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<taxonx xmlns:dc="http://digir.net/schema/conceptual/darwin/core/2.0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="file:/C:/soro/WWW/schemas/taxonx1_x.xsd file:/C:/soro/WWW/schemas/taxonx1_x.xsd">
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<taxonxHeader>
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<mods:mods>
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<mods:titleInfo><mods:title>A revision of the Calamus aruensis (Arecaceae) complex in New Guinea and the Pacific</mods:title></mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:partName type="family">Baker</mods:partName>
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<mods:partName type="given">William J.</mods:partName>
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<mods:role><mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm></mods:role>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:namePart type="family">Bayton</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart type="given">Roos P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role><mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm></mods:role>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:namePart type="family">Dransfield</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart type="given">John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role><mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm></mods:role>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:namePart type="family">Maturbongs</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart type="given">Rudi A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role><mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm></mods:role>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Kew Bulletin</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:detail type="volume">58</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="pages">
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<mods:start>351</mods:start>
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<mods:end>370</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:publisher>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</mods:publisher>
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<mods:dateIssued>2003</mods:dateIssued>
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</mods:originInfo>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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</mods:mods>
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</taxonxHeader>
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<taxonxBody>
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<div type="abstract">The complex of cirrate rattan species that includes Calamus aruensis presents significant taxonomic challenges throughout its range. A revision of the group from New Guinea and .............................</div>
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<div type="introduction">
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<p>The rattan genus Calamus displays a variety of adaptations to .....................</p>
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<p>The cirrate Calamus species of New Guinea .............</p>
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<p>The C. aruensis complex is a distinctive grouping ..............</p>
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<p>The taxonomy of the C. aruensis has presented significant challenges. .........................</p>
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<p>Morphometric techniques, such as ordination, allow the investigator to view complex ....................</p>
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<p>As a result of this study, four species are recognised ..................</p>
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<p>We have been forced to make pragmatic decisions ...............</p>
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<p>This account has been prepared for the Palms of New Guinea project .......................</p>
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</div>
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<div type="key">
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<p>
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<seg type="key">1. </seg>
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<seg type="key">Grapnel spines of cirrus arranged irregularly</seg>
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<seg type="key">...............................................................C. aruensis</seg>
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</p>
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<p>
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<seg type="key">Grapnel spines of cirrus arranged regularly in whorls</seg>
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<seg type="key">...............................................................2</seg>
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</p>
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<p>
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<seg type="key">2. </seg>
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<seg type="key">Leaf sheath entirely unarmed</seg>
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<seg type="key">................................................................C. vitiensis</seg>
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</p>
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<p>
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<seg type="key">Leaf sheath densely to very lightly armed</seg>
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<seg type="key">.......................................................3</seg>
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</p>
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<p>
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<seg type="key">3. </seg>
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<seg type="key">Spines parallel-sided, somewhat papery, apices truncate and margins distinctly lacerate and fimbriate</seg>
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<seg type="key">.................................................................C. dasyacanthus</seg>
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</p>
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<p>
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<seg type="key">Spines triangular, not papery, apices narrowly acute, margins entire</seg>
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<seg type="key">.................................................................4</seg>
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</p>
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<p>
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<seg type="key">4. </seg>
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<seg type="key">Spines red-brown to black, 1 – 60 mm long, organised in irregular partial whorls of up to 14 interspersed with solitary spines, longer spines often curving and tapering distinctly at base then attenuate to a narrowly acute apex, spine bases distinctly swollen</seg>
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<seg type="key">.................................................................C. pachypus</seg>
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</p>
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<p>
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<seg type="key">Spines yellow-green to brown, 1 – 28 mm long, usually solitary, rarely also with very few, irregular, partial whorls of up to 6, longer spines not curving and not tapering distinctly at base, spine bases sometimes slightly swollen adaxially</seg>
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<seg type="key">.................................................................C. vitiensis</seg>
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</p>
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</div>
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<treatment type="species">
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<nomenclature>
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<author>Becc.</author>
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<name>
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<name>Calamus aruensis Becc.</name>
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</name>
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<bibref>Becc., Malesia 3: 61 (1886).</bibref>
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<status>accepted</status>
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<year>1886</year>
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<type>
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<name>
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<dc:ScientificName>Calamus aruensis</dc:ScientificName>
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<dc:CatalogueNumber>Beccari s.n.</dc:CatalogueNumber>
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<dc:InstitutionCode>FI</dc:InstitutionCode>
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<dc:Notes>holotype</dc:Notes>
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</name>
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<author>Becc.</author>
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</type>
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<type_loc>Indonesia, Aru Islands, Wokam Island, Giabu-Lengan</type_loc>
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<synonomy>
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<name>Calamus hollrungii Becc.</name>
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<bibref>in Schumann and Hollrung, Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land 17 (1889).</bibref>
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<type>
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<name>
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<dc:ScientificName>Calamus hollrungii</dc:ScientificName>
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<dc:CatalogueNumber>Hollrung 667</dc:CatalogueNumber>
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<dc:Notes>holotype B; isotype FI</dc:Notes>
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</name>
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<author>Becc.</author>
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</type>
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<type_loc>Papua New Guinea, East Sepik Province, Augusta Station</type_loc>
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126
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<note>synon. nov</note>
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127
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</synonomy>
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128
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<synonomy>
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129
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<name>Calamus latisectus Burret</name>
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<bibref>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 319 (1936).</bibref>
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131
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<type>
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<name>
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<dc:ScientificName>Calamus latisectus</dc:ScientificName>
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<dc:CatalogueNumber>Clemens 62</dc:CatalogueNumber>
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<dc:Notes>holotype B; isotype L</dc:Notes>
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</name>
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<author>Burret</author>
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</type>
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<type_loc>Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Malahang,</type_loc>
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<note>synon. nov</note>
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</synonomy>
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142
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</nomenclature>
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143
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<div type="description">Robust, solitary or rarely clustering rattan climbing to 50 m. Stem with sheaths 20 – 50 mm diam., without sheaths 10 – 30 mm diam.; internodes 16 – 39 cm, longer in juveniles. Leaf cirrate, to 5 m long including cirrus and petiole; sheath greyish green to dark green, with sparse to abundant, thin, caducous indumentum of matted grey to brown fibrous scales, with scattered purple-brown scales, spines absent to numerous, 4 – 26 × 1 – 7 mm, dark green to black, planar, triangular, ................................</div>
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<div type="distribution">Widespread in New Guinea from the Raja Ampat Islands to the Bismarck Archipelago. Also recorded from Aru Islands, the Solomon Islands and from the tip of the Cape York Peninsula, Australia.</div>
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145
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<div type="biology_ecology">Various types of primary and secondary forest vegetations from sea level to 1200 m, most frequently recorded in lowland forest below 500 m</div>
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146
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<div type="local_names">NEW GUINEA: akalane (Namasalang), apo gui (Wamesa), bu (Madang), busep (Jal), dou (Waigeo), kanda (Pidgin), kaunor (Waigeo), kerowa (Karimui), kou (Senderawoi), kuminang (Kote), meya senga (Nuni), minge (Bembi), mumuni (Orokaiva), proway (Berap), sate (Rawa), sauwe (Mata), sehp (Usino), sough (Taka), tek niali (Mianmin), to mur (Ayawasi), to puot (Ayawasi), tub (Yei), wap (Wampar), wampwang (Kaigorin), war (Fas), wil dow (Batanta, Salawati), yapl (Bewani). SOLOMON ISLANDS: haikeletau (Kwara’ae), kalitau (Kwara’ae), karakara, obai, pata, potonai, tikulu (Bougainville).</div>
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<div type="uses">General cordage for pulling heavy objects and building bridges, split cane for tying house timbers, cane for furniture, cirrus for catching eels, leaves as wrapping for sago and in walls of houses, young shoot edible.</div>
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148
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<div type="conservation_status">Least concern.</div>
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<div type="material_examined">
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<p>AUSTRALIA. Queensland: Cape York Peninsula, Lockerbie-Somerset, Laradenya Creek, Sept. 1996, Dowe 374 (BRI!), Sept. 1979, Gray 1517 (BRI!).</p>
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151
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<p>INDONESIA, Aru Islands. Wokam Island: Giabu-Lengan [Jabulenga], May 1873, Beccari s.n. (FI!, type).</p>
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<p>INDONESIA, Papua. Biak Numfor Regency: North Supiori Subdistrict, ...........</p>
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<p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central Province: Port Moresby, Mariboi Plantation, April 1973, Zieck and Gore NGF 36550 (BH, K!, L, LAE); Abau Subdistrict, Cape Rodney, near Bomguina River, March 1969, Zieck NGF 36199 (BH, CANB, L, LAE!). .....................</p>
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154
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<p>SOLOMON ISLANDS. Florida Islands: Florida, near Taroniara, March 1970, Whitmore et al. BSIP 18111 (K!).................</p>
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</div>
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156
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<div type="discussion">
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157
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<p>Undoubtedly the most common and widespread of all rattans in New Guinea, ................</p>
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<p>Calamus aruensis is recorded from the Aru Islands, the Solomon Islands and Australia, as well as from...........</p>
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<p>Although the type specimen of C. hollrungii lacks a leaf sheath, the available material leaves ....................</p>
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<p>Calamus aruensis yields a high quality, moderately large diameter cane that has already been used on a ..................</p>
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</div>
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</treatment>
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<treatment>
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<nomenclature>
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<author>Warb. ex Becc.</author>
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<name>
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<name>Calamus vitiensis Warb. ex Becc.</name>
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</name>
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<bibref>Warb. ex Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: 350 (1908).</bibref>
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<status>accepted</status>
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<year>1908</year>
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<type>
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<name>
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<dc:ScientificName>Calamus vitiensis</dc:ScientificName>
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<dc:CatalogueNumber>Weber 111</dc:CatalogueNumber>
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<dc:Notes>holotype B; isotype FI</dc:Notes>
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</name>
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<author>Warb. ex Becc.</author>
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</type>
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<type_loc>Fiji, Taveuni</type_loc>
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<synonomy>
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<name>Calamus stipitatus Burret</name>
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<bibref>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 814 (1943).</bibref>
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<type>
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<name>
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186
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<dc:ScientificName>Calamus stipitatus</dc:ScientificName>
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<dc:CatalogueNumber>Brass 2719</dc:CatalogueNumber>
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<dc:Notes>holotype B; isotypes BM, BO, BRI</dc:Notes>
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</name>
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<author>Burret</author>
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</type>
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<type_loc>Solomon Islands, San Cristobal, Kira Kira</type_loc>
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</synonomy>
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<synonomy>
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<name>Calamus vanuatuensis Dowe</name>
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<bibref>Principes 37: 206 (1993).</bibref>
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197
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<type>
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<name>
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<dc:ScientificName>Calamus vanuatuensis</dc:ScientificName>
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<dc:CatalogueNumber>Chew Wee-Lek RSNH 118</dc:CatalogueNumber>
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<dc:Notes>holotype PVV; isotype K</dc:Notes>
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</name>
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<author>Dowe</author>
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</type>
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<type_loc>Vanuatu, Erromango, Nouankao River</type_loc>
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206
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<note>synon. nov</note>
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207
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</synonomy>
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208
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</nomenclature>
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<div type="description">Slender to robust, solitary rattan climbing to 15 m. Stem with sheaths 10 – 50 mm diam., without sheaths 7 – 22 mm diam.; internodes 12.5 – 33 cm. Leaf cirrate, to c. 3 m long including cirrus and petiole (where present); sheath dark green, with caducous indumentum of brown to light grey, fibrous scales, spines absent to numerous, 1 – 40 × 0.3 – 2.5 mm, yellow-green to brown, planar, triangular, longer spines flexible, spine bases sometimes slightly swollen adaxially,...........................</div>
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210
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<div type="distribution">Known from scattered records in Papua New Guinea (Manus, Morobe, Madang, Southern Highlands), Australia (Queensland, as far south as Dunk Island), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Fiji; the most easterly occurring species in the genus Calamus</div>
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211
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<div type="biology_ecology">Various types of primary and secondary forest vegetations, 60 – 750 m</div>
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212
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<div type="local_names">FIJI: Ngganuya (Taveuni). NEW GUINEA: Wusiu (Manus). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Kalitao, Kalitau (Kwara’ae). VANUATU: Gawolo (Vanua Lava).</div>
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213
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<div type="uses">General cordage, cane for tying houses, for making swings for children, sap from cut stem used for curing eye ailments</div>
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214
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<div type="conservation_status">Least concern.</div>
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215
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<div type="material_examined">
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216
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<p>AUSTRALIA. Queensland: Cook, escarpment of the great dividing range, 18.2 km NE of Heathlands Ranger Base, Heathlands D and O reserve, Shelburne Bay, Oct. 1993, Fell and Stanton 3764 (BRI!); Cook, Cape York Peninsula, Capsize Creek crossing on road running S from Iron Range Airfield, c 37 km S from Lockhart River settlement, Sept. 1977, Wrigley 436 (BRI!); ................</p>
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217
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<p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Manus Province: Manus Island, Lessau village, 1 km SE of Lessau on the west coast., Nov. 1975, Sands et al. 2744 (K!, L, LAE!); Manus Island, 1990, Patma 4 (AAU!, K!, MAN!, NY!), Patma 8 (AAU!, K!, MAN!, NY!). ....................</p>
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218
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<p>SOLOMON ISLANDS. Guadalcanal: Honiara, SW of town inland from Rove, Dec. 1963, Whitmore BSIP 793 (K!). ............</p>
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219
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</div>
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220
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<div type="discussion">
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221
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<p>A relatively broad concept of C. vitiensis has been employed here as a .............</p>
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222
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<p>Regional entities can be recognised within the variation of C. vitiensis. In New Guinea, ..........</p>
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223
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<p>The holotype of C. vitiensis was destroyed in Berlin and the isotype at Florence consists ..............</p>
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224
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</div>
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225
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</treatment>
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226
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<treatment>
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227
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<nomenclature>
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228
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<author>W.J.Baker, Bayton, J.Dransf. and Maturb.</author>
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229
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<name>
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230
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<name>Calamus pachypus W.J.Baker, Bayton, J.Dransf. and Maturb.</name>
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231
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</name>
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232
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<bibref>W.J.Baker, R. Bayton, J.Dransfield and R. Maturbongs. Kew Bulletin 58: 351-370. (2003).</bibref>
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233
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<status>accepted</status>
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234
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<year>2003</year>
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235
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<type>
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236
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<name>
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237
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<dc:ScientificName>Calamus pachypus</dc:ScientificName>
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238
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<dc:CatalogueNumber>Dransfield et al. JD 7600</dc:CatalogueNumber>
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239
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<dc:Notes>holotypus K; isotypi BO, FTG, MAN</dc:Notes>
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240
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</name>
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241
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<author>W.J.Baker, Bayton, J.Dransf. and Maturb.</author>
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242
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</type>
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243
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<type_loc>Indonesia, Papua, Manokwari Regency, Warmare, Valley of River Prafi, road to Manyambo (S 0˚ 47’, E 133˚ 58’)</type_loc>
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244
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<status>sp. nov.</status>
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245
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</nomenclature>
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246
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<div type="diagnosis">A ceteris speciebus C. aruensi affinis, sed spinis vaginarum foliorum flexilibus triangularibus basin valde tumidis, foliolis plerumque geminatis recedit.</div>
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247
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<div type="description">Robust, solitary rattan climbing to 26 m. Stem with sheaths 25 – 60 mm diam., without sheaths 13 – 30 mm diam.; internodes 18 – 33 cm. Leaf cirrate, to 4 m long including cirrus and petiole; sheath dark green, drying brown, with abundant, caducous indumentum of irregular brown, fibrous scales, spines few to numerous, 1 – 60 × 0.3 – 5 mm, red-brown to black, planar, triangular, flexible, ...............sub-basal. Fig. 1.</div>
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248
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<div type="distribution">Known from scattered records throughout mainland New Guinea with one collection from New Ireland.</div>
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249
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<div type="biology_ecology">Various types of primary and secondary forest vegetations, 100 – 1500 m with more than half of the records above 600m.</div>
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250
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<div type="local_names">hele bu (Yali), kour (Biaru), kur (Karkar), mambile (Yali), meya (Arfak Plains), tendu mundu (Berap)</div>
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251
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<div type="uses">Cane used for making bridges and waist hoops, split cane for general cordage, for making arrows and bow strings, and for fire-making.</div>
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252
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<div type="conservation_status">Least concern.</div>
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253
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<div type="material_examined">
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254
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<p>INDONESIA, Papua. Jayapura Regency: Jayapura, Berap, May 1994, Upessy 7 (K!); C...................</p>
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255
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<p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Madang Provice; Karkar Island, Mom, Sept. 1970, Zieck NGF 36248 (BH, K!, L!, LAE). .................</p>
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256
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</div>
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257
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<div type="discussion">
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258
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<p>This distinctive new species is readily distinguished from its relatives by its leaf sheath .........</p>
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259
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<p>Although C. pachypus is recorded from low elevations, it is more frequently found in submontane and ..............</p>
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260
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</div>
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261
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<figures>
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262
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<figure url="iillustrations/Fig1">
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263
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<head><author>Lucy Smith</author></head>
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264
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<p>Calamus pachypus. A. Distal portion of leaf with cirrus × ¼; B. Middle portion of leaf × ¼; C. Leaf sheath × 2/3; ......</p>
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265
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</figure>
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266
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</figures>
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267
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</treatment>
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268
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<treatment>
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269
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<nomenclature>
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270
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<author>W.J. Baker, Bayton, J.Dransf. and Maturb.</author>
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271
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<name>
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272
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<name>Calamus dasyacanthus W.J. Baker, Bayton, J.Dransf. and Maturb.</name>
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273
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</name>
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274
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<bibref>W.J.Baker, R. Bayton, J.Dransfield and R. Maturbongs. Kew Bulletin 58: 351-370. (2003).</bibref>
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275
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<status>accepted</status>
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276
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<year>2003</year>
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277
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<type>
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278
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<name>
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279
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<dc:ScientificName>Calamus dasyacanthus</dc:ScientificName>
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280
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<dc:CatalogueNumber>Baker et al. 827</dc:CatalogueNumber>
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281
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<dc:Notes>holotypus K; isotypi AAU, BH!, BO, L, MAN</dc:Notes>
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282
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</name>
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283
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<author>W.J. Baker, Bayton, J.Dransf. and Maturb.</author>
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284
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</type>
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285
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<type_loc>Indonesia, Papua, Mimika Regency, Timika, between Ajkwa and Otomona Rivers, on road Timika to Mile 38, Feb. 1998</type_loc>
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286
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<status>sp. nov.</status>
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287
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</nomenclature>
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288
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<div type="diagnosis">C. aruensi affinis sed spinis vaginarum foliorum numerosis laceratis fimbriatisque, spinis cirri regulariter dispositis statim distinguenda.</div>
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289
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<div type="description">Robust, solitary rattan climbing to 15 m. Stem with sheaths 36 – 45 mm diam., without sheaths 20 – 23 mm diam.; internodes 10 – 25 cm. Leaf cirrate, to 5 m long including cirrus and petiole; sheath green, with scattered, thin, caducous indumentum of matted brown fibrous scales, spines numerous, 2.5 – 47 × 1 – 10 mm, orange-brown, planar, parallel-sided, flexible, somewhat papery, apices truncate, ............ endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal. Fig. 2.</div>
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290
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<div type="distribution">Known from three localities, two on the south coast of New Guinea and the third on Biak.</div>
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291
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<div type="biology_ecology">Various types of primary and secondary forest vegetations, 30 – 150 m.</div>
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292
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<div type="local_names">Warar (Biak).</div>
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293
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<div type="uses">Not known.</div>
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294
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<div type="conservation_status">Data deficient.</div>
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295
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<div type="material_examined">
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296
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<p>INDONESIA, Papua. Biak Numfor Regency: Biak, beside main road to Korem, June 2001, Maturbongs et al. 687 (AAU!, BO, K!, MAN). Mimika Regency: Timika, between Ajkwa and Otomona Rivers, on road Timika to Mile 38, Feb. 1998, Baker et al. 827 (AAU!, BH!, BO!, K!, L!, MAN!, type); mile 39 on road from Timika to Tembagapura, March 1998, Baker et al. 983 (BO!, K!, MAN). </p>
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297
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<p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Western Province: Nomad Subdistrict, 2 km from Nomad, April 1978, Essig and Young LAE 74018 (LAE!).</p>
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298
|
</div>
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299
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<div type="discussion">The species epithet of this extraordinary new rattan refers to the shaggy appearance of its lacerate, fimbriate leaf sheath spines. The papery spines are numerous and apically truncate, giving the impression that they have been roughly trimmed with scissors. Although known from only four collections, the large distances between the three localities suggests that C. dasyacanthus is widespread, if not common, in the western half of New Guinea. Further collecting efforts in the lowlands of west New Guinea, especially in Merauke and Mimika Regencies in Papua Province, would very likely yield new records.</div>
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300
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<figures>
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301
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<figure url="iillustrations/Fig2">
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302
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<head><author>Lucy Smith</author></head>
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303
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<p>Calamus dasyacanthus. A. Distal portion of leaf with cirrus × ¼; B. Detail of cirrus spines × 2; C. Middle portion of leaf × ¼; D. Abaxial surface of basal part of rachis and petiole × 2/3; E. Leaf sheath × 1/3; F. Primary branch of infructescence × ¼; G, H. Pistillate flower whole and longitudinal section × 7; I. Fruit on rachilla × 1; J, K, L. Seed in longitudinal section and two views × 3. A – F, I – L from Baker 827, G – H from Baker 983. </p>
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304
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</figure>
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305
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</figures>
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306
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</treatment>
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307
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<div>
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308
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<head>SPECIMENS OF UNCERTAIN AFFINITY</head>
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309
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<p>The following specimens cannot be readily assigned to species:</p>
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310
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<p>Banka 2012 (Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province) – a remarkably slender, unarmed palm with subregularly arranged leaflets. At 9 m tall, the specimen is undoubtedly adult and yet its stem is a mere 5 mm in diameter. We tentatively link it to C. vitiensis, as opposed to C. aruensis, because moderately slender forms of C. vitiensis are known already, whereas C. aruensis is uniformly robust. The cirrus of Banka 2012 is too fine for the arrangement of the grapnel spines to be observed clearly. </p>
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311
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<p>Kjaer 531 (Papua New Guinea, Western Province) – with truncate and irregularly lacerate sheath spines and leaflets grouped in pairs, this specimen has close affinities to C. dasyacanthus. However, the sheath spines are thick and rigid, rather than papery and flexible. This collection may be another undescribed species or alternatively may represent an additional dimension to the morphological variation of C. dasyacanthus. More material from the region is required.</p>
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312
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<p>Whitmore BSIP 2362 (Solomon Islands, Santa Isabel) – a robust palm bearing spines of various sizes, the larger spines with somewhat swollen bases and forming whorls. The leaflets are regularly arranged and the cirrus grapnel spines organised in whorls. The specimen may represent a new record for C. pachypus in the Solomon Islands or perhaps a different dimension to C. vitiensis, but the material is too limitied for a judgement to be made.</p>
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313
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<p>Zieck and Kumul NGF 36533 (Papua New Guinea, Gulf Province) – the leaflets of this rather poor specimen are irregularly grouped and the sheath spines are numerous, narrow and flexible. A few sheath spines are divided into two to four points. Its closest affinities may lie with C. vitiensis</p>
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314
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</div>
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315
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<div type="acknowledgements">We are grateful to the staff of AAU, BM, BO, BRI, CANB, FI, K, L, LAE and MAN for providing access to material. WB, JD and RM acknowledge with thanks the support given by colleagues, counterparts and assistants during fieldwork, especially the staff of the Biodiversity Study Centre, Universitas Negeri Papua, Manokwari and the Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute. RB would like to thank his MSc project supervisor, Professor Frank Bisby (University of Reading), together with WB and JD, for their help and encouragement. Mike Lock, John Dowe and two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments on the manuscript. Fieldwork was funded by the European Union, Tobu and the South Florida Chapter of the International Palm Society. The plates were prepared by Lucy Smith with financial support from the Pacific Biological Foundation. The research was conducted under the Palms of New Guinea Project, funded by the BAT Biodiversity Partnership, and the UK Darwin Initiative Papua Plant Diversity Project.</div>
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316
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<ref_group>
|
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317
|
<bibref>Baker, W.J., Hedderson, T.A. and Dransfield, J. (2000). Molecular Phylogenetics of Calamus (Palmae) and Related Rattan Genera Based on 5S nrDNA Spacer Sequence Data. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 14: 218 – 231.</bibref>
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318
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<bibref>Bayton, R.P. (2001). A Multivariate Study of the Calamus hollrungii Becc. Complex (Palmae) in New Guinea. MSc Thesis, University of Reading, U.K.</bibref>
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319
|
<bibref>Burret, M. (1939). Palmae gesammelt in Neu Guinea von L. J. Brass. J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 187 – 212.</bibref>
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320
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<bibref>Dowe, J.L. (1989). Palms of the South-West Pacific. Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia.</bibref>
|
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321
|
<bibref>Furtado, C.X. (1956). Palmae Malesicae – XIX, The Genus Calamus in the Malayan Peninsula. Gard. Bull. Singapore. 15: 32 – 265</bibref>
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322
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</ref_group>
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323
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</taxonxBody>
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324
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</taxonx>
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