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<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="file:/C:/soro/WWW/schemas/taxonx1_x.xsd file:/C:/soro/WWW/schemas/taxonx1_x.xsd">
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<taxonxHeader>
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<mods:mods>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Genera Palmarum</mods:title>
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<mods:subTitle>A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore, Jr.</mods:subTitle>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:start>323</mods:start>
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<mods:end>325</mods:end>
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<mods:extext><mods:total>610 p.</mods:total></mods:extext>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:namePart type="family">Uhl</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart type="given">Natalie W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role><mods:roleTerm type="text">creator assistant</mods:roleTerm></mods:role>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:partName type="family">Dransfield</mods:partName>
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<mods:partName type="given">John</mods:partName>
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<mods:role><mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm></mods:role>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:publisher>Allen Press for the L. H. Bailey Hortorium and the International Palm Society</mods:publisher>
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<mods:dateIssued>1987</mods:dateIssued>
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</mods:originInfo>
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</mods:mods>
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</taxonxHeader>
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<taxonxBody>
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<treatment type="genus">
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<head>
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<title>Socratea</title>
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</head>
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<nomenclature>
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<name>Socratea Karsten</name>
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<author>Karsten</author>
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<bibref>Karsten, Linnaea 28:263. 1857. ("1856").</bibref>
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<status>accepted</status>
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<year>1857</year>
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<type>
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<name>
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<dc:ScientificName>S. orbigniana (Martius) Karsten (Iriartea orbigniana Martius)</dc:ScientificName>
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<dc:Notes>Lectotype</dc:Notes>
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</name>
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<author>(Martius) Karsten</author>
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</type>
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<synonomy>
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<name>Metasocratea Dugand</name>
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<author>Mart.</author>
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<year>1838</year>
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<bibref>Dugand, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 8:389. 1951</bibref>
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<type>
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<name>
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<dc:ScientificName>M. hecatonandra Dugand (=Socratea hecatonandra (Dugand) Bernal).</dc:ScientificName>
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<dc:Notes>Type</dc:Notes>
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</name>
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<author>Dugand</author>
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</type>
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</synonomy>
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</nomenclature>
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<div type="description">Solitary, moderate, pleonanthic, monoecious tree palms. Stems erect, conspicuously ringed with leaf scars, bearing an open cone of stout, usually densely prickly, stilt roots. Leaves rather few, pinnate, neatly abcising; sheaths tubular forming a well defined crownshaft; petiole short, adaxially channeled or flattened, abaxially rounded, bearing..................................</div>
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<div type="anatomy">Leaf, root (Tomlinson 1961), gynoecium (Uhl and Moore 1971). Floral development has shown an expansion of the floral apex into a large truncate area opposite each sepal during stamen initiation. This pattern appears characteristic of the tribe (Uhl and Moore 1980).</div>
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63
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<div type="distribution">—Twelve species described but possibly only five (Henderson, pers. comm.), distributed from Nicaragua and Costa Rica southward to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Brazil and Bolivia.</div>
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<div type="biology_ecology">Lowland and montane tropical rain forest; pollination where known, is by beetles (Henderson 1985).</div>
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65
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<div type="uses">Stilt palms. The outer layers of the trunk are extremely hard and durable and are used, split, in construction of houses and corrals. Wallace (1853) records the use of the spiny roots as cassava graters. Older palms may be cut to make bows (Balick 1985).</div>
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<div type="discussion">Wessels Boer (1965) and MacBride (1960) included Socratea in Iriartea\ however there is a whole suite of characters separating the two (see Iriarted). Furthermore, floral biology is significantly different in the two genera (as confirmed by Henderson 1985). The separation of Metasocratea was based on a misinterpretation of the position of the embryo.</div>
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<div type="taxonomic_accounts">A new reassessment is being prepared by Henderson. The last account is that of Burret (1930b). See also Henderson (1985), Bernal-Gonzalez and Henderson (1986).</div>
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68
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<ref_group>
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<bibref>Burret, M. 1930. Iriarteae. Notizbl. Bot. Gard. Berlin-Dahlem 10:918-942</bibref>
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<bibref>Bernal Gonzalez R. and A. Henderson. 1986. A new species of Socratea (Palmae) from Colombia with notes on the genus. Brittonia 38: 55-59</bibref>
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71
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<bibref>Henderson A. 1986. Pollination of Socratea exorrhiza and Iriartea ventricosa. Principes 29(2):64-71</bibref>.
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</ref_group>
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<figures>
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<figure url="illsutration/Plate52">
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<head><author>Mrion Sheehan</author></head>
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<p>Socratea. a,b portions of rachilla.........................</p>
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</figure>
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</figures>
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</treatment>
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</taxonxBody>
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</taxonx>
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