. Pistillate flowers superficially similar to the staminate but larger, the corolla tubular in the basal ca. 1/3; staminodes 6, borne at the mouth of the corolla tube, filaments closely appressed to the corolla, empty anthers somewhat sagittate; gynoecium tricarpellate, triovulate, globose, covered in reflexed scales, stigmas 3, reflexed, sinuous, in bud compressed into a pyramid, locules incomplete, ovules basally attached, anatropous. Fruit almost always 1-seeded, stylar remains apical; epicarp covered in neat vertical rows of reflexed scales, mesocarp somewhat spongy, endocarp not differentiated. Seed ± rounded, sarcotesta thick, sour, closely adhering to the inner integument and difficult to separate from it due to the presence of short radiating fibres, endosperm homogeneous, ± disc-like or very broadly oblate, with large, wide pit at the apex; embryo basal or lateral due to distortion of the fruit. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid with narrow, entire lobes. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Although five names have beenpublished, there appears to be only one widespread species, known from South Thailand, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Eleiodoxa is strongly supported as sister toSalacca (Baker et al. 2000a, 2000b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Leaves areoccasionally used for temporary thatching. The extremely soursarcotesta is used throughout the range of the palm as asubstitute for tamarind in cooking and with sugar is sometimesmade into a sweetmeat.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Beccari (1918), Burret (1942).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>See Salacca.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Kelubi or asam paya. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Eleiodoxa conferta is a highly characteristic, gregarious, undergrowth palm of lowland fresh water swamps, beingparticularly abundant in facies of peat swamp forest where acertain amount of water movement occurs.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Clustering, high-climbing, pinnate-leaved rattan palms of humid Equatorial West and Central Africa; sheaths are always unarmed; pleonanthic and hermaphroditic, the flowers are borne in pairs and are distinctive in the almost inflated fleshy to leathery tubular calyx and corolla.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Eremospatha</name>\r
+<author>(G. Mann and H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. in Kerch.</author>\r
+<citation>Palmiers 244 (1878).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Eremospatha hookeri; (G. Mann and H.Wendl.) H. Wendl.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Calamus subgenus Eremospatha </name>\r
+<author>G. Mann and H. Wendl.</author> \r
+<bibref>G. Mann and H. Wendl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 24: 433 (1864).</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Eremos — destitute of, spatha — bract, referring to the lack of conspicuous bracts in the inflorescence.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Clustered (?always), spiny, high-climbing, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic rattan palms. Stem eventually becoming bare, with long internodes, usually circular in cross-section, sometimes obscurely 3-angled, juvenile stem apparently much more slender than the adult, sucker shoots apparently axillary. Leaves pinnate, bifid in juveniles, with a terminal cirrus; sheath strictly tubular, unarmed, longitudinally striate, sometimes with a thin caducous cover of indumentum; ocrea conspicuous, tightly sheathing, neatly truncate (?always); knee present in mature climbing stems, but rather inconspicuous; petiole present in juvenile stems, absent in mature climbing stems; rachis usually armed with reflexed spines, and sometimes bearing caducous indumentum; cirrus bearing neat pairs (rarely not paired) of reflexed acanthophylls, sometimes also with scattered reflexed spines; leaflets few to numerous, single-fold except, rarely, in juvenile leaves where lamina undivided, praemorse or abruptly narrowed to a pointed tip, or entire, linear to rhomboid, usually somewhat plicate, regularly arranged, variously indumentose, sometimes white tomentose beneath, usually armed along the thickened margins with conspicuous robust, distally pointing or reflexed spines, transverse veinlets moderately conspicuous; proximal few leaflets on each side of the rachis frequently very much smaller than the rest, strap-like, heavily armed along margins, and reflexed across the sheathed stem. Inflorescence arching outward, branched to 1 order, branches horizontal, peduncle enclosed within the leaf sheath and emerging from its mouth, flattened, not adnate to the internode, the surface usually minutely papillose; bracts throughout the inflorescence very inconspicuous; prophyll absent?; peduncular bracts absent; rachis much longer than the peduncle; rachis bracts low, triangular, striate, ± opposite or alternate, often united to form an incomplete sheathing collar; rachillae adnate to the inflorescence axis a short distance above the bract, either opposite (in which case subtended by a double bract) or alternate (in which case subtended by a single triangular bract), distal rachillae always alternate, distichous, rachillae minutely papillose, bearing ± distichous, minute, triangular, incomplete bracts, each subtending a pair of equal flowers without bracteoles. Flowers pale in colour, very fragrant; calyx thick, coriaceous, very shallowly 3-lobed distally, obscurely veined, minutely papillose; corolla very thick, coriaceous, divided at the apex to 1/4 to 1/3 its length into 3 short, triangular, valvate lobes, remaining approximate even at anthesis, the lobes then separating slightly; stamens 6, united into a massive, fleshy, epipetalous ring, ± occluding the mouth of the flower, clasping the gynoecium, free filaments angled, very short, anthers enclosed within the flower, ± medifixed, very short, somewhat sagittate, latrorse; gynoecium tricarpellate, triovulate, rounded, covered in reflexed scales, tipped by a columnar or tapered, ± 3-angled style, apically with 3 stigmatic angles, ovule basally attached, anatropous. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; aperture an extended distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, or rugulate-reticulate, aperture margin usually much finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 32–63 µm [4/10]. Fruit 1–3 seeded, stigmatic remains minute, apical, perianth whorls persistent; epicarp covered in vertical rows of reddish-brown reflexed scales with fringed margins, mesocarp apparently fleshy at maturity, endocarp not differentiated. Seed subbasally attached, from the shape of 1/3 of a sphere to hemispherical or ellipsoidal depending on the number of seeds developing, sometimes slightly lobed or grooved, with a conspicuous abaxial ridge opposite the embryo, seed coat thin, scarcely fleshy, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Ten species confined to humid rain forest of West Africa, the Congo Basin, and eastward to Tanzania. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf, stem (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1996a), floral (Uhl and Moore 1973). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Eremospatha has not been tested. Eremospatha is resolved as sister to Laccosperma with moderate support (Baker et al. 2000a, 2000b, Asmussen et al. 2006).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Stems are used as a source of cane.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Sunderland (2001, 2007).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>A single incomplete leaflet with a single spine near the acute, robust base (Eremospatha chilgaensis [Pan et al. 2006]) is described from the Oligocene Guang River flora of Chilga Woreda, Ethiopia. After comparison with morphologically similar leaf bases in subtribes Ancistrophyllinae and Raphiinae, the authors conclude that this fossil bears notable similarity to Eremospatha. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The flowers of Eremospatha are remarkable for the thickness of the corolla tube and the small gaps between their short lobes; the androecial tube is also thick, fibrous, and extensively vascularised (Uhl and Moore 1973). The flowers are very like those of Plectocomiopsis, but this similarity is a parallel development. Although the dyad of two hermaphroditic flowers in Eremospatha is similar to that of Laccosperma, the two genera are otherwise rather different. Eremospatha is pleonanthic and has only minute rachilla bracts; Laccosperma is hapaxanthic and rachilla bracts are conspicuous. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names numerous (Sunderland 2001, 2007). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Apparently most abundant in rain forest on swampy soils.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Stemless or short-stemmed often viciously spiny hapaxanthic pinnate-leaved palms of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo; flowers very large, with spine-tipped woody petals, borne in pairs of a staminate and a hermaphroditic flower in a cupule of overlapping leathery bracts. The fruit is most unusual in having myriads of minute scales and a thick endocarp.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Eugeissona</name>\r
+<author>Griff.</author> \r
+<citation>Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 101 (1844).</citation> \r
+<type>Type; Eugeissona tristis; Griff.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Eu — good, geisson — cornice of a roof, referring to the use of the leaves of E. tristis as thatch.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to robust, clustering, spiny, hapaxanthic, polygamous, acaulescent or tree palms. Stem subterranean, erect, or borne on robust stilt roots at heights up to 3 m above the ground, branching sympodially by basal (?axillary) suckers, internodes very short to moderately elongate, usually covered by rotting leaf sheaths, becoming exposed in tree species and sometimes bearing short spine-like adventitious roots; cortex very hard, pith soft with abundant starch deposition before flowering. Leaves pinnate, spirally arranged or markedly 3-ranked; sheath usually splitting opposite the petiole, unarmed at the very base, bearing black, flattened spines distally, sometimes also bearing scales and branched hairs, sheath margin ligule-like distally; petiole well developed, adaxially deeply channelled in proximal portion, distally ±rounded in section, the abaxial surface sparsely to densely armed with black, flattened spines, scattered, paired or in longitudinal rows, scales and hairs usually abundant between spines, sometimes absent; rachis armed as the petiole but more sparsely; leaflets single-fold, numerous, linear to lanceolate, entire, regularly arranged or grouped and fanned within the group to give the leaf a plumose appearance, frequently bearing bristles along the main veins or the margins, and irregular bands of caducous indumentum, midribs prominent, transverse veinlets moderately conspicuous. Inflorescence erect, composed of branches equivalent to the axillary inflorescences of pleonanthic palms, each branched to the fourth-order, and subtended by leaves with much reduced blades or by tubular, apiculate, spiny or unarmed, dull brown, longitudinally imbricate bracts; branches of all orders bearing a tubular, 2-keeled prophyll, and terminating in a cupule of dull brown, longitudinally striate, spirally arranged, or more often subdistichous, tightly sheathing bracts enclosing a flower pair; cupule bracts 11–13, rarely 1 or 2 more, the 1–3 most proximal and 1–3 most distal each with an abortive axillary bud, the rest empty, the most proximal up to 5 tubular, the rest open; flower pair consisting of a large staminate and lateral to it a large hermaphroditic flower, the staminate appearing first, then pushed out of the cupule by the developing hermaphroditic. Staminate flowers borne on a short flattened pedicel, the flower base compressed on one side by the developing hermaphroditic bud; calyx tubular, coriaceous, striate, dull brown, with 3 short, pointed lobes; corolla tubular in the basal 1/4 to 1/3, distally with 3 narrow, elongate, woody, valvate lobes terminating in hard, sharp, spine-like tips; stamens 20–70 borne just above the mouth of the corolla tube, filaments short, erect, anthers narrow, elongate, basifixed, dull yellow to purple, latrorse to introrse, deciduous after anthesis; pistillode minute. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric; aperture distal, brevi- or extended sulcate; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate, or foveolate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 41–73 µm; post-meiotic tetrads tetragonal [2/6]. Hermaphroditic flowers protandrous, sessile, bearing a 2-keeled, coriaceous, tubular prophyll, similar to the cupule bracts, the whole flower very similar in size and shape to the staminate except for the apex, flattened on one side by pressure of the staminate flower in bud; calyx, corolla and androecium like those of the staminate; gynoecium tricarpellate, triovulate, ovary columnar, faintly 3-angled, covered in vertical rows of minute reflexed scales, stigma conical to pyramidal with 3 glandular angles, ovules basally attached, anatropous. Fruit ovoid, beaked, stigmatic remains apical, cupule bracts, calyx, and usually the corolla persisting; epicarp covered in irregular vertical rows of very small reflexed, fringed scales, mesocarp somewhat corky at maturity, traversed by longitudinal fibre bundles, endocarp developing from a layer external to the locule wall, dark brown to blackish, very hard and thick, sometimes linked to the fibres of the mesocarp, with 3 + 3, or 3 + 3 + 6 flanges penetrating into the fruit cavity, forming symmetrical, incomplete partitions. Seed basally attached, single, filling the fruit cavity and closely adhering to the endocarp and thus indented by the incomplete partitions, seed coat thin, dry, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination remote-ligular; eophyll pinnate. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Six species, two confined to the Malay Peninsula, and four in Borneo, one of which (E. ambigua) is still known only from its type. \r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961) distinguished from those of other calamoid genera by short foliar sclereids in some species, perhaps supporting the rather isolated position of the genus. Floral development indicates the apparently terminal flower pair to be lateral and to consist of a typical dyad. The gynoecium consists of three carpels with ventral sutures open, and ovules initiated directly on the large apex of the floral axis (Uhl and Dransfield 1984). The flowers are among the largest in the palms, and also unusual is the development of first the staminate and later the hermaphroditic flowers, so that at any one time the plant seems to bear large solitary flowers.\r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Eugeissona is strongly supported as monophyletic (Baker et al. 2000a, 2000b). For relationships, see Eugeissoneae. The dyad of a hermaphroditic and a staminate flower is found elsewhere only in Metroxylon.\r
+</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>All species have a wide range of local uses. Sago from the stems of E. utilis forms the staple of the nomadic Penan people of Borneo and E. insignis can be used similarly. Leaves of all species may provide thatch. \r
+Petioles are used in the manufacture of blinds, blowpipe darts and toys, and the pith of the petioles for the occlusions on blowpipe darts. The young endosperm is edible and even the pollen has been eaten. Stilt roots of E. minor make excellent walking sticks. Eugeissona tristis has become a serious pest of Hill Dipterocarp forest in Malaya, where it dominates the undergrowth after logging, thereby preventing regeneration of commercially important timber trees.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield (1970).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>The large, thick-walled, extended monosulcate pollen of some species of Eugeissona is distinctive. Similar pollen, with uniformly coarse reticulate pollen grains, referred to E. minor (Muller 1972, 1979, 1981), is known from the ‘oldest’ Middle Miocene of Java, the Nanggulan Formation (Morley 1998), and from the Upper Oligocene onwards in Sarawak (Muller 1972). In addition, similar extended sulcate pollen grains, reticulate but with a more coarsely reticulate sulcus margin, described as closely similar to E. insignis, E. tristis and E. utilis, are known from the Middle Miocene of Sarawak (Muller 1972, 1979, 1981). Numerous records of Eugeissona-type fossil pollen grains, similar to those described from Sarawak, have been recovered from India. They are generally described under the fossil genus Quilonipollenites (Rao and Ramanujam 1978), which is named for the Lower Miocene limestone Quilon Beds, of Kerala State, southwestern India. Quilonipollenites occurs throughout the Lower to Middle Miocene deposits of the Kerala Basin, it has also been recovered further north in the Lower Miocene Ratnagiri lignite beds of Maharashtra State (Phadtare and Kulkarni 1980, 1984), where fossil fruits attributed to Eugeissona have also been described (Eugeissonocarpon indicum [Shinde and Kulkarni 1989]). In southwestern India, Quilonipollenites is also known from the Lower to Middle Eocene Neyveli lignites of South Arcot District, Tamil Nadu (Sarma et al. 1984; Ramanujam and Reddy 1984). Morley (1998) speculates on the origins of Eugeissona on the basis of the extended sulcus characteristic that is shared with Longapertites, “Although today Eugeissona is endemic to Borneo and Malaysia, its pollen shows some similarities to members of the fossil genus Longapertites (see Frederiksen 1994), which is recorded widely in the uppermost Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary of South America, West Africa and India, raising the possibility that Eugeissona may be derived from the parent taxon of this group, which is of very ancient origin, with a former pantropical distribution.” Indeed Frederiksen (1994) thinks that, “…Quilonipollenites should be considered a synonym of Longapertites.” However, Frederiksen further comments that some palynologists, “… prefer that Quilonipollenites should be a separate genus based on its coarse ornamentation.” Extended monosulcate pollen, however, is systematically widespread but sporadic in the palms, occurring in the coryphoids (Licuala) and in the arecoids (Areca, Pinanga and Hydriastele), as well as in Eugeissona and Eremospatha (Calamoideae). </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>In Peninsular Malaysia, slow lorises (Nyctecebus coucang) have been recorded visiting the flowers of Eugeissona tristis at night time, sipping the fermented nectar and possibly distributing pollen from one inflorescence to another (Wiens, pers. comm.) </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Bertam (Eugeissona tristis), wild Bornean sago palm (E. utilis). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In Borneo, E. insignis, E. utilis and E. minor usually seem to be associated with poor soils that have abundant humus. They are particularly conspicuous on scarp faces or sharp ridgetops. Eugeissona minor and E. insignis are also found in low-lying ‘kerangas’ (heath) forest. Eugeissona ambigua, known only from the type, was collected on a slightly raised heathy area in the Kapuas lake district of West Kalimantan. In the Malay Peninsula, E. brachystachys is associated with richer soils on hillslopes, particularly where some flushing takes place, and E. tristis is found in a wide range of forest types, from swamp margins to hilltops but grows in greatest abundance on ridgetops up to 1000 m altitude. All but E. ambigua, about which very little is known, grow in large colonies.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Remarkable dioecious stemless or short-trunked ivory palm from northern South America; distinguished by the chunky polyhedral receptacles of the staminate flowers bearing very numerous rounded anthers that appear like grains of sand.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Ammandra</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author> \r
+<citation>J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 220 (1927).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Ammandra decasperma; O.F. Cook.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>ammos — sand, aner — man, referring to the anthers that appear like grains of sand.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, stemless or short-trunked, unarmed, pleonanthic, dioecious palm. Stem extremely short, internodes short, obscured by a loose network of long, slender, straight, sheath fibres. Leaf pinnate; sheath soon disintegrating into a mass of long straight fibres resembling horse hair; petiole erect, long, slender, grooved adaxially at the base, becoming cylindrical distally; leaflets very regular except for the lower-most which may be irregular, stiffly horizontal, the lowest very narrow, the middle lanceolate, the terminal very short, shiny dark green, a midrib and a pair of marginal veins prominent abaxially, the submarginal veins forming a prominent ridge with a resulting outer groove along the leaflet margins, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences, the staminate and pistillate dissimilar; staminate short, racemose, recurved at anthesis, branched to 1 order; peduncle moderate, rounded, glabrous; prophyll tubular, short, shallowly 2-keeled, rounded to a shallow point, splitting apically; complete peduncular bracts l, similar to the propyll but longer, other peduncular bracts few (5 according to Cook) large or small and shallow; rachis slightly longer than the peduncle, bearing spirally arranged, short, terete branches, each subtended by a small pointed bract; first-order branches each bearing ca. 6(–9), crowded, staminate flowers, subtending bracts small, pointed, membranous or not evident. Staminate flowers with a short terete stalk; perianth consisting of a low membranous rim or absent; floral receptacle chunky with several flat sides all bearing irregularly to somewhat spirally arranged stamens, filaments very short, appressed, or briefly elongate, anthers short, rounded or ± elongate, basifixed, latrorse; pistillode terminal, conical, whitish, irregular in position. Pollen brevi-ellipsoidal to spheroidal, usually ± symmetric; aperture a distal brevi sulcus or large pore; ectexine semi-tectate, foveolate or reticulate, aperture margin psilate; infratectum columellate; longest axis 70–85 µm [1/1]. Pistillate inflorescence head-like, unbranched; prophyll tubular, short, 2-keeled laterally, flattened, pointed, splitting along one side; peduncular bracts several, the first complete, tubular, rounded, with a short pointed tip, splitting apically on one side, the second and third bracts incomplete, short, united basally to form a tube, distal parts distinct, triangular, fourth to sixth bracts also united basally into a shorter tube with distinct, tapering tips, seventh and eight bracts united basally on one side, open on the other side. Pistillate flowers spirally arranged, closely appressed, each subtended by a bract; sepals ± 4, narrow, elongate; petals ± 4, like the sepals but longer and somewhat wider, variously wrinkled; staminodes apparently absent; gynoecium consisting of ca. 8 carpels, connate laterally, ovarian part terete, tapering into an elongate, cylindrical style and ca. 8, curly, elongate stigmas, conduplicately folded, bearing stigmatoid tissue along the margins. Fruits borne in large head-like clusters of 3–6, clusters smaller than those of Phytelephas, each fruit rounded, covered in large, pointed warts, stylar remains terminal, forming a large beak; epicarp with short, close fibres, mesocarp fibres fine, endocarp shell-like with adherent fibres enclosing each seed. Seed ± kidney-shaped, hilum basal, raphe fibres parallel, ascending, with short branches forming grooves in the endosperm, endosperm homogeneous, very hard; embryo lateral near the base. Germination remote-ligular; eophyll pinnate. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species known from the western coastal regions of Colombia and a disjunct population in eastern Colombia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaves (Barfod 1991) and root (Seubert 1996b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Phytelephas.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Used for vegetable ivory and thatch.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Barfod (1991).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>For diagnostic characters see notes under Phytelephas.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Ivory palms, tagua, cabecita.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>An undergrowth palm in forests where rainfall is heavy and nearly continuous throughout the year. Many beetles emerged from inflorescences collected by Cook (1927).</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Notes on the Genus Ammandra (Palmae)</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Bernal</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Ramírez</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">G.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Morales</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">R.I.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Palms 45(3) 123-126</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>2001</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Ammandra decasperma</name>
+<author>O.F.Cook</author>
+<citation>J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 220 (1927)</citation>
+<type>Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura, 26 May 1926; Cook and Baker; 153</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype US</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phytelephas decasperma</name>
+<author>(O.F.Cook) Dahlgren</author>
+<bibref>(O.F.Cook) Dahlgren, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 14: 231 (1936)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Phytelephas dasyneura</name>
+<author>Burret</author>
+<bibref>Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 5 (1930)</bibref>
+<type>Colombia. Caqueta: Getuchá, Río Orteguaza, 30 Jul 1926; Woronow & Juzepczuk; 6335</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype B destroyed; lectotype LE (Barfod 1991)</type_loc>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Ammandra dasyneura</name>
+<author>(Burret) Barfod</author>
+<bibref>(Burret) Barfod, Opera Bot. 105: 43 (1991)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary or clustered dioecious palm, with stems short and subterranean,o r prostratea nd up to 1.5 m long and 25-35 cm in diameter, usually decaying at the older portions. Leaves 8-20 erect or arching; sheath l-1.7 m long, strongly fibrous, most of it appearing like the petiole; petiole cylindrical, l-2.4 m long, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, green; rachis 3.3-4 m long, with 40-62 pinnae; middle pinnae opposite, to 85 cm long and 5 cm wide, glabrous, with a prominent submarginal vein on either side of the midvein. Inflorescences interfoliar, the staminate up to 1.4 m long; peduncle 30-75 cm; peduncular bract 35-50 cm long; rachis 3O-92 cm long; rachillae 45-90, each with 6-9 flowers 0.5-3 cm long, the proximal ones larger and with more stamens; perianth obscure, hidden by the enlarged receptacle, the latter making the most conspicuous part of the flower; receptacle prismatic, to 1.5 cm long, with a small, central pistillode; stamens 300-1321; filaments 0.1-0.9 mm long; anthers 0.5-1.7 mm long. Pistillate inflorescence with peduncle to 30 cm long; peduncular bt'act 15*30 cm long; pistillate flowers 6-10 densely arranged in a head on a short rachis 1-2.5 cm long, each flower up to 25 cm long, with 7-10 narrow tepals to 10 cm long; ovary with 6-10 locules; style to 7 cm long; stigmas to 5 cm long. Infructescence2O-25 cm diameter, with 3-10 fruits. Fruit depressed-globose1,0 -12 cm diameter, with woody spiny projections to L cm long; seeds 6-10, wedge-shaped, with two flat sides, the distal surface convex, 4.5-5 cm long, 3-4 cm wide,2.2-3 cm along the tangential face. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined">COLOMBIA. Boyacá: Municipio de Puerto Boyacá, Puerto Pinzón, on rio Ermitaño, 6˚ 03' N, 74˚ 14' W, 450 m, Jan 2OOO, Ramírez & Morales s.n. (COL); 2 Nov 2000, Bernal et al. 2506 (COL, HUA, NY), 2507 (COL, HUA).<p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Elegant solitary or clustering pinnate-leaved palms from Central and South America and the Caribbean, with tall graceful stems, and regularly and finely pinnate leaves; the inflorescences have grey-white rachillae.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Euterpe</name>\r
+<author>Mart.</author> \r
+<citation>Hist. nat. palm. 2: 28 (1823); emended 3: 165 (1837); 3: 230 (ed 2) (1845)</citation> \r
+<type>Type; Euterpe oleracea; Mart.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Catis</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 557 (1901).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Catis martiana; O.F.Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Plectis</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 352 (1904).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Plectis oweniana; O.F.Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Rooseveltia</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 98(7): 21 (1939).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Rooseveltia frankliniana; O.F.Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named after one of the nine Muses of Greek mythology.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Moderate to large, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, sometimes slender, obscurely to distinctly ringed with leaf scars, grey to white, base sometimes enlarged. Leaves few in crown, often spreading, pinnate; sheath elongate, tubular, forming a prominent crownshaft, smooth, variously glaucous, tomentose, or with scales, with or without a prominent, fibrous, adaxial ligule; petiole very short or absent, rarely elongate, slender, deeply concave adaxially, or flat with a central ridge, rounded abaxially, with scattered dark brown to blackish, branched scales or deciduous tomentum on both surfaces, usually denser adaxially; rachis slender, rounded abaxially, channelled adaxially near the base, distally angled, with dark brown to blackish scales more numerous adaxially; leaflets often ± pendulous, narrow, lanceolate, single-fold, tips long-attenuate, pointed, midrib conspicuous, 1 or 2 pairs of large veins also evident, deciduous tattered scales often prominent abaxially along midribs and larger veins, other elliptic scales present or absent abaxially and near the base adaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences axillary, infrafoliar at anthesis, erect in bud, branched to 1 order; peduncle short, often dorsiventrally compressed, covered with scales, tomentum, or hairs, minutely brown-dotted or rarely glabrous; prophyll tubular, elongate, flattened dorsiventrally, inserted obliquely near the base of the peduncle, chartaceous, with scattered sometimes black, tattered-peltate scales, or ± glabrous, margins with wide flat keels, tip usually rounded, splitting abaxially below the tip; peduncular bract about as long as or longer than the prophyll, tubular, chartaceous, with scales as on the prophyll, tip pointed, hard, a second, incomplete, rather long, pointed peduncular bract sometimes present; rachis longer than the peduncle, covered with dense white, yellow to dark red tomentum; rachillae moderate to long, often slender, becoming pendulous, usually covered with dense white, orange, or dark brownish tomentum, and bearing rather close or distant, spirally arranged bracts, the proximal somewhat elongate, pointed, the distal smaller, often rounded, each subtending a triad of flowers at the base or more distally on the rachilla a pair of staminate or a single staminate flower, the pistillate flower sunken in a pit and surrounded by 2 rounded, stiff bracteoles, one usually larger, the 2 staminate flowers of the triad in shallow indentations above the pistillate flower. Staminate flowers elongate, pointed in bud; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, irregular, rounded to ± pointed, margins often tattered; petals 3, distinct, unequal, asymmetrical, valvate, the tips with short solid points; stamens 6, filaments short, linear, sometimes wider basally, anthers elongate, sagittate, medifixed, latrorse; pistillode 3-lobed, columnar. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, or perforate and micro-channelled and rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 35–57 µm [4/8]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, margins often lacerate, from ca. 1/4 to 2/3 as long as the petals; petals 3, distinct, imbricate, margins irregular, tips with solid points; staminodes usually absent (present in Euterpe luminosa); gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3 short, fleshy, recurved, ovule probably hemianatropous, laterally attached. Fruit subglobose or rarely ellipsoid, small to moderate, single-seeded, stigmatic remains lateral to subapical; epicarp smooth, minutely pebbled when dry, mesocarp rather thin with radially arranged sclereid bundles and an inner layer of thin flat fibres, endocarp thin, crustaceous, tanniniferous. Seed globose, laterally attached, hilum elongate, ± 2-lobed, raphe branches forming a network, endosperm homogeneous or rarely ruminate; embryo subbasal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid or pinnate with narrow leaflets. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Seven species from the Lesser Antilles and Central America south through Brazil to Peru and Bolivia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 196l, Roth 1990); root, leaflets,and fruits of Euterpe oleracea (Elias de Paula 1975); stems, leavesand roots (Henderson and Galeano 1996), root (Seubert 1998a,1998b), and fruit (Moegenburg 2003).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Euterpe is monophyletic (Henderson 1999a).The genus is resolved as sister to a clade of Neonicholsonia,Oenocarpus and Prestoea with moderate support (Asmussen etal. 2006, Baker et al. in review), or as sister to all Euterpeae(Henderson 1999a).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>The‘cabbage’ is edible and much prized, being sweet andsucculent and the most common source of hearts of palm inthe Americas. Fruits of some species are used in preserves andbeverages. Unopened inflorescences are made into pickles.The hard outer part of the stem may be used as planks, andleaves for thatch.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Henderson and Galeano (1996).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Reproductive biology of Euterpe precatoria was studiedby Küchmeister et al. (1997).\r
+Henderson (1999a) published a phylogenetic study of Euterpeinae (= Euterpeae sensu Genera Palmarum 2nd edition) based on morphology and anatomy. This clarified the differences between Euterpe and Prestoea, two genera that had been much confused previously. Euterpe differs in its pendulous pinnae and a lack of an ocrea, whereas Prestoea possesses an ocrea and does not have pendulous pinnae. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Assai palms, manaco. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Occurring in lowland rain forest and montane forests and swamps, often along rivers, but sometimes at higher elevations. Euterpe has a wide altitudinal range occurring from swamps at very low elevation to 2500 m on mountain slopes. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Euterpe catinga</name>
+<author>Wallace</author>
+<citation>Palm Trees Amazon: 27 (1853)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Subcanopy to canopy palm. Stems clustered, to 20 m tall, 10-15 cm in diameter. Leaves to 3 m long; crownshaft sometimes orange or red; petiole with numerous black adpressed scales; pinnae 40-60 on each side, regularly inserted, narrow, slightly pendulous, the central ones 40-70 cm long. Inflorescence erect, 30-50 cm long, with up to 100 branches inserted on all sides of the axis, these 3-4 mm in diameter and covered with short, whitish brown hairs. Fruits black, globose, ca. 1 cm in diameter. Endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaves deeply bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Patchily distributed E of the Andes in Venezuala, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil, in white sand areas below 350 m elevation and on the Andean slopes at 1100-1800 m elevation. In Ecuador it is known only from the mouth of the Pastaza valley near Puyo, in floodplain forest or in pasture.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Two varieties are recognised. The Ecuadorian plants belong to var. roraimae (Dammer) A. J. Hend. & Galeano</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Euterpe catinga var. roraimae</name>
+<author>(Dammer) A.J.Hend. & Galeano</author>
+<citation>Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 72: 28 (1996)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>The variety is recognised by its densely black-scaly petiole</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Known from the Guayana higlands, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Euterpe oleracea</name>
+<author>Mart.</author>
+<citation>Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 29 (1824)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stems clustered, to 20 m tall 10-20 cm in diameter. Leaves to 4 m long; crownshaft bluish green; petiole green, glabrous; pinnae to 100 on each side, regularly inserted, narrow, strongly pendulous, the central ones 60-110 cm long and 3-5 cm wide. Inflorescence erect, with axis 40-100 cm long; branches to 150, usually inserted on all sides of the rachis, to 70 cm long, 3-4 mm in diameter, densely covered with short, whitish brown hairs. Fruits black, globose, 1-2 cm in diameter. Endosperm ruminate. Seedling leaves deeply bifid.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Coastal regions in Brazil, Guyanas, Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, in tidal fresh water swamps and in regularly inundated areas along rivers and streams. In Ecuador it is abundant in the river delta region in the NW (San Lorenzo, Borb�n).</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Euterpe precatoria</name>
+<author>Mart. in A.D.d'Orbigny</author>
+<citation>Voy. Am�r. M�r. 7(3): 10 (1842)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Canopy palm. Stems solitary, or rarely clustered and then few together, to 20 m tall, 15-30 cm in diameter. Leaves to 4 m long; crownshaft yellowish green; petiole green, glabrous; pinnae numerous, regularly inserted, narrow, strongly pendulous, the central ones 50-85 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. Inflorescence erect, with axis 40-100 cm long; branches to 200, usually confined to the lower (abaxial) side of the rachis, 30-80 cm long, 3-5 mm in diameter, densely covered with whitish hairs. Fruits black, globose, ca. 1.5 cm in diameter. Endosperm homogeneous. Seedling leaves pinnately divided, the first ones with 2 pinnae on each side, appearing palmate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Central America to Bolivia, up to 2000 m elevation. In Ecuador it occurs on both sides of the Andes, on terra firme, or east of the Andes also on poorly drained soil.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Two varieties are recognised, both of which occur in Ecuador.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Euterpe precatoria var. longevaginata</name>
+<author>(Mart.) A.J.Hend.</author>
+<citation>Palms Amazon: 111 (1995)</citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stems relatively short, solitary or clustered. Leaf rachis covered with small brown to black scales on the lower surface; pinnae moderately pendulous, 2-3 cm wide, with 2 major veins on each side of the mid-rib.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Low to high elevations in the Andes and Central America.
+Distribution in Ecuador. Plants from W Ecuador and the Andes belong to this variety.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Manual to the palms of Ecuador</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Borchsenius</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">F.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Pedersen</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.B.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Balslev</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">H.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>AAU Reports 37. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark in collaboration with Pontificia Universidad Cat�lica del Ecuador</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1998</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Euterpe precatoria var. precatoria</name>
+<author></author>
+<citation></citation>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Stem tall, solitary. Leaf rachis with few scales; pinnae strongly pendulous, 1-2 cm wide, with 1 major lateral vein on each side of the mid-rib. Low elevations in the Amazon region.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Low elevations in the Amazon region.
+Distribution in Ecuador. Plants from the E lowlands of Ecuador belong to this variety.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p></p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Solitary, moderate or tall pinnate-leaved monoecious palms from Central America and the Caribbean; stems often bear many inflorescences at the same time; flowers are borne in groups of 3–7.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Gaussia</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl.</author>\r
+<citation>Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Geor g-Augusts-Univ. 327 (1865).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Gaussia princeps; H. Wendl.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Aeria</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 547 (1901).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Aeria attenuata; O.F. Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Opsiandra</name>\r
+<author>O.F. Cook</author>\r
+<bibref>O.F. Cook, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 13: 182 (1923).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Opsiandra maya; O.F. Cook</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Commemorates German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855).</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, moderate or tall, unarmed, monoecious, pleonanthic palms.</p></div>\r
+Stem occasionally leaning, brown or grey to whitish, straight or somewhat ventricose basally or near the middle, leaf scars prominent and broad, or inconspicuous, roots bearing small prickly lateral roots in a prominent mass at base of trunk. Leaves pinnate; sheath wide basally, narrowing distally into the petiole, split opposite the petiole at maturity, not forming a distinct crownshaft, upper edges reflexed, edges sometimes shredded; petiole short, subterete, only narrowly and shallowly channelled adaxially; rachis prominently ridged adaxially, ± rounded abaxially; leaflets acute, single-fold, broadly reduplicate at insertion, obscurely or prominately pulvinate above, lightly waxy, midribs prominent with 2 or more conspicuous secondary pairs of ribs, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences interfoliar, not long-persistent, falling with or soon after the subtending leaves, branching to 2–3 orders; peduncle elongate, ascending; prophyll very short, tubular, flat, ± 2-keeled, pointed, open at apex; peduncular bracts 4–7, each progressively longer, tubular with obliquely open apices, the distal usually reaching or exceeding the base of the first-flowering branches; rachis about as long as the peduncle; first-order branches numerous, crowded, spirally inserted; rachillae glabrous, slender, lacking bracts, bearing spirally arranged rows of flowers (acervuli) of a proximal pistillate and (2–)3–7, distal staminate, the distal flower opening first, the pistillate maturing and expanding normally when all the staminate have been shed, all flowers caducous after anthesis unless fertilised. Flowers small, green in bud, yellow or yellow-green at anthesis. Staminate flowers ovoid to ellipsoid in bud; sepals 3, rounded, imbricate basally; petals 3, valvate, strongly nerved in bud (when dry), fleshy or thin and not prominently nerved when expanded; stamens 6, filaments subulate, very short or well developed, not inflexed at the apex in bud, emarginate or deeply divided apically, anthers dorsifixed above the middle, deeply sagittate or bifid at the base, shallowly bifid at the apex; pistillode angled-columnar, as long as the stamens in bud. Pollen ellipsoidal, slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, scabrate and finely perforate including aperture margin or, finely perforate-reticulate with broad, scabrate, finely perforate aperture margin; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 25–40 µm; post-meiotic tetrads usually tetrahedral, occasionally tetragonal or rhomboidal [3/5]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, rounded, imbricate basally; petals 3, narrowly imbricate basally and subvalvate to valvate distally, the tips spreading at anthesis; staminodes 6, minute, tooth-like; gynoecium angled-ovoid, with 3 recurved stigmas, trilocular, triovulate, ovules laterally attached, with funicular aril, campylotropous. Fruit ellipsoidal or globose to kidney-shaped, red or deep orange, fleshy, with basal stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth, mesocarp lacking anastomosing fibres against the membranous endocarp. Seed ellipsoidal to kidney-shaped or subglobose, not adherent to the endocarp, with stalked or indistinct, round basal hilum, raphe not evident, raphe branches few, sparsely branched, ascending adaxially, curved laterally, descending abaxially toward the embryo, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral. Germination and eophyll not recorded. Cytology: 2n = 28. \r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Five species, occurring in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Gaussia is monophyletic with high support (Cuenca and Asmussen-Lange 2007). For relationships, see Chamaedorea. In addition, a phylogeny based on morphology alone places Gaussia as sister to the rest of tribe Chamaedoreeae (Cuenca-Navarro 2007). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Local uses are not recorded. Species are rarely grown as ornamentals. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Quero and Read (1986), Beccari (1912)and Moya Lopez and Leiva (1991).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Species of Gaussia superficially resemble Pseudophoenixspp. However, they are easily recognised because they havegrouped unisexual flowers rather than solitary hermaphroditicflowers.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Llume palm (Gaussia attenuata), maya palm (G. maya). </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>On limestone hills (mogotes), sometimes growing from crevices in very steep rocks and at low elevations on limestone escarpments or low hills, often on pyramids in the archeological region of Guatemala, less frequently on the forest floor in high forest over limestone.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Extremely variable genus of mostly rather small solitary or clustering palms from rain forest in Central and South America, with distinctive anthers with divergent thecae.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Geonoma</name>\r
+<author>Willd.</author> \r
+<citation>Sp. pl. 4(1): 174, 593 (1805).</citation>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Geonoma simplicifrons; Willd.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Vouay</name>\r
+<author>Aubl.</author>\r
+<bibref>Aubl., Hist. pl. Guiane 2 (Appendix): 99 (1775)</bibref>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Gynestum</name>\r
+<author>Poit.</author>\r
+<bibref>Poit., Mém Mus. Hist. Nat. 9: 387 (1822).</bibref>\r
+<type>Lectotype; Gynestum maximum; Poit.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Roebelia</name>\r
+<author>Engel</author>\r
+<bibref>Engel, Linnaea 33: 680 (1865).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Roebelia solitaria; Engel</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Kalbreyera</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 63: 142 (1930).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Kalbreyera triandra; Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Taenianthera</name>\r
+<author>Burret</author>\r
+<bibref>Burret, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 63: 267 (1930).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Taenianthera macrostachys; (Mart.) Burret</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Geonomos — colonist, presumably referring to the clustering, spreading habit of many species.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem very short, subterranean, erect, or creeping, slender, sometimes tall, enclosed by thin leaf sheaths, becoming bare, usually cane-like, ringed with close or distant, conspicuous or inconspicuous leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, regularly or irregularly divided, or entire and bifid; sheath short, splitting opposite the petiole, margins fibrous, glabrous or variously tomentose; petiole short to long, slightly grooved or flattened adaxially, rounded abaxially, glabrous or tomentose; blade bifid, or with 2 or 3 pairs of leaflets, or irregularly divided, or nearly evenly pinnate, thin and papery or somewhat leathery, usually glabrous adaxially, glabrous, tomentose or with scales abaxially, especially along the main ribs, uniseriate hairs present or absent, midribs of single folds conspicuous, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences solitary, interfoliar or infrafoliar, spicate, forked, or branched to 3(–4) orders, protandrous where known; peduncle very short to very long, glabrous or tomentose; prophyll tubular, short to long, pointed, very briefly 2-keeled laterally, membranous or leathery, glabrous or variously tomentose; peduncular bracts (0–)1(–2), short or long, deciduous or persistent, like the prophyll; rachillae straight or folded and twisted in bud, short to moderate, bearing rounded, truncate, or distally split, ± raised bracts, laterally adnate to the branch, decussate, spiral, or whorled and in definite rows, bracts closely appressed and the rachillae larger than the peduncle in diameter, or bracts more distant and the rachillae narrow, each bract subtending a triad of flowers sunken in a pit, pits without upper lip or upper lip distinct, glabrous or hairy, pit cavity glabrous or variously hairy; floral bracteoles 3, irregular, small, membranous. Staminate flowers about 1/2 exserted from the pit; sepals 3, distinct, chaffy, narrow, elongate, tips rounded, keeled or not; petals 3, connate for 2/3 their length, tips distinct, valvate; stamens (3) 6 (rarely more), filaments united with receptacle in a stalk-like base, connate in a tube above the base, free, narrow, flat, long or short distally, inflexed near the tip in bud, anthers borne at tips of the filaments, connective divided, thecae elongate, free and divaricate, or short and united, introrse; pistillode small, round, 3-lobed. Pollen ellipsoidal, usually with either slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate or perforate and/or micro-channelled, and rugulate, aperture margin usually slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 22–48 µm [28/59]. Pistillate flowers sunken in the pit with only the tips of the floral organs exserted; sepals 3, united basally and adnate to the receptacle, often keeled, free and imbricate distally; petals 3, connate in a soft tube, briefly adnate to receptacle basally, ending in 3, valvate, chaffy, spreading lobes; staminodes united in a tube, truncate, 6-toothed or 6-lobed, lobes, if present, spreading at anthesis, tubes basally adnate to the receptacle, and sometimes also the corolla tube; gynoecium tricarpellate but 2 carpels vestigial at anthesis, unilocular, uniovulate, ovule anatropous, style tubular, lateral to basal, elongate, ending in 3 linear stigmas, recurved at anthesis. Fruit ±globose, sometimes somewhat pointed, green, brown, or purple-black, 1-seeded, stigmatic remains basal, the rachillae often becoming brightly coloured; epicarp, thin smooth, mesocarp thin, with narrow longitudinal fibres, endocarp thin, crustaceous to membranous. Seed ± globose, hilum short, basal, raphe encircling the seed, endosperm homogeneous; embryo erect basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology: 2n = 28.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Fifty-nine or more species ranging from Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Tomlinson 1961, Roth 1990), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b), floral (Uhl and Moore 1971, Stauffer and Endress 2003), and leaf and fruit (Wessels Boer 1968). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Geonoma is monophyletic with high support (Asmussen 1999a, Roncal et al. 2005). The genus is resolved as sister to a clade of Calyptronoma and Calyptrogyne with low support (Asmussen et al. 2006) or as sister to Asterogyne also with low support (Baker et al. in review).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Many species are desirable ornamentals; some are also used for thatch. Young ‘cabbage’ is sometimes eaten.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Wessels Boer (1968); see also Henderson et al. (1995). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>Pinnate leaf material (Phoenicites/Geonomites/ Hemiphoenicites) from the Tertiary of Italy (Verona) was first described by de Visiani (1864); the genus has since been sunk into the synonomy of the redefined Phoenicites of Read and Hickey (1972). Other records of Geonomites include that of Berry (1924): G. claibornensis from the Middle Eocene Claiborne Flora of southeastern North America. Whether the fossil genus has any affinity with extant Geonoma seems doubtful. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The reduction of two locules in the gynoecium makes this, the largest genus in the tribe, immediately distinct from the other genera. Sometimes a definite ‘upper lip’ on the pit-closing bracts is lacking.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>For local names, see Glassman (1972).</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>All species are understorey rain forest palms, occurring at low to high elevations, including some of the highest elevations recorded for palms in South America. (G. weberbaueri has been recorded at 3150 m above sea level [Henderson et al. 1995].)</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Dwarf clustering ± stemless dioecious fan palms of karst limestone in southern China and northern Vietnam, instantly recognizable by the leaf blades partially split into reduplicate segments.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Guihaia</name>\r
+<author>J. Dransf., S.K. Lee and F.N. Wei</author>\r
+<citation>Principes 29: 7 (1985).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Guihaia argyrata; (S.K. Lee and F.N. Wei) S.K. Lee, F.N. Wei and J. Dransf.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Named after the area referred to as Gui Hai in old Chinese literature and including the karst limestone areas of Guangxi.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Dwarf, clustering, acaulescent, unarmed or armed, pleonanthic, dioecious palms. Stem decumbent or erect, very short, clothed with persistent petiole bases and sheaths. Leaves reduplicate, palmate, marcescent; sheath disintegrating into an interwoven mass of coarse, erect, black, spine-like fibres or into a tongue-shaped lattice of coarse flat fibres; petiole moderate, unarmed, abaxially rounded, adaxially flattened or slightly rounded, the margins quite sharp, bearing caducous woolly hairs; adaxial hastula rounded, glabrous or bearded with woolly hairs; lamina orbicular or cuneate, rather small, divided to 3/4 to 4/5 the radius, or nearly to the insertion along the abaxial ribs, into several (ca. 20), ± linear, single or rarely 2-fold reduplicate segments, minutely bifid at the tips, the outermost segments consisting of 1–2 folds only, margins of the segments minutely toothed or smooth, lamina adaxially dark green, glabrous except for scales along the ribs, abaxially covered with a dense felt of silvery woolly hairs or glabrous except for scattered dot-like scales, transverse veinlets obscure or evident. Inflorescences solitary, axillary, interfoliar, branching to 4 orders, staminate and pistillate superficially similar; prophyll elongate, tubular, 2-keeled, thin, somewhat coriaceous, apically splitting along 2 sides, glabrous or bearing caducous hairs; peduncle elongate, ± flattened, caducously scaly; peduncular bracts absent; rachis longer or shorter than the peduncle; rachis bracts ca. 2–5, similar to the prophyll but not 2-keeled, with tattering limb; first-order branches 4–5, adnate to the rachis to just below the insertion of the following bract; subsequent bracts minute, scarcely evident; rachillae spreading, few to numerous, very slender, ± straight, glabrous, or bearing scattered caducous scales and spirally arranged solitary flowers borne on very low swellings. Staminate flowers extremely small, symmetrical; sepals 3, distinct except at the very base, basally imbricate, ± rounded to ovate, abaxially bearing hairs and fringed with wool-like hairs; petals longer than the sepals, basally connate ca. 1/3 – 1/2 their length, with rounded lobes, glabrous; stamens 6, the filaments not forming a staminal tube, but completely adnate to the corolla, anthers ± rounded, didymous, apparently inserted directly on the corolla, latrorse; pistillode absent. Pollen ellipsoidal, bi-symmetric or slightly asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, or foveolate-reticulate, aperture margin slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 17–24 µm [2/2]. Pistillate flowers similar to the staminate but perhaps more rounded; sepals as in the staminate; petals only slightly longer than to more than twice as long as the sepals, joined in the basal ca. 1/3; staminodes 6, borne directly on the petals; carpels 3, distinct, glabrous, ± abruptly narrowed to a short style, ovule basally attached. Fruit developing from only 1 carpel, rounded to ellipsoidal, blue-black and bearing thin white wax, the stigmatic remains apical, the abortive carpels basal; epicarp glabrous, mesocarp very thin, fleshy, endocarp papery. Seed ± flattened on one side with lateral hilum and a well-defined, rounded intrusion of integument, endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral. Germination remote-tubular; eophyll entire, plicate, very narrow. Cytology: 2n = 36.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Two species, Guihaia argyrataendemic to south China (Guangxi and Guangdong), G.grossifibrosa in northern Vietnam and southwestern Guangxi.</p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Roots (Seubert 1997).</p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>The monophyly of Guihaia has not beentested. There are two different hypotheses on the placementof the genus within subtribe Rhapidinae. One places thegenus as sister to Rhapis with high support (Uhl et al. 1995,Baker et al. in review) and the other resolves Guihaia as sisterto Trachycarpus with moderate support (Asmussen et al. 2006).</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>These elegant palms make fine ornamentals, but remain rarein cultivation; as far as is known, they have no local uses.</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Dransfield et al. (1985b).</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>The extraordinary reduplicate leaf immediately sets thegenus apart from all other coryphoid palms (but see Licuala).</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Common names not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Confined to steep karst limestone hill slopes and crevices inwarm temperate to subtropical climates, at low elevations (ca.200 m above sea level), occurring to about 26º N.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Guihaia, a New Coryphoid Genus from China and Vietnam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Shu-kang</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fa-nan</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 29: 3-12</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1985</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Guihaia argyrata</name>
+<author>(S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei) S.K.Lee, F.N.Wei & J.Dransf.</author>
+<citation>Principes 29: 9 (1985)</citation>
+<type>China, Guangxi, Yanshuo, 27.5.1964; F. N. Wei; 937</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype IBK</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Trachycarpus argyratus</name>
+<author>S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei</author>
+<bibref>S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei, Guihaia 2: 131 (1982)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Low clustering fan palm to ca. 1 m tall; stem decumbent or erect, very short, ca. 3-5 cm diam., sometimes up to 0.5 m tall, with very close leaf scars, the stem usually completely obscured by the old leaf sheaths. Leaves several in crown, spreading; sheath tubular at first, expanding into very sharp needle-like, erect dark brown fibers to ca. 14 cm long, ca. 1 mm wide; petiole up to ca. 1 m long, usually less, much shorter in exposed individuals, ca. 11 mm wide near the base, very slightly narrowed distally, ± hemispherical in cross section, bearing caducous silky hairs when young; adaxial hastula ca. 1 x 1 cm, fringed with hairs when young; lamina ca. 20-60 cm diam. in mid-line, divided to ca. 3/4 to 4/5 into up to ca. 26 single-fold (rarely two-fold) reduplicate segments, up to ca. 2.5 cm wide, the outermost segments very narrow, the segment tips very briefly bifid, adaxial surface dark green, abaxial surface silvery grey hairy. Inflorescences 30-80 cm long, with 2-5 partial inflorescences branching to the 4th order; rachillae very slender, the pistillate to 50 x 0.5 mm, the staminate usually shorter and even more slender. Staminate flower in bud ca. 1.5 mm long or less; sepals ca. 1 x 0.8 mm; corolla ca. 1.2 mm long, the lobes ca. 0.8 mm wide; anthers ca. 0.3 mm diam. Pistillate flower ca. 1.5 mm long; sepals ca. 1 x 0.8 mm; corolla ca. 1.2 mm, the lobes ca. 1 mm wide; staminodes minute, the empty anthers ca. 0.2 mm long; carpels ca. 0.5 x 0.4 mm. Mature fruit subglobose up to ca. 6 mm diam.; epicarp blue-black, waxy; seed ca. 4-5 mm diam. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Flowers open towards the end of May until June. Fruit ripens at the end of October to November.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>CHINA. Guangxi: Guilin, Wei Fa-nan 409 (18K), 1513 (18K), 1524 (18K), Chen San-yang 18869, 18870 (HITBC); Lungzhou (Longzhou), Morse 195 (K); Tianyang, Li Chung-ti 601840 (KUN); Rongan (Ch'ang An), Steward & Cheo 1196 (A, P); Yanshuo, Chen Zhao-zhou 53103 (18K), Wei Fa-nan 937 (holotype 18K); Jingxi, Chang Chao-chien 4479 (IBK), Chung Chihsing 84063 (IBK), 82372 (IBK). Guangdong: Yinde, Wei Chao-ftn 123182 (IBSC). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>Guihaia, a New Coryphoid Genus from China and Vietnam</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Shu-kang</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">L.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:name type="personal">
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fa-nan</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.</mods:namePart>
+<role>
+<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
+<roleTerm type="code">aut</roleTerm>
+</role>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Principes 29: 3-12</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1985</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Guihaia grossifibrosa</name>
+<author>(Gagnep.) J.Dransf., S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei</author>
+<citation>Principes 29: 12 (1985)</citation>
+<type>Vietnam, Vinh Province, Lin-ca; Poilane; 16383</type>
+<type_loc>Holotype P</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhapis grossifibrosa</name>
+<author>Gagnep.</author>
+<bibref>Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 6: 159 (1937)</bibref>
+<bibref>Humbert, Fl. Gimerale de l'Indochine 6: 994. 1937.</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering fan palm to ca. 1.8 m tall; stem erect or decumbent, ca. 1 m tall, 23 cm diam. Leaves several in crown; sheath tubular, prolonged into a triangular tongue-like lobe to 10 cm opposite the petiole, distintegrating into a lattice of broad flat fibers but the margins remaining entire; petiole usually 40-50 cm long, the longest up to 1.8 m, ca. 3-4 mm wide, ± hemispherical in cross-section, unarmed, bearing scattered caducous scales; adaxial hastula rounded, ca. 6 mm x 6 mm, fringed with caducous hairs; lamina to ca. 35 cm diam. at the mid-line, divided to ca. 'Ys or almost to the insertion into ca. 10-21 single-fold (rarely two-fold) reduplicate segments up to ca. 15 mm wide, the outermost segments very narrow, the segment tips very briefly bifid, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface slightly paler, with very sparse dot-like scales; transverse veinlets short, conspicuous. Inflorescences 80 cm long, with 25 partial inflorescences branching to the 4th order; peduncle to ca. 40 cm long bearing a single peduncular bract; rachis shorter than the peduncle; rachillae to 10 cm x 1 mm or less. Staminate flower ca. 2.2 mm long; sepals ca. 0.8 x 0.8 mm, apex mucronate; corolla ca. 2 mm long, the lobes ca. 1.5 mm wide, with appendage on adaxial surface; anthers ca. 0.3 mm diam. Pistillate flower ca. 2.2 x 1.5 mm; sepals ca. 1 x 1 mm ovate-orbicular, glabrous; corolla ca. 2 mm long, the lobes ca. 1.5 mm wide, with appendage on adaxial surface; staminodes minute, the empty anthers ca. 0.3 mm long; carpels ca. 0.6 x 0.4 mm. Mature fruit ± ellipsoidal, ca. 6-8 x 4-5 mm; epicarp blueblack; seed ± ellipsoidal ca. 5 x 2.5 mm. </p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p></p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>VIETNAM, Vinh Province, massif de Lin Ca, 27. 7. 1929, Poilane 16383 (holotype P). CHINA. Guangxi, Gou Chang, Feng Wang Shan, 20. 6. 1955, Guangxi Expedition 493 (PE); Daxin, 13. 8. 1958, Zhang Zongxiang Wang Shan-ling 3952, (fr., IBK); Debao, 27. 5. 1983, Wei Fa-nan 1562 (fl. ♀, IBK), 1563 (fl. ♂, IBK). Guangdong, Yangchun, 3. 5. 1957, S. China Bot. Inst. 03373 (IBSC). </p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Moderate, solitary pinnate-leaved palm endemic to Lord Howe Island, with a conspicuous white crownshaft.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Hedyscepe</name>\r
+<author>H. Wendl. and Drude</author> \r
+<citation>Linnaea 39: 178, 203 (1875).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Hedyscepe canterburyana; (C. Moore and F. Muell.) H. Wendl. and Drude</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Hedys — pleasant, skepe — shade, in allusion to its local name, umbrella palm.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, moderate, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palm. Stem rather stout, conspicuously ringed with narrow, raised, whitish leaf scars. Leaves pinnate, stiff, arching; sheath forming a prominent crownshaft, thick, striate, densely covered with white wax and scattered small brown scales; petiole very short, stout, adaxially grooved, abaxially rounded; leaflets subopposite, rather short, lanceolate, pointed, proximal and distal leaflets distinctly narrower and shorter, stiff, ±erect, single-fold, adaxially glabrous, abaxially tomentose along the margins and scaly along the ribs on both surfaces, midrib and 3 pairs of veins raised adaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, ?protandrous, branched to 1(–3) orders; peduncle short, ± flat, stout, horizontal; prophyll tubular, dorsiventally flattened, pointed but not tapering, with 2 flat lateral keels, chartaceous, deciduous; peduncular bract like the prophyll but not keeled, also caducous; ca. 3 wide ridge-like bracts above the peduncular bract; rachis rather short but longer than the peduncle, bearing low, pointed, spirally arranged bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae divaricate, stout, bearing triads of flowers nearly throughout, distally with a few pairs and single staminate flowers; floral bracteoles, low, pointed. Staminate flowers asymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, slightly imbricate and bulbous or connate basally, narrow, elongate, widely separated, tapering distally, keeled; petals 3, distinct, variously angled, valvate; stamens 9–10 (–12 according to J.D. Hooker [1883]) in 2 series, antesepalous stamens solitary, antepetalous stamens paired, filaments awl-shaped, markedly inflexed at the apex in bud, anthers erect in bud, large, variously curved, linear, emarginate apically, bifid basally, latrorse, connective elongate, tanniniferous; pistillode with a rounded ovarian part and long terete style about as high as the stamens. Pollen grains ellipsoidal, slight asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 55–60 µm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers symmetrical, ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, rounded; petals 3, distinct, imbricate with briefly valvate apices; staminodes 3, small, tooth-like, (?)borne on one side of the gynoecium; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, ovoid with 3 recurved stigmas, ovule laterally attached, form unknown. Fruit broadly ellipsoidal, deep dull red when ripe, stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, mesocarp with a prominent layer of longitudinal, slender fibres over parenchyma and dispersed tannin cells and flat, long fibres adherent to the endocarp, endocarp crustaceous, thin, fragile, not operculate. Seed laterally attached by a broad elongate hilum, raphe branches numerous, anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>One species endemic to LordHowe Island. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig andHernandez 2002). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>For relationships, see Rhopalostylidinae.</p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Occasionally cultivated.</p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Green (1994).</p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found.</p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>Closely related to Rhopalostylis. Differs in having triadsnearly throughout the rachillae, more than six stamens and apistillode with a rounded ovarian base. Also differs in beingprotandrous, Rhopalostylis being protogynous.</p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Big mountain palm, canterbury umbrella palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found on high cliffs above the sea, mostcommon on the more exposed ridges at 600–750 m elevation.</p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Small to moderate, solitary hermaphroditic fan palms endemic to Cuba; leaf sheaths fibrous, petiole bases deeply split at base; fruit very small, white, the seed smooth or shallowly grooved.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Hemithrinax</name>\r
+<author>Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook.f.</author> \r
+<citation>Gen. pl. 3: 930 (1883).</citation>\r
+<type>Type; Trithrinax compacta; Griseb. and H. Wendl.</type>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Combining hemi — half, with the palm generic name Thrinax, presumably referring to the fact that the palms are not quite true Thrinax.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Small to moderate, solitary, unarmed, pleonanthic, hermaphroditic palms. Stem erect, sometimes very short, columnar, smooth or fibrous, sometimes obscured by a skirt of marcescent leaves, obscurely ringed with leaf scars, usually with a basal mass of fibrous roots. Leaves very crowded and congested or more laxly arranged, induplicate, palmate, often irregular; sheath becoming split both opposite the petiole and abaxially, sometimes scarcely fibrous, or disintegrating into irregular curled robust fibres, or fibres free proximally and united distally in a short or greatly elongated ligule-like structure, covered in thick, deciduous tomentum, margins fibrous; petiole very short to moderately elongate, slender, rounded to shallowly ridged both adaxially and abaxially, margins rather sharp; adaxial hastula prominent, triangular or rounded, abaxially hastula ridge-like, moderately conspicuous, rounded or triangular; blade fan-shaped, split to about half to two-thirds its length into single-fold segments, segments lanceolate, pointed and usually bifid apically, glabrous adaxially, sometimes densely covered in wax, abaxially variously scaly, sometimes white, midrib and marginal ribs conspicuous, abaxial surface of lamina with minute dot-like scales, transverse veinlets obscure. Inflorescences interfoliar, lax or congested, scarcely longer than the sheaths and protruding through the split petiole base, or erect, longer than the leaves, branched to 1–3 orders; peduncle rather slender, laterally compressed or rounded in cross-section; prophyll coriaceous, 2-keeled, with triangular tip, splitting apically and abaxially along its entire length (?always); peduncular bracts to 5 or apparently absent in Hemithrinax compacta, elongate, membranous or coriaceous, variously indumentose, with bifid tips, closely sheathing the peduncle and splitting only at the tip; rachis bracts 2 or 3 (H. rivularis, H. ekmaniana) or numerous to ca. 10 (H. compacta), spirally arranged, overlapping and very closely sheathing the rachis, each subtending a first-order branch, variously indumentose; first-order branches tapering, bearing spirally arranged bracts similar to but smaller than the rachis bracts, distally bearing minute triangular bracts subtending second-order branches or rachillae; rachillae slender, very short, much shorter or slightly longer than the rachis, glabrous or variously indumentose, stiff, bearing spirally arranged, small narrow triangular bracts subtending very small solitary flowers, bracteoles apparently lacking. Flowers sessile or borne on very short protuberances; perianth a single cupule with 6 triangular lobes; stamens 6–8, filaments short, basally connate in a ring, connective very broad, anthers oblong-elliptic in outline, dorsifixed and facing outwards at anthesis, forming a low ring around the gynoecium, extrorse; gynoecium consisting of 1 carpel, unilocular, uniovulate, conical, tapering into a short style, approximately twice as long as the androecium, stigma conduplicate, ovule basally attached, erect, campylotropous with a basal aril. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, sometimes pyriform; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, coarsely perforate and micro-channelled, wide psilate and sparsely perforate aperture margin; infratectum columellate; longest axis 24–26 µm. [1/3]. Fruit very small to moderate, white at maturity, stigmatic remains apical, perianth persistent; epicarp smooth when fresh, drying pebbled, mesocarp thin, mealy, endocarp very thin, papery. Seed depressed-globose, smooth or shallowly and sparsely grooved, hilum round, impressed, forming a basal intrusion, raphe branches sparse, shallowly impressed, endosperm homogeneous; embryo subapical. Germination not recorded; eophyll unknown. Cytology not studied.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>Three species, all very local endemics in Cuba (Muñiz and Borhidi 1982, Borhidi and Muñiz 1985). </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Not studied. </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Hemithrinax is monophyletic with high support (Roncal et al. 2008) and sister to Leucothrinax with moderate support (Asmussen et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Not recorded. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Leon (1941) and Borhidi and Muñiz (1985). </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>These remain rather poorly known palms, not often cultivated. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Not recorded.</p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Found only on limestone outcrops (Hemithrinax compacta and H. ekmaniana) up to about 400 m elevation and on ultramafic soils near streams at low elevation (H. rivularis). </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">\r
+<taxonxHeader>\r
+<mods:mods>\r
+<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>\r
+<mods:name>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">N.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Asmussen</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Baker</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">W.J.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Harley</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">M.</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="family">Lewis</mods:namePart>\r
+<mods:namePart type="given">C.</mods:namePart>\r
+</mods:name>\r
+<mods:originInfo>\r
+<mods:dateIssued>2008</mods:dateIssued><mods:publisher>Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo>\r
+</mods:mods>\r
+</taxonxHeader>\r
+<taxonxBody>\r
+<treatment rank="genus">\r
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>Very variable small to moderate, solitary or clustered pinnate-leaved palms of the Philippines, the Moluccas, New Guniea and western Pacific Islands; lacking a conspicuous crownshaft, and fruit with lateral to apical stigmatic remains.</p></div>\r
+<nomenclature>\r
+<name>Heterospathe</name>\r
+<author>Scheff.</author> \r
+<citation>Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 141 (1876).</citation> \r
+<type>Type; Heterospathe elata; Scheff.</type>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Ptychandra</name>\r
+<author>Scheff.</author>\r
+<bibref>Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 140 (1876).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Ptychandra glauca; Scheff.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Barkerwebbia</name>\r
+<author>Becc.</author>\r
+<bibref>Becc., Webbia 1: 281 (1905).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Barkerwebbia elegans; Becc.</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+<synonymy>\r
+<name>Alsmithia</name>\r
+<author>H.E. Moore</author>\r
+<bibref>H.E. Moore, Principes 26: 122 (1982).</bibref>\r
+<type>Type; Alsmithia longipes; H.E. Moore</type>\r
+</synonymy>\r
+</nomenclature>\r
+<div type="etymology"><p>Heteros — different, spathe — sheath, referring to the different sizes and shapes of the prophyll and peduncular bract.</p></div>\r
+<div type="description"><p>Dwarf to moderate, solitary or sometimes clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic monoecious palms. Stem creeping or erect, sometimes basally expanded, grey-green to brown, leaf scars prominent. Leaves pinnate, rarely entire bifid, erect, becoming spreading, often reddish when young; sheath splitting abaxially and not forming a well-defined crownshaft, margins fibrous, acute, glaucous or not; petiole short to elongate, usually deeply channelled adaxially, rounded abaxially, variously indumentose; rachis straight or curved, basally channelled adaxially, distally ridged, rounded abaxially, variously indumentose; leaflets, when present, single-fold, acute to acuminate, prominent, midrib elevated, marginal ribs often thickened, veins adaxially ± waxy or glabrous, abaxially tomentose or brown-dotted, with or without basifixed ramenta on midrib. Inflorescences interfoliar or infrafoliar at anthesis, branched to 1–4 orders basally, fewer distally, often with reddish-brown, deciduous tomentum; peduncle prominent, elongate, elliptic in cross-section; prophyll persistent, attached near the base and completely encircling the peduncle, tubular, 2-keeled laterally, more-or-less dorsiventrally flattened, splitting abaxially, and apically; peduncular bract 1 or rarely 2 (Heterospathe trispatha), attached below or sometimes above the middle of the peduncle, terete, beaked, enclosing the inflorescence in bud, greatly exceeding the prophyll, splitting abaxially and caducous or marcescent as the inflorescence matures; rachis short to elongate, bearing spirally arranged, short, pointed bracts subtending a few simple rachillae, or several branches with basal bare portions; rachillae slender, bearing sessile or slightly depressed, spirally arranged triads subtended by spreading lip-like bracts throughout the rachillae, or with paired or solitary staminate flowers toward the apex of the rachillae; bracteoles of the staminate flowers small, bracteoles surrounding the pistillate flower 2, spreading to cupular and imbricate. Staminate flowers symmetrical or slightly to markedly asymmetrical; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate and rounded, ± keeled dorsally and gibbous basally; petals 3, distinct, valvate, usually about twice as long as the sepals, prominently lined when dry, ± acute, one usually somewhat larger than the others; stamens 6–36 or more, distinct, the filaments awl-shaped and strongly inflexed at the apex, anthers oblong in outline, dorsifixed and versatile at anthesis, latrorse; pistillode either small and conical, or columnar, prominent, nearly as long as the stamens, sometimes with an expanded apex. Pollen ellipsoidal asymmetric, occasionally oblate triangular; aperture a distal sulcus, infrequently a trichotomosulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, perforate and micro-channelled or finely perforate-rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis ranging from 26–54 µm [12/32]. Pistillate flowers symmetrical, ± same size as the staminate; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, rounded; petals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate with briefly valvate apices; staminodes 3, tooth-like; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, short, soft, expanded upward into a thick stylar region below 3 recurved, short stigmas, the ovule lateral at top of locule, pendulous, hemianatropous. Fruit globose to ellipsoidal, small to large, orange to red when mature, stigmatic remains apical, eccentrically apical or subapical to lateral; epicarp smooth but drying granular or with irregular lines over short sclerosomes in the thinly to thickly fleshy mesocarp, with flattened anastomosing fibres, endocarp thin, operculate, smooth, shining within, or with thickened adnate fibres, irregularly sculptured, ridged and grooved, beaked at the apex, with a mass of slender fibres within a framework of thickened fibres at the base. Seed not adherent to endocarp, globose to ellipsoidal or with angled and with 3 rounded ridges laterally and abaxially, attached apically and laterally by the elongate hilum extending nearly the length of the seed, raphe branches simple to anastomosing, endosperm ruminate or rarely homogeneous (H. longipes and H. uniformis); embryo basal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid where known. Cytology: 2n = 32.</p></div>\r
+<div type="distribution"><p>About 40 species from the Philippines and Micronesia to eastern Indonesia and to the Solomon Islands, Fiji and Vanuatu, including 16 species in New Guinea. </p></div>\r
+<div type="anatomy"><p>Leaf (Heterospathe elata; Tomlinson 1961), root (Seubert 1998a, 1998b) and fruit (Essig et al. 1999). </p></div>\r
+<div type="relationships"><p>Heterospathe is moderately to strongly supported as monophyletic (Norup 2005, Asmussen et al. 2006, Norup et al. 2006, Baker et al. in review, in prep.). The genus is moderately supported as sister to Linospadix, which was the sole representative of the Linospadicinae in a study by Lewis and Doyle (2002). Other data place Heterospathe as sister to a poorly supported clade of Dransfieldia, Linospadix and Laccospadix (Asmussen et al. 2006). </p></div>\r
+<div type="uses"><p>Fruit of Heterospathe elata is chewed as a betel substitute in the Philippines; the cabbage is said to be edible and the split petioles and leaflets are used in weaving. </p></div>\r
+<div type="taxonomic accounts"><p>Moore (1969c) and Fernando (1990). No satisfactory key to species exists. </p></div>\r
+<div type="fossil record"><p>No generic records found. </p></div>\r
+<div type="discussion"><p>A widespread genus of the western fringe of the Pacific; although it occurs in Palawan (Heterospathe dransfieldii), the genus has not yet been found in Borneo. </p></div>\r
+<div type="vernacular"><p>Sagisi palm. </p></div>\r
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>Inhabitants of lowland and montane rain forest. Many species are undergrowth palms; a few contribute to the forest canopy. </p></div>\r
+</treatment>\r
+</taxonxBody>\r
+</taxonx>\r
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Heterospathe (Palmae: Arecoideae) in the Philippines</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 219-234</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1990</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Heterospathe brevicaulis</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Fernando</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 226 (1990)</citation>
+<type>Luzon, Aurora Prov., Baler, Saipon; Fernando; 534</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, LBC</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>H. intermediae affinis sed habitu brevicauli, vaginis foliorum petiolisque persistentibus et rachillis brevioribus gracilioribus differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, short-stemmed, undergrowth palm to 2.5 m tall. Stem erect to 50 cm long, c. 8 cm diam.; internodes to 1.5 cm long. Leaves pinnate, to 8 in crown; young leaves reddish-brown; leaf including petiole and sheath to 2 m long, sheaths not forming a well-defined crownshaft, each to 17 cm long, fibrous and marcescent; petiole yellowish-green, c. 70 x 1.5 cm, deeply channelled adaxially, the edges sharply angled, convex abaxially and sparsely puncticulate; sheath and petiole persistent on the stem; mid-rachis triangular, sharply angled adaxially, flattened to convex abaxially, very sparsely puncticulate. Leaflets to 33 on each side of the rachis, unicostate, regularly arranged, spaced to 4 cm apart, long-acuminate, with prominently elevated mid-costa and distinct secondary nerves, the margins slightly thickened; ramenta prominent along midrib on undersurface; basal leaflets c. 22 x 0.9 cm; middle leaflets c. 50 x 2.8 cm; apical leaflets c. 24 x 1.2 cm. Inflorescence interfoliar, usually ascending, to 50 cm long, branching to 2 orders; peduncle c. 28 x 0.8 x 0 - 4 cm, densely covered with brown lepidote-tomentose scales, the surface drying striate; prophyll c. 38 x 2 cm, tubular, 2-keeled laterally, and splitting abaxially and apically, the surface brown-puncticulate; peduncular bract attached below middle of peduncle, to c. 34 x 1.5 cm, caducous; only up to 2 basal first-order branches further branching with 2 rachillae, others as rachillae, c. 7-11, arranged spirally along axis, each c. 24 x 0.3 cm, terete, covered with brown lepidote- tomentose scales as peduncle; triads borne spirally along rachilla and subtended by low, lip-like bracts. Staminate flower oblong, 4 x 2.5 mm, yellowish; sepals 3, broadly imbricate, much shorter than the petals, 1.5 x 2 mm; petals 3, valvate, unequal, striate when dry, acute at tip, 3.5 x 1.5 mm; stamens 6, anthers dorsifixed, 1 mm long, filaments white, 2 mm long; pistil 2 mm long; pistillode conical, 2 x 1 mm. Pistillate flower rounded in bud, shorter than the staminate flower, 2.5 x 2 mm; sepals 3, broadly imbricate, rounded, ciliolate along the margins, 2.25 x 1.5 mm; petals 3, imbricate at base, rounded with acute tips, 2 x 1.5 mm; pistil ovoid-conical 2 x 1 mm; staminodes minute, tooth-like, borne at base of pistil. Infructescence with slightly arching rachillae. Fruits spirally arranged in up to 5 lax series, ripening yellow then red, ovoid, c. 8 x 6 mm, stigmatic residue obliquely apical, epicarp drying granulose with sclerosomes. Seed ovoid, 3.5 x 3 mm, with prominent hilum; endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Luzon (Aurora Prov.)</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In lowland stream valley forest with large boulders; c. 50 m. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This species is superficially similar to H. intermedia in leaf and inflorescence features, but is easily distinguished by its short-stemmed habit, the persistent leaf sheaths and petioles on the stem, and the generally shorter and much more slender rachillae and smaller fruits.
+</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>LUZON. Aurora Prov., Baler, Saipon, Fernando 534 (holo-type K; isotypes BH, LBC) and 568 (K, LBC).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Heterospathe (Palmae: Arecoideae) in the Philippines</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 219-234</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1990</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Heterospathe dransfieldii</name>
+<author>Fernando</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 223 (1990)</citation>
+<type>Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Mt Beaufort and Thumb Peak; Dransfield; 6189</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, PNH</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>H. philippinensi et H. scitulae affinis sed inflorescentiae pedunculo gracillimo (c. 3 mm) longioreque et vaginis foliorum petiolisque persistentibus differt.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, slender, undergrowth palm to c. 1.5 m tall. Stem c. 1 m long or often less, 1.5 cm diam.; internodes 1-1 -5 cm long. Leaves pinnate, to 7 in crown, arching; leaf including petiole and sheath to 1 m long; leaf sheaths not forming a well-defined crownshaft, each to 12 cm long, drying strongly folded, the edges fibrous and marcescent; petiole slender, c. 28-40 x 0.5 cm, flattened or shallowly channelled adaxially, convex abaxially and covered with sparse brown lacerate-peltate scales, the edges sharply angled; sheaths and petioles persistent on the stem; mid-rachis triangular, flattened to convex abaxially, scaly as the petiole. Leaflets to 20 on each side of the rachis, unicostate, regularly arranged, spaced 3-5 cm apart, linear-lanceolate or long-acuminate with prominently elevated midrib and secondary nerves, the margins slighty thickened; ramenta prominent along midrib on undersurface; basal leaflets c. 25 x 0.4 cm; middle leaflets c. 29 x 1 cm; apical leaflets c. 10 x 3 cm, occasionally to 2-costate. Inflorescence interfoliar, usually arching, to 80 cm long, branching to 1 order only; peduncle c. 63 x 0.3 x 0.1 cm, very slender and flattened, reddish-tinged, covered with peltate-lacerate scales, the surface drying striate; prophyll c. 20 x 0.9 cm, flattened, 2-keeled, splitting apically, the surface lepidote-puncticulate; peduncular bract attached near tip or above three-quarters of peduncle length from base, to 14.5 x 0.5 cm, tubular, splitting abaxially, sparsely covered with scales; rachillae 3-10, each c. 10.5 x 0.1 cm, terete, lepidote-tomentose, especially when newly emerged; triads borne spirally along rachilla and subtended by low, lip-like bracts. Staminate flower oblong, c. 3 x 1.5 mm; sepals 3, broadly imbricate, much shorter than the petals, 1 x 1.5 mm, ciliolate along the margins; petals 3, valvate, unequal, prominently striate when dry, acute at tips, 2.5 x 1 mm; stamens 6, anthers dorsifixed, 1 mm long, filaments 1 mm long; pistillode conical, 2 x 0.5 mm. Pistillate flower rounded in bud, shorter than the staminate flower, c. 1.5 x 2 mm; sepals 3, imbricate, c. 1.3 x 1 mm; petals 3, as the sepals, drying striate; pistil conical, 1 x 0.5 mm; staminodes minute, tooth-like, borne at base of pistil. Infructescence with arching rachillae. Fruit (juvenile) ovoid- ellipsoid, c. 7 x 3 mm, stigmatic residue obliquely apical, epicarp drying granulose with sclerosomes. Seed not known.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Palawan; in exposed montane forest on steep ridges; c. 850 m. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>This beautiful new species is named for the collector of the type specimen, Dr John Dransfield, leading palm systematist and my friend and mentor. H. dransfieldii is, thus far, the only known member of Heterospathe in Palawan, the westernmost limit of the genus. By virtue of the small size and clustering habit, it is most similar to H. philippinensis and H. scitula but is distinguished by the longer (to 63 cm) and more slender (to 3 mm) peduncle of the inflorescence and by the persistent leaf sheaths and petioles.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>PALAWAN. Puerto Princesa, Mt Beaufort and Thumb Peak, Dransfield 6189 (holotype K; isotypes BH, PNH), SMHI 270 (K, PNH), and 664 (K, PNH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
+</taxonxBody>
+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Heterospathe (Palmae: Arecoideae) in the Philippines</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 219-234</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1990</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Heterospathe intermedia</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Fernando</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 220 (1990)</citation>
+<type>Lectotype: Mindanao, Agusan Prov., Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta; Elmer; 13663</type>
+<type_loc>Lectotype FI; isolectotypes BM, K</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Rhopaloblaste intermedia</name>
+<author>(Becc.) Becc. ex Martelli</author>
+<bibref>(Becc.) Becc. ex Martelli in Atti. Soc. Tosc, Sci. Nat. Res. Pisa Mem. 44: 137 (1934)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Nuov. Gior. Bot. Ital. (n.s.) 42: 81 (1935)</bibref>
+<bibref>Becc., Salvosa, Lexicon Philipp. Trees 122 (1963)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Heterospathe sp.</name>
+<author>Moore</author>
+<bibref>Moore in Principes 14: 92 (1970)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p></p></div>
+<div type="description"><p></p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>As with Ptychoraphis microcarpa, Moore (1970) referred P. intermedia to Heterospathe but also did not formally transfer the epithet. H. intermedia is readily recognizable by its tall habit, the glossy, yellowish-green petiole and rachis, the glaucescent leaf sheaths, and the long (to 50 cm) and rather thick(to 5 mm) rachillae. This species is confined to the eastern portion of the Philippine archipelago and reaches Luzon only up to the southern tip of the Bicol Peninsula following a distribution pattern similar to that of Areca caliso Becc. and Calamus aidae Fernando.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>LUZON. Sorsogon Prov., Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Elmer 14937 (BM, FI, K)., Madulid et. al. 5188 (PNH), Bulusan Lake, Fernando 541 (K, LBC), Pancho 2502 (CAHP) and 2487 (CAHP); SAMAR: Catubig River, Edaño PNH 24753 (K); BILIRAN: Naval, Mt Sayao, Fernando 673 (BH, K, LBC), locality not known, McGregor B.S. 18907 (FI); LEYTE: Mt Abucayan, Edaño B.S. 41694 (K), Ormoc, Mt Janagdan, Edaño 2353 (PNH), Baybay, Mt Pangasugan, Fernando 651 (K, LBC); MINDANAO: Agusan Prov., Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Elmer 13663 (lectotype of Ptychoraphis intermedia Becc., FI; isolectotypes BM, K), Surigao Prov., Mt Kabatuan, Mendoza and Convocar 426 (PNH).</p></div>
+</treatment>
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\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Heterospathe (Palmae: Arecoideae) in the Philippines</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 219-234</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1990</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Heterospathe scitula</name>
+<author>Fernando</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 228 (1990)</citation>
+<type>Luzon, Camarines Norte Prov., Bicol National Park; Fernando; 506</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus K; isotypi BH, LBC</type_loc>
+<synonymy>
+<name>Iguanura sp.</name>
+<author>Vidal</author>
+<bibref>Vidal exsicc. no. 935, Vidal, Rev. P1. Vasc. Filip. 279 (1886)</bibref>
+<bibref>Ceron, Cat. P1. Herb. Rec. Per. Sup. Com. Fl. For. 174 (1892)</bibref>
+</synonymy>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>H. philippinensi et H. dransfieldii affinis sed foliis multo brevioribus caducis, foliolis paucioribus, inflorescentia infrafoliari bene distincta.</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Clustering, slender, undergrowth palm to 2 m tall. Stem c. 1.5 cm diam.; internodes to 2 cm long. Leaves pinnate, to 8 in crown, arching; young leaves reddish-brown; leaf including petiole to 50 cm long; leaf sheaths not forming a well-defined crownshaft, each to 10 cm long, folded, scaly, and drying striate, the edges not readily marcescent; petiole slender, c. 20 x 0.3 cm, flattened adaxially, convex abaxially and covered with scattered, brown, peltate-lacerate scales, the edges sharply angled; the leaves including sheaths and petioles abscissing neatly from the stem; rachis covered above and below with brown, tomentose scales, rather dense, especially near leaflet bases. Leaflets 2-10 on each side of the rachis, very rarely of a single pair, uni- to pluri-costate, regularly arranged, spaced 2-4 cm apart, linear-elliptic with long acuminate tips to sigmoidal or slightly falcate towards apex, midribs and secondary nerves prominently elevated, the margins slightly thickened; ramenta prominent along midribs on undersurface, with smaller peltate- lacerate scales along secondary nerves, and the surface of the lamina puncticulate; basal leaflets 1- to 3-costate, c. 37-41 x 0.8-2.3 cm; middle leaflets generally unicostate, c. 34-41 x 0.7-1.2 cm; apical leaflets 2- to 5-costate, c. 26-38 x 1.3-4 cm. Inflorescences infrafoliar, arching, 18-45 cm long, branching to 1 order only; peduncle c. 14-23 x 0.5 x 0.3 cm, covered with tomentose scales; prophyll c. 8-13 x 1-1.8 cm, flattened and 2-keeled, splitting apically, the surface lepidote-puncticulate; peduncular bract attached below middle of peduncle, to 34 x 2 cm, tubular near base, flattened near apex, splitting abaxially, the surface covered with ribbon-like to tomentose scales; rachillae 4-5, each c. 14-20 x 0.3 cm, terete, lepidote-tomentose; triads borne spirally along rachilla and subtended by low, lip-like bracts c. 1 x 1.5 mm. Staminate flower oblong, c. 3 x 2.5 mm; sepals 3, imbricate, shorter than the petals, c. 1.75 x 2 mm, ciliolate along the margins; petals 3, valvate, ± equal, striate when dry, acute at tip, 2.75 x 2 mm; stamens 6, anthers dorsifixed, 2 mm long, filaments 1 mm long, pistillode conical, 1.5 x 1.75 mm, trifid. Pistillate flower rounded in bud, shorter than the staminate flower, c. 1.75 x 1.5 mm; sepals 3, imbricate, c. 1.75 x 1.5 mm, rounded with acute tips, sparsely ciliolate along the margins; petals 3, imbricate at base with valvate tips, unequal, c. 1 x 0.5 mm; pistil conical, 0.75 x 0.3 mm; staminodes minute, flattened, tooth-like, borne at base of pistil. Infructescence with arching rachillae. Fruit spirally arranged to 3 lax series, white, ripening orange-tinged then glossy red, spherical, c. 8 x 6 mm, stigmatic residue obliquely apical, epicarp drying granulose with sclerosomes. Seed globose, c. 5 x 5 mm, with prominent hilum; endosperm ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution"><p>Luzon (Bicol Peninsula: Camarines Norte Prov. and Albay Prov.)</p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology"><p>In lowland dipterocarp forest on gentle slopes; c. 100-200 m. Endemic.</p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>H. scitula is certainly one of the most elegant species of palms indigenous to the Philippines. This species is similar to H. philippinensis and H. dransfieldii but differs in its neatly abscissing, shorter leaves with fewer leaflet pairs, and in its infrafoliar inflorescence. Two forms of H. scitula occur even within the same habitat: one with leaves having about 8-10 pairs of mostly unicostate leaflets; and the other with leaves having about 1-6 pairs of leaflets, mostly pluricostate. The two forms are otherwise indistinguishable. Both leaf character states have also been occasionally observed on different stems within the same clump.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>LUZON. Camarines Norte Prov., Buhi, Canicosa 1434 (LBC), Mabesa 863 (LBC), Basud, Tuaca, Fernando 465 (LBC), Bicol National Park, Lagrimas 374 (LBC), Fernando 493 (K, LBC), 495 (LBC), 501 (K, LBC), 506 (holotype K; isotypes BH, LBC), 511 (LBC), and 559 (LBC), Hernaez 2919 (CAHP) and 3846 (CAHP), locality not known, Fischer F.B. 21752 (FI); Albay Prov., Daraga, Vidal 935 (K).</p></div>
+</treatment>
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+</taxonx>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
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+<taxonxHeader>
+<mods:mods>
+<mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:title>The genus Heterospathe (Palmae: Arecoideae) in the Philippines</mods:title>
+</mods:titleInfo>
+<mods:name>
+<mods:namePart type="family">Fernando</mods:namePart>
+<mods:namePart type="given">E.S.</mods:namePart>
+</mods:name>
+<mods:originInfo>
+<mods:publisher>Kew Bulletin, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 219-234</mods:publisher>
+<mods:dateIssued>1990</mods:dateIssued>
+</mods:originInfo>
+</mods:mods>
+</taxonxHeader>
+<taxonxBody>
+<treatment rank="species">
+<nomenclature>
+<name>Heterospathe trispatha</name>
+<author>Fernando</author>
+<citation>Kew Bull. 45: 231 (1990)</citation>
+<type>Luzon, Aurora Prov., Baler, Dikaluyangan; Fernando; 481</type>
+<type_loc>Holotypus LBC; isotypi BH, K</type_loc>
+</nomenclature>
+<div type="introduction"><p></p></div>
+<div type="etymology"><p></p></div>
+<div type="vernacular"><p></p></div>
+<div type="diagnosis"><p>inflorescentia infrafoliari prophyllo et duobus bracteis peduncularibus praedita distinctissima. Typus: Luzon, Aurora Prov., Baler, Dikaluyangan, Fernando 481 (holotypus LBC; isotypi BH, K).</p></div>
+<div type="description"><p>Solitary, slender, undergrowth palm to 3 m tall. Stem c. 5 cm diam.; internodes to 2 cm long. Leaves pinnate, to 8 in crown, arching; young leaves reddish-brown; leaf including petiole to 1.5 m long; leaf sheaths not forming a well-defined crownshaft, each to 40 cm long, drying striate, the edges fibrous and marcescent; petiole c. 35-46 x 0.8 cm, flattened adaxially, the edges sharply angled, convex abaxially and minutely puncticulate, mid-rachis triangular, bifacial adaxially, flattened abaxially and minutely puncticulate. Leaflets to 26 on each side of the rachis, unicostate, regularly arranged, spaced 3-4 cm apart, linear-elliptic, long acuminate to sigmoid or falcate near apex, midrib and secondary nerves prominently elevated, ramenta prominent along midrib on undersurface, the leaflets drying brittle; basal leaflets c. 31 x 2 cm; middle leaflets c. 35 x 3 cm; apical leaflets c. 20 x 0.7 cm. Inflorescence infrafoliar, arching, to 45 cm long, branching to 2 orders; peduncle c. 17 x 2 x 0.9 cm, covered with dense, dark brownish tomentose scales, the surface drying striate; prophyll woody, c. 24 x 6 cm, lance-shaped, 2- keeled laterally, and splitting apically, the surface scaly, persistent; peduncular bracts 2, the first borne c. 2-3 cm above the prophyll, c. 33-40 x 3.5 cm, similar to the prophyll, second peduncular bract borne 4-5 cm above the first, c. 33-36 x 3 cm, protruding through first peduncular bract or enclosed within it; first order branches to 9, up to 4 basal first order branches further branching, each c. 30 x 0.4 cm, with 2-6 rachillae, distal branches as rachillae, arranged spirally along axis; rachilla terete, c. 22-30 x 0.2-0.3 cm, covered with caducous, tomentose scales, drying striate; triads borne spirally along rachilla and subtended by low, lip-like bracts. Staminate flower oblong, 4 x 3 mm; sepals 3, broadly imbrictate, much shorter than the petals, c. 2 x 1.75 mm, one often larger than the other two, sparsely ciliolate along the margin; petals 3, valvate, striate when dry, acute at tip, 4 x 2.5 mm; stamens 6; anthers dorsifixed, 2.5 mm long, filaments white, 2 mm long; pistillode conical, 2.5 x 1 mm, briefly trifid at apex. Pistillate flower ovoid-obtuse in bud, shorter than the staminate flower, c. 3 x 2.5 mm; sepals 3, broadly imbricate, rounded, 2 x 2 mm; petals 3, imbricate at base with acute valvate tips, 2.5 x 2 mm; pistil ovoid, 2 x 1.3 mm, briefly trifid at apex; staminodes minute, tooth-like, borne at base of pistil. Infructescence with arching rachillae. Fruits spirally arranged in 3-4 lax series, bright green, ripening yellow then red, broadly ovoid, c. 1.2 x 0.8 cm, stigmatic residue obliquely apical, epicarp drying granulose with sclerosomes. Seed oblong-ovoid, c. 6.5 x 6 mm, rounded on both ends, hilum prominent; endosperm deeply ruminate.</p></div>
+<div type="distribution">Luzon (Aurora Prov.)<p></p></div>
+<div type="biology_ecology">In lowland dipterocarp forest; c. 50 m. Endemic. <p></p></div>
+<div type="conservation"><p></p></div>
+<div type="uses"><p></p></div>
+<div type="discussion"><p>Within Heterospathe, this species is most unusual. For one, as the epithet suggests, the inflorescence bears three bracts-a prophyll and two peduncular bracts-rather than a prophyll and a single peduncular bract which is typical in the genus. Secondly, the inflorescences are infrafoliar (as in H. scitula) not only at anthesis but even while still completely enclosed in the bracts. However, despite the unusual features, details of the leaflet, flower, fruit, and seed indicate affinity with Heterospathe. H. trispatha may, thus, be considered as an aberrant member of the genus.</p></div>
+<div type="materials_examined"><p>LUZON. Aurora Prov., Casiguran, Dilasag, Fernando 763 (LBC), Baler, Dikaluyangan, Fernando 481 (holotype LBC; isotypes BH, K) and 566 (BH, K, LBC).</p></div>
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+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n3">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium L.</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="gen"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium</Simple>\r
+ <Uninomial>Cichorium</Uninomial>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>L.</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>L.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>L.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n4">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium bottae Deflers</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="sp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium bottae</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>bottae</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>Deflers</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>Deflers</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>Deflers</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref3"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>159</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n5">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium calvum Asch.</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="sp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium calvum</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>calvum</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>Asch.</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>Asch.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>Asch.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref4"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>143</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n6">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium endivia L.</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="sp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium endivia</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>endivia</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>L.</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>L.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>L.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref2"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>813</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n6s1">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium intybus var. endivia (L.) C. B. Clarke</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="var"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium intybus var. endivia</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>intybus</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ <InfraspecificEpithet>endivia</InfraspecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>(L.) C. B. Clarke</Simple>\r
+ <BasionymAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>L.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>L.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </BasionymAuthorship>\r
+ <CombinationAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>C. B. Clarke</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>C. B. Clarke</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </CombinationAuthorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref9"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>250</MicroReference>\r
+ <Basionym>\r
+ <RelatedName ref="n6"/>\r
+ </Basionym>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n6s2">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium esculentum Salisb.</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="sp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium esculentum</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>esculentum</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>Salisb.</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>Salisb.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>Salisb.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref10"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>183</MicroReference>\r
+ <Basionym>\r
+ <RelatedName ref="n6"/>\r
+ </Basionym>\r
+ <PublicationStatus>\r
+ <RuleConsidered>nom. illeg.</RuleConsidered>\r
+ <Note>nom. illeg.</Note>\r
+ </PublicationStatus>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n6s3">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium endivia var. angustifolium DC.</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="var"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium endivia var. angustifolium</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>endivia</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ <InfraspecificEpithet>angustifolium</InfraspecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>DC.</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>DC.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>DC.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref11"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>68</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n6s4">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium endivia var. crispum DC.</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="var"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium endivia var. crispum</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>endivia</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ <InfraspecificEpithet>crispum</InfraspecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>DC.</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>DC.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>DC.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref11"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>68</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n6s5">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium endivia var. latifolium DC.</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="var"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium endivia var. latifolium</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>endivia</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ <InfraspecificEpithet>latifolium</InfraspecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>DC.</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>DC.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>DC.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref11"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>68</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n6s6">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium endivia var. sativa DC.</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="var"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium endivia var. sativa</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>endivia</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ <InfraspecificEpithet>sativa</InfraspecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>DC.</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>DC.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>DC.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref12"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>84</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n7">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium hybridum Heldr. ex Halácsy</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="sp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium hybridum</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>hybridum</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>Heldr. ex Halácsy</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>Heldr. ex Halácsy</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>Halácsy</AgentName>\r
+ <AgentName role="ex">Heldr.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref5"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>179</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n8">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium intybus L.</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="sp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium intybus</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>intybus</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>L.</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>L.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>L.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref2"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>813</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n8s5">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium glaucum Hoffmanns. & Link</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="sp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium glaucum</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>glaucum</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>Hoffmanns. & Link</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>Hoffmanns. & Link</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>Hoffmanns.</AgentName>\r
+ <AgentName>Link</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref13"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>178</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n8s6">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium intybus subsp. glaucum (Hoffmanns. & Link) Tzvelev</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="ssp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium intybus subsp. glaucum</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>intybus</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ <InfraspecificEpithet>glaucum</InfraspecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple> (Hoffmanns. & Link) Tzvelev</Simple>\r
+ <BasionymAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>Hoffmanns. & Link</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>Hoffmanns.</AgentName>\r
+ <AgentName>Link</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </BasionymAuthorship>\r
+ <CombinationAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>Tzvelev</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>Tzvelev</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </CombinationAuthorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref14"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>29</MicroReference>\r
+ <Basionym>\r
+ <RelatedName ref="n8s5"/>\r
+ </Basionym>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n9">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium pumilum Jacq.</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="sp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium pumilum</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>pumilum</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>Jacq.</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>Jacq.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>Jacq.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref7"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>3</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n10">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium spinosum L.</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="sp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium spinosum</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>spinosum</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>L.</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>L.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>L.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref2"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>813</MicroReference>\r
+ <Typification>\r
+ <Simple>Lectotype (designated by Alavi 1983:322): Herb. Linn. No. 962.4 (LINN)</Simple>\r
+ <TypeVouchers>\r
+ <TypeVoucher typeOfType="lecto">\r
+ <VoucherReference ref="type10"/>\r
+ <LectotypePublication>Alavi in Jafri & El-Gadi, Fl. Libya 107. 1983</LectotypePublication>\r
+ <LectotypeMicroReference>322</LectotypeMicroReference>\r
+ </TypeVoucher>\r
+ </TypeVouchers>\r
+ </Typification>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n10s1">\r
+ <Simple>Acanthophyton spinosum (L.) Less.</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="sp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Acanthophyton spinosum</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Acanthophyton</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>spinosum</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>(L.) Less.</Simple>\r
+ <BasionymAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>L.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>L.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </BasionymAuthorship>\r
+ <CombinationAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>Less.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>Less.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </CombinationAuthorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref8"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>128</MicroReference>\r
+ <Basionym>\r
+ <RelatedName ref="n10"/>\r
+ </Basionym>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n11">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium intybus L. subsp. intybus</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="ssp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium intybus subsp. intybus</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>intybus</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ <InfraspecificEpithet>intybus</InfraspecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>L.</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>L.</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>L.</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref2"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>813</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="n12">\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium intybus subsp. spicatum I. Ricci</Simple>\r
+ <Rank code="ssp"/>\r
+ <CanonicalName>\r
+ <Simple>Cichorium intybus subsp. spicatum</Simple>\r
+ <Genus>Cichorium</Genus>\r
+ <SpecificEpithet>intybus</SpecificEpithet>\r
+ <InfraspecificEpithet>spicatum</InfraspecificEpithet>\r
+ </CanonicalName>\r
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <Simple>I. Ricci</Simple>\r
+ <Authorship>\r
+ <Simple>I. Ricci</Simple>\r
+ <Authors>\r
+ <AgentName>I. Ricci</AgentName>\r
+ </Authors>\r
+ </Authorship>\r
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref6"/>\r
+ <MicroReference>142</MicroReference>\r
+ </TaxonName>\r
+ </TaxonNames>\r
+ <TaxonConcepts>\r
+ <TaxonConcept id="tc1">\r
+ <Name scientific="true" ref="n1"/>\r
+ <AccordingTo>\r
+ <Simple>EDIT Cichorieae</Simple>\r
+ <AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref1"/>\r
+ </AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ </AccordingTo>\r
+ </TaxonConcept>\r
+ <TaxonConcept id="tc2">\r
+ <Name scientific="true" ref="n2"/>\r
+ <AccordingTo>\r
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+ <TaxonConcept id="tc3">\r
+ <Name scientific="true" ref="n3"/>\r
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+ <Name scientific="true" ref="n5"/>\r
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+ <Name scientific="true" ref="n6"/>\r
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+ <AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref1"/>\r
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+ <TaxonRelationships>\r
+ <TaxonRelationship type="is child taxon of">\r
+ <ToTaxonConcept ref="tc3"/>\r
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+ <TaxonConcept id="tc6s4">\r
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+ <TaxonConcept id="tc6s5">\r
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+ <AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref1"/>\r
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+ <TaxonConcept id="tc6s6">\r
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+ <AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref1"/>\r
+ </AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ </AccordingTo>\r
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+ <TaxonConcept id="tc7">\r
+ <Name scientific="true" ref="n7"/>\r
+ <AccordingTo>\r
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+ <AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref1"/>\r
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+ <Name scientific="true" ref="n8"/>\r
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+ </AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ </AccordingTo>\r
+ </TaxonConcept>\r
+ <TaxonConcept id="tc8cn1">\r
+ <Name scientific="false" language="Albanian">Çikore</Name>\r
+ <AccordingTo>\r
+ <Simple>Vangjeli, J., Flora e Shqipërisë 4. 1999</Simple>\r
+ </AccordingTo>\r
+ </TaxonConcept>\r
+ <TaxonConcept id="tc8cn2">\r
+ <Name scientific="false" language="Albanian">Kore</Name>\r
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+ <Simple>Vangjeli, J., Flora e Shqipërisë 4. 1999</Simple>\r
+ </AccordingTo>\r
+ </TaxonConcept>\r
+ <TaxonConcept id="tc8cn3">\r
+ <Name scientific="false" language="Arabic">هِنْدَبا بَرِّيَّة</Name>\r
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+ <Simple>Nehmé, M., Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Flore du Liban. 2000</Simple>\r
+ </AccordingTo>\r
+ </TaxonConcept>\r
+ <TaxonConcept id="tc8cn4">\r
+ <Name scientific="false" language="Arabic">هِنْدَبا بَرِّيَّة</Name>\r
+ <AccordingTo>\r
+ <Simple>Nehmé, M., Etymological Dictionary of Syrian Flora. 2008</Simple>\r
+ </AccordingTo>\r
+ </TaxonConcept>\r
+ <TaxonConcept id="tc9">\r
+ <Name scientific="true" ref="n9"/>\r
+ <AccordingTo>\r
+ <Simple>EDIT Cichorieae</Simple>\r
+ <AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref1"/>\r
+ </AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ </AccordingTo>\r
+ <TaxonRelationships>\r
+ <TaxonRelationship type="is child taxon of">\r
+ <ToTaxonConcept ref="tc3"/>\r
+ </TaxonRelationship>\r
+ </TaxonRelationships>\r
+ </TaxonConcept>\r
+ <TaxonConcept id="tc10">\r
+ <Name scientific="true" ref="n10"/>\r
+ <AccordingTo>\r
+ <Simple>EDIT Cichorieae</Simple>\r
+ <AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref1"/>\r
+ </AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ </AccordingTo>\r
+ <TaxonRelationships>\r
+ <TaxonRelationship type="is child taxon of">\r
+ <ToTaxonConcept ref="tc3"/>\r
+ </TaxonRelationship>\r
+ </TaxonRelationships>\r
+ </TaxonConcept>\r
+ <TaxonConcept id="tc11">\r
+ <Name scientific="true" ref="n11"/>\r
+ <AccordingTo>\r
+ <Simple>EDIT Cichorieae</Simple>\r
+ <AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref1"/>\r
+ </AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ </AccordingTo>\r
+ <TaxonRelationships>\r
+ <TaxonRelationship type="is child taxon of">\r
+ <ToTaxonConcept ref="tc8"/>\r
+ </TaxonRelationship>\r
+ </TaxonRelationships>\r
+ </TaxonConcept>\r
+ <TaxonConcept id="tc12">\r
+ <Name scientific="true" ref="n12"/>\r
+ <AccordingTo>\r
+ <Simple>EDIT Cichorieae</Simple>\r
+ <AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ <PublishedIn ref="ref1"/>\r
+ </AccordingToDetailed>\r
+ </AccordingTo>\r
+ <TaxonRelationships>\r
+ <TaxonRelationship type="is child taxon of">\r
+ <ToTaxonConcept ref="tc8"/>\r
+ </TaxonRelationship>\r
+ </TaxonRelationships>\r
+ </TaxonConcept>\r
+ </TaxonConcepts>\r
+</DataSet>\r
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<DataSet xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.tdwg.org/schemas/tcs/1.01 http://tdwg.napier.ac.uk/TCS_1.01/v101.xsd" xmlns="http://www.tdwg.org/schemas/tcs/1.01">
+ <!-- This is an instance document that tests as many different
+ applications of the schema as possible within a single document.
+ It is not meant to a 'realistic' example of a real data set
+ but a illustration of all the different types of data that can
+ be passed. -->
+ <MetaData>
+ <!-- to be completed -->
+ <Simple/>
+ </MetaData>
+ <Specimens>
+ <Specimen id="2">
+ <Simple/>
+ <Institution identifier=""/>
+ <Collection identifier="LE"/>
+ <SpecimenItem identifier=""/>
+ </Specimen>
+ </Specimens>
+ <Publications>
+ <Publication id="1">
+ <Simple>Fl. SSR</Simple>
+ </Publication>
+ <Publication id="2">
+ <Simple>Copeland, H.F. (1943). A study, anatomical and taxonomic, of the
+ genera of Rhododendroideae. Am. Midl.Nat. 30:533-625</Simple>
+ </Publication>
+ <Publication id="3">
+ <Simple>Wilson, E.H. & Rehder, A. (1921). A monograph of the azaleas.
+ Publication of the Arnold Arboretum No. 9 Harvard University, Cambridge
+ MA.</Simple>
+ </Publication>
+ <Publication id="4">
+ <Simple>Judd, W.S. & Kron, K.A. (1995) A Revision of Rhododendron VI
+ Edinb. J. Bot. 52(1): 1-54</Simple>
+ </Publication>
+ <Publication id="5">
+ <Simple>Maximoxicz, C.J. (1870) Rhododendron schlippenbachii. Mem. Acad. Sci.
+ St Petersbourg. ser.3 15.</Simple>
+ </Publication>
+ </Publications>
+ <TaxonNames>
+ <TaxonName id="0" nomenclaturalCode="Botanical">
+ <Simple>Rhododendron</Simple>
+ </TaxonName>
+ <TaxonName nomenclaturalCode="Botanical" id="1">
+ <Simple>Rhododendron subgenus Pentanthera (G. Don) Poyarkova</Simple>
+ <CanonicalName>
+ <Simple>Rhododedron subgenus Pentanthera</Simple>
+ <Genus>Rhododendron</Genus>
+ <InfragenericEpithet>Pentanthera</InfragenericEpithet>
+ </CanonicalName>
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <Simple>(G.Don) Poyarkova</Simple>
+ <BasionymAuthorship>
+ <Simple>G. Don</Simple>
+ <Authors>
+ <AgentName>G. Don</AgentName>
+ </Authors>
+ </BasionymAuthorship>
+ <CombinationAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Poyarkova</Simple>
+ <Authors>
+ <AgentName>Poyarkova</AgentName>
+ </Authors>
+ </CombinationAuthorship>
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <PublishedIn ref="1">Fl. SSR Vol 18 (1952)</PublishedIn>
+ <MicroReference>Page 57</MicroReference>
+ <Typification>
+ <Simple>Rhododendron flavum G.Don</Simple>
+ <!--
+ N.B. This could be linked to a full name entry if
+ required but no details are in the current monograph so
+ it isn't
+ -->
+ <TypeName/>
+ </Typification>
+ </TaxonName>
+ <TaxonName id="2" nomenclaturalCode="Botanical">
+ <Simple>Rhododendron sect. Sciadorhodion Rehder & Wilson</Simple>
+ <CanonicalName>
+ <Simple>Rhododendron sect. Sciadorhodion</Simple>
+ <Genus>Rhododendron</Genus>
+ <InfragenericEpithet>Sciadorhodion</InfragenericEpithet>
+ </CanonicalName>
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Rehder & Wilson</Simple>
+ <BasionymAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Rehder & Wilson</Simple>
+ </BasionymAuthorship>
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <PublishedIn linkType="local" ref="3">Wislon & Rehder Monogr. Azaleas 79 (1921)</PublishedIn>
+ <MicroReference>Page 79</MicroReference>
+ <Typification>
+ <Simple/>
+ <TypeName>
+ <NameReference linkType="local" ref="3">Rhododendron quinquefolium Bisset
+ & Moore</NameReference>
+ <LectotypePublication ref="2">Copeland, H.F.(1943)</LectotypePublication>
+ </TypeName>
+ </Typification>
+ <Basionym>
+ <RelatedName ref="4">Azalea subgen. Sciadorhodion (Rhehder & Wilson)
+ Copeland</RelatedName>
+ </Basionym>
+ </TaxonName>
+ <TaxonName id="3" nomenclaturalCode="Botanical">
+ <Simple>Rhododendron quinquefolium Bisset & Moore</Simple>
+ </TaxonName>
+ <TaxonName id="4" nomenclaturalCode="Botanical">
+ <!-- for brevity this NameObject isn't fully expanded -->
+ <Simple>Azalea subgen. Sciadorhodion (Rhehder & Wilson) Copeland </Simple>
+ <Basionym>
+ <RelatedName ref="2">Rhododendron sect. Sciadorhodion Rehder &
+ Wilson</RelatedName>
+ </Basionym>
+ </TaxonName>
+ <TaxonName id="5" nomenclaturalCode="Botanical">
+ <Simple>Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim.</Simple>
+ <Rank code="sp">Species</Rank>
+ <CanonicalName>
+ <Simple>Rhododendron schlippenbachii</Simple>
+ <Genus>Rhododendron</Genus>
+ <SpecificEpithet>schlippenbachii</SpecificEpithet>
+ </CanonicalName>
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Maxim.</Simple>
+ <BasionymAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Maxim.</Simple>
+ <Authors>
+ <AgentName>Maximoxicz, C.J.</AgentName>
+ </Authors>
+ </BasionymAuthorship>
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <PublishedIn ref="5">Bull. Acad. Sci. St Petersbourg, ser. 3 15 (1870)</PublishedIn>
+ <MicroReference>Page 226</MicroReference>
+ <Typification>
+ <Simple/>
+ <TypeVouchers>
+ <TypeVoucher typeOfType="lecto">
+ <VoucherReference linkType="local" ref="1"/>
+ <LectotypePublication ref="4"/>
+ <LectotypeMicroReference>Page 15</LectotypeMicroReference>
+ </TypeVoucher>
+ <TypeVoucher typeOfType="isolecto">
+ <VoucherReference linkType="local" ref="2"/>
+ <LectotypePublication ref="4"/>
+ <LectotypeMicroReference>Page 15</LectotypeMicroReference>
+ </TypeVoucher>
+ </TypeVouchers>
+ </Typification>
+ </TaxonName>
+ <TaxonName id="6" nomenclaturalCode="Botanical">
+ <Simple>Azalea schlippenbachii (Maxim.) Kuntze</Simple>
+ <CanonicalName>
+ <Simple>Azalea schlippenbachii</Simple>
+ <Genus>Azalea</Genus>
+ <SpecificEpithet>schlippenbachii</SpecificEpithet>
+ </CanonicalName>
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <Simple>(Maxim.) Kuntze</Simple>
+ <BasionymAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Maxim.</Simple>
+ </BasionymAuthorship>
+ <CombinationAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Kuntze</Simple>
+ </CombinationAuthorship>
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <PublishedIn>Revis. Gen.Pl. 2:387 (1891)</PublishedIn>
+ <Typification>
+ <Simple/>
+ <TypeVouchers>
+ <TypeVoucher typeOfType="lecto">
+ <VoucherReference ref="2">[Russia] Manchuria, shores of Possiet Bay, [SW of
+ Vladivostok], 1860, C. Maximowicz LE</VoucherReference>
+ <LectotypePublication ref="4"/>
+ <LectotypeMicroReference>Page 15</LectotypeMicroReference>
+ </TypeVoucher>
+ </TypeVouchers>
+ </Typification>
+ </TaxonName>
+ <TaxonName id="7" nomenclaturalCode="Botanical">
+ <Simple>Rhododendron pentaphyllum Maxim.</Simple>
+ <CanonicalName>
+ <Simple>Rhododendron pentaphyllum</Simple>
+ <Genus>Rhododendron</Genus>
+ <SpecificEpithet>pentaphyllum</SpecificEpithet>
+ </CanonicalName>
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Maxim.</Simple>
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <PublishedIn>Bull. Acad. Sci. St Petersbourg, ser. 3, 31:65 (1887)</PublishedIn>
+ <Typification>
+ <Simple/>
+ <TypeVouchers>
+ <TypeVoucher typeOfType="holo">
+ <VoucherReference>Japan, Kyushiu, prov. Osumi, summit, Mt Taka-kuma, Tashiro
+ (LE)</VoucherReference>
+ </TypeVoucher>
+ </TypeVouchers>
+
+ </Typification>
+ </TaxonName>
+ <TaxonName id="8" nomenclaturalCode="Botanical">
+ <Simple>Azalea pentaphylla (Maxim.) Copeland</Simple>
+ <CanonicalName>
+ <Simple>Azalea pentaphylla</Simple>
+ <Genus>Azalea</Genus>
+ <SpecificEpithet>pentaphylla</SpecificEpithet>
+ </CanonicalName>
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <Simple>(Maxim.) Copeland</Simple>
+ <BasionymAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Maxim.</Simple>
+ </BasionymAuthorship>
+ <CombinationAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Copeland</Simple>
+ </CombinationAuthorship>
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <PublishedIn>Am.Midl.Nat. 30:595 (1943)</PublishedIn>
+ <Typification>
+ <Simple/>
+ <TypeVouchers>
+ <TypeVoucher typeOfType="holo">
+ <VoucherReference>Japan, Kyushiu, prov. Osumi, summit, Mt Taka-kuma, Tashiro
+ (LE)</VoucherReference>
+ </TypeVoucher>
+ </TypeVouchers>
+ </Typification>
+ </TaxonName>
+ <TaxonName id="9" nomenclaturalCode="Botanical">
+ <Simple>Rhododendron pentaphyllum var. nikoense Komatsu</Simple>
+ <Rank code="var">variety</Rank>
+ <CanonicalName>
+ <Simple>Rhododendron pentaphyllum var. nikoense</Simple>
+ <Genus ref="0">Rhododendron</Genus>
+ <SpecificEpithet>pentaphyllum</SpecificEpithet>
+ <InfraspecificEpithet>nikoense</InfraspecificEpithet>
+ </CanonicalName>
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Konatsu</Simple>
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <PublishedIn>Icon. Pl. Koisikav. 3: 45, t 168 (1916)</PublishedIn>
+ </TaxonName>
+ <TaxonName id="10" nomenclaturalCode="Botanical">
+ <Simple>Rhododendron nikoense (Komatsu) Nakai</Simple>
+ <Rank code="sp">Species</Rank>
+ <CanonicalName>
+ <Simple>Rhododendron nikoense</Simple>
+ <Genus ref="0">Rhododendron</Genus>
+ <SpecificEpithet>nikoense</SpecificEpithet>
+ </CanonicalName>
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <Simple>(Komatsu) Nakai</Simple>
+ <BasionymAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Komatsu</Simple>
+ </BasionymAuthorship>
+ <CombinationAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Nakai</Simple>
+ </CombinationAuthorship>
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <PublishedIn>Nakai & Koidz. Trees and Shrubs Japan 1: 68 (1922)</PublishedIn>
+ <Basionym>
+ <RelatedName ref="9">Rhododendron pentaphyllum var. nikoense</RelatedName>
+ </Basionym>
+ </TaxonName>
+ <TaxonName id="11" nomenclaturalCode="Botanical">
+ <Simple>Rhododendron quinquefolium Bisset & S. Moore var. roseum Rehder</Simple>
+ <Rank code="var">variety</Rank>
+ <CanonicalName>
+ <Simple>Rhododendron quinquefolium</Simple>
+ <Genus ref="0">Rhododendron</Genus>
+ <SpecificEpithet>quinquefolium</SpecificEpithet>
+ <InfraspecificEpithet>roseum</InfraspecificEpithet>
+ </CanonicalName>
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <Simple>Rehder</Simple>
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <PublishedIn>Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2947 (1916)</PublishedIn>
+ </TaxonName>
+ <TaxonName id="12" nomenclaturalCode="Botanical">
+ <Simple>Rhododendron pentaphyllum Maxim. var. shikokianum T. Yamazaki</Simple>
+ <Rank code="sp">species</Rank>
+ <CanonicalName>
+ <Simple>Rhododendron pentaphyllum var. shikokianum</Simple>
+ <Genus ref="0">Rhododendron</Genus>
+ <SpecificEpithet>pentaphyllum</SpecificEpithet>
+ <InfraspecificEpithet>shikokianum</InfraspecificEpithet>
+ </CanonicalName>
+ <CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <Simple>T. Yamazaki</Simple>
+ </CanonicalAuthorship>
+ <PublishedIn>Jap. Bot. 63: 312 (1988)</PublishedIn>
+ </TaxonName>
+ </TaxonNames>
+ <TaxonConcepts>
+ <TaxonConcept id="1">
+ <Name scientific="true" linkType="local" ref="2">Rhododendron sect. Sciadorhodion Rehder
+ & Wilson</Name>
+ <Rank code="sect">Section</Rank>
+ <AccordingTo>
+ <Simple>Judd & Kron (1995)</Simple>
+ <AccordingToDetailed>
+ <PublishedIn linkType="local" ref="4">Judd & Kron (1995) A Revision of
+ Rhododendron VI </PublishedIn>
+ <MicroReference>Page 13-14</MicroReference>
+ </AccordingToDetailed>
+ </AccordingTo>
+ <TaxonRelationships>
+ <TaxonRelationship type="is parent taxon of">
+ <ToTaxonConcept linkType="local" ref="2"/>
+ </TaxonRelationship>
+ </TaxonRelationships>
+ </TaxonConcept>
+ <TaxonConcept id="2">
+ <Name scientific="true" linkType="local" ref="5">Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim.</Name>
+ <AccordingTo>
+ <Simple>Judd & Kron (1995)</Simple>
+ <AccordingToDetailed>
+ <PublishedIn linkType="local" ref="4"/>
+ <MicroReference>Page 15</MicroReference>
+ </AccordingToDetailed>
+ </AccordingTo>
+ <TaxonRelationships>
+ <TaxonRelationship type="is child taxon of">
+ <ToTaxonConcept ref="1">Rhododendron sect. Sciadorhodion Rehder &
+ Wilson</ToTaxonConcept>
+ </TaxonRelationship>
+ </TaxonRelationships>
+ </TaxonConcept>
+ <TaxonConcept id="3">
+ <Name scientific="true" ref="6">Azalea schlippenbachii (Maxim.) Kuntze</Name>
+ <AccordingTo>
+ <Simple>Kuntze (1891)</Simple>
+ </AccordingTo>
+ <TaxonRelationships>
+ <TaxonRelationship type="is congruent to">
+ <ToTaxonConcept ref="2"/>
+ </TaxonRelationship>
+ </TaxonRelationships>
+ </TaxonConcept>
+ <TaxonConcept id="4">
+ <Name scientific="true" ref="7">Rhododendron pentaphyllum Maxim.</Name>
+ <AccordingTo>
+ <Simple>Judd & Kron (1995)</Simple>
+ </AccordingTo>
+ <TaxonRelationships>
+ <!-- relationships linking to taxonconcept without any descriptive string -->
+ <TaxonRelationship type="has synonym">
+ <ToTaxonConcept ref="6"/>
+ </TaxonRelationship>
+ <TaxonRelationship type="has synonym">
+ <ToTaxonConcept ref="7"/>
+ </TaxonRelationship>
+ <!-- relationship with linking reference to another taxon concept and string description of concept -->
+ <TaxonRelationship type="has synonym">
+ <ToTaxonConcept ref="8">Rhododendron pentaphyllum var. nikoense
+ Komatsu</ToTaxonConcept>
+ </TaxonRelationship>
+ <!-- relationships without linking -->
+ <TaxonRelationship type="has synonym">
+ <ToTaxonConcept>Rhododendron pentaphyllum Maxim. var. shikokianum T.
+ Yamazaki</ToTaxonConcept>
+ </TaxonRelationship>
+ <TaxonRelationship type="has synonym">
+ <ToTaxonConcept>Rhododendron quinquefolium Bisset & S. Moore var. roseum
+ Rehder</ToTaxonConcept>
+ </TaxonRelationship>
+ </TaxonRelationships>
+ </TaxonConcept>
+ <TaxonConcept id="6">
+ <Name scientific="true">Rhododendron nikoense (Komatsu) Nakai</Name>
+ </TaxonConcept>
+ <TaxonConcept id="7">
+ <Name scientific="true" ref="10">Rhododendron nikoense (Komatsu) Nakai</Name>
+ </TaxonConcept>
+ <TaxonConcept id="8">
+ <Name scientific="true" ref="9">Rhododendron pentaphyllum var. nikoense Komatsu</Name>
+ </TaxonConcept>
+ </TaxonConcepts>
+</DataSet>
\ No newline at end of file
BGBM BDI Projects / cdmlib-apps.git / commitdiff
